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Journal articles on the topic 'Laws and initiatives'
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1
Meier, Claude. "Supply Chains in the Apparel Industry: Do Transnational Initiatives for Social Sustainability Improve Workers' Situation?" International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning 4, no. 1 (2015): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6642398.
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Non-state driven Transnational Initiatives for Social Sustainability (TISSs) have increasingly attempted to approach social issues like labour laws in global supply chains. The reason is that state-laws are territorially confined. But can TISSs contribute to effective solutions of issues on which they are focused? This examination presents a theoretical framework explaining the effectiveness of TISSs. For the empirical case study, the Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI) and the Fair Wear Foundation (FWF) were selected. Data was collected from expert interviews and documents. The results led to the conclusion that stakeholder-involving approaches are adequate to support social sustainability in the future.
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Ashenfelter, Orley. "Public policy and labour market competition." Oxford Open Economics 3, Supplement_1 (2024): i930—i932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odad028.
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Abstract Broad recent interest in the failure of competition in labour markets has led to several new public policy initiatives. This commentary reviews initiatives related to antitrust laws, as well as initiatives associated with the labour market effects of firm mergers and non-compete and non-solicitation agreements.
3
Romaniuk, Paweł. "Administrative and legal conditions for the right to citizen initiatives in the adoption of resolutions in a local government unit." Gubernaculum et Administratio 30, no. 1 (2024): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.16926/gea.2024.02.01.03.
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Nowadays, local government authorities take many initiatives aimed at encouraging citizens to participate in the process of implementing public tasks. The right to citizen legislative initiative in local government finds its normative source in local government laws. The article in question refers to the adopted doctrinal findings, directing the assessment of the shaping of the civic civic initiative to its formulation through properly conducted administrative policy. De lege ferenda assumptions will also be presented, the main task of which is to indicate the importance of the legislative initiative, supported by appropriate commitment, creativity and knowledge of the local government community.
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Obukhova, Nadezhda S., and Ainur A. Abuev. "THE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN DRAFTING BILLS AND EXERCISING THE RIGHT OF LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/10, no. 158 (2025): 102–10. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.05.10.013.
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Political parties play a key role in the functioning of democratic systems, acting as a link between society and State institutions. Their influence on the development and implementation of legislative initiatives cannot be overestimated, because, including through party structures, many priorities of state policy are formed, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. In a rapidly changing political landscape, where public demands and challenges require prompt response, parties are becoming not only initiators of the legislative process, but also active participants in the discussion and implementation of legislative initiatives. In the Russian Federation, where the political system is characterized by a multiparty system, but with the dominance of one of the parties, the study of the role of political parties in the development and implementation of legislative initiatives is becoming especially relevant. The article analyzes the role of political parties in the process of forming legislative initiatives, examines the specifics of interaction with public authorities in the development of draft laws. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms through which parties can influence the legislative process and participate in parliamentary structures. The study of this topic is important for understanding the dynamics of the political system and the possibilities of civil society in the context of legislative activity. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of political parties in the development of draft laws and the implementation of the right of legislative initiative, to identify problems hindering the development of the legislative process, and possible consequences for socio–economic development and the dynamics of the political situation in the country.
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Wischmann, Steven M. "Cooperative Problem Solving in Environmental Protection on the Inland Waterways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1620, no. 1 (1998): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1620-02.
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The challenges and opportunities presented by cooperative problem solving between industry and government in the area of environmental protection are addressed. Factors believed to contribute to productive regulatory enforcement and compliance and the related value of inclusive processes aimed at enhancing understanding and respect between regulators and the regulated are explored. Cooperative problem solving is important to the inland transportation community because of its substantial participation in the transport of oil and chemical commodities. All of the inland transportation industry’s interests can be positively impacted by partnerships of high quality and preventive actions resulting from people’s initiatives and their associated dialogue. The U.S. Coast Guard formally established the Prevention Through People (PTP) Initiative in 1995 to emphasize the need for and benefit from cooperative relationships between the Coast Guard and the industries it is charged with regulating. Through focusing on prevention, the PTP effort and similar initiatives such as Quality Partnerships can energize all aspects of safe and efficient maritime operations. The pollution legislation passed over the past 25 years has in various ways intended to address minimizing spills or their impact. These legislative efforts cannot be effective without the thoughtful enactment and enforcement of laws by government officials and the committed adherence to the laws by the regulated industries. It is for this reason that the PTP Initiative resonates today—the various participants can work together to determine the best ways to achieve the goals of pollution prevention policy.
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Mitchell, Joshua L., and Brendan Toner. "Exploring the Foundations of US State-Level Anti-Sharia Initiatives." Politics and Religion 9, no. 4 (2016): 720–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048316000419.
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AbstractIn recent years, measures have been taken to ban the use of international legal principles in state courts. While these international laws vary in terms of the specific restrictions they place on state legal practices, many of these laws have been aimed implicitly or explicitly at banning Sharia law practices. While dozens of states have attempted to pass anti-Sharia policies, thus far, only eight have been successful. In this article, we apply a policy diffusion framework to help explain the agenda placement and adoption of these measures. We find that both internal state determinants and external regional diffusion factors influence the interstate agenda placement and adoption of anti-Sharia practices. However, the regional effect is negative, meaning that these policies follow an atypical diffusion pattern. This study adds to the growing body of literature that examines the diffusion of controversial morality policies.
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Пелихов, Николай, Nikolay Pelihov, А. Родионова, and A. Rodionova. "Cluster Initiatives: Russian Realities and International Experience." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 1 (2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c5989494eda30.66343488.
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The current dynamics of changes in the conditions of state support of cluster initiatives in Russian Federation is analyzed. It is noted that support for the processes of formation and development of clusters in our country is based mainly on political initiatives, but not on the identification of the composition laws of these complex system formations. On the example of international experience the necessity of strengthening the role of science and education institutions in the state-stimulated cluster initiatives, as well as the importance of the formation of advanced training programs for cluster managers and relevant network analytical institutional structures.
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Jeong, Young-Cheol K. "Impending Amendments to Korean Corporate Laws in 2009: A Mystic Mix." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 4 (2009): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000405.
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AbstractThe corporate law reform initiatives proposed by the Korean government in 2008 are still pending before the National Assembly. While the Korean government was sympathetic to the arguments by business interests for liberal rules conducive to business organization, these demands have to be weighed against the desire for good corporate governance norms that promote accountability and transparency. Such a tension has unfortunately resulted in internal contradictions and uncertainties in the context of Korea. This article points out the uncertainties that the reform initiatives have left unresolved and the potential for their resolution by the judiciary. More fundamentally, the author argues that, in order to resolve the issues currently left unanswered, there is a need to address the debates regarding the theoretical foundations of the corporation.
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FRANCO, CAROLINE DA ROCHA, and VICTOR PELAEZ. "(DE)CONSTRUCTING THE POLITICAL AGENDA OF CONTROL OVER PESTICIDES IN BRAZIL." Ambiente & Sociedade 19, no. 3 (2016): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc143673v1932016.
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Summary This article provides a history of the creation of Brazil's federal law governing pesticide production, commerce and use. It begins with initiatives by environmental movements that led States to adopt pesticide control laws, thus helping put the issue on the federal agenda. It discusses major innovations and limitations to the law's enforcement and identifies the main attempts to deconstruct it, through bills aimed at suppressing the powers of public authorities to reduce adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment.
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Weigend Vargas, Eugenio, and David Pérez Esparza. "Should Mexico Adopt Permissive Gun Policies? Lessons From The United States." Mexican Law Review 11, no. 2 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2019.1.13127.
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After a recent increase in violence, policy makers and advocates in Mexico have proposed new firearm legislation that would shift Mexican gun policies towards a more permissive approach. Following the argument of ‘selfdefense’, these initiatives would facilitate citizens’ access to guns by allowing them to carry firearms in automobiles and businesses. These initiatives have been developed without a deep analysis of the effects of permissive gun laws. In this article, the authors present an assessment of what Mexican policymakers and advocates should be aware of regarding permissive gun laws using the example of the United States, the nation with the highest rate of gun ownership in the world and where these policies are already in effect.
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Maalouf, Emmanuel. "Achieving corporate environmental responsibility through emerging sustainability laws." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 27, no. 1 (2024): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2024.01.03.
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The concept of Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) is gaining significant momentum in policy fields, and the legal landscape is catching up in laying down sound foundations. Whilst business and human rights, the ‘S’ in ESG, has forged itself a path forward, the ‘E’ in ESG remains at its nascency. This article aims to evaluate legal measures around corporate environmental responsibility (CER) and contribute to the development of the legal literature on the topic. This article begins by defining CER and clarifying the understanding of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental impact’. It further examines the current legal approaches used to ‘keeping tabs’ on CER. These approaches include voluntary initiatives, where companies voluntarily commit to implement ESG initiatives, certifications and other standards; mandatory reporting and disclosure requirements, which mandate companies to report and disclose their ESG performance; consumer and investor protection laws that aim to safeguard the interests of consumers and investors in relation to ESG claims and commitments made by companies; mandatory due diligence laws that require companies to assess, address and mitigate ESG risks in their operations and supply chains; and corporate liability laws that hold companies liable for environmental harms caused by their activities. By examining these different legal approaches, the article sheds light on the existing frameworks and their effectiveness in promoting CER – and highlights the challenges and gaps that need to be addressed to strengthen CER.
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Yañez, Elva, Gary Cox, Mike Cooney, and Robert Eadie. "Preemption in Public Health: The Dynamics of Clean Indoor Air Laws." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00763.x.
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Preemption is a powerful strategy used by special interest groups to undermine strong, local public health standards. Currently, 20 states in the U.S. have preemption ordinances in place related to clean indoor air initiatives. These preemption laws are the direct result of an ongoing and aggressive campaign of tobacco companies to thwart clean indoor air initiatives, which ultimately, according to tobacco industry internal documents, cause significant reductions in their annual revenues. Clean indoor air policies have arisen from a greater understanding of the documented health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke and action by local government (city councils, county commissions, and boards of health) to protect the public from these hazards. The efforts of the tobacco industry undermine local authority and seek to shift policy action to the state and federal levels, where the industry has greater political influence.
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LANDE, D., and L. STRASHNOI. "Paradoxes of time in the interpretation of events and predictions under parliamentary control." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 4(51) (December 10, 2024): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2024.4(51).317794.
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The article explores the complex interplay between parliamentary oversight, legislative initiatives, and societal conditions through the lens of semantic networks and paradoxes. The application of generative artificial intelligence technologies enabled the reconstruction of legislative texts, uncovering hidden contradictions and paradoxes that influence decision-making, including the retroactivity of laws, causality from the future, revisionism of past decisions, and legislative dynamics. The article examines the temporal paradoxes that arise in the process of parliamentary oversight and legislative activity. It analyzes how associative connections, mistakenly perceived as causal, lead to distortions in the chronology of events and decision-making. Special attention is given to paradoxes such as the retroactivity of laws and the revision of political decisions, which complicate the prediction of future outcomes of parliamentary initiatives.
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McKnight-Compton, Karen. "A Case of Gender Discrimination? Benchmarking Gender Discrimination Policies in Public Works." Public Works Management & Policy 2, no. 2 (1997): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9700200201.
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In November 1996, California voters passed the controversial California Civil Rights Initiative (Proposition 209) to abolish race- and gender-preference programs by amending the state constitution. Although the constitutionality of this initiative is being debated in court and the final outcome is still to be decided, the potential impact of such legislation is widespread within the public works agency administration. Historically, public works agencies have developed and defined their workplace protection policies by referencing laws or regulations that were designed to protect employees. However, in the face of initiatives such as Proposition 209, this type of referencing may facilitate gender and/or racial discrimination. This article examines the implications of “incorporation by reference” and alternative methods of effective policy development.
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Kapinus, O. S. "Legislative initiatives on regulation of a criminal offense in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: a critical analysis." Russian justice 3 (March 25, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/0131-6761-2021-3-25-29.
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The article analyzes legislative initiatives of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on introduction of the criminal offense concept in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Supporting the striving of the supreme judicial authority for humanization of criminal laws, the author notes that the proposed criminal law mechanisms and means of reaching this goal contradict the conceptual origins of Russian criminal laws, deform the basic branch institutions
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Adamyk, Viktoriia, and Anastasiia Poritska. "International and domestic initiatives for e-commerce regulation." Herald of Economics, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.02.066.
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Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.
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Choudhury, Barnali. "Corporate Law’s Threat to Human Rights: Why Human Rights Due Diligence Might Not Be Enough." Business and Human Rights Journal 8, no. 2 (2023): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2023.29.
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AbstractThe take-up of mandatory human rights due diligence (HRDD) initiatives by states is continuously gaining momentum. There are now numerous states adopting some form of HRDD laws. While corporations being duly diligent in respecting human rights is a positive step towards addressing problems of business and human rights, these HRDD initiatives on their own may only be a form of window-dressing, that is, enabling states to put a smart spin on their efforts to address business and human rights issues without addressing some of the root causes of that predicament. As a result, HRDD laws are likely to be a helpful, but insufficient tool for addressing corporate abuse of human rights. One reason for this is because the root cause of many business and human rights problems is the structural elements and goals of corporate law facilitates corporate violations of human rights. So long as states fail to transform the way in which corporations operate – in part, by reconceptualizing corporate law – even the best drafted HRDD laws will be inadequate to halt corporate harms.
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Muradu Abdo. "Major Themes in the Study of Ethiopian Customary Laws (Amharic)." Mizan Law Review 16, no. 2 (2022): 423–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v16i2.7.
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The literature covered in this Article reveals different perspectives. On the one hand, there is the idea that customary law systems should be set aside as they are inimical to national development and unity. On the other hand, there is the view that those customary legal systems which do not offend individual rights shall be given due place owing to their multifaceted benefits while only those customary laws which violate individual rights shall be abolished is gaining importance. The issue of whether customary laws should be given recognition on account of collective identity or because of their instrumental value is not addressed in the researches reviewed. The interface between customary law systems and state legal system is not fully investigated in the existing literature on the subject. There is some research conducted on customary law systems of Ethiopia on the initiative and financial support of the Government at Federal or regional levels. The initiative aims at deploying these researches as inputs for legal and institutional reform, to use them for the benefit of the current generation as well as to preserve, improve and pass them on to the next generation. This article recommends that researches on customary law systems of Ethiopia conducted by anthropologists, social workers, historians and political scientists deserve future review as the current article has not considered them. Those customary legal systems of Ethiopia which are not yet studied or insufficiently studied warrant exploration. Notwithstanding various research initiatives with the financial support of international institutions, there is a need to have government-led and financed study on customary systems of the country. There should be an institution which assumes this responsibility. The extent of recognition given to customary law systems in the Federal Constitution, proclamations and policies should be duly examined; and there should be policy and detailed legal framework regarding customary law systems of the Country.
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Applegate, Brandon K., Francis T. Cullen, Michael G. Turner, and Jody L. Sundt. "Assessing Public Support for Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out Laws: Global versus Specific Attitudes." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 4 (1996): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042004002.
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In the recent movement to pass “three-strikes-and-you're-out” laws, policymakers often cite opinion polls that ostensibly show widespread public support for these initiatives. Our community survey, however, reveals that support for three-strikes laws is high when citizens are asked broad single-item questions, but diminishes greatly when citizens are presented with specific situations covered under the law. Further, the public appears willing to make exceptions to three-strikes laws. Taken together, these findings suggest that citizens would endorse three-strikes policies that focus on only the most serious offenders and that allow for flexible application.
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Garrido López, Carlos. "La iniciativa popular de referéndum." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 43 (May 23, 2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.43.2019.24423.
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La iniciativa popular de referéndum es la facultad atribuida a un número de ciudadanos o a un porcentaje de ellos para instar la celebración de un referéndum sobre una cuestión política de interés general o sobre un texto normativo, remitiendo al cuerpo electoral la decisión sobre su oportunidad, su aprobación o su abrogación. A diferencia de la iniciativa de referéndum atribuida a los entes subcentrales en algunos Estados compuestos y de la iniciativa otorgada a las minorías parlamentarias, el reconocimiento de la iniciativa popular de referéndum está bastante extendido en el Derecho comparado. Donde está instituida, sirve para enfrentar la pasividad o falta de receptividad de los legisladores e impulsar la adopción de reformas constitucionales o legislativas. Y puede servir para controlar y corregir el resultado de los procesos parlamentarios de formación de la voluntad general. En este trabajo analizamos la regulación comparada de las iniciativas populares que tienen por objeto la convocatoria de referéndums propositivos sobre normas y decisiones de transcendencia nacional, de ratificación de leyes votadas y no sancionadas y de abrogación de leyes en vigor. También abordamos los intentos de regulación de la iniciativa popular de referéndum habidos en España, con especial atención a la proposición de reforma constitucional aprobada por la Junta General del Principado de Asturias, aún pendiente de toma en consideración.Citizens’ initiative for referendum is the power attributed to a number of citizens or to a percentage of them to trigger a referendum concerning a political question of general interest or a legislative text, thus giving the electorate the decision regarding its relevance, approval or repeal. Unlike initiatives for referendum attributed to sub-central entities in some composite states and initiatives granted to parliamentary minorities, citizens’ initiative for referendum is generally acknowledged in comparative law. Where introduced, citizens’ initiative for referendum is used to tackle the passivity or lack of receptiveness of legislators and to promote the adoption of constitutional or legislative reforms; it can also be used to control and correct the result of parliamentary processes involved in the formation of the general will. In this study, we will analyse the comparative regulation and practice of citizens’ initiatives whose purpose is the holding of propositional referendums concerning rules and decisions of national importance, the ratification of voted but not enacted laws and the repeal of laws in force. We will also study the attempts to regulate citizens’ initiatives in Spain, paying special attention to the proposal for constitutional reform approved by the General Board of the Principality of Asturias, which is still pending consideration.
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Bachynskyi, R. "International experience in stimulation of green initiatives in agriculture and directions of its implementation in the national practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1(162) (April 22, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2021-162-1-41-49.
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International experience of stimulation of green initiatives in agriculture is summarized in this article, directions of its implementation in national practice are determined. The article proves that insufficient development of green initiatives in agriculture is a result of effect of limiting barriers having economic and economic nature, and low level of development of incentive tools to stimulate agricultural producers. The arguments are given to understand the importance of foreign practice of incentives for agrarian producers to introduce green initiatives in agricultural industry, and to determine directions of its implementation in Ukrainian practice. The article demonstrates that green initiatives in agriculture at the level of commercial entity are possible only in case of targeted, joint and coordinated activities of the state, society, united territorial communities (UTC) and agricultural enterprises. It is proposed to examine green initiatives in agriculture as a systemic process of organization of nature protection activities of the enterprise basing on coordinated actions of agrarian producers, the structures of state power and administration, UTC, connected with use of the complex of tools and measures to stimulate environmentally safe activities. It is summarized that legal acts and regulations governing nature protection activities in EU states include the following incentive tools to stimulate green initiatives: regulatory, informative and economic tools. Economic tools to motivate the enterprises to adopt environmentally friendly activities are determined: they include ecologic taxes, ecologic quotas, ecologic funds, subsidies and taxbenefits, deposit refund systems, etc. The components of information support of manufacturers are described: they include information about applicable laws and regulations for nature protection, statistic data, researches, reviews and analytical reports, strategic programs developed, information about the options of financing, environmentally-friendly solutions for enterprises. The reasons are given to support creation of information system to stimulate green initiatives implemented in agrarian activities in national practice. Keywords: green initiative, incentive tools, agricultural industry, ecologic fees, ecologic taxes.
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McGuire, Stephen. "Victims' Rights Laws in Illinois: Two Decades of Progress." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 4 (1987): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128787033004009.
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The purpose of this article is to discuss the adjustments made by the criminal justice system during the past two decades in order to safeguard the rights of crime victims and enhance their participation in the process of criminal adjudication. The article discusses traditional approaches to victim assistance and compensation and also presents a more recent and innovative approach in this area. Although the article focuses primarily on legislation, it also discusses the application of legislative changes in the courts as well as initiatives that have come from within the court system.
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Boshe, Patricia, Moritz Hennemann, and Ricarda von Meding. "African Data Protection Laws: Current Regulatory Approaches, Policy Initiatives, and the Way Forward." Global Privacy Law Review 3, Issue 2 (2022): 56–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2022008.
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Data protection law is experiencing a global rise. Whilst setting the boundaries for public and private data processors, it has become a vital factor for individual protection and innovation alike. The quest for adequate data protection regimes is on-going, not only, but also on the African continent. Since 2001, the majority of African states have drafted and enacted data protection laws. Hard law and soft law instruments have been developed by the African Union and the African Regional Economic Communities. Regularly, EU-style legislation has been used as a source of inspiration – a process actively pushed for by the EU. Against this background, this study evaluates the current state of data protection law and data protection policy in Africa, questions the process of legal transplantation, and favours the consideration of a unique African approach to data protection. Thereby, this study is also a story about alternative routes to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which are – for many reasons – not easy to take. Africa, African Union, African Regional Economic Communities, Data Protection, Privacy, GDPR
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Subramanian, Narendra. "Legal Change and Gender Inequality: Changes in Muslim Family Law in India." Law & Social Inquiry 33, no. 03 (2008): 631–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00117.x.
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Group-specific family laws are said to provide women fewer rights and impede policy change. India's family law systems specific to religious groups underwent important gender-equalizing changes over the last generation. The changes in the laws of the religious minorities were unexpected, as conservative elites had considerable indirect influence over these laws. Policy elites changed minority law only if they found credible justification for change in group laws, group norms, and group initiatives, not only in constitutional rights and transnational human rights law. Muslim alimony and divorce laws were changed on this basis, giving women more rights without abandoning cultural accommodation. Legal mobilization and the outlook of policy makers—specifically their approach to regulating family life, their understanding of group norms, and their normative vision of family life—shaped the major changes in Indian Muslim law. More gender-equalizing legal changes are possible based on the same sources.
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Davis, Martha F. "The Limits of Local Sanctuary Initiatives for Immigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (2020): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220931423.
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In recent years, many local governments in the United States have declared themselves to be sanctuaries, welcoming jurisdictions, safe cities, or cities of refuge for immigrants. At the same time, federal rhetoric and associated national laws—which have legal precedence over local immigration policies—have shifted in anti-immigrant directions. These developments raise questions about whether and how local sanctuary policies affect immigrants’ lives, including their feelings of fear, their access to local services, and their interactions with law enforcement. This article draws on existing studies and new interview data from a pilot study of two sanctuary cities, Boston and Seattle, to evaluate the impacts of municipal sanctuary policies for immigrants, including their potential influences on immigrant and refugee integration. I also explore policy approaches that might enhance these policies’ effectiveness in achieving their supporters’ stated goals.
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Richardson, Victor, Sallie Milam, and Denise Chrysler. "Is Sharing De-Identified Data Legal? The State of Public Health Confidentiality Laws and Their Interplay with Statistical Disclosure Limitation Techniques." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12224.
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The diversity of state confidentiality laws governing public health data presents a significant challenge for public health initiatives. This challenge is further complicated by the array of confidentially laws that are relevant within a state as disclosure and usage standards vary depending upon data holder, type, and source. These laws often have not been updated to address modern confidentiality risks such as unlawful data linkage or breach, leaving many public health organizations without clear guidance in the contentious area of individual privacy. To address these challenges, public health organizations have increasingly turned to the science of de-identification, but whether de-identification adequately meets the many and varied state confidentiality legal requirements remains an unanswered question.
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Atai, Ardeshir. "Reform of Banking Laws and Regulations in Iran." Brill Research Perspectives in International Banking and Securities Law 3, no. 4 (2021): 1–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056936-12340009.
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Abstract The law reform process entails government policies and plans for the liberalization, privatization and deregulations of the economy including the banking and money markets. The International financial institutions (IFIs), International Development Agencies (IDAs) and the International Financial Architecture have pioneered law reform initiatives based on the rule of law practice and good governance. The dominant theory advocated by Perry-kessaris postulates that a sound legal system is attractive for foreign direct investment (FDI). The bilateral investment treaties (BITs) contain international law standards which can be used as a model for reforming laws and institutions in the host state including prudential regulation of banking and finance. Iran – a resource-rich country has signed many BITs with capital-exporting countries indicating its willingness to enforce the rule of law on the international level.
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Webb, Susan. "Independent living and employment services: Equal paths to community integration." Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 18, no. 2 (2003): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jvr-2003-00188.
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For many persons with significant disability, the availability of Personal Assistance Services (PAS) is the most critical factor for determining whether an individual lives in an institution or in the community. Unfortunately, public policy has been slow to offer programs that encourage work for persons with significant disabilities who need PAS. During the past two decades, however, public policy changes enable people with even the most significant needs to be employed without fear of losing all of their social supports. This paper describes the recent Public Laws and public policy initiatives that support opportunities for individuals with significant disabilities. It provides numerous examples of options for Centers for Independent Living to participate in the Employment Networks being developed in response to the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999. Finally, it describes ways to empower consumers to utilize the recent laws and public policy initiatives to take full advantage of the improved opportunity for them to live and work in the community.
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Alam, Mohammad Intesar, and Soni Kumari. "Comprehensive Overview of Disability-Related Policies and Laws in India: A Narrative Review." South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 5, no. 6 (2024): 35–53. https://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2024.5604.
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There is a large number of people living with one or more types of disabilities. Being one of the most vulnerable subset of the population, it is necessary to understand the policies and laws protecting the rights of these people. The paper discusses benefits, provisions, and guidelines for the government while planning for the scheme, policies, and initiatives. The provisions of several social legislation and acts are examined in light of the rights of those living with disabilities. The specification and categorization of disabilities under Indian legislation are also probed. We have examined studies from multiple sources. Findings indicate that these schemes are essential components that are discussed when it comes to promoting rights. This topic is pivotal for future policy making and this study will help explore and develop initiatives specific to this particular group. By doing so, it will aid the Policymakers and other stakeholders in identifying possible areas where they can improve or modify things as well as implement them for the welfare and advancement of individuals’ rights who have disabilities.
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Judijanto, Loso. "Taxation Policy and Compliance Burden on MSMEs: An In-depth Legal Study in Indonesia." International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 5, no. 2 (2024): 1597–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i2.618.
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Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) are shaped by tax laws, which have a major impact on their growth prospects, competitiveness, and conduct. MSMEs in Indonesia confront many obstacles when it comes to adhering to tax laws, such as intricate administrative procedures, expensive compliance fees, and restricted access to incentives. Using a normative analysis technique, this research undertakes a comprehensive legal study to assess taxation policies and compliance constraints on MSMEs in Indonesia. The results highlight the necessity of focused initiatives to improve taxpayer education, increase incentive accessibility, streamline tax laws, and provide compliance support. By tackling these issues, Indonesia can provide a tax climate that is more favorable and supportive of MSMEs, promoting entrepreneurship, economic growth, and sustainable development.
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Verheul, Ingrid, Martin Carree, and Enrico Santarelli. "Regional Opportunities and Policy Initiatives for New Venture Creation." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 27, no. 5 (2009): 608–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242609338757.
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This article investigates the determinants of new venture creation across industries and locations for 103 Italian provinces between 1997 and 2003. Allowing for differences in regional opportunities across industries, we investigate the impact of a range of factors, including policy initiatives, on new firm formation in manufacturing, retailing and wholesaling, hotels and restaurants. Our results show that regions with industrial districts are characterized by higher start-up rates in manufacturing and that wage costs deter entry in this industry. Firm entry in commercial sectors appears to be higher in large cities and areas with strong economic progress. For hotels and restaurants we find that tourism positively influences new firm formation. We do not find a significant effect of recently introduced regional laws promoting new firm formation in Italy.
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Walden, Ian. "Harmonising Computer Crime Laws in Europe." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2004): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817042523095.
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AbstractAs the ‘Information Society’ emerges, the European economy and its citizens have become dependent on computers and communication networks. However, with the ravages of the viruses MyDoom and MS Blaster still being felt around the world, the vulnerability of computer systems and networks to criminal crime, as well as potentially terrorist activity, is still fresh in our minds. There is no agreed definition of what constitutes a ‘computer crime’. A computer may constitute the instrument of the crime, such as in murder and fraud; the object of the crime, such as the theft of processor chips; or the subject of the crime, such as ‘hacking’ or ‘cracking’. The involvement of computers may challenge traditional criminal concepts, such as fraud, as well as facilitating particular types of crime, such as child pornography. This article is concerned with the computer as the subject of the crime and with laws that have been established to specifically address activities that attack the integrity of computer and communications networks, such as the distribution of computer viruses. This article examines various initiatives to harmonise substantive criminal law to address the threat of computer integrity crimes, focusing specifically on a draft Council Framework Decision on ‘attacks against information systems’. Consideration is given to the impact the Decision may have when transposed into UK law, through an amendment of existing legislation, the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
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Yamcharoen, P., A. Bayewu, T. P. Ojo, and O. E. Fatoye. "Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 8, no. 3 (2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/v8n3p4.
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In the United States, cybersecurity laws and regulations are necessary to protect vital infrastructure, sensitive information or individuals' personal privacy. The present state of cybersecurity law and regulation at both national and local levels is assessed in this review paper. The report gives an overview of the key legislation and initiatives, analyses their efficiency, and reveals new trends. The research method comprises a thorough analysis of academic literature, government publications, official websites, legal sources, news items and experts' reports. The paper begins by pointing out the importance of cybersecurity in today's interconnected world, where cyber threats are constantly evolving and posing major risks to individuals, organizations and national governments. The report draws attention to studies which show that businesses have suffered financially and may face disruption in the core infrastructure as a result of cybercrime. Key legislation, such as the Federal Information Security Modernization Act, and the role of agencies such as the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are covered in the overview of federal cybersecurity legislation and regulations. The scope, effectiveness and implications of such national measures to address cyber security challenges shall be assessed in the evaluation. New trends in cybercrime legislation, such as an increase in data breach reporting requirements and a focus on security of essential infrastructures are identified in the review paper. It examines legislative efforts to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities in key sectors such as healthcare. Consideration shall be given to the strengths and weaknesses of the existing legal framework, as well as recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity laws and regulations. Keywords: Cybersecurity Laws, Cybersecurity Regulations, Federal Legislation, State Initiatives, Data Breach Notification, Legislative Efforts. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Yamcharoen P., Bayewu, A., Ojo, T.P. & Fatoye O.E. (2022): Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States. Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 8. No. 3, Pp 47–56. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V8N3P4
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Warren Brink, Floyd, and Shamila Singh. "A Literature Review of Laws, Frameworks, and Policies of Sustainability: A National Perspective." Journal of Economic Research & Reviews 4, no. 4 (2024): 01–11. https://doi.org/10.33140/jerr.04.04.02.
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The purpose of this article is to review the laws, frameworks, and policies at a global and national that influences and directs sustainability strategies, programmes and plans. The secondary data analysis of sustainability laws, frameworks and policies from primary studies can be used to understand current issues in new and novels ways. Search engines like Google Scholar and library databases was used to find studies whose titles or abstracts contained terms like "sustainability laws," "sustainability codes," "sustainability regulations," "sustainability legislation” and “sustainability framework”. The sample was selected based on the countries that have aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals. The data will be analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes and sub-themes. This literature review reveals the intertwined nature of global, regional, and national laws on sustainability in South Africa. Key findings highlight that global agreements, like the Paris Agreement, set important guidelines, while regional initiatives address specific local needs. At the national level, South Africa’s Constitution and environmental laws illustrate a strong commitment to sustainability, emphasizing the need for integrated and coordinated legal approaches to tackle complex sustainability challenges effectively.
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Camaj, Lindita. "Governments’ Uses and Misuses of Freedom of Information Laws in Emerging European Democracies." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 93, no. 4 (2016): 923–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699015610073.
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This study tests the normative assumptions on the empowerment effects of freedom of information (FOI) legislation on the press–government relationship in the context of new democracies. In-depth interviews with journalists in Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro imply that FOI laws can facilitate access to some previously unavailable official information. But, contrary to expectations, FOI laws are proving counterproductive for journalists who report stories beyond the official storyline, as government relies on this tool to control information access and the news agenda. The implication of these results for media freedom, agenda-building theory, and future transparency initiatives is discussed.
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Sarkar, Tanika. "Intimate Violence in Colonial Bengal: A Death, a Trial and a Law, 1889–1891." Law and History Review 38, no. 1 (2020): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248019000932.
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Much excellent work has been done on the colonial Act X of 1891. Yet, three important contexts have largely gone missing. One is the framework of colonial Personal Laws where the practice of infantile marital cohabitation was embedded till it migrated to criminal laws. Unless we comprehend how the framework constrained judicial decisions and legal interventions, no single law can possibly make full sense. There were highly acrimonious public debates, too, especially in Bengal and Bombay Presidencies, that significantly shaped the Act. Legal reform in the field of gender, I argue, grew more out such debates than from colonial initiatives.
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Boudreau, Cheryl, and Scott A. MacKenzie. "TRENDS: Following the Money? How Donor Information Affects Public Opinion about Initiatives." Political Research Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2021): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912921990744.
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Citizens are typically uninformed about politics and know little about issues at stake in direct democracy elections. Government efforts to inform electorates include requiring donors to initiative campaigns to report their activities and then circulating such donor information to citizens. What effects does donor information have on citizens’ opinions? We conduct a survey experiment where respondents express opinions about initiatives in a real-world election. We manipulate whether they receive donor information, party cues, policy information from a nonpartisan expert, or no additional information. We find that donor information influences citizens’ opinions in the aggregate, with effects comparable to those of party cues and policy information. However, donor information has negligible effects on uninformed citizens, who have difficulty inferring donors’ policy interests and connecting them to their own. These results underscore the potential benefits of efforts to inform electorates via disclosure laws and highlight disparities in their effectiveness for informed and uninformed citizens.
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Nicholas, Uchechukwu Asogwa (Ph.D). "Legalism and Human Freedom: Personal Authenticity on Trial." International Journal of Arts and Social Science 5, no. 3 (2023): 324–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7751151.
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This paper examines the concept of legalism as it relates to human freedom and authentic existence. It argues that even though legalism makes for peace and stability in society, its insistence on slavish observance of laws, whether codified or not, forecloses the individual’s initiatives and the ability to make pragmatic decisions as the need arises. Given the claim that love and service to humanity form the major aims of the law, the paper argues that the inability of people under a rule-based ethical system to actualize these aims in the face of extra-ordinary circumstances gives legalism a stamp of contradiction. In conclusion and by way of proffering solution to this dilemma, the paper submits that since man is ontologically a free being, the only system that will give him a sense of self-fulfilment and authentic existence is a system that gives him the latitude to always use his initiatives to make decisions and take actions based on the prevailing circumstances. Such a system must be one that focuses more on humanity rather than on laws and abstract principles.
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Agrawal, Swati, and Akshit Lamba. "Urban Development with Green Infrastructures for Optimised Climate Change Conditions." Disaster Advances 18, no. 6 (2025): 28–34. https://doi.org/10.25303/186da028034.
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Governments are commencing preparations for the impacts of climate change. The cities are executing several Green Infrastructure (GI) initiatives via the Green Cities Clear Waters program to comply with State and federal stormwater laws. The effective implementation of green buildings can yield the ancillary benefit of enhancing local resistance to possible ecosystem changes, including rising temperatures during summer and intensified rainfall, sometimes called environmental adaption. This research assessed the capacity of the Green City Clear Waters initiative to enhance the city's resilience against future impacts of global warming. Three prospective land cover simulations were employed to examine the effects of climate resilience via environmentally friendly structures in the short term, mid-century and end of the decade according to two possibilities for climate change. The influence of GI on surface temperature exhibited varied outcomes. The effects on runoff and surface temperatures varied among different forms of GI. The cities are projected to become more humid, warmer and crowded during the next century, resulting in a typical rise in runoff and local temperatures, notwithstanding the proposed expansion of green technology. To enhance resilience in response to global warming, the regional administration must augment its environmental infrastructure strategy and incorporate the co-benefits of climate adaptation in developing new initiatives. To attain genuine climate change resilience, installing GI must be integrated with citywide improvement initiatives, advancing and persisting beyond the immediate future for municipalities to operate as they already do.
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Yang, Fawen, Cheng Yang, and Qian Xie. "Promoting sustainable development of poverty-alleviation policies based on high-quality cultural tourism by digital economy — A case study of Chishui City in Guizhou Province." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125102015.
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Digital economy follows three laws — the Metcalfe’s law. the Moore’s law. and the Davidow effect, which are practically in line with China’s poverty-alleviation initiative by developing cultural tourism. The Moore’s law, however, is paradoxical in given contexts, and thus, we proposed the “reverse-Moore’s law” to analyze the current cultural tourism-based poverty-alleviation policies. The features of digital economy can be employed to support the cultural tourism-based poverty-alleviation work: the development trend of digital economy also coincides with China’s cultural tourism-based poverty alleviation initiatives. With the poverty-alleviation work at Chishui City in Guizhou Province as the study case, this paper made an analysis from the perspective of digital economy to confirm the practical and surreal significance of applying digital economy to China’s poverty alleviation endeavors.
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Panasiuk, V. M. "The Right of Legislative Initiative: Content and Forms of Implementation." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (September 11, 2024): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.04.13.
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The article examines the legal and practical aspects of implementing legislative initiative in Ukraine. The right to initiate legislation represents a fundamental component of a democratic system. A detailed analysis of the content of the right to legislative initiative was conducted, with the results indicating that the content of the right to legislative initiative encompasses a comprehensive range of issues. The aforementioned rights are subject to variation depending on the subject matter in question, namely the manner in which the right is realised. The differences in the content of the legislative initiative rights of various subjects are due to the necessity of differentiating the legal regulation of functions, which is essential for the implementation of the subjects’ rights in the mechanism of state operation. Furthermore, the author puts forth a proposal to structure the content of the legislative initiative right by delineating two distinct categories of powers vested in the subjects of this right. The initial section delineates the powers exercised by the subject in relation to their own legislative initiative and the obligations that accompany the submission of an initiative to the Verkhovna Rada. The subsequent section outlines the avenues for participation of subjects of the legislative initiative right in the legislative process with regard to initiatives proposed by other subjects of this right. On the basis of the analysis, it was concluded that the mechanisms of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative in Ukraine should be improved and the transparency and efficiency of the legislative procedure should be increased. Different approaches to determining the forms and content of the exercise of the right of legislative initiative by different subjects are contained in the different Laws. The issues related to the exercise of the right of legislative initiative will be partially resolved when the amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada come into force. This will, in particular, lead to an improvement in the quality of legislative initiatives and a reduction in the number of cases of abuse of the right of legislative initiative.
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Pavlov, Pavel. "Statistical relationships between the rule-making activity of state bodies in Russia." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202161.
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The article provides the analysis of the relationship between the rule-making activity of Russia’s state authorities: parliament, president, government and federal executive bodies. The analysis of Granger causality, carried out for statistical series of federal authorities rulemaking activity, indicates that the level of laws specification largely determines the level of by-laws specification (government decrees and orders of federal executive bodies), thereby exerting a significant impact on entire Russian regulatory framework volume. Econometric analysis based on a corpus of federal laws and aggregated corpus of regulations shows that the entire rule-making activity of the Russian parliament and federal authorities is explained by overlapping sets of factors. The findings indicate that to consolidate the effect of the “regulatory guillotine” it may be useful to develop mechanisms (procedural rules) that correct the balance between the pace and quality of developing legislative initiatives.
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Pavlov, Pavel. "Statistical relationships between the rule-making activity of state bodies in Russia." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202141.
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The article provides the analysis of the relationship between the rule-making activity of Russia’s state authorities: parliament, president, government and federal executive bodies. The analysis of Granger causality, carried out for statistical series of federal authorities rulemaking activity, indicates that the level of laws specification largely determines the level of by-laws specification (government decrees and orders of federal executive bodies), thereby exerting a significant impact on entire Russian regulatory framework volume. Econometric analysis based on a corpus of federal laws and aggregated corpus of regulations shows that the entire rule-making activity of the Russian parliament and federal authorities is explained by overlapping sets of factors. The findings indicate that to consolidate the effect of the “regulatory guillotine” it may be useful to develop mechanisms (procedural rules) that correct the balance between the pace and quality of developing legislative initiatives.
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Kouzoukas, Demetrios L. "Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness: Legal Practitioner Perspectives." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, S1 (2008): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00255.x.
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This paper provides an overview of recent US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) initiatives and efforts — under the leadership of the General Counsel, the Secretary, and the President — regarding legal preparedness for public health emergencies. In addressing this topic, the paper focuses on four core elements comprising public health legal preparedness:(1)effective legal authorities to support necessary public health activities;(2)competencies of public health professionals to know and then to apply those laws;(3)coordination of the application of laws across jurisdictions (local, state, tribal, federal, and international) and across multiple sectors; and(4)information and best practices in public health law.
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Ratnasari, Desi, and Sulistyaningsih Sulistyaningsih. "Preventing teenage pregnancy in developing countries: a scoping review." BKM Public Health and Community Medicine 39, no. 06 (2023): e8053. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.v39i06.8053.
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Purpose: This study aimed to determine the most recent attempts to reduce teen pregnancies in low-income nations. Methods: This scoping review used the PRISMA-ScR checklist, PEO framework, and Critical Appraisal for assessment. Data were obtained from Pubmed, Science Direct, Wiley, and Ebsco databases. Results: The researcher discovered 2,536 pertinent articles, but only ten met the inclusion criteria, which included three themes: Teenage pregnancy-related factors, health initiatives to prevent them, and educational media. Conclusion: Local laws, sex education in schools, parenting workshops, evidence-based youth programs, school reproductive health care, and instructional initiatives employing online media are all part of efforts to prevent adolescent pregnancy in developing nations.
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Mamontova, Victoria, and Elena Gladun. "Local Legislative Process in Russia: Perspectives and Barriers." Russian Law Journal 9, no. 3 (2021): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2021-9-3-83-110.
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The legislative process is an important tool of direct democracy for creating checks and balances on public authority. Making local laws is an essential function of the local government that is linked to direct communication between public officials and citizens. This paper sets out to evaluate the opportunities, constraints and challenges in the practices of local direct democracy in Russian municipalities, and to describe the frameworks and capacities that municipal authorities provide for citizens. The paper analyzes the political and legal circumstances for law-making initiatives at the local level and examines citizens’ activities in the local legislative process. The research question is whether citizens have the capacity and opportunity to participate in the local legislative process and to what extent barriers and challenges prevent them from doing so. To answer the research question the authors use methods of context analysis to study Russian legislation and municipal legal documents, a case study of several Russian municipalities and a survey with representatives of local communities in Tyumen, a Russian mid-sized city located in Western Siberia. The results of the study show a reluctance on the part of local residents to engage in the various aspects of direct democracy and a lack of the necessary skills, knowledge and willingness to participate in the initiative process. The results further show that the initiative process is frequently not well planned and lacks clear objectives, requirements and guidelines. The study concludes that seminars and professional training as well as roundtable workshops are effective ways to support local law-making initiatives. One promising step towards modernizing initiatives would be to organize them in e-forms. Many citizens demonstrate their ability to use electronic options that can expand the possibilities for their participation in the local legislative process.
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Nasielski, Joshua. "Bad aim: Separating the intentions and effects of American newsprint recycling legislation on landfill space, forest conservation and Canadian newsprint producers." SURG Journal 3, no. 1 (2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v3i1.1025.
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This paper argues that the American newsprint recycling laws passed during the late 1980s and early 1990s not only failed to achieve their stated environmental objectives, but failed so spectacularly that they actually contributed to further environmental harm. These laws, which imposed a recycled content standard on new newsprint production, had three intentions: to decrease landfill space requirements, to preserve forests, and to encourage the recycling of used newsprint. Insofar as the first two intentions are concerned, this paper finds that the American newsprint recycling laws had a negligible effect on both landfill space and forest conservation. But by succeeding in elevating the amount of newsprint recycling far beyond what it would otherwise be, industry compliance with these laws may have actually increased environmental harm. From a Canadian perspective, these laws essentially encouraged Canadian newsprint producers to import American newsprint waste. In addition, by imposing compliance costs on American and Canadian newsprint producers in the range of several billions of dollars, these laws prevented capital from being productively spent on other environmental initiatives. Surveying alternatives to government mandated recycling legislation, this paper ends by concluding that if governments wish to improve environmental outcomes through newsprint recycling, their best option may be to extend the functioning of markets.
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Khan, Tehseenullah, Muhammad Hamza Zakir, and Muhammad Zafar Iqbal. "Comparative Analysis of Consumer Laws in Pakistan and India." Spring 2023 3, no. 2 (2023): 1162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.363.
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Consumer protection laws play a crucial role in safeguarding the rights and interests of consumers in any country. This research paper presents a comparative analysis of consumer laws in Pakistan and India, aiming to explore the similarities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses of the respective legal frameworks. The study examines the historical development, legal provisions, enforcement mechanisms, remedies and compensation, consumer rights and responsibilities, consumer awareness, and education initiatives, as well as the challenges and gaps in consumer protection laws. The research methodology involves a comprehensive review of primary and secondary sources, including legislation, case law, scholarly articles, and reports. The paper begins with an introduction that provides the background and significance of consumer laws in Pakistan and India. It outlines the research objectives and scope, as well as the methodology employed in the study. The historical overview section traces the evolution of consumer protection in both countries, highlighting key milestones and legislative frameworks that have shaped the present legal landscape. Moreover, it identifies challenges and gaps in the implementation of consumer laws in Pakistan and India. It discusses issues related to consumer redressal, access to justice, and enforcement mechanisms.
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Bashir, Sobia, Abdus Samad Khan, and Faisal Shahzad Khan. "THE ROLE OF CONSUMER EDUCATION IN STRENGTHENING CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1111.
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Consumer education significantly strengthens consumer protection laws by empowering consumers to make informed decisions about their purchases and increasing their awareness of their legal rights. This research paper explores the connection between consumer education and consumer protection laws and highlights the benefits of educating consumers about their rights and responsibilities. The study examines the historical evolution of consumer protection laws and the emergence of consumer education as a key strategy to promote consumer protection. The study finds that consumer education can increase consumer knowledge of their rights and obligations, improve their ability to identify and report fraudulent or deceptive business practices and enhance their confidence in the marketplace. The research also analyses the effectiveness of different consumer education programs and initiatives in improving consumer awareness and protection. Moreover, the research examines the impact of technology and digital platforms on consumer education and protection, highlighting the need for tailored and innovative approaches to consumer education in the digital age. The study discusses the challenges and opportunities of consumer education in the context of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, and the implications for consumer protection laws. Keywords: Consumer, Consumer Protection Laws, Technology Impact, Fraudulent, Deceptive Business.
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Bashir, Sobia, Abdus Samad Khan, and Faisal Shahzad Khan. "THE ROLE OF CONSUMER EDUCATION IN STRENGTHENING CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1170.
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Consumer education significantly strengthens consumer protection laws by empowering consumers to make informed decisions about their purchases and increasing their awareness of their legal rights. This research paper explores the connection between consumer education and consumer protection laws and highlights the benefits of educating consumers about their rights and responsibilities. The study examines the historical evolution of consumer protection laws and the emergence of consumer education as a key strategy to promote consumer protection. The study finds that consumer education can increase consumer knowledge of their rights and obligations, improve their ability to identify and report fraudulent or deceptive business practices and enhance their confidence in the marketplace. The research also analyses the effectiveness of different consumer education programs and initiatives in improving consumer awareness and protection. Moreover, the research examines the impact of technology and digital platforms on consumer education and protection, highlighting the need for tailored and innovative approaches to consumer education in the digital age. The study discusses the challenges and opportunities of consumer education in the context of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, and the implications for consumer protection laws. Keywords: Consumer, Consumer Protection Laws, Technology Impact, Fraudulent, Deceptive Business.