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Santos, Eduardo Gomor dos, and Carla Beatriz de Paulo. "GASTOS TRIBUTÁRIOS E RECURSOS ORÇAMENTÁRIOS NAS POLÍTICAS CULTURAIS." Revista Políticas Públicas 18, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18n1p111-124.
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Este trabalho analisa a disponibilização de recursos públicos para as políticas culturais no Brasil. O estudo parte de uma relação intrínseca entre cultura e política, entre formas de ver, viver e pensar o mundo e suas consequências políticas, identificando uma relação umbilical entre cultura e hegemonia em sociedades de classes. Analisa as leis de incentivo via renúncia fiscal, notadamente o mecenato, que apresentam valores anuais próximos ao do orçamento do próprio Ministério da Cultura; e o Programa Cultura Viva, que significou uma importante mudança na lógica da intervenção estatal na temática cultural. Conclui que as leis de incentivo perdem em controle democrático e reproduzem desigualdades regionais, com alta concentração de recursos em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, servindo como instrumento de marketing para grandes corporações. O Programa Cultura Viva, por outro lado, apresenta distribuição mais equitativa de recursos, mas ainda tem orçamento irrisório comparado aos valores captados pelas leis de incentivo.Palavras-chave: Políticas culturais; hegemonia; fundo público; leis de incentivo; Programa Cultura VivaTAX EXPENDITURES AND BUDGETARY RESOURCES ON CULTURAL POLICIESAbstract: This paper analyses the availability of public resources for Brazilian cultural policies. The study comes from an intrinsic relation between culture and politics, between ways of seeing, living and thinking the world and its political consequences, identifying the umbilical link between culture and hegemony in classes societies. Analyses laws based on tax waiver, specifically patronage, which presented annual values similar to the Ministry of Culture budget itself; and Living Culture Program, which represented a significant change in State intervention in cultural themes. It concludes that incentive laws mean losses in democratic control and also reproduce regional inequalities, with higher resources concentration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, acting as marketing tool for large corporations. Living Culture Program, on the other hand, presents a more equality public resources distribution, but is still contemplated with a derisive budget compared to incentive laws.Keywords: Cultural Policies, hegemony, public resources, incentive laws, Living Culture Program.
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Xavier, Wescley Silva, and Maria Aparecida Neves Azevedo Baldez. "Lei Municipal de Incentivo à Cultura: Quais os Efeitos Inclusivos e Democráticos na Produção Cultural Local?" Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 97 (June 2021): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9702pt.
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Abstract This paper aims to analyze the inclusive and democratic effects of municipal cultural incentives law in Cataguases, Minas Gerais, fundamentally considering the promotion of citizenship and identity preservation based on cultural production. Data were collected through non-structured interviews with Cataguases cultural producers and analyzed according to a Marxist notion of discourse. Our findings revealed that approved purposes lead to a form of centralization on cultural production at the local level, characterized by the concentration of resources on established groups and the detachment from historically marginalized groups. Moreover, this scenario is aggravated when complementary cultural actions are transferred to the city’s cultural foundations, reinforcing the distinctive character of culture.
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Ficheira, Carolina Marques Henriques, and Paula Príncipe. "Contribuições do patrocínio da Petrobras para o campo audiovisual de 1995 a 2007." Diálogo com a Economia Criativa 1, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22398/2525-2828.1227-41.
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A partir do estudo de caso dos aportes realizados pela Petrobras em patrocínios audiovisuais no período dentre 1995 e 2007, é possível analisar o papel precursor das Leis de Incentivo Federais no desenvolvimento do campo audiovisual. Suas contribuições foram significativas ao setor quando se analisa o quantitativo de filmes patrocinados pela Petrobras e por outras instituições, denotando o estímulo do uso das leis de incentivo à cultura a outros patrocinadores, bem como no desenvolvimento do campo, como ocorre no Rio de Janeiro, que possui o maior PIB criativo de todo o território nacional, e aponta novos agentes e trajetórias no cenário atual. Sponsorship contributions by Petrobras to the audiovisual sector from 1995 to 2007AbstractBeginning with a case study about contributions made by Petrobras to audiovisual sponsorships between 1995 and 2007, it is possible to analyze the pioneering role of the Federal Tax Incentive Laws for the audiovisual sector. Their contributions to the sector were significant when the number of movies sponsored by Petrobras and by other institutions is analyzed, denoting the encouragement for the use of cultural incentive laws to other sponsors as well as the development of the sector, as happens in Rio de Janeiro that holds the highest GDP (Gross National Product) of the entire national territory and points out new agents and routes in the current scenario.
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Ozberk, Ozge, and Gulsun Atanur Baskan. "Teacher evaluation and conferment systems in South Korea and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus." International Journal of Learning and Teaching 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijlt.v10i1.3149.
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The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the teacher evaluation systems in South Korea and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, and to make suggestions for future research and practical implications of the findings. In the data collection process, the qualitative research method document analysis was used. Dissertations, scientific articles, laws, regulations and websites were searched to collect the data. The teacher evaluation systems in both the countries and the purposes of the current implementation and the evaluation procedures were compared. Suggestions were made to the researchers and the Ministry of Education and Culture in the TRNC.
Keywords: Teachers’ conferment, teacher appraisal for performance, South Korea, performance-based incentive.
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Sullivan, Teresa A., Elizabeth Warren, and Jay Lawrence Westbrook. "Laws, Models, and Real People: Choice of Chapter in Personal Bankruptcy." Law & Social Inquiry 13, no. 04 (1988): 661–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1988.tb01132.x.
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It has been a central assumption in bankruptcy policy debates that financially troubled persons faced with bankruptcy will respond to economic incentives and disincentives. Two provisions of the Bankruptcy Code (Chapters 7 and 13) are most commonly used by individual debtors. Under Chapter 7 debtors agree to give up all their property (n excess of state-determined exemptions) to a trustee for sale and distribution to creditors. Under Chapter 13 debtors keep all their property but agree to pay all or part of their debts over three to five years. This empirical study of fifteen hundred consumers in three states explores whether economic incentives and disincentives are in fact the chief factors influencing choice of chapter. The analysis demonstrates that while economic factors play a part, noneconomic factors are also significant, among them intra- and interstate migration, marital status, self-employment, state of residence, and local legal culture. We conclude that to explore fully how individual decisions are made, the simplistic economic model must be replaced by a more sophisticated model that accounts for both economic and noneconomic factors.
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BEDNAR, JENNA, and SCOTT E. PAGE. "When Order Affects Performance: Culture, Behavioral Spillovers, and Institutional Path Dependence." American Political Science Review 112, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055417000466.
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Evidence suggests that the cultural context influences the performance of laws, policies, and political institutions. Descriptive accounts reveal that outcomes and behaviors often depend on the array of historical institutions. This article presents a multi-institutional framework that can account for those findings through path-dependent behavioral spillovers. Individuals learn equilibrium behaviors when interacting in a new institutional setting. Initially, some individuals choose behaviors that align with their behaviors in similar extant institutions, creating a cultural context that can lead to inefficient outcomes. The article shows how avoiding path dependence requires sequencing (or designing) institutions to maintain behavioral diversity. Optimal sequencing thus requires positioning institutions with clear incentives early in the sequence as well as avoiding strong punishments that can stifle attempts to break established behavioral patterns.
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Norris, Brian. "Without Distinguishing Color or Profession: Culture, Vatican II and the Long-Term Development of Credit Institutions in Bolivia." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 21 (March 17, 2016): 202–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2015.125.
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By the late 20th and early 21st century, credit institutions in Bolivia had become more complex, resilient and popular that at any time previously in its history. Traditional economics analyses emphasize incentives created by laws such as those promulgated by the Kemmerer mission in Bolivia in the 1920s and 30s, or material factors, such as transportation costs. Yet neither of these explanations offers a compelling explanation for the magnitude of the flourishing of popular and complex credit institutions in Bolivia after the 1960s. Cultural changes, however, might offer a compelling complement to legal and material explanations of credit development. Vatican II represented an important mass change in Bolivian culture, and institutions associated with these reforms ushered in a new era of credit institution development in the country.A finales del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI, las instituciones crediticias en Bolivia se volvieron más complejas, elásticas y populares que en cualquier otro momento de su historia. Los análisis económicos tradicionales ponen de relieve los incentivos creados por leyes como las promulgadas por la misión Kemmerer en Bolivia en las décadas de 1920 y 1930, o factores materiales, tales como los costos de transporte. Con todo, ninguna de estas explicaciones ofrece una explicación convincente de la importancia del florecimiento de instituciones crediticias populares y complejas en Bolivia después de la década de 1960. No obstante, los cambios culturales podrían ofrecer un complemento de peso a las explicaciones legales y materiales del desarrollo del crédito. El Concilio Vaticano II representa un importante cambio en la cultura boliviana, y las instituciones asociadas con sus reformas marcan el comienzo de una nueva era en el desarrollo de la institución crediticia en el país.
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Sarfaty, Galit A. "Why Culture Matters in International Institutions: The Marginality of Human Rights at the World Bank." American Journal of International Law 103, no. 4 (October 2009): 647–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000159810.
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Why do international institutions behave as they do? International organizations (IOs) have emerged as significant actors in global governance, whether they are overseeing monetary policy, setting trade or labor standards, or resolving a humanitarian crisis. They often execute international agreements between states and markedly influence domestic law, which makes it important to analyze how international institutions behave and make policy. Conducting an ethnographic analysis of the internal dynamics of IOs, including their formal and informal norms, incentive systems, and decision-making processes, can usefully aid in understanding institutional behavior and change. This article analyzes the organizational culture of one particularly powerful international institution—the World Bank (the Bank)—and explores why the Bank has not adopted a human rights policy or agenda.
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Carmi, Na'ama. "Immigration Policy: Between Demographic Considerations and Preservation of Culture." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1025.
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Cultural rights of minority groups are recognized in international human rights law. These rights include the right of minority groups to adopt various measures to protect their cultural identity, which may include closure of the groups community from outsiders. The state in which such groups reside has a concurrent duty to respect these rights and sometimes even to take positive measures to ensure their implementation. The consideration of demographic factors, then, is regarded as legitimate when designed to protect minority groups. The rights of majority groups, on the other hand, are often ensured by the mere fact that they constitute a majority within the state and as such do not require special measures.This state of affairs is challenged, however, in face of mass immigration that could change the relation existing between majority and minority groups within the state. Under these circumstances, does a majority have the right to preserve its own culture through an immigration policy that takes into account demographic factors? I argue that the duty of states under international human rights law to protect rights of minority groups might serve as an incentive to restrict immigration endangering the character of the state. This characterthe states public cultureis the outcome of collective preferences of the majority of its citizens, which is assumed ought to be respected.
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Odlyzko, Andrew. "Novel market inefficiencies from early Victorian times." Financial History Review 24, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565017000075.
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A previously unknown pricing anomaly existed for a few years in the late 1840s in the British government bond market, in which the larger and more liquid of two very large bonds was underpriced. None of the published mechanisms explains this phenomenon. It may be related to another pricing anomaly that existed for much of the nineteenth century in which terminable annuities were significantly underpriced relative to so-called ‘perpetual’ annuities that dominated the government bond market. The reasons for these mispricings seem to lie in the early Victorian culture, since the basic economic incentives as well as laws and institutions were essentially the familiar modern ones. This provides new perspectives on the origins and nature of modern corporate capitalism.
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Kohno, Masaru. "Rational Foundations for the Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan." World Politics 44, no. 3 (April 1992): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010543.
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Over the last two decades there have been numerous changes in the organization of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan. The pattern of factionalization has changed significantly in terms of the number of competing major factions, the average size of their membership, and their internal structure. Moreover, a new set of institutionalized norms, such as the seniority and interfactional balancing principles, has emerged to govern organizational processes within the LDP. The conventional approach in the literature on Japanese politics, which focuses on factors unique or distinctive to Japanese history, culture, and social behavior, cannot adequately explain these recent changes in the LDP. This paper proposes an alternative, rational-choice explanation based on the standard microanalytic assumptions. More specifically, it argues that the pattern of the LDP's factionalization is primarily determined by the electoral incentives of two sets of rational actors, LDP politicians and LDP supporters, operating under institutional constraints, such as electoral laws and political funding regulations. It also argues that the organizational norms originate in the promotion incentives of the LDP politicians whose strategies are influenced by the uncertainty in the dynamics of the interfactional political process.
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Силаева, Любовь Владимировна. "FORMING TEENAGERS' UNDERSTANDING OF THE HUMAN IMAGE IN WORKS OF ART ON THE ART PHOTOGRAPHY MATERIA." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Педагогика и психология, no. 2(51) (October 6, 2020): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtpsyped/2020.2.254.
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Представлены результаты практического опыта применения методики «Изучение восприятия детьми произведения искусства» (Ю.А. Полуянов, В.А. Гуружапов) для формирования понимания образа человека в произведениях искусства у подростков на материале художественной фотографии. Выдвинуто предположение, что восприятие художественной фотографии, выступающей в современной культуре одним из направлений художественного искусства, подчиняется тем же законам, что и восприятие других (классических) видов и форм искусства. В экспериментальном исследовании, проведенном с двумя группами учащихся (5-6-х и 10-х классов, 53 человека) значимо повысились показатели понимания образа человека в художественной фотографии. Полученные данные позволили предположить, что развитие понимания образа человека в художественной фотографии у подростков представляет собой перспективное направление эстетического воспитания учащихся в силу того, что фасилитация механизмов художественного восприятия на близком современным подросткам материале может выступать стимулом к развитию у них интереса и вкуса к произведениям классического художественного искусства. The article presents the results of practical experience in applying the technique «Study of Children's Perception of Artwork» (Y.A. Poluyanov, V.A.Guruzhapov) to form understanding of human image in works of art among teenagers on the material of art photography. It has been suggested that the perception of artistic photography, which is one of the directions of artistic art in modern culture, is subject to the same laws as the perception of classical types and forms of art. In the experimental study conducted with two groups of students (students of 5th-6th and 10th grades, 53 people) the indicators of understanding of the human image in art photography increased significantly. The obtained data suggests that the development of understanding of the human image in art photography among teenagers is a promising direction for aesthetic education of students, since the facilitation of the mechanisms of artistic perception on the material close to contemporary teenagers may serve as an incentive for them to develop interest and taste in works of classical art
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He, Jie (Jack), and Xuan Tian. "Institutions and Innovation." Annual Review of Financial Economics 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-032820-083433.
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Technological innovation is critical to a country's economic development and a firm's long-term success. This article reviews the recent literature that links institutions and innovation. Specifically, we focus on five aspects of the linkage. First, we discuss the literature that explores how the culture of a society or a corporation influences the process, features, and outcomes of innovation activities. Second, we review papers that focus on the role of demographic characteristics in innovation. Third, we describe studies examining the relation between market development and firms’ incentives as well as their ability to engage in innovative investments. Fourth, we discuss the literature on how innovation is shaped by a nation's laws and policies. Finally, we review the academic papers regarding the effects of government regulations and policies on innovation activities. Overall, this article aims to provide a synthetic and evaluative review of recent academic research that links various aspects of institutions and innovation. We also provide our views on potential directions for future research in this area.
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Mazhitov, Daurenbek, Mariia Ermilova, Elena Altukhova, Tatiana Maksimova, and Olga Zhdanova. "Development of technologies and processes in environmental management." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913504045.
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Environmental management is principally aimed at the formation of ecological productivity, ecological culture and human viability. Development of technologies and processes in environmental management characterized with the principles and items which are specified on the global environmental impact. The very concept of environmental management includes many management problems related to the environmental process as an object of management. Along with governance systems (laws, legislation, rules/regulations, codes and standards etc.), education (awareness raising, capacity building, training, professional development etc.), technology (technologies, and the skills, knowledge and innovation needed to manage those technologies)forms the third and a critical pillar in a policy mix that is needed to tackle environmental problems and aim for sustainability in the long run. Developing technologies that can help solve environmental problems requires a broad range of actions that are to be taken by different “external” stakeholders, besides those that actually develop and operationalize the technologies’ private sector companies, universities and research institutions et. al High levels of pollution and gradual reduction of natural resources, inefficient system of economic incentives for environmental activities - in many cases it will be easier for companies to pay fines than to solve environmental problems.
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Neher, Timothy P., Michelle L. Soupir, and Rameshwar S. Kanwar. "Lake Atitlan: A Review of the Food, Energy, and Water Sustainability of a Mountain Lake in Guatemala." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020515.
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This paper summarizes the findings of an extensive review of literature that was conducted to understand the historical state of the food, energy, and water nexus in the Lake Atitlan basin and to recommend incentive-based, long-term sustainable policies to become a significant driver to Guatemala’s tourism industry and GDP growth. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was implemented in the basin to work towards the goal of simulating nutrient loading. A key conclusion of this review study is for the local population to have advocacy for the “zero wastewater discharge to Lake Atitlan” initiative to bring long-term benefits to lake water quality. One of the recommended policy decisions is to seek external financing from international agencies like the World Bank at low-cost interest (IDA Loans) to implement waste management systems and pay this external debt by putting a small but affordable tax on tourists visiting the lake. Once a culture of zero municipal effluent discharge to Lake Atitlan is adopted by the local population, the livelihood of residents will become sustainable and the standard of living will increase because of improved water and air quality, making Lake Atitlan a haven of tourism for Guatemala and lifting its economy.
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Neher, Timothy P., Michelle L. Soupir, and Rameshwar S. Kanwar. "Lake Atitlan: A Review of the Food, Energy, and Water Sustainability of a Mountain Lake in Guatemala." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020515.
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This paper summarizes the findings of an extensive review of literature that was conducted to understand the historical state of the food, energy, and water nexus in the Lake Atitlan basin and to recommend incentive-based, long-term sustainable policies to become a significant driver to Guatemala’s tourism industry and GDP growth. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was implemented in the basin to work towards the goal of simulating nutrient loading. A key conclusion of this review study is for the local population to have advocacy for the “zero wastewater discharge to Lake Atitlan” initiative to bring long-term benefits to lake water quality. One of the recommended policy decisions is to seek external financing from international agencies like the World Bank at low-cost interest (IDA Loans) to implement waste management systems and pay this external debt by putting a small but affordable tax on tourists visiting the lake. Once a culture of zero municipal effluent discharge to Lake Atitlan is adopted by the local population, the livelihood of residents will become sustainable and the standard of living will increase because of improved water and air quality, making Lake Atitlan a haven of tourism for Guatemala and lifting its economy.
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Drummond, Helga. "Incentive schemes in quality culture." Work Study 42, no. 2 (February 1993): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000002697.
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Prince, Nicholas R., J. Bruce Prince, and Rüediger Kabst. "Incentive pay configurations: the influence of national culture." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 6, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-12-2017-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of national culture on the adoption of four different incentive pay bundles (incentive maximizer, contingent rewarder, profit rewarder, and incentive minimizer) using GLOBE national culture dimensions in 14 countries. It uses incentive pay bundles derived by Prince et al. (2016). Design/methodology/approach The study adopted multilevel random-intercept logistic modeling using firm incentive practice usage from the CRANET database and country culture scores from the GLOBE study. Findings Evidence suggests that in-group collectivism is associated with increased use of the incentive maximizer approach, in which firms use a combination of high levels of individual, team, and profit sharing incentives, and decreased use of the incentive minimizer approach (where firms minimally employ incentives) and the individual and team bonus focused contingent rewarder configuration. Higher uncertainty avoidance is linked to increased use of the profit rewarder approach (where only profit sharing is emphasized) and decreased use of the contingent rewarder approach. Performance-orientation cultures appear to support using the incentive maximizer and avoiding the incentive minimizer bundles. Originality/value This study investigates incentive practice bundles that firms use verses separate analysis of practices and use the GLOBE culture metrics. It utilizes multilevel modeling, which has been lacking in past studies of culture and incentives.
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Nekaa, Nejia, and Sami Boudabbous. "Corporate governance and the social performance: investigation on Tunisian financial institutions." International Journal of Law and Management 60, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 1412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to show the specificities of the corporate governance of Tunisian financial institutions and the impact of the internal mechanisms of corporate governance of these institutions on their social performance. It is therefore interesting to establish the existing relationship between these mechanisms of corporate governance and the performance of a financial firm. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to study the financial sector, generally characterized by its opacity, its regulation, its evolution and its obscurity. Therefore, a study based on the questionnaire method was recommended. The questionnaire is intended for managers. Therefore, the authors interviewed 138 managers of Tunisian financial institutions dispersed between agencies and headquarters in different regions (Gabes, Tozeur, Gafsa, Sfax, Sousse and Tunisia). Findings As a result, an impact on performance was observed according to the empirical study. Therefore, the authors can conclude an essential role of internal mechanisms for improving the social performance of a financial institution. The empirical findings in this paper lead to important conclusions. Indeed, the variables measuring the governance mechanisms have divergent effects on the social performance of the financial institutions subject to the sample. For the variables board of directors, confidence, culture, auditing, they have a positive effect. While, the incentive remuneration effect negatively the social performance. Originality/value This study will be based essentially on the financial sector in Tunisia: the credit institutions (22 banks), the establishments of leasing (eight companies of leasing), two factoring companies and two banks of cases which are listed on the Stock Exchange of Tunis (BVMT).
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Yamshchikova, Tat'yana N., and Tat'yana A. Zhuravleva. "Institutionalism and Modern Socio-Economic Trends of Social Development." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-7-18.
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The life cycle is inherent in any system and its individual elements. The period from the formation of a particular socio-economic system to its death (change) is its life cycle. There is an acute need for understanding new phenomena and development challenges, assessing possible threats and risks that may accompany the transformation of socio-economic relations in transitional periods. The purpose of the article is to describe the trends in socio-economic reality that have manifested in recent decades, which allow outlining the expected features of the decades to come. The consistent disclosure of substantiated trends, confirmed by the theoretical conceptual framework and the empirical component, reflects the causal relationship of all spheres of social structure. The integration social function of institutions based on the unity of dialectical positions is revealed, where the economic system serves as an arena for interaction and expression of politics, culture, psychology, ideology and other public spheres. Large-scale evolutionary changes and the emergence of new cultural types occur subject to the transformation of technology and economics. The evolving evolutionary laws of development are mediated by both institutional influence and the systemic nature of the formation of the conditions of socio-economic relations. Institutions of society contribute to the tendencies of preservation and variability of socio-economic development and their further transmission under conditions of dynamics and staging. Determining written and generally accepted rules of behavior in society, institutions reinforce the processes of interaction between economic entities, and form, within the framework of existing informal norms, motives, incentives and rules of the relationship between political, social and economic systems.
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Rasmusson, Thomas, and Boakai Dukuly. "Most Anti-Corruption Programs Have Lacked Key Components." American Journal of Trade and Policy 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i2.435.
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The five field studies reported here and published research examined successful and unsuccessful anti-corruption programs, and the processes of corruption in Africa and Central America. They found most Third World governments' anti-corruption programs have lacked the appropriate mix of strategies and exercises needed to build new behaviors to overcome the core problem of a culture of corruption, or the hysteresis effect. The five studies led to development and testing of a model anti-corruption program. Test of the model program showed it could be assimilated by participants who lacked advanced education, and they could achieve an initial operational competence in a relatively brief period of training. The authors’ five field studies found eight (8) components were necessary for successful anti-corruption programs, and these findings were bolstered by the published research of others that was empirically based. The eight components are: (1) the actual and visible support of the head of government or C.E.O., (2) behavior modification training for civil servants to build informal social controls and internalize negative reactions to corruption, (3) a public component to build public support and social conscientiousness, (4) a degree of career security for civil servants, (5) laws and formal structures, such as criminal statutes, ethics code, transparency, audit, legislative incentives such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, other official and independent oversight, (6) exercises and follow up to operationalize new behaviors and feedback, (7) reduction and streamlining of government licensing and regulation of the economy, and (8) training to build new sensitivities to mission, professionalism, fiduciary duty, and peer group responsibility. The model program developed and tested included skill building, group exercises, role-playing, cohort projects, and practice scripts.
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Lando, Ole. "Culture and Contract Laws." European Review of Contract Law 3, no. 1 (January 20, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl.2007.001.
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Cohen-Eliya, Moshe. "Is Conditional Funding a Less Drastic Means?" Law & Ethics of Human Rights 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 354–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1010.
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In an age in which the regulatory state frequently deals with spending, licensing, and employment, the use of allocating powers is perceived as an appealing means by which to prevent discriminatory practices against individuals within illiberal communities. In addition to its easy availability, conditional funding is regarded as both an effective andin comparison with legal prohibitionsless drastic tool for the prevention of discrimination. Such conditions are thought to be efficient because they increase the relative cost of the discriminatory practice and in doing so create an economical incentive to avoid discrimination. Moreover, these conditions are thought to be less-coercive (in comparison with criminal law), because they still allow those subject to them to choose between the more expensive option of discrimination and the cheaper option of non-discrimination. In other words, these conditions are perceived as "Less Drastic Means." In this Article, I will argue that such a perception is false. When applied to the poor such conditionality is not less coercive than prohibitions in criminal law. It is more than reasonable to assume that attempts to rectify this flaw by exempting poor people from conditional funding will render such funding ineffective in preventing discrimination. In the final analysiswhen one takes into account both the problem of the commodification of values and the inequality between rich and poorthe use of conditional finding as a means of promoting liberal values will, in most cases, be unjust. If we believe that the antidiscrimination principle has a lexical priority over a parents right to educate their children in accordance to their culture, we should choose the path of prohibition and abandon that of conditional funding.
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Dicuonzo, Grazia, Graziana Galeone, Simona Ranaldo, and Mario Turco. "The Key Drivers of Born-Sustainable Businesses: Evidence from the Italian Fashion Industry." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 10237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410237.
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Environmental pollution has become one of the most pressing preoccupations for governments, policymakers, and consumers. For this reason, many companies make constant efforts to comply with international laws and standards on ethics, social responsibility, and environmental protection. Fashion companies are among the main producers of pollution because their manufacturing processes result in highly negative outcomes for the environment. In recent years, numerous fashion industries have been transforming their production policies to be sustainable, while others are already born as sustainable businesses. Based on Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and Natural Resource-Based View theory (NRBV), this paper aims at understanding how internal and external factors stimulate born-sustainable businesses operating in the fashion sector, adopting a multiple case study methodology. Our analysis shows that culture, entrepreneurial orientation of the founders, and the proximity of the suppliers among the internal factors, combined with the increase of green consumers as an external factor, foster the creation of green businesses. At the same time, neither current legislation nor the dynamism and competitiveness of markets have influenced the choice of the companies’ founders to start a business based on green production logic. These results reveal the centrality of the founders’ sensitivity toward green strategies to create a sustainable business. The findings have practical implications because they could support regulatory institutions to introduce some incentives that more clearly encourages companies that choose to adopt sustainable business models from the founding, by acting to the internal and external key factors that drive born-sustainable businesses. This study also provides an extension of the existing literature on sustainable born companies, offering researchers useful information on internal and internal factors that promote the adoption of green policies in the fashion industry.
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Rob, Rafael, and Peter Zemsky. "Social Capital, Corporate Culture, and Incentive Intensity." RAND Journal of Economics 33, no. 2 (2002): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3087432.
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Yang, Jie, and Cong Xu. "Rethinking Incentive Policy for Building Energy Efficiency." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.195.
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Nowadays in the process of formulating and implementing laws or regulations in our country, the existing problem is a lack of an effective mechanism. From incentive policies for building energy efficiency, we can choose economic levers and policy instruments, such as price, tax, financial subsidy, interest rate and so on. The article puts forward suggestion in principle and ensures the development road is applicable to ordinary people, suitable for the sustainable utilization of energy and the harmonious development of society.
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Li, Ying, and Tie Gang Kang. "Study on Building Safety Economic Incentive Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1913.
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In order to effectively improve the Building safety, this paper applies the principle of institutional economics; construct the economic incentive mechanism of Building safety management, From the mechanism of target system, mechanism of main body, mechanism structure principle, the mechanism safeguard, this paper probes into the mechanism of Building safety, Mechanism of the subject system including government, construction enterprises and employees and microscopic behavior criterion; The effective operational mechanism of the security system, including the economic incentive system of laws and regulations, economic incentives organization, economic incentive to financial and economic guarantee, etc.; The operation mechanism embodied in the internal elements of rational allocation, so as to make the economic incentive policy for building effective implementation.
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Miroshnik, S. V. "Legal incentive as an element of legal culture." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 5 (August 6, 2021): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.81.5.153-161.
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Lempert, David. "Protecting Endangered Cultures from Harms of Globalization: A New Product Certification Approach Using Business Incentives." Practicing Anthropology 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.2.95j216k576828276.
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A recent article by this author borrowed a strategy used by environmentalists to promote rights of species— that of the "Red Book," used to protect biodiversity—and outlined how applied anthropologists could combine with rights advocates to promote systematic monitoring and legal protections for endangered cultures, to highlight the endangerment of and to protect cultural diversity (Lempert 2010). That was one of a series of potential approaches to cultural protections suggested by this author (Lempert 1997; 2008; 2009; 2012; Lempert and Nguyen 2008) and by others to try to use governance, law, and "rights" as a means of enforcing existing international and domestic laws and obligations. Most such strategies, however, are major initiatives requiring investment of resources and risk-taking by individual anthropologists and our profession. Accountability and law enforcement are also confrontational.
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Ha Thi Mai Hien. "Culture, Gender and Laws in Vietnam." HUFS Law Review ll, no. 25 (February 2007): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17257/hufslr.2007..25.31.
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Драчева, Е., E. Dracheva, Лариса Савинкина, and Larisa Savinkina. "The Role of Incentive Tourism in Formation of the Corporate Culture of the Organization." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5cb70a61ab4eb3.01255388.
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Incentive tourism is gaining popularity in the corporate culture of Russian organizations, as an element of staff motivation. The trends of recent years show that the geography of exotic countries for incentive tourism is expanding, unusual events are offered based on bright, emotional impressions, which are developed in conjunction with customer organizations and MICE agencies or travel agencies. These can be a case studies — traveling with a surprise, interactive incentive programs, team building programs, an interesting quest, etc. Sometimes, the purpose of an organization is to identify employee qualities or to observe how employees will behave in an unusual stressful situation. Incentive travel is the fastest growing sector of the business event industry with the highest expenditure per capita and the most extensive coverage.
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Imekova, Maria P. "Environmental Self-Regulation of Business Entities in Russia: The Statement of the Problem." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 458 (2020): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/28.
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It is well known that state environmental regulation does not keep pace with the development of public relations. One of the obvious consequences of this is that the regulator, guided in its activities by outdated regulation, also lags behind. For this reason, it is especially important to include business entities that have a negative impact on the environment in the regulatory process. This will create conditions for the introduction of rules that take into account not only the requirements of the law, but also the industryspecific activities of such entities. In Russia, due to the reform of state regulation in the field of the environment, environmental selfregulation is not given due attention. At the same time, the need to stimulate its development and further improvement is recognized. Within the framework of the article, the conditions and prospects for the development of environmental self-regulation of Russian business entities are determined. The study employed both general (dialectical method, deduction and induction) and specific (formal legal, comparative legal, and legal forecasting methods) scientific research methods. The study shows that conditions have been created in Russia for the development of self-regulatory organizations with mandatory membership. As a rule, environmental protection in such organizations is not the main purpose of their activities. As for voluntary self-regulation, there are no conditions in domestic legislation aimed at stimulating its development. Active support from the state is required in this field. First of all, it is the development of state programs, which include legal, economic, organizational, and informational measures that contribute to the creation of conditions for the development of environmental self-regulation. These should primarily be economic incentive measures, such as: development of a modern mechanism for the formation of the state order for the development of environmentally-oriented production processes and environmentally-oriented products; formation and implementation of short- and medium-term state support for domestic producers, etc. In addition, public environmental control, environmental education, and the promotion of environmental culture should also become tools for stimulating the development of environmental self-regulation in Russia. Thus, only when the state creates conditions for the development of environmental self-regulation can it be successfully formed in our country.
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Seaverson, Erin L. D., Jessica Grossmeier, Toni M. Miller, and David R. Anderson. "The Role of Incentive Design, Incentive Value, Communications Strategy, and Worksite Culture on Health Risk Assessment Participation." American Journal of Health Promotion 23, no. 5 (May 2009): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.08041134.
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Purpose. To examine the impact of financial incentives, communications strategy, and worksite culture on health risk assessment (HRA) participation rates. Design. A cross-sectional study design was used to examine factors that influence employee participation, including incentive value, incentive design, communications strategy, and worksite culture. Setting. Large private-sector and public-sector employers. Participants. Thirty-six employers (n = 559,988 employees) that provided financial incentives to promote employee HRA participation. Intervention. Organizations implemented the HRA as part of a more comprehensive worksite health promotion strategy that included follow-up interventions and a variety of other components. The primary outcome of interest was employee HRA participation. Measures. Information on program design and structure, as well as on HRA eligibility and participation, was collected for each organization via standard client report and semi-structured interviews with account managers. General linear regression models were used to examine the extent to which factors influence HRA participation independently and when controlled for other factors. Results. Incentive value (r2 = .433; p < .000), benefits-integrated incentive design (r2 = .184; p = .009), culture (r2 = .113; p = .045), and communications strategy (r2 = .300; p = .001) had positive bivariate associations with HRA participation rates. When all factors were included in the model, incentive value (p = .001) and communications strategy (p = .023) were significantly associated with HRA participation. Variance accounted for by all factors combined was R2 = .584. Conclusion. This study suggests that incentive value, incentive type, supportive worksite culture, and comprehensive communications strategy may all play a role in increasing HRA participation.
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Prince, Nicholas R., J. Bruce Prince, and Rüediger Kabst. "National culture and incentives: Are incentive practices always good?" Journal of World Business 55, no. 3 (April 2020): 101075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101075.
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Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. "Ten Principles for State Tax Incentives." Economic Development Quarterly 9, no. 4 (November 1995): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249500900407.
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The use of tax incentives for economic development is growing among states. This growth is partially caused by a response to new incentives of neighboring states, and similar incentive laws are passed in the interest of remaining competitive. As a result, many states have adopted tax incentives not well founded on economic theory or empirical evidence. This article draws on the latter to develop ten principles that states can employ to enhance the fairness and effectiveness of tax incentives. To illustrate their application, the principles are used to evaluate the state of Georgia's incentive programs.
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Kang, Sung Yul. "Biblical Dietary Laws and Today’s Food Culture." Canon&Culture 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2008): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31280/cc.2008.10.2.2.5.
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ŠARČEVIĆ, SUSAN. "Translation of culture-bound terms in laws." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 4, no. 3 (1985): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult.1985.4.3.127.
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Zelenov, L. A., A. S. Balakshin, and A. A. Vladimirov. "The laws of the origin of culture." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2105-04.
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The paper, from a dialectical point of view, outlines the essence and main features of the formation, functioning and development of the laws of the emergence of culture. The substantiation is given that the laws of any science are the quintessence of its theoretical knowledge, since they reflect the content of all other aspects of science.
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Teichmann, Fabian Maximilian Johannes. "Incentive systems in anti-bribery whistleblowing." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2018-0041.
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Purpose While existing literature focusses on the causes and negative consequences of corruption, this paper illustrates the potential use of whistleblowing incentives to combat bribery in multinational corporations. The purpose of the present study is to highlight that anti-bribery mechanisms, which have already been successfully applied in the public sector, may also be deployed in multinational organisations. Design/methodology/approach A two-step qualitative research process was used. Informal interviews were conducted with 35 corrupt public officials, followed by formal interviews with 35 compliance experts and law enforcement officers. During the interviews, the advantages and disadvantages of whistleblowing incentives in multinational corporations were discussed. The interviewees’ responses were subjected to content analysis. Findings The principal finding was that rewarding employees with significant monetary bonuses may help to increase anti-bribery whistleblowing. However, such bonus payments should be made in only major cases of bribery to safeguard multinational corporations, company cultures and trust among employees. Research limitations/implications The findings convey the perspectives of the 70 interviewees based in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Practical implications The paper offers suggestions to multinational corporations on how to effectively combat corruption and other forms of white-collar crime. Originality/value While the empirical findings are based on a European sample, the results may be applied globally.
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Payette, Alex, and Yi-Chun Chien. "Culture or Context?" Asian Journal of Social Science 48, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2020): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04803003.
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Abstract Policy legacies are an important factor explaining how, regardless of the nontraditional discourse, previously implemented laws and policies have greatly influenced the state of eldercare arrangements in both China and Taiwan. On the one hand, Taiwan has been shifting eldercare responsibilities from the family to the public through a series of social policy reforms fueled by political demands from the civil society since its democratic transition, whereas the Chinese Party-State enacted a series of filial laws in addition to reform policies, which inflated the demand and supply for familial care while at the same time impacting the development of institutional eldercare. While the issue often framed as the prevalence of filial culture in Chinese societies, this article argues, through a path dependency-based perspective, that legal provisions, policies and the structure of the political competition are largely responsible for shaping current eldercare arrangements on both sides of the strait.
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Jung, Heike. "Should We Compare Laws or Cultures?" Bergen Journal of Criminal Law & Criminal Justice 5, no. 1 (October 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bjclcj.v5i1.1354.
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Law and culture are inextricably linked. Hence, a meaningful comparison of laws will have to take into account the cultural background and the context. The relevance of the ‘culture-factor’ in comparison depends on the nature and the scope of the project. This culture-oriented approach sensitizes for the relativity of legal systems which, in turn, calls for a prudent assessment of the common ground. It should also foster (more) interdisciplinary cooperation.
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Hall, Art. "THE CHALLENGE OF INCENTIVE ALIGNMENT IN THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION MARKETS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION." Journal of Prediction Markets 3, no. 1 (December 17, 2012): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v3i1.454.
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Prediction markets have captured the imagination of business thinkers—much like chaos theory captured it a decade ago. The urge is to apply prediction markets to a host of business challenges just like the urge was to apply insights of chaos theory to business challenges. However, the intelligent application of prediction markets within organizations may be no easier than the intelligent application of chaos theory to business strategy.I have chosen the comparison to chaos theory for two reasons. First, the excitement about prediction markets seems to me to have the same type of buzz that chaos theory carried in the late 1990s. Second, and more to the point, Jim Lavoie’s reference to the business potential of Web 2.0 tools arguably offers a platform for capturing some of the more realistic goals of those who once urged businesses to operate “on the edge of chaos”—as captured by the title of this popular-audience book: Surfing the Edge of Chaos: The Laws of Nature and the New Laws of Business.
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Akinyele, Kazeem Olalekan. "The Effects of Incentive Systems and Organizational Culture on Strategy Surrogation." Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/apmaj.v14i1-11.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of an important aspect of an organizational context, specifically organizational culture, and different types of compensation schemes on strategy surrogation. Strategy surrogation occurs when managers focus on the measures in the strategic performance measurement systems (SPMS) on which they are compensated and completely or partially lose focus on the overall strategic objectives of the organization. This study utilized a 2x2 between-participants experimental design that manipulates organizational culture (controldominant vs. flexibility-dominant) and the type of compensation scheme (fixed pay vs. pay-for-performance). The study was conducted online with 80 participants from the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) as proxies for managers. The results show that employees operating under a controldominant culture do not surrogate more than employees operating under a flexibility-dominant culture. Additionally, the type of organizational culture does not moderate the relationship between incentive systems and strategy surrogation. However, employees operating under a pay-for-performance compensation scheme significantly surrogate more than employees operating under a fixed pay compensation scheme. The study contributes to the incentives and organizational culture literature as well as strategy surrogation research by examining institutional factors that may inhibit or exacerbate surrogation. Additionally, the study contributes to the judgment and decision-making literature by highlighting employees’ decision-making outcomes under different compensation schemes. Keywords: organizational culture, incentive systems, strategy surrogation, informal management control system
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Liccione, William J. "Implications of Changes in Technology Companies are Work Culture Incentive Compensation." Compensation & Benefits Review 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08863680122098180.
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GAILMARD, SEAN. "Imperial Politics, English Law, and the Strategic Foundations of Constitutional Review in America." American Political Science Review 113, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 778–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000212.
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In the colonial period of American history, the British Crown reviewed, and sometimes nullified, acts of colonial assemblies for “repugnancy to the laws of England.” In this way, Crown review established external, legal constraints on American legislatures. I present a formal model to argue that Crown legislative review counteracted political pressure on imperial governors from colonial assemblies, to approve laws contrary to the empire’s interests. Optimal review in the model combines both legal and substantive considerations. This gives governors the strongest incentive to avoid royal reprisal by vetoing laws the Crown considered undesirable. Thus, review of legislation for consistency with higher law helped the Crown to grapple with agency problems in imperial governance, and ultimately achieve more (but still incomplete) centralized control over policy. I discuss the legacy of imperial legislative review for early American thinking about constitutional review of legislation by courts.
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Akram, Susan M., Sarah Bidinger, Aaron Lang, Danielle Hites, Yoana Kuzmova, and Elena Noureddine. "Protecting Syrian Refugees: Laws, Policies, and Global Responsibility Sharing." Middle East Law and Governance 7, no. 3 (November 28, 2015): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00703003.
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This article provides an excerpt of a report that maps out how the Syrian refugee crisis is being played out in four of the main states hosting the refugees, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Turkey. This excerpt focuses on the laws and policies in the host states and how they are creating particularly devastating consequences for Palestinian refugees. The excerpt sets out the Report’s conclusions and recommendations, primarily the call for a global Comprehensive Plan of Action (cpa), with various components within and outside the Middle East region that build on existing legal obligations to better allocate responsibility for the refugee population and lift the overwhelming and unsustainable burden from the current frontline host states. The conclusions and recommendations combine legal and policy measures that would allow close the Palestinian refugee ‘protection gap,’ stem the phenomenon of trafficking and disasters-at-sea, prevent further fallout of the Syrian humanitarian crisis, and create incentive amongst the larger community of states to intervene to end the regional conflict.
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Kasimanova, Liudmila A. "SYSTEM OF VALUES IN CULTURAL EDUCATION: CULTURAL CREATIVITY AS AN INCENTIVE." Volga Region Pedagogical Search 34, no. 4 (2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/2307-1052-2020-4-34-54-59.
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The article draws attention to the role and place of culture in education. It is noted that culture, which includes the entire totality of human activity, and education, designed to focus on selected values, are closely interrelated. The article raises the question of forming a system of values among students, taking into account the modern concept of culture. The article considers the need to apply the principle of cultural conformity of education, which consists in the active participation of students not only in cultural development, but also in cultural creation. Using the definition of “cultural conformity” provided by A. Disterweg, the author understands it as the correspondence of education and upbringing to the achieved level of culture. The article proves the necessity of using modern innovative technologies in professional training.
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Thimbleby, Harold. "Three laws for paperlessness." DIGITAL HEALTH 5 (January 2019): 205520761982772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055207619827722.
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We are familiar with paper and rarely think much about it, except that in healthcare there seems to be too much of it, and it is slow, inefficient, and so old. In contrast, paperlessness promises the future and freedom from paper’s obvious limitations. We need to think clearly how to ensure paperlessness really improves healthcare, hence three simple laws: 1. Keep in sight the goal of improving healthcare. Paperlessness must be first about improving clinical processes, supporting staff and patients, not about replacing paper with new ‘solutions’. 2. Only implement evidence-based change. Pursue paperlessness only where there is scientific evidence it is better for the real task. Successful paperlessness depends on user centred design and on quality implementation. 3. Plan for cultural change and moving goal posts. Culture has to change to take advantage of technology, and technology is changing at pace regardless. Paperless requires planning for monitoring, improvement, revision and, eventually, obsolescence and further innovation. Pay attention to culture, including regulation, and to developing human skills to exploit new technologies.
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Terry, Paul E. "On Voluntariness in Wellness: Considering Organizational Health Contingent Incentives." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 1 (January 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118817012.
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Some would argue that if taking an examination to receive an incentive is not mandatory, it’s voluntary no matter the size of the monetary reward. Others have concerns with how often employers use the word “required” when communicating how employees can earn an incentive. This in spite of clear rules that indicate “health contingent” incentive designs (those based on health measures rather than on completing activities) are an either/or proposition. That is, you can either earn (this amount) by (achieving a clinical standard) or by (participating in or attaining an alternative standard). This editorial examines the merits and demerits of organizational health contingent use of incentives. It is posited that employers can best satisfy a voluntariness standard in their use of financial incentives in wellness programs when the use of incentives are well integrated into a measurably robust, organizational culture that visibly values health; and when all employees are well versed in the meaning of, and opportunities for, reasonable alternatives for earning an incentive. Concerns about the administrative burden behind this idea and other potential unintended consequences of including measures of a culture of health to meet a voluntariness standard are also presented.
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Muslihah, Siti, and Sakina Nusarifa Tantri. "Pengujian Dampak Sistem Insentif Dan Orientasi Kognitif Terhadap Kinerja Kelompok: Studi Di Indonesia." Jurnal Gama Societa 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jgs.40427.
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This study aims to find out individual’s performance based on their cognitive orientation towards incentive system. This study refers to a previous study (Naranjo-Gil et al., 2012) that tested similarly that the study was conducted in Indonesia which has a different culture with the previous research’s origin country. This study used case study method with college student respondent that had economics background. The results of this study revealed that some conclusions. First, individual behavior in completing tasks tends to match with their cognitive orientation. Second, there was a difference between individualism cognitive orientation when they given to team-based structure incentive system. Third, there are differences in collectivism cognitive orientation groups when they given to an individual-based structure incentive system. The most appropriate incentive system used to improve the group performance which respect to the cognitive orientation group members is the team-based incentive system.