Journal articles on the topic 'Lawrence River Power Company'

<p>Water is a critical element of electric power production in the U.S., particularly in the Great Lakes Basin region. Thermoelectric power generation accounts for the majority of all water withdrawals in the Basin, in large part due to the comparatively heavy concentrations of coal and nuclear power generation that utilize open-loop cooling. This paper explores how different energy generation portfolios could affect the water resources of the Great Lakes Basin. The suite of power generation scenarios analyzed reflects a range of potential outcomes resulting from the implementation of key national and regional energy and environmental policies for the electric power industry. These policies include U.S. EPA’s pending power plant cooling water intake standards, state renewable energy portfolio standards, possible climate change legislation, and the 2005 Great Lakes regional water resource agreement (Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact of 2005; Public Law 110–342). Five scenarios were analyzed, resulting in different levels and intensities of total water use (withdrawal and consumption) in hydrologically-sensitive watersheds. These results confirm the close relationship between water and energy in the Great Lakes, and point to the need to take into account water resource impacts in designing future energy and environmental policies.</p>

The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project was a massive restructuring of the St. Lawrence River bordering Canada and the United States. The river had always been used for human transportation, and a shipping canal for commercial vehicles was constructed and enhanced throughout the nineteenth century. However, the river grew increasingly incapable of handling an international fleet composed of larger boats during the twentieth century. Proposals to undertake major renovations for shipping were debated at the highest levels of policy for several decades. Finally, the St. Lawrence River was substantially altered during the 1950s. These changes created a Seaway able to accommodate vessels with deeper drafts and permitted the development of hydro-electric generating facilities through the construction of dikes and dams. All of this activity involved numerous agencies in the governments of the United States, Canada, the Iroquois Confederacy, New York, Ontario, other states and provinces, as well as commercial and industrial entities in the private sector.

The planning of network communications of Yalong river basin hydropower development company aims to adapt to the company's strategy and making decision, meet the requirements of project construction, electric power production and administrative management. Based on the principle of advanced nature, economy, reliability, security, scalability, and standardization, the concept of basin area and framework of network communication are put forward on the regional development and project category of Yalong River Company . The content of communication planning is to solve the network communication problems of the company headquarters, between the company headquarters and secondary units focus on office, between corporate headquarters and production, between basin area and each power plant under construction projects.

Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (n = 50) were collected from five geographic sectors between 1991 and 1992 to assess the spatial variability in trace metal and PCB (10 congeners) levels along the St. Lawrence River. Spatial differences among the five sectors were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and were significant only for PCBs. Both Hg and total congener concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with fish age, but not with mass or length. The relative proportions of the PCB congeners did not vary among sites. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 3700 for total congeners compared favourably with previously reported results. Since 1975, Hg and PCB levels in St. Lawrence River yellow perch have decreased by factors of 2-3 and 30, respectively. Power analyses revealed that future monitoring studies may require large sample sizes to successfully detect the small spatial differences found for many contaminants. For example, to detect, at a power level of 90%, a 33% difference in Hg levels in yellow perch (i.e., the maximum difference found in this study) among the five sectors, 80 fish per sector would be required.

The Welland canals are features of great Canadian renown in terms of engineering, as transportation arteries, and through their contributions to industrial development and urban achievement. Their instigator was William Hamilton Merritt, a St. Catharines businessman. Functionally, they must be perceived as an inland extension of the St. Lawrence system of waterways. These contributions began when the First Welland Canal opened in 1829, and extend continuously up to the present. The First Welland Canal, fed from the Grand River, was constructed through the canalization of rivers north of the Niagara Escarpment, by locks across this relief barrier, and a man-made cut to the south. The canal then took advantage of the Welland and Niagara rivers to reach Lake Erie. Hardly a feature of this achievement was as anticipated and, in 1833, the route was changed by a cut direct to Lake Erie at Port Colborne. The Second Canal, opened in 1845, followed essentially the same route, but with stone locks and a new channel constructed slightly to the west of its predecessor. The Third Canal was wider and deeper. It offered fewer locks and, though retaining Port Dalhousie as its northern outlet on Lake Ontario, its alignment was now a cut east of St. Catharines and Thorold across the Ontario Plain. The Second Canal remained in use at the two ends for the smaller-sized vessels to serve St. Catharines and Thorold, and its water supply continued to power industry until hydroelectricity was obtained from the power projects on the Niagara River at Niagara Falls. Key words: Welland Canal, St. Lawrence–Great Lakes water system, William Hamilton Merritt, transportation, Grand River, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, water power, industrial location, urban growth.

This article focuses on investors who back major power projects throughout in Africa. They are also working jointly with local businesses and governments to improve infrastructures and raise living standards. An African expansion project for CMS Generation involves acquiring and expanding the Takoradi natural gas-fired power plant near Aboadze, Ghana. CMS formed the Takoradi Power Company with the Volta River Authority as a 50-percent partner. CMS Energy’s third major African venture will extend its power generation business into chemical processing. AMPCO has awarded a $300 million engineering, procurement, and construction turnkey contract to Raytheon Engineers & Constructors, Lexington, MA, to construct the methanol plant on Bioko Island. The plant will use a proven, three-stage design. In the first stage, natural gas feedstock and steam are sent to a reformer and are exposed to elevated temperatures and pressure in the presence of a catalyst, forming synthetic gas made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

AbstractFree Flow Power has developed a renewable energy technology that can convert the kinetic energy flowing in a river to electricity without the use of dams. The company plans to install a specially made turbine directly into the flowing stream. This process, known as hydrokinetics, is an innovative approach that provides energy at a reliable and predictable rate as opposed to other intermittent renewable energy sources. There are currently two dozen hydrokinetic projects in the licensing process along the Mississippi River, which will account for 4,000 MW of power-generating capacity. Hydrokinetics could develop into a $1 billion a year industry.This article describes the modeling tool developed for Free Flow Power’s hydrokinetic sites along the Mississippi River. The performance models compare river velocity, power generation, reliability, maintenance costs, and finance options to establish a likely performance profile for a proposed site.These models calculate the expected returns for Mississippi River projects and can be used to perform a sensitivity analysis on all of the major variables for hydrokinetics. The unique aspect of this performance model is the incorporation of a reliability calculator, which estimates the lost revenue resulting from component failures. It can be used to develop the maintenance strategy for the array and to evaluate the total cost of reliability for components. The modeling tool described provides Free Flow Power with the ability to compare different design scenarios and quickly gives an estimate of a site’s performance.

Spawning, early life history, and physical characteristics of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spawning grounds were compared between two rivers located in the Montréal region. The spawning grounds in Des Prairies River were enlarged in 1985, during the reconstruction of the Des Prairies power plant spillway. The L'Assomption River spawning ground has not been physically altered by human activities. In 1989, spawning occurred between May 14 and 27 in Des Prairies River (water temperature 11.6–15.4 °C) and between May 15 and 22 in L'Assomption River (water temperature 11–21.5 °C). On a given date, embryos were slightly more developed in L'Assomption River, where hatching began 3 days earlier than in Des Prairies River (26 vs. 29 May). The great similarity in the spawning and early development sequence suggests that spawners utilizing these two rivers cannot be differentiated on the basis of these biological characters. In 1990, larval emigration from the Des Prairies River spawning ground began on May 29, 11 days after peak spawning. The larvae drifted to the St. Lawrence River in June (peak on 16 June), at a mean length of approximately 20 mm. In both rivers the proportion of stations with eggs present tends to decrease as depth and current velocity increase. Egg deposition occurs on a wide variety of substrate types, ranging from fine- to medium-sized gravel to boulders. Although utilization varies with prevailing hydrological conditions, in 1990 the artificial spawning bed in Des Prairies River showed a high proportion of stations with eggs present.

We examined the effect of a dam on concentrations of metals (Mn, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Hg) in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and in northern pike (Esox lucius). Fish were caught upstream and downstream of the Moses-Saunders Power dam on the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York. Upstream of the dam, Lake St. Lawrence is a 136-km2 reservoir resulting from the flooding of 90 km2 of agricultural land in 1958, and downstream is Lake St. Francis. In northern pike, no difference in the mean concentrations of metals was found between upstream and downstream fish. Hg concentrations increased with length in upstream and downstream pike, whereas Zn showed an inverse relationship with length downstream. For a particular length, Hg concentration was higher in downstream northern pike. On average, white sucker were five times more contaminated by Hg upstream than downstream. The levels of Mn and Cu were also found to be higher upstream. No bioaccumulation of metals was observed in white sucker. Based on the results obtained for the northern pike, after 37 years, it seems that the high metal concentrations observed in Lake St. Lawrence after the creation of the reservoir have now disappeared. We believe that the high level of contamination of the white suckers in this lake is linked with this species' habit of being in constant contact with the sediments, which could be locally highly contaminated.

This paper hermeneutically examines the relationship between technology, masculinity, and modernity in John Boorman's film Deliverance (1972). It finds that the suburbanites who are victimized in Appalachia do not regress to a primal, premodern state but rely on their modern values to justify killing their assailants. The men's violence allegorizes the institutionalized violence of the power company that is damming the Cahulawassee River to power their suburban technological comforts. Hermeneutic analysis and critical theories of technology are combined to examine how each man reassesses his life, as one of modernity's beneficiaries, after encountering the displaced mountain people – modernity's others.

This article concerns itself with the kind of legal conflicts that broke out in the Atlantic New World between merchant interests from different parts of Europe. Case studies are made of two disputes: one between Samuel Argall of the Virginia Company and a factor on behalf of Antoinette de Pons at the Île des Monts-Déserts, and the other between the Compagnie de Caën and the Kirke brothers at the Saint Lawrence River. Together, these case studies reveal how important it was for merchant interests to have resident ambassadors and state officials advancing their interests in England and France. Procedural difficulties and jurisdictional uncertainty often impeded the road to redress. Additionally, this article suggests that the peacetime reckoning of events associated with warfare provided an optimal opportunity for disaffected private actors to have their claims for redress recognised. The extent to which private overtures for restitution relied upon public acts of diplomacy reveals some of the reasons why it is not possible to date the origins of private international law before the long nineteenth century. Rather we might profitably identify, in events such as these, the prehistory of private international law.

The existence of suspended solids at Hitotsuse dam, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, has been the main concern of Kyushu Electric Power Company. These have been carried by rivers flowing into the dam. In a long term, it is worried that this phenomenon will potentially cause the environmental degradation, especially around the dam, where the Kyushu Electric Power Plant is located. Therefore, necessary measures are required to protect the dam from environmental degradation, which in return is to assure its long term power plant operational. Preliminary studies found that the suspended solid, which was generated upstreams and was carried out into the dam by rivers, causes the turbid water resident. Therefore, evaluation on the potential sources of the existence of the suspended solids needs to be carried out. In this research, analysis was conducted to understand the spatial distribution and the quantity of the suspended solid. For this purpose, by focusing attention on the upper river basin of reservoir, several factors which are possible to cause turbid water are extracted and analyzed quantitatively by using GIS. To understand the characteristic of the river turbidity, river flows and river turbidity are measured at several selected stations. Then mechanical factors causing turbid water are identified after analyzing relationship between efflux characteristics and possible factors of suspended solids. The results show that spatial information extraction could be done efficiently by applying spatial analysis method. Furthermore, by applying multiple regression analysis, it was found that landslide scars, artificial forests, drainage area, and terrain undulation are indicated as the dominant factors causing the turbidity.

AbstractSince the late imperial era, Yellow River floods have endangered the environmental equilibrium of North China, including parts of the Grand Canal. The Republican government’s response to water disasters reflected the influence of global networks and institutions of expertise. By turning to an American company for infrastructure work on the Grand Canal, Chinese government officials placed their faith in global science and finance to renew a domestic symbol of state power. The project failed; nonetheless the efforts to restore the waterways and provide relief reveal the entangled humanitarian, corporate, and educational interests of modern China’s state building and environmental management.

Refugia and dispersal routes of smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) into the Great Lakes were identified using 427 mitochondrial sequences from across their native range. Overall, smallmouth bass accessed the Great Lakes via long-distance dispersal from multiple refugia, and the distribution of genetic variation reflected the consequences of vicariant, dispersal, and paleogeological events. Proximity of lakes to glacial outlets had a greater predictive power on the resulting distribution of mitochondrial diversity relative to interbasin migration. Populations in the Eastern and Interior Highlands contained the most divergent and oldest haplotypes, reflecting their role as glacial refugia and subsequent high incidence of endemicity. Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and northern Lake Huron were colonized by bass of a single mitochondrial clade that accessed the Brule–Portage (Mississippi and St. Croix rivers) and Chicago (Illinois and Fox rivers) outlets. Lakes Huron and Erie contained admixed mitochondrial lineages in part due to numerous access points, including the Fort Wayne (Wabash and Maumee rivers), Lower Peninsula of Michigan (Grand River valley), and Kirkfield (Kawartha Lakes) outlets. In contrast, populations in Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, and the St. Lawrence River were monomorphic, indicating a single but unidentified source. These patterns were consistent with many examples from the North American freshwater ichthyofauna.

The Catingueiro, Cristalino and Ligeiro Rivers, present in the eastern region of Cianorte, Paraná, Brazil, are under constant influence of industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In 2022, the public supply of this municipality will be made by waters of the Ligeiro River, and the sites predicted for abstraction are close to the sites of confluence of the Catingueiro River and the Cristalino River with the Ligeiro River. We evaluated in two periods of 2020, based on different parameters, the water quality of the Catingueiro River at two sites, P1 and P2 (P2, upstream of the confluence), the Cristalino River in one site, P3, and the Ligeiro River at two sites, P4 and P5 (P5, downstream of the confluence). Levels of nitrite, nitrate and sulfate in waters were within the range set by law. All points had a high concentration of fluorides and phosphato in the two collections. In P1, in both collections, a high concentration of copper was found. P1 and P2, in the second collection, presented high levels of aluminum. Silicon was detected at all sites. Waters were phytotoxic to L. sativa and cytotoxic to the root meristems of A. cepa. Physical-chemical and toxicity analyses suggest a compromise in water quality. These data are an alert to the public authorities of Cianorte and Paraná regarding the anthropic actions carried out in these rivers and alert the sanitation company to carry out a preliminary and periodic analysis of the waters in order to know the contaminants present before treating them.

Several fish species that spawn in lotic habitats have a larval-drift phase which is a major determinant of their reproductive success. The main objective of this study was to compare seasonal, diel, longitudinal, transverse, and vertical variations in rates of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), Stizostedion spp., Catostomus spp., Moxostoma spp., quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus), and mooneye (Hiodon tergisus) larval drift in Des Prairies River (DPR) near Montreal (Quebec), which is one of the major lotic spawning habitats of the St. Lawrence River system. Larval sampling was conducted in the spring of 1994 and 1995 for the six taxa, and on a more restricted basis for lake sturgeon in 1996–1998, using drift nets set at several transects, stations, depths, and periods of the day, along a 19 km long section of river beginning ca. 2 km downstream from the DPR power house. For all taxa except lake sturgeon, peak larval drift occurred ca. 1 week earlier in 1995 than in 1994. The sequence was very similar between years, beginning with Stizostedion spp., followed by Catostomus spp., then lake sturgeon, quillback, and mooneye drifting simultaneously, and finally Moxostoma spp. Generally, for all taxa except quillback, whose multimodal drift pattern suggests intermittent, prolonged spawning, larval-drift profiles showed one major seasonal mode, which was observed simultaneously at all transects. For all taxa except quillback, drift rates peaked between 21:00 and 03:00 and were minimal during daylight hours. Lake sturgeon and Stizostedion spp. larval drift rates decreased radically from the most upstream to the most downstream transect, suggesting that both taxa spawn mostly in the vicinity of the DPR power house. More studies are required to explain this longitudinal decline in drift rates, particularly for lake sturgeon. The other taxa showed longitudinal variation in larval drift rates, suggesting that they spawn near the DPR power house and (or) in the Île de Pierre Rapids, ca. 12 km downstream. At all transects, larval drift rates for the six taxa were generally higher in the right half (Montreal) of the river, suggesting that eggs are deposited mostly in this part of the river at the two major spawning areas and that larvae tend to remain in the same general corridors during downstream migration. For all taxa, though to a lesser extent for lake sturgeon, nocturnal drift rates tend to be higher near the surface than at mid-depth and near the bottom, the reverse situation being observed for diurnal drift rates.

This study highlights that the British had long experiences in the Malay Peninsula before Francis Light’s acquisition and development of Penang, due to the central role of Malayan ports such as Kedah, Takuapa, Langkasuka, Terengganu, Palembang, Siak, and Malacca in global trade between China and India. Under the influence of Islam, Malacca (and, to a lesser extent, Kedah) became a Muslim Sultanate and reached its peak in this trading network, which attracted European traders (and subsequent colonialism), initially from Portugal and Spain, and later France, the Netherlands, and Britain. After the East India Company attained hegemony in India, it was strongly placed to extend its power from its presidencies in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. The EIC’s main focus was Bengal, where the Company founded the Fort William College as its headquarters in Calcutta. As trade with China became more important, the Malay Peninsula commensurately became a more attractive destination for investment due to its closer proximity to the Chinese sea lanes, and closer access to the Indo-Malay hinterlands and their products. In 1784, the EIC sent Kinloch to Aceh but he was unsuccessful in negotiating to establish a factory there. Nevertheless, they succeeded in establishing a foothold in Malaya with Francis Light’s embassy to Riau, Kedah, and Penang. Kedah also became prosperous under the Muslim Sultanates. Many Chinese and Indian merchants were settled there, benefitting from the trade in jungle products like camphor, betelnut, bird nests, situated near the Kedah River, was identified as a strategic location. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Abidin Muazzam Shah II of Kedah (r. 1710-1778) at that time was facing many internal as well as external conflicts. His son Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah (r. 1778-1797) also suffered the same fate. As a result of internal crisis and dynastic intrigues, he agreed to lease Penang to the EIC in exchange for military assistance in 1785. In July 1786, Francis Light sailed from Calcutta and reached Penang in August, and thus Penang became an EIC stronghold.

The hydrological and meteorological hydro-meteorological support is one important part of the hydropower construction. Accidents caused by flood and rainstorm during construction will be reduced effectively with the help of reliable hydrological and meteorological forecast which also provides critical technical support for flood prevention and construction organization of projects under construction. Based on the practice of the hydro-meteorological support during the construction period of Three Gorges and Jinsha River cascade hydropower station, this article discussed the methods to support and serve hydro meteorology of large-scale cascade hydropower station construction. Meanwhile, this paper also builds up a hydro-meteorology supportive system for hydro-power station under construction which is led by a hydropower development company and associated by local professional institutions. And this research can also be utilized as a reference for other large-scale hydro-power station construction and to support the hydro-meteorology safeguard during the operation period.

The objective is to show the variability of meteorological elements in the hydrographic basin area of the hydrographic basin of the Uruçuí Preto River–PI/Brazil, aiming to contribute to sustainable development in the productive areas of agriculture, laser, and hydrology. The meteorological elements studied are air temperature and relative humidity and their fluctuations, thermal amplitude, wind (intensity and direction), total insolation, cloud cover, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and rainfall. The data were from the 1960-1990 series, acquired by the Superintendency of the Development of the Northeast and by the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company of Piauí. The maximum annual temperature is 32.1°C, its minimum 20.0°C, with an average annual temperature of 26.1°C. A climatic classification was used according to the KÖPPEN systems, where two climatic types are distinguished in the Uruçuí Preto/PI river basin, the Aw, tropical hot and humid, with rain in summer and dry in winter; Bsh, warm semi-arid, with summer rains and dry winter. The variation of the thermal amplitude is from 11.9 to 14.9ºC. The average relative humidity of the air was 47 to 79%; the average annual precipitation was 937.7 mm; it was observed that the annual march of relative humidity follows the annual distribution of precipitation because the precipitation was the feeding process from natural sources of water vapor and moisture. Total Sunstroke in the BHRUP area ranges from 2520 to 2750 hours. It is concluded that the maximum annual temperatures increased during the period, which can cause several socioeconomic problems, and human health.

A number of concrete tower foundations that support power lines over the St. Lawrence River in the Quebec City area were showing deterioration related to alkali–aggregate reactions. The aggregates involved are siliceous limestones commonly exploited in the area. Many foundations have been cored down to the rock basement and samples were taken all along the cores for petrographic examination and mechanical testing. These studies show that the concrete presents some mechanical weaknesses but only in the first decimeters close to the surface, even if the entire mass of the concrete foundations is affected by alkali–aggregate reactions. The results also suggest that the deterioration is isotropic in the concrete and that the compressive strength is affected as much as the tensile (Brasilian) strength. Various types of corrective measures were applied to the deteriorated components: sealing of cracks, removing of the deteriorated concrete and replacement with a new concrete containing silica fumes in addition to a low alkali cement, insertion and posttensioning of steel rods in some components, application of water-tight elastomer liners on the exposed concrete surface, etc. Key words: concrete, aggregate, cement, alkali–aggregate reaction, expansion, mechanical strength, repair, protection.

This study examined electricity supply prices for political socialization in education and its implications for functionality in university education in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was a descriptive survey research. The population included 942 head of departments in the two public universities located in Cross River State, Nigeria. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents from the universities studied. The instrument designated ‘Electricity Prices For Political Socialization Questionnaire (EPFPSQ)’ was designed to collect data for the study. The instrument was validated and had a reliability co-efficient of 0.853. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage score. The study revealed that electricity supply prices, through management techniques of cost effectiveness, cost efficiency, access to and control of education moderately empowered the university system for political socialization. Electricity prices showed inadequate contributions with weak impact on benefit-related factors for political socialization. Government did not provide support in electricity price reduction though encouraged investment in electricity supply through Power Holding Company Ltd (PHCN). It was concluded that the perception of electricity supply prices could guarantee political socialization towards functionality in university education. Some of the recommendations made were: universities should give attention to electricity supply prices for political socialization. Government should see electricity supply prices and political socialization as a sine-qua-non for functionality in university education.

In 1893–1894, Albert Peter Low of the Geological Survey of Canada, along with D.I.V. Eaton and four indigenous assistants explored the Labrador Peninsula, then perceived as one of the last great unexplored wilderness areas of North America. The expedition left Lake St. John (now Lac St. Jean) on June 17, 1893, canoeing across the northeastern edge of the North American continent, arriving at Fort Chimo (now Kuujjuaq) on August 27, 1893. They departed Fort Chimo by steamer for Rigolet on the Labrador coast and the Hudson Bay Company post at North West River in the fall of 1893. On March 6, 1894 the party started up the Grand (now Churchill) River continuing through large central lakes into the Ashuanipi river system in western Labrador, then out via the Attikonak River to the Romaine River and finally the Saint Jean river system to arrive at Mingan on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River on August 23, 1894. Low described their fifteen-month journey as having covered over 8700 km including 1600 km on foot, over 4700 km in canoe, 800 km by dog team and 1600 km by steamer. The report from the expedition provides a compendium on the natural history of the region as well as the first geological maps. In terms of economic and scientific results, the greatest was documentation of the vast iron ore deposits of western Labrador; a world-class mining district that has been producing for sixty-three years since 1954. Low’s account also provides details on the essence of such an epic journey, which stands as a classic in the annals of Canadian geological surveying.RÉSUMÉEn 1893–1894, Albert Peter Low de la Commission géologique du Canada, accompagné du D.I.V. Eaton et quatre assistants autochtones ont exploré la péninsule du Labrador, alors perçue comme l'une des dernières grandes étendues sauvages inexplorées d’Amérique du Nord. L’équipe a quitté le Lake St. John (aujourd'hui le lac Saint-Jean) le 17 juin 1893, a traversé la bordure nord-est du continent nord-américain en canoë, et est arrivé à Fort Chimo (aujourd'hui Kuujjuaq) le 27 août 1893. À l'automne de 1893, ils ont quitté Fort Chimo à bord d'un vapeur pour Rigolet, sur la côte du Labrador, et le poste de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson sur la rivière North West. Le 6 mars 1894, les membres de l'équipe ont remonté la rivière Grand (aujourd'hui Churchill), puis à travers les grands lacs centraux jusqu'au bassin de la rivière Ashuanipi, dans l'ouest du Labrador, puis, par la rivière Attikonak jusqu' à la rivière Romaine et, enfin, le réseau de la rivière Saint-Jean jusqu’à Mingan, sur la rive nord du fleuve Saint-Laurent, le 23 août 1894. L’excursion décrite par Low a duré quinze mois et parcouru plus de 8700 km dont 1600 km à pied, plus de 4700 km en canoë, 800 km en attelage de chiens et 1600 km en bateau à vapeur. Le rapport de l'expédition constitue un recueil sur l'histoire naturelle de la région ainsi que des premières cartes géologiques. En ce qui concerne les répercussions économiques et scientifiques, la plus importante en a été la documentation des vastes gisements de minerai de fer de l'ouest du Labrador, un district minier de classe mondiale, en production pendant soixante-trois ans depuis 1954. Le récit de Low fournit également des détails sur le caractère épique d’une telle expédition, laquelle est un classique dans les annales de la Commission géologique du Canada.

The article analyzes a man-made disaster of an oil spill that occurred in the city of Norilsk on May 29, 2020. The data for the study has been provided through the official open sources about the environmental disaster and the comments of experts. Not far from the city of Norilsk, a backup diesel fuel tank was depressurized at a combined heat and power plant owned by the Norilsk-Taimyr energy company, which belongs to PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel. According to the available data, the tank contained 21,163 m³ of fuel. Most of the fuel entered the Daldykan River, the right tributary of the Ambarnaya River, which flows into Lake Pyasino, which communicates with the Kara Sea through the Pyasina River. As a result of this spill, water bodies and soil cover were damaged. The article identifies three possible reasons for this incident: irresponsible operation and improper maintenance of buildings and structures of the CHPP, ineffective technical and environmental control, rapid melting of permafrost caused by global warming. Due to natural and climatic features, the ecosystems in the area of the spill have a very low recovery potential. In such conditions, even small-scale anthropogenic impacts can cause a significant damage to ecosystems. There is concern that ecosystems of water bodies will take a very long time to recover and probably will never recover to their initial condition. It is also noted that there is a threat of pollution of the marine ecosystems of the Kara Sea, as it receives the runoff of water bodies that have been polluted. Finally, some recommendations are given that can prevent or reduce the likelihood of such accidents in the future.

In general, redevelopment projects of existing dams can significantly reduce the social, financial, and environmental impacts on a community in comparison to the construction of new dams. In addition, as redevelopment projects of existing dams can accomplish the project purpose more quickly than new construction, the expectation is that such projects will be required more frequently. Tsuruta Dam was constructed in 1966 as a multipurpose dam on the first-class Sendai River. After an unprecedented flood in July 2006, a redevelopment project of the dam began in April of the following year (2007). The project was required to minimize the effect to the flood control function of Tsuruta Dam and to minimize the effects to the power generation company, the dam user. Construction work of the upstream-side cofferdam included a reservoir construction at a significant depth of 60 m or more and a dam body drilling work, and had to be conducted under a complicated and tight schedule. This paper is intended to summarize the Tsuruta Dam redevelopment project as an introduction of the experience and technology obtained and provide some lessons to future redevelopment projects of existing dams.

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of neural networks (NNs) for the problem of assigning push boats to barge convoys in inland waterway transportation (IWT). Push boat–barge convoy assignmentsare part of the daily decision-making process done by dispatchers in IWT companiesforwhich a decision support tool does not exist. The aim of this paper is to develop a Neural Network Ensemble (NNE) model that will be able to assist in push boat–barge convoy assignments based on the push boat power.The primary objective of this paper is to derive an NNE model for calculation of push boat Shaft Powers (SHPs) by using less than 100% of the experimental data available. The NNE model is applied to a real-world case of more than one shipping company from the Republic of Serbia, which is encountered on the Danube River. The solution obtained from the NNE model is compared toreal-world full-scale speed/power measurements carried out on Serbian push boats, as well as with the results obtained from the previous NNE model. It is found that the model is highly accurate, with scope for further improvements.

Abstract To assess the degree of toxicity of freshwater sediments which may arise from both readily available and ad(ab)sorbed contaminants, we have developed a novel "direct contact" solid-phase assay with the widely used Chlorophyte Selenastrum capricornutum. With this procedure, algal cells were exposed for 4 or 24 h to serial dilutions of test sediments. The capacity of exposed cell esteras-es to cleave the non-polar stain fluorescein diacetate and liberate fluorescein, a polar and fluorescent by-product, then becomes a criterion to determine the extent to which the algae have been intoxicated by the sediment. Individual cell fluorescence (from fluorescein) is rapidly and precisely quantified with the help of flow cytometry to determine a toxicity endpoint which relates to both esterase inhibition and cell membrane integrity. The algal solid-phase assay (ASPA) was appraised with certified reference material sediments prepared by the National Water Research Institute in Burlington as well as with some naturally contaminated sediments originating from various locations in the Québec portion of the Saint-Lawrence River. ASPA toxicity responses (IC50s) generated for sediments span over more than two orders of magnitude, indicating its apparent discriminatory power to demarcate their toxic potential on the basis of their contamination level. Correlation analysis, conducted with selected certified reference material sediments, suggests that ASPA responses may be partly linked to PAH and total PCB hold content. While further validation studies are planned for ASPA, it appears to promise as a useful phytotoxicity screening tool to assess the toxic potential of freshwater sediments.

Summary Buffalo field covers a large area on the southwestern flank of the Williston basin, in the northwest corner of South Dakota. In 1987, 8,000 acres of the field were divided into two units to initiate improved-oil-recovery (IOR) operations with two different methods: air injection and waterflooding. After collecting 19 years of production history, a technical and economic comparison has been made between the two projects to determine the relative success of both units. The technical performance was evaluated in terms of incremental oil recovery, ultimate recovery, and incremental recovery per volumes of fluid injected. Ultimate primary recovery was estimated using conventional decline-curve analysis on individual wells. Ultimate recovery was estimated by extrapolation of the current performance of the units, assuming the same actual development scheme and operating strategies. The economic comparison was performed in terms of net present value, incremental rate of return, and payout time. A sensitivity analysis on some of the key drivers of the project economics--specifically, oil price, operating cost, and capital investment--was also performed. Throughout the years, the west Buffalo Red River unit (WBRRU) under high-pressure air injection (HPAI) has technically outperformed its "twin," west Buffalo "B" Red River unit (WBBRRU), which is under waterflooding. Nevertheless, the waterflood project has shown greater economic benefit, which results primarily from the low oil prices (less than USD 20/bbl) experienced during most of their operating lives. This case study shows that for an air-injection project to be successful not only technically but also economically, a sufficiently high oil price (i.e., greater than USD 25/bbl) is needed, mainly because of the high operating costs and capital investment. Introduction Producing from thin, low-permeability oil reservoirs can be a very challenging issue, particularly when an efficient driving mechanism is lacking originally. Rapid depressurization makes primary production a very inefficient process; and low capacities limit the injectivities for potential IOR operations. This challenge was faced by several operators in Buffalo field since its discovery in 1954. During the early 1960s, it was recognized from the fast reservoir depletion that primary-recovery efficiency in the field would be very low, and water-injectivity tests were discouraging for future waterflood operations. During the late 1970s Koch Exploration Company (Koch) conducted an air-injectivity test and developed a pilot under HPAI. Because the pilot results were promising, the Buffalo Red River unit (BRRU) was formed (Fassihi et al. 1987; Erickson et al. 1993; SDDENR 2005). On the basis of the success of the BRRU air-injection project, another HPAI project was started in the early 1980s in the southern part of the field and was called the south Buffalo Red River unit (SBRRU) (Erickson et al. 1993; SDDENR 2005). Late in 1987, the western area of the field was divided into two parts to carry out two different IOR projects: an HPAI project in the WBRRU and a waterflood in the WBBRRU located to the west of the HPAI project in WBRRU, both of which are the subject of this paper.

ABSTRAK Waduk Sempor merupakan salah satu tipologi sumber daya perairan umum daratan yang bersifat multiguna, yang salah satu pemanfaatannya adalah untuk perikanan baik perikanan tangkap maupun budidaya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi yang tepat dalam pengelolaan perikanan di Waduk Sempor, Kabupaten Kebumen. Kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 2016, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan pengaruh (power) dan kepentingannya (interest), maka stakeholders dalam pengelolaan perikanan di Waduk Sempor dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua yaitu key players dan crowd. Stakeholders yang termasuk dalam kategori key players adalah Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) Kabupaten Kebumen, Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Serayu Opak, Kebumen Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Dinas Sumberdaya Air dan Energi Mineral (DSA) Kebumen dan masyarakat. Pemangku kepentingan yang termasuk dalam kategori kerumunan adalah DKP Prov. Jawa Tengah, Perusahaan Hutan Negara Indonesia (Perhutani) Kebumen, Perusahaan daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Kebumen, PT. Indonesia Power, lembaga penelitian dan universitas serta Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) lokal. Masyarakat khususnya nelayan di Waduk Sempor tergolong sebagai stakeholder primer karena berkepentingan secara langsung terhadap sumberdaya perikanan yang terdapat di Waduk Sempor, serta memiliki pengaruh dalam pengelolaan. Pengaruh (power) masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusan dalam pengelolaan perikanan di waduk Sempor tergolong cukup. Pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan di perairan umum waduk dapat direkomendasikan dengan cara menerapkan unsur-unsur ko-manajemen yang terpadu dengan program pengembangan perikanan tangkap berbasis budidaya (Culture Based Fishery-CBF). Title: Fisheries Management Strategies In The Sempor Reservoir Of Kebumen Regency, Central Java ProvinceABSTRACTSempor Reservoir is one of inland water typologies with multipurpose utilizations, one of which is for fisheries, both capture fisheries and aquaculture.The aimed of this paper is to formulate an appropriate strategy of fisheries management in Sempor Reservoir, Kebumen Regancy through the impelementation of Culture Based Fisheries Program (CBF). This research was conducted in 2016 and data was collected through observation and interview. Data was analyzed quatitatively with descriptive approached. The results showed that based on the influence (power) and interests (interest), then stakeholders in fisheries management in Sempor Reservoir can be categorized into two key players and Crowd. Stakeholders included in the key players category are Marine and Fisheries Agency (DKP) Kebumen Regency, River Region Agency (BBWS) Serayu Opak, Department of Culture and Tourism Kebumen, Water and Mineral Resources Agency (DSA) Kebumen and community. Stakeholders belonging to the crowd category are DKP Prov. Central Java, State Forest Company of Indonesia (Perhutani) Kebumen, Kebumen Water Company (PDAM), PT. Indonesia Power, research institutes and universities as well as local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The community, especially fishers in Sempor Reservoir, classified as primary stakeholders because of direct interest to fishery resources contained in the Sempor Reservoir, and has influence in the management. The influence (power) of the community in making decisions in fisheries management in Sempor Reservoir is sufficient. Utilization and management of fishery resources in the general waters of the reservoir can be recommended by applying the elements of co-management integrated with the development Culture Based Fishery program (CBF).

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 199429, “Road to the Blue Certificate for Production Activity in the Peruvian Amazon: Committed to Responsible Water Management,” by Carlos Ahumada Morales, Fernando Gutierrez Mesías, and Ruth Celina Zorrilla Salazar, Repsol, prepared for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 28-30 July. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper discusses the steps taken by Repsol in Peru in accordance with its environmental strategy to become certified for the Blue Certificate granted by the State National Water Authority (ANA) to companies that efficiently manage water in their operations and manage shared-value projects with their stakeholders. According to the authors, Repsol is the first company in Peru’s hydrocarbon sector to apply for this certification. The complete paper details the company’s methods of compliance with the three steps necessary to apply for the certificate, limitations of objectives and scope, results of the water-footprint assessment, and further steps toward certification. Background: Peru’s Blue Certificate Obtaining the certificate requires compliance with the three following steps: 1. Assessment of the water footprint for the area of operation 2. Reduction of water footprint in the area 3. Development of a shared-value project Benefits of holding the certificate include contribution to business sustainability and improved relationships with key stakeholders such as the State and the communities in the area of influence. As part of its candidacy for the certificate, the company stated that its main objective was to analyze the water footprint of the annual production of natural gas in Block 57 in the Urubamba River basin in the forests of the low jungle of southern Peru. Block 57 is located in the Department of Cusco. The company prepared a water-footprint report on the effect and amount of water consumption associated with the annual production of natural gas in the block. Block 57 is in an area of high biodiversity and overlaps the buffer zone of the Machiguenga Communal Reserve. It includes the following projects: Development project in the south area of the Kinteroni field Transport of multiphase gas/liquid flow from the production platform of the Kinteroni field through a 16-in., 14.5-km flow line to the facilities of the New World location Sagari field-development project Based on the results of the water-footprint assessment, Repsol intends to implement actions to reduce its water footprint and develop value-sharing projects to mitigate its effects.

The Larona River Basin which cover an area of 2477 km2, including the three cascading lakes: Matano, Mahalona, and Towuti Lakes, is a strategic watershed which acts as the water resource for three hydropower plants that supply 420 Megawatt of electricity to power a nickel processing plant and its supporting facilities and electricity need of the surrounding communities. The maximum and minimum operating levels of Towuti Lake are 319.6 meters (asl) and 317.45 meters (asl) respectively. Total live storage between these two elevations is 1,231,500 m3. Currently, the operation average outflow from Towuti Lake to the power plants is 130.1 m3/second which is resulting in a total annual outflow volume of 4,103,000 m3. By comparing the outflow volume with the live storage volume, it is obvious that present live storage has a limited capability to carry over the capacity from wet to dry years. During a dry year, the outflow drops to 100 m3/second. Thus, the optimization of water resources management in the Larona Basin is important to fulfil the need to produce the energy sources. To deal with the decrease of the Lakes water level, the Weather Modification Technology in the form of cloud seeding is needed to produce rain that will increase the water volume in the Lakes. The dispersion of cloud seeding material into the targeted clouds can be done by surface seeding using the Ground-Based Generator (GBG) which utilize towers to release cloud seeding materials. The tower locations should be in certain altitude or higher locations and amounts in order to operate effectively with optimum results. The water discharges generated from the process is expected in accordance with the planning. The weather modification process is inefficient when the discharge is overflow the spillway channel. Cost incurred is in approximate of US$ $11,133,258.36 if the company is utilizing Diesel Power Plant and Steam Power Plant instead of the weather modification technology.

Polypropylene baling twine used by Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) during nest construction creates a risk of entanglement for nestlings and adults on the yellowstone River, Montana. In 2013, we evaluated the abundance of twine in 2-km-radius buffer zones centred on 38 nests for three categories of road density. We found more twine per kilometre along roads in low (n = 19) and moderate (n = 13) road density nest buffer zones than in high road density nest buffer zones (n = 6). The estimated total amount of twine found along roads in nest buffer zones ranged from 0 to 2602 m and did not differ among road density strata. The percentage of Osprey nests containing twine was highest in low (63.2%) and moderate (61.5%) road density nest buffer zones and lowest (33.3%) in high road density buffer zones, which reflected a gradient from rural and suburban to urban landscapes. The estimated total amount of twine within a nest buffer zone did not predict whether a nest contained twine. The amount of twine found in seven nests destroyed by wind or power company personnel ranged from 0 to 206 m and was not correlated with the amount of twine found in their buffer zones. During the 2012 and 2013 breeding seasons, four of 120 nestlings (3.3%) became entangled in twine: two were cut free and fledged normally, one died, and one was euthanized. The abundance of twine in the environment surrounding nests and its slow rate of biodegradation mean that vigilance by citizen scientist nest monitors and assistance from power companies are the only short-term solution to reducing mortality resulting from entanglement.

This study is part of the limnological monitoring undertaken by the Energy Company of the State of São Paulo (CESP) during the filling up process of the Porto Primavera Reservoir (Hydroelectric Power Plant Engenheiro Sérgio Motta). This reservoir, located in the high Paraná River between the States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, is the fourth largest in the country. The first filling up phase started in December 1998 and the second phase in March 2001. Samples for benthic community and sediment characteristics analysis were quarterly collected between August of 1999 and November 2001 and also in August of 2002 (11 sampling campaigns). Samplings were carried out at 13 stations distributed in the reservoir, and at one point located downstream of the dam. 128 invertebrate taxa were identified, being Mollusca, Annelida, Insecta and Nematoda the dominant groups during almost the whole study period. Insecta was the best represented class (9 different orders), and Diptera contributed with higher number of taxa, 63. The exotic species of bivalve Corbicula fluminea was recorded in all sampling stations showing its great capacity to colonize new habitats in the neotropical region. Noticeable variations in the fauna density were observed, considering both different periods and locations. The maximum density of organisms (mean value of 7812 ind.m-2) was recorded in the center of the reservoir, and the minimum (mean value 9 ind.m-2) in the more lacustrine area near the dam. The greatest species richness per sample (24 taxa) was observed in the reservoir upstream (fluvial zone). The maximum diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) per station/period, 3.82 and 3.86 bits.ind-1, were calculated in the transitional river/reservoir zone during the beginning (August 1999) and in the reservoir central zones in the end (August 2002) of the filling up period, respectively. There was no clear relation between the distribution of the different faunistic groups and the sediment granulometric characteristics. However, the decrease or even total absence of organisms was observed at stations with high organic matter concentration (>40%) in a low degradation state (coarse detritus). This fact may be related to the lack of sediment deposits, which would cause difficulties to the fixation of the benthic fauna. Additionally, in those conditions more reduced chemical conditions are expected in function of the intense decomposition process of the flooded vegetation.

<p>Many Hydropower Projects in Nepal are carried out with insufficient risk assessment because of which time over run or variations are predominant. Many projects are stuck in preconstruction phase and others in construction phase. In this study all possible risks associated with the BOOT Hydropower Project in Nepal were identified and evaluated. Fuzzy rating tool has been used to quantify the risk associated with the BOOT Hydropower Projects in Nepal. It provides a flexible and easily understood way to analyze the project risks. The relative importance (impact) of risk factors was determined from the survey results. A set of questionnaire was prepared for the survey. The survey was conducted with the experts that have experience in BOOT hydropower projects. From the survey, among the type of risks, Grid Connection / Power Evacuation, Political risk and Geological risk were found to be predominant risk respectively in BOOT hydropower projects in Nepal. The risk assessment method enabled a Risk Index (R) value to be calculated, establishing a 4-grade evaluation system: low risk having R values between 1.17 and 1.69; medium risk, between 1.69 and 2.08; high risk, between 2.08 and 2.47; extreme risk, between 2.47 and 2.78. Applicability of the methodology was tested on a real case hydropower project namely Middle Modi Hydroelectric Project (15.1 MW) which is in construction phase on Modi River in Western Region in Nepal and Madhya Bhotekosi Jalavidyut Company Ltd. (102 MW) which is also in construction phase on Bhotekoshi River in Central Region in Nepal. The risk analysis method will give investors a more rational basis on which to make decisions and it can prevent cost and schedule overruns. An overall risk index can be used as early indicators of project problems or potential difficulties. Evaluators can keep track to evaluate the current risk level with the progress of investments.</p><p><strong>Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management</strong>, Vol. 3, 2017, Page: 115-125</p><p> </p>

The aim of the study. Theoretical substantiation and practical application of the geologistical approach to the development and functioning of cruise tourism in the conditions of COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic crisis. Research methodology. It is based on a comprehensive approach to supply chain optimization in the cruise business, which includes three components - the theory of logistics strategies by A. Bask, the model of supply chain flexibility by M. Naim and the P. Kralich matrix, which determines the structure of the supply chain, which is needed to ensure flexibility and implementation of an effective logistics strategy in the management of cruise tourism in the crisis associated with the pandemic coronary virus COVID-19. Results of the research. A strategy for optimizing supply chains in cruise tourism and its practical application in the context of the crisis associated with the COVID-19 coronary virus pandemic has been developed. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukraine, a comprehensive approach to optimizing the logistics of cruise tourism is proposed, which is based on the use of the theory of logistics strategies by A. Bask, the model of supply chain flexibility by M. Naim and the P. Kralich matrix, which defines a certain supply chain structure implementation of an effective logistics strategy in the management of cruise tourism in the crisis associated with the pandemic coronary virus COVID-19. Practical significance. It consists in the development and practical application of the theoretical basis of the logistics strategy for the development of cruise tourism in the crisis associated with the conovanvirus pandemic COVID-19. As a practical result, it can be argued that the logistics strategy of the cruise company should be customized to the needs of the cruise business and the needs of different categories of cruise tourists, and therefore should be quite flexible. Internal and external flexibility of cruise logistics is observed at the level of cruise ship types, transport hub, communication, power, route and communication, as well as mix (complex), volume and availability, respectively. Thus, the flexibility of cruise logistics is greater in the internal dimension than in the external, which explains the concentration of the cruise company, primarily on the maximum satisfaction of the needs of cruise tourists than just a sea (river) jorney. In turn, the Kralich matrix determines the importance of different groups of product positions in the logistics (supply) of a cruise company by dividing them into strategic, basic, critical and non-critical groups based on the ratio of their impact on company profits and the degree of logistics risk. The most important is a group of strategic product positions with a very high impact on profits and the same degree of logistical risk. This includes the services of travel agencies, bus companies, insurance companies and classification societies. Their importance is so great that cruise companies are encouraged to maintain long-term relationships with them for the sake of close cooperation and coordination, which will ensure the minimization of misunderstandings and mistakes and maximization of tourist satisfaction and the company's profits. On the opposite side is a group of non-critical product items (hotel products, food and beverages, fuel and tools). They are characterized by low logistics risk (there are many suppliers, it is not a problem to replace them) and a weak impact on the profits of the cruise company, which does not diminish their importance in the daily service of cruise tourists and meeting their requirements.

At American Commercial Barge Line Co. (ACBL), protection of the marine environment is a top operating priority. As part of this commitment, every effort is made, using ingenuity and technology, in pollution prevention. An example of pollution prevention in practice at ACBL is the recovery of petroleum from bilge water (an oil/water mixture that collects in the bottom of a towboat), which is then blended into virgin fuel for use on ACBL towboats or resold as a cutter stock to a petroleum company. The source of petroleum in the bilge water is the diesel engines that power the towboat. The petroleum fraction is typically 30 percent. The bilge water is pumped from containment tanks on the boat into larger storage tanks at fueling or repairing facilities. ACBL currently operates a certificated barge that is dispatched to the various fueling and repair facilities to collect bilge water. This barge takes the mixture to American Commercial Liquid Terminal (ACLT) in Memphis, Tennessee. A process separates the oil from the water. The recovered oil is then blended with virgin diesel fuel for ACBL’s towboat fleet, used as ACLT boiler fuel, or sold as a cutter stock for ocean vessels. The separated water moves through a series of treatment tanks and an ultrafiltration system. The purified water is discharged into the Mississippi River according to a Tennessee National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. In 1996 and 1997 combined, this process recovered 4.2 million L (1.1 million gal) of oil, which is material that was disposed of as waste in the past. ACBL is making a difference and embracing the principles of pollution prevention.

The snarled red lines on the chart look more like a plate of spaghetti than a source of fracturing insights. It looks like a meaningless mess, which is generally how the ups and downs of difficult stages are viewed. To Adam Hoffman, a completion engineer for Chesapeake Energy, those 47-stages-worth of data look like a valuable opportunity. “We see so many stages with so many odd spikes and drops or chatter. We chop it off and say that was an odd stage. In my mind when we are looking at all those stages, we should wonder, ‘what was that pressure spike telling us,’” he said. That curiosity became a research project after Chesapeake encountered a spate of blockages in recently fractured Eagle Ford wells. The investigation into the cause of the casing damage led to a collaboration with Well Data Labs to look for connections between pressure changes and what is happening in the wells. Based on hundreds of stages of data from 19 wells fractured in the Eagle Ford, and later in the Powder River Basin, they reported finding a distinctive pressure signature that provides a reliable, but not foolproof, guide to when casing damage is likely. Well Data Labs has automated the search for those signatures as it looks for the meaning of the terabytes of fracturing data in this overwhelming number of seemingly random, squiggly lines. The oilfield data and software company is working on ways to monitor changes in the fracturing-fluid chemistry, the proppant intake into perforations, and an explanation for the pressure spikes seen before the pressure falls, said Jessica Iriarte, research manager at Well Data Labs. The troubleshooting and pressure analysis were covered in paper SPE 201484 presented at the 2020 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition (ATCE). It described how engineering trouble-shooting revealed that geological stresses were the likely source of problems in one case, and faulty pipe in the other. It followed up with data analysis, which used machine learning to identify distinctive patterns that provide an early warning of what is happening in the well faster and more objectively than a completion engineer studying the chart. Based on the troubleshooting, Chesapeake made changes that largely eliminated those costly problems. But it was also a costly learning process. In the Eagle Ford, they identified the underlying problem by investigating why multiple coiled-tubing runs were blocked while they were trying to drill out plugs after fracturing. When that happens, Hoffman said, “it can mean a week lost working past it.” Failure to drill out a plug can block access to the productive rock further down the lateral. A reliable automated treating-pressure analysis in the daily report could alert the completion team to problems while fracturing is in progress. They could then make adjustments on later stages and create a plan to limit the time lost when drilling out plugs on stages where they are likely to encounter tight sections.

<p>Fenômenos de origem tectônica como terremotos e vulcões não são uma tendência natural no Brasil, mas registros de desastres resultantes de instabilidades atmosféricas, como secas, inundações e deslizamentos de terra são frequentes. A maioria dos desastres que ocorrem no Brasil está relacionada aos eventos naturais extremos associados ao avanço da degradação ambiental e à vulnerabilidade agravada pela ação humana (SOBRAL et al., 2010; MAFRA, MAZZOLA, 2007). Dentre os citados, as inundações são as mais recorrentes e provocam graves transtornos nos centros urbanos. Desta forma, pretendeu-se com essa pesquisa, caracterizar as áreas vulneráveis às inundações em Teresina, capital do Estado do Piauí, traçar o perfil socioeconômico da população afetada, caracterizar as condições geoambientais dessas áreas e analisar o papel do Estado frente ao evento materializado. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários nas áreas da cidade consideradas pela Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (CPRM) como vulneráveis às inundações. Concluiu-se que a zona centro/norte é a mais vulnerável, por ser habitada por uma população de menor poder aquisitivo e por tratar-se de uma zona de ambiente frágil, com extensa área de largos terraços fluviais e lagoas plúvio-fluviais.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Desastres Naturais. Inundação. Vulnerabilidade. Teresina.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Phenomena of tectonic origin such as earthquakes and volcanoes are not a natural tendency in Brazil, however, records of disasters resulting of atmospheric instabilities, like droughts, floods and landslides are frequent. Most disaster that occur in Brazil are related to extreme natural events associated to the advance of environmental degradation and vulnerability aggravated by human action (SOBRAL et al., 2010; MAFRA, MAZZOLA, 2007). Among the aforementioned, floods, or inundations, are the more recurrent and cause serious disorders in urban centers. Thus, we intended with this research to characterize the areas vulnerable to flooding in Teresina, capital of the State of Piauí, to draw the socioeconomic profile of the affected population, to characterize the geoenvironmental conditions of these areas and to analyze the role of the State in face of the materialized event. For this purpose, questionnaires were applied in areas of the city considered by the Mineral Resources Research Company (CPRM) as vulnerable to flooding. It was concluded that the central / northern zone is the most vulnerable, because it is inhabited by a population of lower purchasing power and because it is a fragile environment, with an extensive area of large river terraces and pluvial-fluvial lagoons.</p><p><strong>Key Words: </strong>Natural disasters. Floods. Vulnerability. Teresina.</p>

Introduction. This study focuses on the use of silica fume partially replacing cement with 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 30 % constant replacement of fly ash by weight of cement in concrete. Concrete is probably the most extensively used construction material in the world. But the conventional concrete is losing its uses with time and high-performance concrete (HPC) is taking that place. HPC has superior mechanical properties and durability to normal strength concrete. Because of, the microstructure of HPC is more homogeneous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the mineral admixtures as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. The inclusion of additives helped in improving the properties of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and improving the particle packing in the interfacial transition zone (between cement paste and the aggregates).In this experimental investigation the behavior of HPC with silica fume and fly ash with and without quartz powder were studied. The water-binder ratio was kept 0.3 and 20 % quartz flour as partial replacement of fine aggregate for all cases. Materials and methods. Used materials in Vietnam, as follow, Sulfate-resisting Portland cement - PCSR40 (type V) of company Luks Cement (Vietnam) Limited was used in the work. Crushed granite of fraction 9.5…20 mm - as coarse aggregate, Natural sand from Huong river of 0.15…2.5 mm fraction with the fineness modulus of about 3.0 and quartz powder with an average particle size of 5…10 μm were used as fillers; Sika® Viscocrete®-151 is a superplasticizer based on a blend of 3rd generation PCE polymers was used as a plasticizing admixture. The flg ash from Pha Lai thermal power plant and Sika silica Sikacrete® PP1 (particle size < 0.1 μm) was used as a mineral active admixture. The study of strength and technological properties of high-performance concrete was performed by using standard methods. Results. Established by icate that, the workability and strength increase at a certain level and after that, they decline with further increase in the replacement level of silica fume is 12.5 %, on the basis of 30 % FA replacement, the incorporation of 10 % SF showed equivalent or higher mechanical properties and durability compared to the reference samples. Conclusions. HPC consists of mineral admixtures such as silica fume and fly ash use combine quartz powder and superplasticizer helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate. With 30 % fly ash is optimum dosage used to replacement of cement, incorporation 10 % SF (by weight) and combine of partial replacement of fine aggregate by 20 % quartz powder. On the other hand, a few mathematical equations can be used to derive the durability properties of concrete based on its compressive strength.

The Council of Assiniboia, whose members were appointed by the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), held administrative, judicial and legislative powers over the Red River colony. The Council's main challenge was to remain relevant to the Red River settlers while simultaneously adhering to the priorities of the HBC. Through numerous petitions and occasional riots the population of Red River acquired both representation and power in the Council. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relations of power underlying the transformation of not only the Council, but of the colony as a whole.

Introduction The counterculture that arose during the 1960s and 1970s left lasting social and political reverberations in developed nations. This was a time of increasing affluence and liberalisation which opened up remarkable political opportunities for social change. Within this context, an array of new social movements were a vital ingredient of the ferment that saw existing norms challenged and the establishment of new rights for many oppressed groups. An expanding arena of concerns included the environmental damage caused by 200 years of industrial capitalism. This article examines one aspect of a current environment movement in Australia, the anti-Coal Seam Gas (CSG) movement, and the part played by participants. In particular, the focus is upon one action that emerged during the recent Bentley Blockade, which was a regional mobilisation against proposed unconventional gas mining (UGM) near Lismore, NSW. Over the course of the blockade, the conventional ritual of waving at passers-by was transformed into a mechanism for garnering broad community support. Arguably, this was a crucial factor in the eventual outcome. In this case, we contend that the wave, rather than a countercultural artefact being appropriated by the mainstream, represents an everyday behaviour that builds social solidarity, which is subverted to become an effective part of the repertoire of the movement. At a more general level, this article examines how counterculture and mainstream interact via the subversion of “ordinary” citizens and the role of certain cultural understandings for that purpose. We will begin by examining the nature of the counterculture and its relationship to social movements before discussing the character of the anti-CSG movement in general and the Bentley Blockade in particular, using the personal experience of one of the writers. We will then be able to explore our thesis in detail and make some concluding remarks. The Counterculture and Social Movements In this article, we follow Cox’s understanding of the counterculture as a kind of meta-movement within which specific social movements are situated. For Cox (105), the counterculture that flourished during the 1960s and 1970s was an overarching movement in which existing social relations—in particular the family—were rejected by a younger generation, who succeeded in effectively fusing previously separate political and cultural spheres of dissent into one. Cox (103-04) points out that the precondition for such a phenomenon is “free space”—conditions under which counter-hegemonic activity can occur—for example, being liberated from the constraints of working to subsist, something which the unprecedented prosperity of the post WWII years allowed. Hence, in the 1960s and 1970s, as the counterculture emerged, a wave of activism arose in the western world which later came to be referred to as new social movements. These included the civil rights movement, women’s liberation, pacifism and the anti-nuclear and environment movements. The new movements rejected established power and organisational structures and tended, some scholars argued, to cross class lines, basing their claims on non-material issues. Della Porta and Diani claim this wave of movements is characterised by: a critical ideology in relation to modernism and progress; decentralized and participatory organizational structures; defense of interpersonal solidarity against the great bureaucracies; and the reclamation of autonomous spaces, rather than material advantages. (9) This depiction clearly announces the countercultural nature of the new social movements. As Carter (91) avers, these movements attempted to bypass the state and instead mobilise civil society, employing a range of innovative tactics and strategies—the repertoire of action—which may involve breaking laws. It should be noted that over time, some of these movements did shift towards accommodation of existing power structures and became more reformist in nature, to the point of forming political parties in the case of the Greens. However, inasmuch as the counterculture represented a merging of distinctively non-mainstream ways of life with the practice of actively challenging social arrangements at a political level (Cox 18–19; Grossberg 15–18;), the tactic of mobilising civil society to join social movements demonstrates in fact a reverse direction: large numbers of people are transfigured in radical ways by their involvement in social movements. One important principle underlying much of the repertoire of action of these new movements was non-violence. Again, this signals countercultural norms of the period. As Sharp (583–86) wrote at the time, non-violence is crucial in that it denies the aggressor their rationale for violent repression. This principle is founded on the liberal notion, whose legacy goes back to Locke, that the legitimacy of the government rests upon the consent of the governed—that is, the people can withdraw their consent (Locke in Ball & Dagger 92). Ghandi also relied upon this idea when formulating his non-violent approach to conflict, satyagraha (Sharp 83–84). Thus an idea that upholds the modern state is adopted by the counterculture in order to undermine it (the state), again demonstrating an instance of counterflow from the mainstream. Non-violence does not mean non-resistance. In fact, it usually involves non-compliance with a government or other authority and when practised in large numbers, can be very effective, as Ghandi and those in the civil rights movement showed. The result will be either that the government enters into negotiation with the protestors, or they can engage in violence to suppress them, which generally alienates the wider population, leading to a loss of support (Finley & Soifer 104–105). Tarrow (88) makes the important point that the less threatening an action, the harder it is to repress. As a result, democratic states have generally modified their response towards the “strategic weapon of nonviolent protest and even moved towards accommodation and recognition of this tactic as legitimate” (Tarrow 172). Nevertheless, the potential for state violence remains, and the freedom to protest is proscribed by various laws. One of the key figures to emerge from the new social movements that formed an integral part of the counterculture was Bill Moyer, who, in conjunction with colleagues produced a seminal text for theorising and organising social movements (Moyer et al.). Many contemporary social movements have been significantly influenced by Moyer’s Movement Action Plan (MAP), which describes not only key theoretical concepts but is also a practical guide to movement building and achieving aims. Moyer’s model was utilised in training the Northern Rivers community in the anti-CSG movement in conjunction with the non-violent direct action (NVDA) model developed by the North-East Forest Alliance (NEFA) that resisted logging in the forests of north-eastern NSW during the late 1980s and 1990s (Ricketts 138–40). Indeed, the Northern Rivers region of NSW—dubbed the Rainbow Region—is celebrated, as a “‘meeting place’ of countercultures and for the articulation of social and environmental ideals that challenge mainstream practice” (Ward and van Vuuren 63). As Bible (6–7) outlines, the Northern Rivers’ place in countercultural history is cemented by the holding of the Aquarius Festival in Nimbin in 1973 and the consequent decision of many attendees to stay on and settle in the region. They formed new kinds of communities based on an alternative ethics that eschewed a consumerist, individualist agenda in favour of modes of existence that emphasised living in harmony with the environment. The Terania Creek campaign of the late 1970s made the region famous for its environmental activism, when the new settlers resisted the logging of Nightcap National Park using nonviolent methods (Bible 5). It was also instrumental in developing an array of ingenious actions that were used in subsequent campaigns such as the Franklin Dam blockade in Tasmania in the early 1980s (Kelly 116). Indeed, many of these earlier activists were key figures in the anti-CSG movement that has developed in the Rainbow Region over the last few years. The Anti-CSG Movement Despite opposition to other forms of UGM, such as tight sands and shale oil extraction techniques, the term anti-CSG is used here, as it still seems to attract wide recognition. Unconventional gas extraction usually involves a process called fracking, which is the injection at high pressure of water, sand and a number of highly toxic chemicals underground to release the gas that is trapped in rock formations. Among the risks attributed to fracking are contamination of aquifers, air pollution from fugitive emissions and exposure to radioactive particles with resultant threats to human and animal health, as well as an increased risk of earthquakes (Ellsworth; Hand 13; Sovacool 254–260). Additionally, the vast amount of water that is extracted in the fracking process is saline and may contain residues of the fracking chemicals, heavy metals and radioactive matter. This produced water must either be stored or treated (Howarth 273–73; Sovacool 255). Further, there is potential for accidents and incidents and there are many reports—particularly in the United States where the practice is well established—of adverse events such as compressors exploding, leaks and spills, and water from taps catching fire (Sovacool 255–257). Despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence, until recently authorities and academics believed there was not enough “rigorous evidence” to make a definitive judgment of harm to animal and human health as a result of fracking (Mitka 2135). For example, in Australia, the Queensland Government was unable to find a clear link between fracking and health complaints in the Tara gasfield (Thompson 56), even though it is known that there are fugitive emissions from these gasfields (Tait et al. 3099-103). It is within this context that grassroots opposition to UGM began in Australia. The largest and most sustained challenge has come from the Northern Rivers of New South Wales, where a company called Metgasco has been attempting to engage in UGM for a number of years. Stiff community opposition has developed over this time, with activists training, co-ordinating and organising using the principles of Moyer’s MAP and NEFA’s NVDA. Numerous community and affinity groups opposing UGM sprang up including the Lock the Gate Alliance (LTG), a grassroots organisation opposing coal and gas mining, which formed in 2010 (Lock the Gate Alliance online). The movement put up sustained resistance to Metgasco’s attempts to establish wells at Glenugie, near Grafton and Doubtful Creek, near Kyogle in 2012 and 2013, despite the use of a substantial police presence at both locations. In the event, neither site was used for production despite exploratory wells being sunk (ABC News; Dobney). Metgasco announced it would be withdrawing its operations following new Federal and State government regulations at the time of the Doubtful Creek blockade. However it returned to the fray with a formal announcement in February 2014 (Metgasco), that it would drill at Bentley, 12 kilometres west of Lismore. It was widely believed this would occur with a view to production on an industrial scale should initial exploration prove fruitful. The Bentley Blockade It was known well before the formal announcement that Metgasco planned to drill at Bentley and community actions such as flash mobs, media releases and planning meetings were part of the build-up to direct action at the site. One of the authors of this article was actively involved in the movement and participated in a variety of these actions. By the end of January 2014 it was decided to hold an ongoing vigil at the site, which was still entirely undeveloped. Participants, including one author, volunteered for four-hour shifts which began at 5 a.m. each day and before long, were lasting into the night. The purpose of a vigil is to bear witness, maintain a presence and express a point of view. It thus accords well with the principle of non-violence. Eventually the site mushroomed into a tent village with three gates being blockaded. The main gate, Gate A, sprouted a variety of poles, tripods and other installations together with colourful tents and shelters, peopled by protesters on a 24-hour basis. The vigils persisted on all three gates for the duration of the blockade. As the number of blockaders swelled, popular support grew, lending weight to the notion that countercultural ideas and practices were spreading throughout the community. In response, Metgasco called on the State Government to provide police to coincide with the arrival of equipment. It was rumoured that 200 police would be drafted to defend the site in late April. When alerts were sent out to the community warning of imminent police action, an estimated crowd of 2000 people attended in the early hours of the morning and the police called off their operation (Feliu). As the weeks wore on, training was stepped up, attendees were educated in non-violent resistance and protestors willing to act as police liaison persons were placed on a rotating roster. In May, the State Government was preparing to send up to 800 police and the Riot Squad to break the blockade (NSW Hansard in Buckingham). Local farmers (now a part of the movement) and activist leaders had gone to Sydney in an effort to find a political solution in order to avoid what threatened to be a clash that would involve police violence. A confluence of events, such as: the sudden resignation of the Premier; revelations via the Independent Commission against Corruption about nefarious dealings and undue influence of the coal industry upon the government; a radio interview with locals by a popular broadcaster in Sydney; and the reputed hesitation of the police themselves in engaging with a group of possibly 7,000 to 10,000 protestors, resulted in the Office for Coal Seam Gas suspending Metgasco’s drilling licence on 15 May (NSW Department of Resources & Energy). The grounds were that the company had not adequately fulfilled its obligations to consult with the community. At the date of writing, the suspension still holds. The Wave The repertoire of contention at the Bentley Blockade was expansive, comprising most of the standard actions and strategies developed in earlier environmental struggles. These included direct blocking tactics in addition to the use of more carnivalesque actions like music and theatre, as well as the use of various media to reach a broader public. Non-violence was at the core of all actions, but we would tentatively suggest that Bentley may have provided a novel addition to the repertoire, stemming originally from the vigil, which brought the first protestors to the site. At the beginning of the vigil, which was initially held near the entrance to the proposed drilling site atop a cutting, occupants of passing vehicles below would demonstrate their support by sounding their horns and/or waving to the vigil-keepers, who at first were few in number. There was a precedent for this behaviour in the campaign leading up to the blockade. Activist groups such as the Knitting Nannas against Gas had encouraged vehicles to show support by sounding their horns. So when the motorists tooted spontaneously at Bentley, we waved back. Occupants of other vehicles would show disapproval by means of rude gestures and/or yelling and we would wave to them as well. After some weeks, as a presence began to be established at the site, it became routine for vigil keepers to smile and wave at all passing vehicles. This often elicited a positive response. After the first mass call-out discussed above, a number of us migrated to another gate, where numbers were much sparser and there was a perceived need for a greater presence. At this point, the participating writer had begun to act as a police liaison person, but the practice of waving routinely was continued. Those protecting this gate usually included protestors ready to block access, the police liaison person, a legal observer, vigil-keepers and a passing parade of visitors. Because this location was directly on the road, it was possible to see the drivers of vehicles and make eye contact more easily. Certain vehicles became familiar, passing at regular times, on the way to work or school, for example. As time passed, most of those protecting the gate also joined the waving ritual to the point where it became like a game to try to prise a signal of acknowledgement from the passing motorists, or even to win over a disapprover. Police vehicles, some of which passed at set intervals, were included in this game. Mostly they waved cheerfully. There were some we never managed to win over, but waving and making direct eye contact with regular motorists over time created a sense of community and an acknowledgement of the work we were doing, as they increasingly responded in kind. Motorists could hardly feel threatened when they encountered smiling, waving protestors. By including the disapprovers, we acted inclusively and our determined good humour seemed to de-escalate demonstrated hostility. Locals who did not want drilling to go ahead but who were nevertheless unwilling to join a direct action were thus able to participate in the resistance in a way that may have felt safe for them. Some of them even stopped and visited the site, voicing their support. Standing on the side of the road and waving to passers-by may seem peripheral to the “real” action, even trivial. But we would argue it is a valuable adjunct to a blockade (which is situated near a road) when one of the strategies of the overall campaign is to win popular backing. Hence waving, whilst not a completely new part of the repertoire, constitutes what Tilly (41–45) would call innovation at the margins, something he asserts is necessary to maintain the effectiveness and vitality of contentious action. In this case, it is arguable that the sheer size of community support probably helped to concentrate the minds of the state government politicians in Sydney, particularly as they contemplated initiating a massive, taxpayer-funded police action against the people for the benefit of a commercial operation. Waving is a symbolic gesture indicating acknowledgement and goodwill. It fits well within a repertoire based on the principle of non-violence. Moreover, it is a conventional social norm and everyday behaviour that is so innocuous that it is difficult to see how it could be suppressed by police or other authorities. Therein lies its subversiveness. For in communicating our common humanity in a spirit of friendliness, we drew attention to the fact that we were without rancour and tacitly invited others to join us and to explore our concerns. In this way, the counterculture drew upon a mainstream custom to develop and extend upon a new form of dissent. This constitutes a reversal of the more usual phenomenon of countercultural artefacts—such as “hippie clothing”—being appropriated or co-opted by the prevailing culture (see Reading). But it also fits with the more general phenomenon that we have argued was occurring; that of enticing ordinary residents into joining together in countercultural activity, via the pathway of a social movement. Conclusion The anti-CSG movement in the Northern Rivers was developed and organised by countercultural participants of previous contentious challenges. It was highly effective in building popular support whilst at the same time forging a loose coalition of various activist groups. We have surveyed one practice—the wave—that evolved out of mainstream culture over the course of the Bentley Blockade and suggested it may come to be seen as part of the repertoire of actions that can be beneficially employed under suitable conditions. Waving to passers-by invites them to become part of the movement in a non-threatening and inclusive way. It thus envelops supporters and non-supporters alike, and its very innocuousness makes it difficult to suppress. We have argued that this instance can be referenced to a similar reverse movement at a broader level—that of co-opting liberal notions and involving the general populace in new practices and activities that undermine the status quo. The ability of the counterculture in general and environment movements in particular to innovate in the quest to challenge and change what it perceives as damaging or unethical practices demonstrates its ingenuity and spirit. This movement is testament to its dynamic nature. References ABC News. Metgasco Has No CSG Extraction Plans for Glenugie. 2013. 30 July 2014 ‹http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-22/metgasco-says-no-csg-extraction-planned-for-glenugie/4477652›. Bible, Vanessa. 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As a part of nation worldwide, Indonesia set the target for the renewable energy source. The renewable energy should be 23% of the energy mix generation that mentioned in the RUPTL 2019 -2028. PT. XYZ as the company which have the responsibility regarding the electricity in Indonesia should work hard to find and invest in renewable energy source. In West Sumatra, there is one river that can be potential to create the hydro power plant that expected to generate as much as 296.104.624 kWh. The construction of the hydro power plant itself will be started from the scratch that obviously will cost much money. The company should consider if it is wise to invest in constructing the hydro power plant or not. This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility study of the hydro power plant in West Sumatra, the financial performancef of the project, and find which variable that affect the project greatly. This research performs general environment analysis using PESTEL analysis to identify whether the environment support the project execution or not. The financial feasibility analysis performs using the discounted cashflow method and evaluated using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP). To identify which variable that affected the financial feasibility of the project, the author use sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulation also performed in this research to give an information regarding the probability impact of the uncertainty from the selected variable. The calculation result shown that the project is financially feasible with NPV of Rp. 1.832.776.500.481, IRR of 15,77% which is higher than the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and the payback period for 9,15 years. The financial performance also shown a favourable result with the project’s profitability index of 5,41. Long-term debt interest rate, capacity factor, agreement price, CAPEX need, and inflation rate are the highest five variable that affect the feasibility of the project. According the Monte Carlo simulation result using 1000 iterations, the project has probability of 6,34% in making the project not feasible.

Malawi has current electrification rate of less than 10% for a population of 18 million connected to the grid. The electricity generation company in Malawi (EGENCO) is greatly affected by low water levels making it difficult to satisfy the existing demand of electricity. This makes it difficult for Malawi to extend its National electricity grid. Thus, the aim of the study is to design stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system which is economically and technically feasible with focus on hydropower, wind, solar and battery bank within Dwangwa area. The study area is estimated to have 420 households, commercial and public service load with primary load demand of 5,556.31 kWh/day and peak load of 302.93 kW. River discharge data were collected from ministry of irrigation and water development while solar and wind data were collected from NASA. HOMER modeling tool was used to design a stand-alone system. From simulation results, the best design flow for Dwangwa river is 159 L/s at elevation of 100 metres and the best hybrid system combination was hydropower-wind-solar-battery and converter. The whole hybrid system initial capital cost was $2,662,638 while Net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were $3,597,197 and $0.134/kWh respectively. However, the cost of electricity in Malawi on the grid is K88.02/kWh ($0.11/kWh) which makes the system expensive. Therefore, the study has shown that the hybrid system is not economically viable. However, Government intervention can help to make the system monetarily acceptable and viable.

The Slovenian case study in the EU HORIZON 2020 FREEWAT project was Vrbanski Plato aquifer. Slovenia is divided into two river basin districts: the Danube and the North Adriatic. The Vrbanski Plato aquifer, which he presents both natural and artificial bank filtration from the river Drava, is a part of the Danube river basin district and is the most important water source for 14 municipalities in the northeastern part of Slovenia. We investigated the groundwatersurface water interaction between river Drava and the porous aquifer in the geological old riverbed and possible reduction of city impact. This site is the oldest managed artificial groundwater recharge with riverbank filtration and has more than thirty years of successful operation. It is something special, very abundant in a small space, independent of drought and climate changes, but vulnerable due to the impact of the city. Under the city there is watershed dividing, which is shifting with different water management condition and we would like to have the least possible impact of the city. For optimal water management we decided to use FREEWAT plug-in within QGIS platform. With new developed FREEWAT plug-in in project FREEWAT, we made steady-state and transient groundwater model for presenting this shift of the watershed dividing under the city and optimal water management for this area. The model was designed in a way that it identifies and describes all major aspects of the physical hydrogeological system and water management. During the running of a project, there was an accident with heating oil spillage in city area, right on the watershed dividing. So we oriented with the transient groundwater model as well on heating oil spillage and pumping with additional wells at the place of the accident to present successful rehabilitation and the importance of the managed groundwater recharge. Our experience with FREEWAT platform during the Vrbanski Plato aquifer case study was very positive. The connection data of the GIS tool, open license and the database monitoring and model approaches functioned as the right tool for a professional approach and communicating with stakeholders. With groundwater models in FREEWAT platform, we defined optimal condition, with as less as possible the impact of groundwater below the city, for pumping water on the Vrbanski Plato, managed by Water Supply Maribor company and needed optimal level in river Drava managed by Drava Power Plants Company. Quantities of pumping for water supply and level of Drava River are the dominant components of water management in this area. Due to the time and financial constraints, we took into account the period from July 2014 to June 2017.

This research work analyzed the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality,using small and medium scale businessmen and women as well as power holding company staff. The objectives of this study to analyze the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The survey research design was adopted and a twelve (12) item structured questionnaire was used to obtain a sample size of 248 small and medium scale business owners and power holding staff randomly selected from the population. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality. The results further revealed that insufficient electricity supply significantly affect the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The study concludes that there are enormous difficulties being experienced by businesses in Cross River State and other parts of Nigeria due to inadequate and unreliable electric power supply. Thus an inadequate and unreliable supply of electricity imposes costs and therefore constrained firms’ operational performance as firms suffer high overhead cost due to the deficient electricity supply from the national grid. The study recommends that the Nigerian government needs to consider the issue of power supply reliability very seriously by facilitating both private and public investment in electricity infrastructure.

The human rights conditions of Northern Ireland and Palestine have been analyzed up, down, and sideways by a robust scholarly literature, this article provides a fresh approach to the analysis of media with respect to cultural aspects of human rights conundrums through images of localized as well as globalized “graffiti.” From the near universal influence of the painting of George Washington and company crossing the Delaware River, to brave but dangerous anti-regime graffiti in North Korea, the political nature of private artists operating in the public realm for human rights is recognized as a potentially destabilizing and regime-busting act. With a lens pointed on Palestine and Northern Ireland, we examine this cultural artifact’s power to get attention, obstruct persecution, and ultimately to mitigate some human rights abuses. How does such graffiti work? What are the similarities and differences in their power for enhancing human dignity through different times and places? We also look at the relationship of human rights graffiti to current political trends internationally. Images are used here as method of analysis that may help explain the broader implications of political graffiti for the study of a particular medium of transmission for the study of cultural and societal norms.

J.W. McConnell (1877–1963) was one of the most successful Canadian businessmen of his time, and possibly the richest man in Canada for much of his life. A promoter of stocks early in his career, he soon became a major industrialist and investor. He was president of St. Lawrence Sugar Refineries Limited for almost fifty years and publisher of the Montreal Daily Star and other newspapers for almost twenty-five. Among the companies of which he was a major shareholder were the International Nickel Company of Canada, Brazilian Traction, Montreal Tramways, Montreal Light, Heat and Power, Ogilvie Flour Mills, Canada Steamship Lines, and Borden. His reputation spread to Wall Street and the City of London, not only for his business acumen but also for his great generosity to medical and educational causes. He was one of the principal founders of the Montreal Neurological Institute. From 1909 to 1927, he was one of the most effective fundraisers in the country, for the YMCA, the war effort through Victory Loans, and the hospitals of Montreal. And for the remainder of his life he was the most generous contributor to good causes in Montreal if not in Canada as a whole.With Lord Strathcona and Sir William Macdonald, he became one of the three greatest benefactors of McGill. After the death of Sir Edward Beatty, the Chancellor of the university, in 1943, McConnell was a natural candidate to succeed him. The board of governors, who were responsible for choosing a new Chancellor, were nearly all businessmen like him, and his assumption of the post would have been indeed in the tradition of James Ferrier, Strathcona, Macdonald and Beatty. But McConnell did not become Chancellor, and this is the story of why he did not. In abbreviated form, this was published in chapter 17 of the author’s biography of McConnell in 2008. This article however presents considerably more detail.ResuméJ.W. McConnell (1877–1963) fut un des hommes d’affaires les plus prospères de son époque, et possiblement un des hommes les plus riches du Canada pour la plus grande partie de sa vie. Promoteur d’actions au début de sa carrière, il devint rapidement un industriel et un investisseur d’importance. Il fut président de la compagnie St. Lawrence Sugar Refineries Limited pendant presque cinquante ans, et éditeur du Montreal Daily Star et de divers autres journaux pendant presque vingt-cinq ans. Il fut un actionnaire important de plusieurs compagnies, notamment International Nickel Company of Canada, Brazilian Traction, Montreal Tramways, Montreal Light, Heat and Power, Ogilvie Flour Mills, Canada Steamship Lines, et Borden. Sa réputation se progagea jusqu’à Wall Street et Londres, non seulement pour sa perspicacité en affaires mais aussi pour sa grande générosité envers les bonnes causes dans les domaines de la medecine et de l’éducation. Il fut un des fondateurs principaux de l’Institut neurologique de Montréal. De 1909 à 1927, il fut un collecteur de fonds les plus efficaces au Canada, au profit de l’organisme YMCA, de l’effort de guerre par le biais du programme des Prêts de la victoire, et des hôpitaux montréalais. Il demeura pour le reste de sa vie un fort généreux contributeur aux bonnes causes à Montréal, sinon au Canada tout entierAvec Lord Strathcona et Sir William Macdonald, il devint une des trois plus grands bienfaiteurs de l’Université McGill. Après la mort de Sir Edward Beatty, le chancelier de l’Université, en 1942, McConnell fut un candidat tout désigné pour lui succéder. Les membres du Conseil des gouverneurs, qui avaient la responsabilité de choisir un nouveau chancelier, étaient presque tous des hommes d’affaire comme lui, et il aurait été dans la tradition de James Ferrier, Strathcona, Macdonald et Beatty que McConnell accède à ce poste. Toutefois, McConnell ne devint pas chancelier, et ceci est l’histoire qui raconte pourquoi il ne l’est pas devenu. Elle a été publiée sous la forme du chapitre 17 de la biographie de McConnell. Cet article, toutefois, présente considérablement plus de détails.

The Varkari tradition of the Marathi-language area of Western India is characterised by devotion to the god Vitthal of Pandharpur as well as the medieval saint-poets who praised him in songs and longed for his company. Modern narratives present Janabai, a poetess who lived presumably during the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries, as one of the Varkari saint-poets. Her rise to fame started in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and by the 1920s, although of obscure origin, she had been geographically pinned to Gangakhed on the Godavari River. The association with this tiny settlement in Marathwada was established by the famous Das Ganu, an itinerant minstrel and preacher. Janabai’s own celebrity reached its peak by the 1960s, when a sign of sanctity in the form of symbolic sandals was installed at the site which went on to become her temple in Gangakhed. In 1975 a new procession, that of Saint Janabai, was added to the list of more than 100 processions travelling at the same time each year to Pandharpur. This article looks into the process of nationalist ‘awakening’ and the manner in which fostering bonds of ethnic unity and religious cohesion have been essential for shaping shared identity. The Varkari tradition and its poets, including Janabai, became the main tools for the creation of a Marathi-language cultural environment and for the domestication of the terrain by and through the power of comprehensible Hindu symbols.