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1
Worika, Ibibia Lucky, and Uzuazo Etemire. "Environmental Sustainability and Regulation in Rivers State, Nigeria." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 4, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340050.
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Abstract Over the years, the overall quality of the environment in Rivers State, in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, has taken a significant downturn, which has attracted both national and international attention. This situation, among other things, raises questions about the quality of environmental laws and institutions in the state, with respect to their capacity to promote environmental sustainability. This article seeks to unravel this question. The analysis, with specific reference to certain standards, broadly reveals that on the whole, the current status and quality of environmental laws and institutions in Rivers State are largely incapable of ensuring environmental sustainability in the state, in terms of securing a healthy environment conducive to human wellbeing and development. Against this backdrop, recommendations are made regarding extensive law review/revision, the faithful implementation of improved laws, and the proper allocation and employment of adequate material and human resources with a view to strengthening the environmental regulatory system of Rivers State.
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Webster, Adam. "Sharing Water from Transboundary Rivers: Limits on State Power." Federal Law Review 44, no. 1 (March 2016): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1604400102.
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Disputes between States of Australia over the sharing of the waters of rivers that flow through or form the boundary between two or more States (‘transboundary rivers’) have frequently been framed in terms of the ‘rights’ of the States. This article seeks to reframe the resolution of these disputes in terms of limits on State legislative and executive power. After reframing the problem in this way, the article first examines the scope of State legislative and executive power and its extraterritorial effect with respect to the regulation of transboundary rivers. Secondly, the article considers inconsistencies between the laws and regulations of two States with respect to transboundary rivers. Finally, constitutional implications and limits on State power are examined, with particular focus on whether there may be scope for the extension of the Melbourne Corporation principle to assist in the resolution of some transboundary river disputes.
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Seleye-Fubara, D., and E. Bob-Yellowe. "Traumatic Death from Rival Gang Violence in Rivers State, Nigeria." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 4 (October 2005): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.4.340.
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A prospective autopsy study in Rivers State, Nigeria, was undertaken to evaluate the patterns of death as a result of rival gang clashes and to highlight the menace of rival gang violence. Between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2003 medico-legally autopsied bodies in Rivers State, where death was the result of gang violence, were studied after being served with the coroner's form. In all cases, standard autopsy procedures were adopted and reports were issued. A total of 58 bodies were autopsied for the study. Three (5.2%) were females and 55 (94.8%) were males, giving a female to male ratio of 1:18.3. The age group of 10-29 years recorded the highest frequency of death (65.6%) with a peak in the age group 20-29 years (39.7%). Gang violence and politically motivated mob action were the most common precipitating factors (60.3% and 20.7% respectively). Firearms (41.4%) was the most common method applied for the killing. Death was more common in the rural areas of Rivers State. Gang clashes, volatile political rallies, illegal drug peddling and illegal oil bunkering should be banned and stringent laws be passed. Such laws should also cover gun handling and should be enforced.
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Elenwo, E., and C. Urho. "Challenges and Prospects of Enforcement of Environmental Laws in Port Harcourt Metropolis Rivers State, Nigeria." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 19, no. 6 (January 10, 2017): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2017/31447.
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Ajibola, M. O., A. I. Kabiamaowei, A. O. Oluwunmi, and D. R. Owolabi. "Assessing the Methods of Valuing Contaminated Land in Rivers State, Nigeria." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0035.
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The practice of environmental valuation for compensation has raised serious concerns among estate surveyors and valuers (ESVs) practicing in Nigeria due to the challenges posed by the enabling laws and other factors. This study examined the methods adopted by ESVs in carrying out the valuation of land contaminated by oil spill in Rivers State. The study focused on ESVs practicing with registered firms in Rivers State. Primary data was obtained by administration of questionnaires on 120 ESVs out of which 80 questionnaires were retrieved and used for the analysis. Also, semi-structured interviews were conducted with estate surveyors and valuers identified to be experienced in the subject of study in order to obtain data on their practice and experience. The primary data was analysed using, percentages, relative importance index (RII) and principal component analysis as well as coding and narrating for the interviews. The findings indicated that the methods adopted for valuation are the income capitalization, predetermined compensation rate, sales comparison, market prices and depreciated replacement cost approach. The study therefore recommends that professional bodies should continuously train and develop ESVs in this aspect of valuation.
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Yuan, Ximin, Zhichun Yue, Fuchang Tian, Lugan Cao, and Tianhua Song. "A Study of the Water and Sediment Transport Laws and Equilibrium Stability of Fluvial Facies in the Ningxia Section of the Yellow River under Variable Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041573.
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Recently, construction of many large-scale water conservancy projects, as well as the vegetation protection and restoration projects in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, have led to serious changes in water inflow processes, sediment inflow processes, and scour and silting situation in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River (NSYR). This study explored the relationship between the sediment scouring and the silting law of the sediment-laden rivers and the equilibrium fluvial facies in the NSYR. The double cumulative curves of the annual silting amounts and annual incoming sediment amounts in the Qingtongxia–Shizuishan section were then established. It has been previously proven the fluvial facies coefficient increases year by year with the increase in the silting amounts in the watercourse, which lead to the evolution of the watercourse toward the wandering reach. The fluvial facies relationships of their cross-sections under an equilibrium state in the NSYR were established using a Yalin fluvial facies method. The Fr values under an equilibrium state and the actual state were analyzed. The results showed the Xiaheyan section was in an equilibrium state, and the Qingtongxia and Shizuishan cross-section were in a scouring state. This conclusion was confirmed by the actual measured results for numerous years.
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Popelka, Sarah J., and Laurence C. Smith. "Rivers as political borders: a new subnational geospatial dataset." Water Policy 22, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.041.
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Abstract Rivers are commonly used to define political borders, but no global study has quantified the importance of rivers on territorial delimitation at subnational scales. This paper presents Global Subnational River-Borders (GSRB), a first comprehensive geospatial dataset of subnational, as well as national, political borders set by large rivers. GSRB incorporates three previous vector datasets (GAUL, GRWL + +, and WDBII) to map and quantify the use of large rivers as political borders at local, state, and national scales. GSRB conservatively finds that at least 58,588 km (23%) of the world's interior (non-coastal) national borders, 199,922 km (17%) of the world's interior state/province borders, and 459,459 km (12%) of the world's interior local-level political borders are set by large rivers. GSRB finds 222, 2,350, and 14,808 dyads sharing river-borders at these three administrative scales, respectively. While previous studies have emphasized transboundary rivers separating nations, GSRB highlights the abundance of river-borders at subnational scales, where numerous domestic stakeholders share jurisdiction in water resource management. These participants, identified with GSRB, ought not to be ignored when crafting water policy and instituting whole-basin management regimes. GSRB should prove useful for global, geospatial analyses of riparian stakeholders across administrative scales. The GSRB dataset (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3906566) can be found via the following link https://zenodo.org/record/3906567#.XvN-GGhKjIU.
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Sotonye, Big-Alabo. "The Garden City Now A Tattered City: Effects And Ethical Implications Of Poor Waste Management In Port Harcourt, Rivers State." GIS Business 14, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i4.5435.
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The issue of poor waste management has become a very important issue of concern to various scholars in environmental studies. Effective waste management in Port Harcourt has been seen as one of the greatest issue being faced in Rivers State. It cannot be over emphasized that the generation of waste and its adverse effect has increased overtime. This paper critically looks into the ethical implications and effects of poor waste management in Rivers state with focus on Port Harcourt. Hence, this paper was able to establish that the failure of the government to enact environmental laws and punishing those found wanting and also providing the necessary working tools for waste managers have all resulted to poor waste management. Thus, the effects of all these cannot be over emphasized. This paper makes some significant recommendations for government, waste managers and the public in general on the necessity to adopt certain ethical principles and also to sensitize the populace on proper waste management. The paper in conclusion exposes some ethical implications and effects of poor waste management in Port Harcourt and how it has resulted to the city of Port Harcourt called the Garden City now been seen as a Tattered City.
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Sotonye, Big-Alabo. "The Garden City Now A Tattered City: Effects And Ethical Implications Of Poor Waste Management In Port Harcourt, Rivers State." GIS Business 14, no. 4 (July 13, 2019): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i4.5597.
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The issue of poor waste management has become a very important issue of concern to various scholars in environmental studies. Effective waste management in Port Harcourt has been seen as one of the greatest issue being faced in Rivers State. It cannot be over emphasized that the generation of waste and its adverse effect has increased overtime. This paper critically looks into the ethical implications and effects of poor waste management in Rivers state with focus on Port Harcourt. Hence, this paper was able to establish that the failure of the government to enact environmental laws and punishing those found wanting and also providing the necessary working tools for waste managers have all resulted to poor waste management. Thus, the effects of all these cannot be over emphasized. This paper makes some significant recommendations for government, waste managers and the public in general on the necessity to adopt certain ethical principles and also to sensitize the populace on proper waste management. The paper in conclusion exposes some ethical implications and effects of poor waste management in Port Harcourt and how it has resulted to the city of Port Harcourt called the Garden City now been seen as a Tattered City.
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Yushchenko, Yurii, Mykola Pasichnyk, Mykola Bilokon, Andrii Nykolaiev, and Oksana Mykytchyn. "Studies of the current state of anthropogenic transformation of the young river landscape of the Prut river (within Chernivtsi region)." Scientific Herald of Chernivtsi University. Geography, no. 824 (January 30, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2020.824.55-63.
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For a long time, the problem of deterioration of the bed and floodplain (young river landscape) of the Prut River has attracted attention in practical, environmental and scientific terms. This applies to all components of the landscape, ecosystems. But the central, main problem is hydromorphological transformation, associated primarily with the extraction of river alluvium. In recent decades the relevant research has been conducted.At the same time, negative processes continue to develop and require appropriate development of monitoring, database formation, understanding of the causes and patterns. In particular, the database should necessarily include data on the territorial structure of the river valley, the young river landscape. Thus, there is an urgent task to identify and assess the current state of the young river landscape of the Prut and systematize data on the patterns of processes of its hydromorphological transformation. The purpose of the study is to systematize information on the main processes of anthropogenic impact and the corresponding processes of transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young river landscape of the Prut within Chernivtsi region to identify their patterns, consequences and assess and, on this basis, their current state. The object of research is the young river landscape of the Prut (within the Chernivtsi region), which develops on the basis of the riverbed and floodplain. The subject of research - manifestations, patterns of consequences of anthropogenic transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young landscape of the Prut River. Methods, research procedure - hydromorphological analysis of the territorial structure of the river valley with the formation of a database of territorial landscape features in the form of homogeneous areas; systematic analysis of factors of anthropogenic transformation of the young river landscape; analysis of changes in the morphology of the riverbed and floodplain using GIS and GPS technologies. The state of research in the context of the research. A number of scientific works had been devoted to the study of anthropogenic changes in the bed and floodplain of the Prut River. In particular, regarding changes in morphology, these are the works of Yu. Yushchenko, A. Kyrylyuk, M. Pasichnyk, M. Nastyuk [3,4,7,9,11]. An important issue of the study is to identify the territorial structure of the river hydromorphological landscape.This is one of the important tasks of riverbed science [10] and landscape studies. Relevant studies are conducted in relation to rivers and river valleys of the Uppon Prut system [5, 9, 11,12]. Conclusions.Threats from catastrophic floods are an important factor in shaping the relations between society and the Carpathian rivers. Flood protection programs have long been developed. An important element are the embankment dams. Currently, most dams perform their function quite well. Last but not least, this is due to the entrenchment of riverbed. But this positive has a "bitter taste". In addition, an objective assessment of the effectiveness of flood protection and shore protection requires a thorough study of their entire history, which is the subject of a significant separate study. The risk factor for floods has influenced not only the objective formation of the system of protection by society, but also the "not very correct" use of the concepts of "harmful effects of water" and the regulation of riverbeds. It is known that due to the entrenchment of riverbeds, engineering structures in their channels are destroyed. But the entrenchment of riverbeds, as we found out, is anthropogenically caused. What is the "harmful effect of water"? Processes in society are probably harmful… The main factor in the anthropogenic transformation of the hydromorphological basis of the young landscape of the Prut River was the selection of alluvium from the riverbed. This led to a significant entrenchment of the river, especially in places of picking of river sediments (over 4 meters), and an increase in the relative height of floodplains with a corresponding transformation of their hydrological regime and other consequences. When the river entrenchment happened, the riverbed and the flow move to a lower hypsometric level and the objective laws of the flow-channel system begin to appear on it. These are the laws of formation and development of certain forms, the laws of hydromorphology. This includes the development of so-called intra-riverbed forms, and the development of riverbed forms (branches, meanders). It can also lead to conflicts with human interests: erosion of shores, coastal areas, buildings, etc. In such conditions, protective control work is really needed. But they can and should be carried out without the selection of river alluvium, which is not always in the case. By selecting alluvium again, we are only exacerbating the problem. Thus, it would seem that fair ideas of protection against dangerous phenomena and regulation of the flow-channel system are actually used incorrectly and lead to a worsening of the situation. A dangerous anthropogenic geomorphological process is developing. According to all methods of assessing the state of the hydromorphological basis of the landscape for the Prut River, estimates of "very bad" or "pre-crisis state" were obtained.
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Chad-Umoren, Yehuwdah E., and Margaret A. Briggs-Kamara. "ENVIRONMENTAL IONIZING RADIATION DISTRIBUTION IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.18.
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The distribution of ionizing radiation in Rivers State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is studied on the premise that the state ‐ wide distribution of oil and gas operations leads to a homogeneous ionizing radiation environment. The state is sub divided into three self‐ consistent sub environments of an upland college campus environment, a rural riverine environment and an industrial sub zone environment. Available data give a mean dose equivalent of 0.745+ 0.085 mSv/yr (upland campus environment), 0.690+0.170 mSv/yr (rural riverine communities) and 1.270+0.087 mSv/yr (industrial zone) indicating an inhomogeneous radiation profile. The differences may be due to variations in levels of industrial activities and local geological peculiarities. Health implications are also examined. Santrauka Jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotes pasiskirstymas Rivers valstijoje Nigerio deltos regione, Nigerijoje, yra nagrinejamas remiantis prielaida, kad valstijos mastu naftos ir duju veiklos pletra gali tureti itakos aplinkos jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotes homogenizacijai. Tirti pasirinktos trys būdingos aplinkos vietos: universiteto teritorija, esanti vasltijos aukštumoje, kaimo paupio teritorijos bei pramonine aplinka. Gauti rezultatai parode, kad vidutines dozes ekvivalentai atitinkamai pasirinktose vietose yra 0,745±0,085 mSv/yr, 0,690±0,170 mSv/yr ir l,270±0087 mSv/yr. Rezultatai paneige prielaida apie galima aplinkos jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotes homogenizacija. Šiems skirtumams itakos gali tureti nevienodi pramonines veiklos mastai bei vietiniai geologiniai ypatumai. Taip pat darbe skiriama demesio jonizacijos reikšmingumui sveikatai. Резюме Распределение ионизирующего излучения в штате Риверс региона дельты Нила в Нигерии анализируется на основании предпосылки о том, что расширение деятельности по добыче нефти и газа в масштабе штата может оказать влияние на гомогенизацию ионизирующего излучения в окружающей среде. Для исследований были подобраны три наиболее характерных места окружающей среды: территория университета, находящаяся на высоком месте штата, сельские территории вблизи реки и промышленная среда. Полученные результаты показали следующие эквиваленты средних доз в выбранных местах: 0,745±0,085 mSv/yr, 0,690±0,170 mSv/yr и 1,270± 0,087 mSv/yr и опровергли предпосылку о возможной гомогенизации ионизирующего излучения в окружающей среде. Разница в результатах может быть объяснена разными масштабами промышленной деятельности и местными геологическими особенностями. Также обращено внимание на значение ионизации для здоровья людей.
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Ignatavičius, Gytautas, Gaudenta Sakalauskienė, and Vytautas Oškinis. "INFLUENCE OF LAND FIRES ON INCREASE OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN RIVER WATERS OF LITHUANIA." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636878.
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Comparison of long‐term environmental monitoring data show that in August and September 2002 heavy metal (Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations increased in Lithuanian rivers. Resent investigation has indicated that increase of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) by 60–81 % in all the rivers that are subject to the State River Monitoring and could be correlative with land fires. Fires of forests and peat bogs have outspread all over Lithuania in the summer and the first half of autumn of 2002. This paper attempts to prove an assumption that these fires could have caused a significant increase of heavy metal concentrations in the water of Lithuanian rivers in August 2002. It also means that land fires should be evaluated as an environmental risk factor with a serious impact on the state of aquatic environment and must be taken into account in calculations of environmental damage.
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Mehta, Vishal K., David E. Rheinheimer, David Yates, David R. Purkey, Joshua H. Viers, Charles A. Young, and Jeffrey F. Mount. "Potential impacts on hydrology and hydropower production under climate warming of the Sierra Nevada." Journal of Water and Climate Change 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2011.054.
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Watersheds of the Cosumnes, American, Bear and Yuba (CABY) Rivers in the Sierra Nevada, California, are managed with a complex network of reservoirs, dams, hydropower plants and water conveyances. While water transfers are based on priorities among competing demands, hydropower generation is licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and regulated by federal and state laws and multi-party agreements. This paper presents an integrated river basin management (IRBM) model for the CABY region, built to evaluate management and regional climate change scenarios using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system. We simulated potential impacts of climate warming on hydrology and hydropower production by imposing a fixed increase of temperature (+2, 4 and 6°C) over weekly historical (1981–2000) climate, with all other climate variables unchanged. Results demonstrate that climate warming will reduce hydropower generation if operational rules remain unchanged, making the case for climate change induced hydrological change as a foreseeable future condition to be included in the FERC licensing process. IRBM tools such as the CABY model presented here are useful in deliberating the same.
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Kalio, G. A., and A. Ali-Uchechukwu. "Assessment of abattoirs operations and hygiene practices in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i3.858.
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A survey was conducted to appraise the location, infrastructures, and slaughter operational activities in three abattoirs at Rumuokoro, Trans-Amadi and Rumuosi in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Thirty butchers of 10 per abattoir were purposively sampled for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and mean statistics Results of the socio-demographic characteristics of the butchers revealed that they were all males, married, within the age of 35 - 44years, literate, with a butchering experience of 16 years upwards in private or public/Government owned abattoirs. The slaughter houses were located in areas devoid of bad odours, smoke, dust and close to coastal areas affected by tides to promote good sanitation. There were no adequately constructed lairages, Ante-mortem inspection and isolation pens were inadequate. There were no facilities and rooms for handling hides and skins, treatment of inedible and condemned carcass and meat. Animals were poorly restrained and not stunned before slaughtering. The slaughter houses had planned and controlled cleaning programs but lacked efficient disinfection operations and this will contribute to bacterial contamination of carcasses. The operational lapses by butchers were due to the use of obsolete facilities that lacked maintenance and inadequate supervision. This condition had brought about poor hygienic practices that undermine the quality of carcasses. The recommendations proffered are: the provision and maintenance facilities for effective operations to ensure carcass quality, to adequately enforce enacted laws on abattoir operations, there should be enlightenment for butchers and meat sellers, and there should be effective management of the wastes from slaughterhouses through regular fumigations and disposal systems.
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Xiaofan, Huang. "China’s Experience of Protecting the Great Wall: The Giant Linear Cultural Heritage." Journal of Heritage Management 1, no. 2 (December 2016): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455929616684437.
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The Great Wall of China is a cultural and spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation, and occupies an irreplaceable position in the hearts and minds of the people. It is an integrated system composed of a series of walls, beacons, watch towers, forts and castles and so on. The ancient Chinese incorporated rivers and precipitous mountains and cliffs into the design of the Great Wall as natural barriers. In 2005, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of P.R. China launched a 10-year national Great Wall research and protection plan, called the ‘Great Wall Protection Project (2005–2014)’. The work has included comprehensive field survey, protection legislation, documentation, management responsibilities, educational outreach, implementing special laws and a series of protection projects of sections of the Wall.
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Hunt, Alan R., Meiyin Wu, Tsung-Ta David Hsu, Nancy Roberts-Lawler, Jessica Miller, Alessandra Rossi, and Lee H. Lee. "Picking Up Where the TMDL Leaves Off: Using the Partnership Wild and Scenic River Framework for Collaborative River Restoration." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041878.
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The National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act protects less than ¼ of a percent of the United States’ river miles, focusing on free-flowing rivers of good water quality with outstandingly remarkable values for recreation, scenery, and other unique river attributes. It predates the enactment of the Clean Water Act, yet includes a clear anti-degradation principle, that pollution should be reduced and eliminated on designated rivers, in cooperation with the federal Environmental Protection Agency and state pollution control agencies. However, the federal Clean Water Act lacks a clear management framework for implementing restoration activities to reduce non-point source pollution, of which bacterial contamination impacts nearly 40% of the Wild and Scenic Rivers. A case study of the Musconetcong River, in rural mountainous New Jersey, indicates that the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act can be utilized to mobilize and align non-governmental, governmental, philanthropic, and private land-owner resources for restoring river water quality. For example, coordinated restoration efforts on one tributary reduced bacterial contamination by 95%, surpassing the TMDL goal of a 93% reduction. Stakeholder interviews and focus groups indicated widespread knowledge and motivation to improve water quality, but resource constraints limited the scale and scope of restoration efforts. The authors postulate that the Partnership framework, enabled in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, facilitated neo-endogenous rural development through improving water quality for recreational usage, whereby bottom-up restoration activities were catalyzed via federal designation and resource provision. However, further efforts to address water quality via voluntary participatory frameworks were ultimately limited by the public sector’s inadequate funding and inaction with regard to water and wildlife resources in the public trust.
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Field-Juma, Alison, and Nancy Roberts-Lawler. "Using Partnerships and Community Science to Protect Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Eastern United States." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042102.
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The Musconetcong (New Jersey) and the Sudbury-Assabet-Concord (Massachusetts) are federally-designated Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers, a model for river conservation under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. These two rivers are embedded in a patchwork of private and public land ownership. The Act has been used to facilitate partnerships among municipal, state, federal and local non-profit actors to implement river conservation plans. These partnerships have supported community science-based monitoring to make the case for dam removal and stricter water pollution controls. Two case studies examine using community science to provide actionable data to decision-makers. In New Jersey, a documented increase in macroinvertebrates post-dam removal supported additional dam removals, leading to the return of American shad to the river. Quality controls and training proved to be key components. In Massachusetts, stricter effluent discharge permits reduced instream Total Phosphorus from 0.8 mg/L in 1999 to the eutrophication threshold of 0.023–0.05 mg/L. Community engagement in river science and stewardship was an important co-benefit. As many US rivers evolve from generating hydropower and conveying waste into major recreational resources, local organizations are uniquely positioned to engage the public and generate quality-controlled data to use in advocating for major improvements in water and habitat quality. Useful policy and regulatory frameworks for broader applicability are suggested.
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GORBUNOVA, Tatiana, and Natalia MATOVA. "MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RIVER’S ECOLOGICAL STATE METHODOLOGY USING INTEGRAL BIOMARKERS AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT METHODS." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2020-12-4-483-492.
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The water quality of most rivers near the settlements is below the optimal level, taking in account natural ecosystems condition and numerous needs of various users. Considering the environmental, economic and social importance of this factor, measures are required to improve natural reservoirs water quality management conducted by local civil autonomy and various levels of government. The goal of this work is to offer methodical recommendations on the system design of collecting, analyzing and forming the river’s water and ecosystems conditions database for the information support of complex management decision-making directed to accomplishment and preservation of the water bodies specified functional characteristics. Presently none of the existing methods of water environment assessment can take into account all possible biological communities’ responses to the various stress factors and their combinations impacts. For every type of impact the corresponding to it approaches in sampling and analysis methods are used; values of such methods are often difficult to collate and, especially, provide statistical evaluation of the water streams processes. The presented methods are based on the multimetric index application, which include parameters, reflecting biological communities biodiversity and stability in mountain type rivers, tolerance degree of the constituted them water organisms to external impacts and water environment toxicity for its inhabitants. Modern quality management, including quality of the processes, has a wide range of proven tools. The offered quality management process improvement method of the natural watersheds experiencing an anthropogenic pressure, is aiming to reach stability and guaranteed quality of the natural waters, based on the DMAIC quality management methodology and statistic quantitative methods united under the Six-Sigma approach. This article is the first in publications series devoted to the description of the methodology of the rivers ecological state monitoring and management using integrated biomarkers and quality management methods. Formed during the study organizational and methodical approaches can be applied to digital transformation of effective administrative decisions making process in sphere of water objects protection and development of the river’s catchment territory ecological planning within the project of the RF Construction Ministry “The Smart City”.
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Brocklehurst, Simon H. "Tectonics and geomorphology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309360632.
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The field of tectonic geomorphology is in a state of tension. The widespread availability of high-quality, high-resolution digital topographic data encourages the development of simple morphological ‘tools’ which can be used to deduce recent tectonic evolution. Meanwhile, process geomorphologists recognize that current models have a significant empirical basis, and lack insight into the underlying physics of erosion processes. Most tectonic geomorphology research is concerned with rivers, but glaciers, debris flows and hillslope processes also play a key role in hypotheses linking climate to tectonics, via surface processes, while submarine geomorphology has barely been investigated in a tectonic context. Studies combining field data collection, exposure, burial and low-temperature thermochronologic dating, digital topographic analysis, laboratory experiments and numerical models are successfully incorporating physics into geomorphic process ‘laws’, and demonstrating key tectonic geomorphology hypotheses. The approaches required for further progress have been outlined, but many exciting challenges remain.
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Curley, Andrew. "“Our Winters’ Rights”: Challenging Colonial Water Laws." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 3 (August 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00515.
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Much of the scholarship on Indigenous water rights in the United States focuses on legal and political rights awarded or denied in water settlements. This article highlights the voice of settlement opponents within Diné communities over the proposed Little Colorado River Settlement in 2012 between the Navajo Nation and Arizona. Using interviews with key actors, observations of water hearings, and a mini focus group with settlement opponents, my research finds that the proposed water settlement produced contradictory logics, practices, and frameworks that combined two “traditions of Indigenous resistance,” one rooted in the language of self-determination and sovereignty and the other in emerging notions of decolonization. This hybridity of seeking increased water recognition within colonial law, while advocating for decolonial waterscapes, speaks to the complicated and fundamentally entangled political landscapes of Indigenous peoples. Ultimately, in opposing the water settlement, Diné opponents and community members demonstrate that they seek to rectify the injustice of ongoing settler colonialism and realize their collective capabilities as nations, not “Indians,” “tribes,” or “minorities” within and against the authorities of the colonial state.
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Misiuk, Mykola, Tetiana Podorozhna, Olha Balynska, Oleg Kucher, and Oleksandr Burlakov. "Development of small hydroenergy in Ukraine and its legal regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 154 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015406003.
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The state and prospects of small hydropower development in the context of rationalization of the use of available natural resource potential of Ukraine were considered. It was established that due to insignificant specific weight in the general energy balance, small hydropower cannot significantly affect the structure of energy supply of the country. Attention was drawn to the fact that the adopted State Target Economic Program for Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Saving for Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2020 will promote the use of the potential of small rivers and the development of hydropower. It was noted that the conducted calculations for the future with the help of correlation analysis of installed capacities and production of electricity by small hydropower objects showed that in 2020, at the current rate of development of small hydropower, the planned indicators will not be achieved. The legal principles of functioning of the market of electric energy and formation of relations connected with the development of small hydropower, which are regulated by the Laws of Ukraine and other legislative acts in the field of fuel and energy complex were described.
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Haileslassie, Zbelo. "Promoting Federalism, IWRM, and Functional Approach to Water Governance under Ethiopian Water Laws." Mizan Law Review 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 384–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v13i3.3.
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Integrated functional approach to water governance in a federal state structure can avoid vertical and horizontal conflicts. There are queries on how functional approach to water governance can be promoted in the context of federal state structure. Other concerns include linkages, the meditating factor demanding for reconciling competing water uses, integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM). This article assesses the existing governance framework and its suitability to promote functional approach to water governance, reconciliations and policy options. There are inconsistencies in the Constitution, Federal water management laws, river basin high councils and authority’s laws, policies, strategies and the regulation that establishes and defines the powers and duties of the Ethiopian Basin Development Authority. Moreover, there are missing links and integrations, centralizing tendencies and failures to accommodate and harmonize pluralistic and diversified local practices. The water laws need to integrate both the bottom-up approach (by empowering the grassroots and bringing efficient, equitable, and sustainable use of water) and top-down form of governance (to harmonize the inter-local linkages among and within regional states). The inter-state basin governance needs reform and the over-centralized role of the government to designate water institutions should be controlled. Reconciliation is mandatory for better empowerment, cooperation and harmonization at all linkages, levels and types of inter-governmental relations.
Key terms:
Federalism, IWRM-IRBM, Functional approach, Water governance linkages, Reconciliation, Harmonization
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Garrick, Dustin, Rosalind Bark, Jeff Connor, and Onil Banerjee. "Environmental water governance in federal rivers: opportunities and limits for subsidiarity in Australia's Murray–Darling River." Water Policy 14, no. 6 (August 14, 2012): 915–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.120.
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A reform process is underway in the Murray–Darling Basin (Australia) to reallocate water from irrigated agriculture to the environment. The scale, complexity and politics of the recovery process have prompted interest in the role of local environmental water managers within state and federal governance arrangements. This paper examines prospects for a local role in environmental water management through the lens of the subsidiarity principle: the notion that effective governance devolves tasks to the lowest level with the political authority and capacity to perform them. The article defines and applies the subsidiarity principle to assess evolving federal–state–local interactions in environmental water policy, planning and practice in Australia's Murray–Darling River. In this context, subsidiarity is useful to clarify institutional roles and their coordination at a whole-of-river level. This analysis demonstrates opportunities for a local role in information gathering, innovation and operational flexibility to respond to opportunities in real time. It identifies significant limits to local action in upstream–downstream tradeoffs, economies of scale, capacity building and cost sharing for basin-wide or national interests, and accountability mechanisms to balance local, state and national rights and responsibilities. Lessons are relevant internationally for regions confronting complex allocation tradeoffs between human and environmental needs within multi-jurisdictional federal systems.
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Vinogradov, Sergei. "Marine Pollution via Transboundary Watercourses — An Interface of the' Shoreline ' and ' River-Basin ' Regimes in the Wider Black Sea Region." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 4 (2007): 585–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807782512251.
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AbstractA significant proportion of pollution of the marine environment is transmitted into the sea by transboundary rivers. The state of the marine environment increasingly depends upon the behaviour of states that do not belong to a particular maritime region. There is an obvious regulatory dichotomy between the environmental legal regimes dealing with marine pollution ('shoreline' regimes) and those governing international watercourses ('drainage/river-basin' regimes), which have historically evolved independently of each other. This creates problems of consistency and compatibility across different regimes, which have to be addressed in order to ensure the effectiveness of pollution-control measures throughout the entire pollutant transportation process. State practice has developed various practical ways of dealing with the issue of marine pollution from land-based activities in a transboundary context. The situation with river-borne pollution in the Danube River-Black Sea Basin provides an interesting case-study for critical examination as regards the practical aspects of the interface between such regimes.
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RiverOfLife, Martuwarra, Anne Poelina, Donna Bagnall, and Michelle Lim. "Recognizing the Martuwarra's First Law Right to Life as a Living Ancestral Being." Transnational Environmental Law 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102520000163.
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AbstractTraditional custodians of the Martuwarra (Fitzroy River) derive their identity and existence from this globally significant river. The First Laws of the Martuwarra are shared by Martuwarra Nations through a common songline, which sets out community and individual rights and duties. First Law recognizes the River as the Rainbow Serpent: a living ancestral being from source to sea. On 3 November 2016, the Fitzroy River Declaration was concluded between Martuwarra Nations. This marked the first time in Australia when both First Law and the rights of nature were recognized explicitly in a negotiated instrument. This article argues for legal recognition within colonial state laws of the Martuwarra as a living ancestral being by close analogy with the case concerning the Whanganui River. We seek to advance the scope of native title water rights in Australia and contend that implementation of First Law is fundamental for the protection of the right to life of the Martuwarra.
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Singovszka, Eva, and Magdalena Balintova. "Year over year comparison of sediment quality in the rivers of Eastern Slovakia." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 29, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2020.29.3.24.
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Quality is one of the most important risk indicators in river basins. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating water and sediment quality has a very important role in process of risk management. The aim of the monitoring is provide for the sustainability of water bodies and these results are the basis for the risk management in the river catchment area. Hornad, Laborec and Poprad are the rivers in Eastern Slovakia. Hornad and Laborec belongs to basin of Danube and Poprad belongs to basin of Vistula. Sediment sampling was carried out according to ISO 5667-6. Monitoring was carried out in the spring on 2017–2018. The chemical composition of sediments was determined by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using SPECTRO iQ II (Ametek, Germany, 2000). The results of sediment quality evaluated by method PERI revealed that the quality of sediment in 2018 was better than 2017. Results of XRF analysis of sediments were compared with the limited values according to the Slovak Act 188/2003 Coll. of Laws on the application of treated sludge and bottom sediments to fields. It can be state that limit values comparing with Slovak legislation were not exceeding in all sediment samples in rivers in Eastern Slovakia. Based on the monitoring data of sediment quality in the study area, a quantitative analysis of heavy-metal pollution in sediment was conducted using the method of potential ecological risk index (PERI) which is method for evaluate the potential ecological risk of heavy metals. It is based exclusively on chemical parameters of sediments because sediment data show mean integrated values in time, with higher stability than water column parameters; sediments are easily sampled at field work; sediment samples are more representative for time and space scales and analytical data are easily obtained, especially because sediments present high concentrations of contaminants, decreasing the possible errors due to detection limits of the applied analytical method. This method comprehensively considers the synergy, toxic level, concentration of the heavy metals and ecological sensitivity of heavy metals. Potential ecological risk index can be obtained using three basic modules: degree of contamination (CD), toxic-response factor (TR) and potential ecological risk factor (ER). The results show on the basis on potential ecological risk index that the quality of sediment in 2018 is better than 2017. The worst result shows Hornad in 2017. Significant improvement occurred at the sampling point S2 in Hornad in 2018. The best results show Laborec in 2018. The results show on the basis on potential ecological risk index that quality of sediment in 2018 is better than 2017.
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O'Brien, Cheryl, and Shannon Drysdale Walsh. "Women's Rights and Opposition: Explaining the Stunted Rise and Sudden Reversals of Progressive Violence against Women Policies in Contentious Contexts." Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 1 (September 11, 2019): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x19000956.
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AbstractInternational conventions and domestic laws have been enacted to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women worldwide. However, these progressive policy initiatives have faced opposition in contentious contexts where policy rivals have contested their creation and implementation. Existing scholarship focuses primarily on progressive networks that have led to policy advances, such as violence against women (VAW) policies, while emerging literature has noted their limited impact and implementation. However, there is scant attention paid to one major underlying cause of limited impact and problematic implementation: that there is sustained opposition to these policies by policy rivals that resist and undermine progressive policies. We identify opponents and entrenched opposition to VAW laws in Mexico and Nicaragua in the 1990s and 2010s. We also identify how these opponents leverage ties with the state and utilise ‘family discourse’, framing progressives as anti-family, as strategies and mechanisms for stunting and even reversing VAW laws.
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Tockner, Klement, and Jack A. Stanford. "Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 3 (September 2002): 308–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290200022x.
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Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106 km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already ‘cultivated’ and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades.
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Julian, Jason, Graham Daly, and Russell Weaver. "University Students’ Social Demand of a Blue Space and the Influence of Life Experiences." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2018): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093178.
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Blue spaces such as rivers provide many ecosystem services (ES), including freshwater for consumption, habitat, water quality regulation, and multiple cultural amenities. While many studies have quantified the biophysical supply of ES provided by rivers, fewer have explored the social demand for ES due to the considerable effort involved in collecting these data. The San Marcos River (SMR) and the Texas State University (TXST) students that use this blue space represent a dynamic social-ecological system (SES) where nature experiences shape student values of the system. In this study, we survey the TXST student population about their use, value, and perception of the SMR, a highly used river of which headwaters originate on and flow through campus. From our extensive survey of these students, we find that educational and life experiences matter. Overall, we find that student exposure to the SMR in space, time, and experience does have measurable effects on their use, value, and perception of ES. This SES study demonstrates the importance of life experiences, place-based knowledge, and experiential learning in influencing one’s well-being and value of natural environments.
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Gerlak, Andrea K., Susanna Eden, Sharon Megdal, Kelly Mott Lacroix, and Andrew Schwarz. "Restoration and river management in the arid southwestern USA: exploring project design trends and features." Water Policy 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.058.
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River restoration activities are becoming increasingly common in many communities today. Such efforts in Arizona are illustrative of a larger ecosystem and river restoration trend underway nationally and internationally. This paper examines river restoration efforts in Arizona in the context of changing federal and state agency missions and local priorities. Restoration projects on four significant rivers are analyzed with a keen look at the design features they share. Multiple purpose goals, collaborative funding and support, community involvement, and monitoring and maintenance emerged as important project design features. We found that the extent to which these features were planned and implemented in any given project varied with several factors such as size, accessibility to urban populations and the mission of the principal sponsoring entity.
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Zito, Julie Magno, Stephan Haimowitz, Joseph Wanderling, and Raghunath M. Mehta. "One year under rivers: Drug refusal in a New York state psychiatric facility." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 12, no. 4 (January 1989): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(89)90021-6.
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Zhong, Yong, Fuqiang Tian, Heping Hu, David Grey, and Michael Gilmont. "Rivers and reciprocity: perceptions and policy on international watercourses." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.229.
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The paper analyses geopolitical dimensions of the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) using quantitative data on transboundary flows and qualitative data on basin State location within a watercourse. The UNWC has had a long and difficult history. A tendency for downstream support for, and upstream ambivalence/opposition to, the UNWC is identified. It appears not widely recognized that adverse effects can be caused by any State on other States, regardless of their upstream or downstream location. Thus downstream States consider that their actions cannot harm upstream States, and upstream States consider that the UNWC provides them with greater obligations than downstream States. Clarification of the UNWC with the principle of reciprocal obligations on all States, both upstream and downstream, will remove any ambiguity, correct misperceptions, have clear policy implications for all States, promote UNWC engagement of upstream States, and contribute to long-term global water security.
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Kerriany Gonçalves de Souza, Mariany, Erica Fernando Gomes, Yeda Ruiz Maria, Nelissa Garcia Balarim, and Elson Mendonça Felici. "DIAGNÓSTICO AMBIENTAL DO AFLUENTE DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO AMARGOSO, CIDADE DE TACIBA/SP." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2018.v10.n3.e244.
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The objective of this work is to perform an environmental diagnosis of the water resources of the municipality of Taciba, in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study area is the tributary of the Amargoso stream microbasin. This work is justified because this area is being negatively affected by the inadequate disposal of solid wastes, the silting of the rivers, and the erosions and compacts of the soil. The analysis of the water quality of the Amargoso stream was carried out in four points, considering parameters of pH, DQO, turbidity, phosphorus, conductivity, salinity and nitrogen. A hydrological study was also carried out, a survey of pertinent environmental laws that could be applied to the municipality, to assist in the characterization of environmental Recebido em: 27/08/2018Aprovado em: 04/09/2018 39Colloquium Exactarum, v. 10, n.3,Jul-Set. 2018, p.38–50. DOI: 10.5747/ce.2018.v10.n3.e244impacts in the areas of permanent preservation of the microbasin. The main actions to be taken are: control and prevention of erosion, propose mitigation alternatives, solutions for preservation and conservation of the natural resources of the Stream.
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Shucheng, Wang. "Water resources management of the Yellow River and sustainable water development in China." Water Policy 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0018.
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China is a country frequently hit by floods and droughts. Managing water resources and minimizing the losses caused by water disasters has always been among the most important issues faced by the Chinese government in governing the state. In recent years, to tackle the water problems in China and to meet the requirement of sustainable economic and social development, we have actively pursued sustainable water development. Thinking about water management has thus been greatly modified and remarkable achievements have been made accordingly. The Yellow River, known as the Mother River of China, is the cradle of Chinese civilization, whose problems can represent that of most Chinese rivers. Citing the Yellow River management in recent years as an example, this paper elaborates the strategy of sustainable water development in China.
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Wantzen, Karl, Carlos Alves, Sidia Badiane, Raita Bala, Martín Blettler, Marcos Callisto, Yixin Cao, et al. "Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 4975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184975.
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In many countries of the Global South, aquatic ecosystems such as streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands are severely impacted by several simultaneous environmental stressors, associated with accelerated urban development, and extreme climate. However, this problem receives little attention. Applying a DPSIR approach (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses), we analyzed the environmental impacts and their effects on urban hydrosystems (including stagnant waters), and suggest possible solutions from a series of case studies worldwide. We find that rivers in the Global South, with their distinctive geographical and socio-political setting, display significant differences from the Urban Stream Syndrome described so far in temperate zones. We introduce the term of ‘Southern Urban Hydrosystem Syndrome’ for the biophysical problems as well as the social interactions, including the perception of water bodies by the urbanites, the interactions of actors (e.g., top-down, bottom-up), and the motivations that drive urban hydrosystem restoration projects of the Global South. Supported by a synthesis of case studies (with a focus on Brazilian restoration projects), this paper summarizes the state of the art, highlights the currently existing lacunae for research, and delivers examples of practical solutions that may inform UNESCO’s North–South–South dialogue to solve these urgent problems. Two elements appear to be specifically important for the success of restoration projects in the Global South, namely the broad acceptance and commitment of local populations beyond merely ‘ecological’ justifications, e.g., healthy living environments and ecosystems with cultural linkages (‘River Culture’). To make it possible implementable/practical solutions must be extended to (often poor) people having settled along river banks and wetlands.
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Lopes Simedo, Mariana Bárbara, Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra, Antonio Lucio Mello Martins, Maria Conceição Lopes, Renata Cristina Araújo Costa, Marcelo Zanata, Fernando António Leal Pacheco, and Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes. "The Assessment of Hydrological Availability and the Payment for Ecosystem Services: A Pilot Study in a Brazilian Headwater Catchment." Water 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102726.
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The assessment of water availability in river basins is at the top of the water security agenda. Historically, the assessment of stream flow discharge in Brazilian watersheds was relevant for dam dimensioning, flood control projects and irrigation systems. Nowadays, it plays an important role in the creation of sustainable management plans at the catchment scale aimed to help in establishing legal policies on water resources management and water security laws, namely, those related to the payment for environmental services related to clean water production. Headwater catchments are preferential targets of these policies and laws for their water quality. The general objective of this study was to evaluate water availability in first-order sub-basins of a Brazilian headwater catchment. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the stream flow discharge of first-order headwater sub-basins and rank them accordingly; (2) to analyze the feasibility of payment for environmental services related to water production in these sub-basins. The discharge flow measurements were conducted during five years (2012 to 2016), in headwaters in a watershed on the São Domingos River at the Turvo/Grande Watershed, represented as the 4th-largest hydrographic unit for water resources management—UGRHI-15 in São Paulo State, Brazil. A doppler velocity technology was used to remotely measure open-channel flow and to collect the data. The discharge values were obtained on periodic measurements, at the beginning of each month. The results were subject to descriptive statistics that analyzed the temporal and spatial data related to sub-basins morphometric characteristics. The discharge flows showed space–time variations in magnitude between studied headwater sub-basins on water availability, assessed based on average net discharges. The set of ecological processes supported by forests are fundamental in controlling and recharging aquifers and preserving the volume of water in headwater in each sub-basin. The upstream inflows influence downstream sub-basins. To avoid scarcity, the headwater rivers located in the upstream sub-basins must not consider basin area as a single and homogeneous unit, because that may be the source of water conflicts. Understanding this relationship in response to conservationist practices installed uphill influenced by anthropic actions is crucial for water security assessment. The headwaters should be considered a great potential for ecosystem services, with respect to the “provider-receiver” principle, in the context of payments for environmental services (PES).
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WANG, XU-MING, JIE HUO, SHI-FENG CAO, and RUI HAO. "SCALING BEHAVIOR OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INDUCED BY WATER DIVERSION IN RIVER NETWORKS." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 16 (June 30, 2011): 1359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026334.
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A sediment transport dynamic model, based on the consideration of streams confluence and/or diversion, is proposed to investigate the influence of water diversion on the mainstream. The simulated results accord qualitatively with the observed or experimental phenomenon in the Yellow River, that is, sedimentation will get more in the main channel as the water is diverted. Some interesting scaling laws describing the behavior of the erosion–sedimentation state in the process of sediment transport are observed, which may help us to get some understandings of sediment transport dynamics in a river network.
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Silva, Liliane Garcia da, Bruno Araujo Furtado de Mendonça, Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva, and Márcio Rocha Francelino. "Atlantic Forest scenarios under the parameters of forestry laws." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 1 (February 2018): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018421003417.
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ABSTRACT Remote sensing allows for identification of regularities and irregularities in land use and land coverage (LULC) change in relation to environmental legislation. The aim of this study was to delimit scenarios in the permanent preservation areas (PPAs) according to the Brazilian forestry law, with or without consolidated uses in the basin of Capivari River and the State of Rio de Janeiro in the Atlantic Forest biome. Mapping and analysis were performed on LULC in areas of permanent preservation using the following data: RapidEye-REIS satellite scenes acquired in 2012 and Bhattacharyya distance classifier and hydrography of the basin and digital elevation model (1:25.000) using Spring and ArcGIS software. The legal scenarios adopted were as follows: I) Federal Law N°. 4,771/1965 and the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) N°. 303/2002; II) Federal Law N°. 12,651/2012; and III) Federal Law N°. 12,651/2012 and N°. 12,727/2012. The classification presented an excellent overall accuracy of 91.15% and a Kappa Index of 0.86 in relation to the samples of the six multipurpose classes having the anthropic uses of agriculture, burned pasture, exposed soil and urbanization, which were present with conflicting uses for Scenarios I, II and III. The new forest legislation for the PPAs of Scenario III impacted the reduction of 68% compared to Scenario I, which corroborates with the concerns on the conservation of water and soil resources.
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Braimah, Frederick, and Andrew I. OHWONA. "The ‘Locals’ and Local Government Bureaucracy: Implication on the Attainment of Developmental Goals in Nigeria." INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF RURAL AND COMMUNITY STUDIES 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51986/ijrcs-2021.vol3.01.05.
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This study examined the effect of the exclusion of community representatives (locals), local traditional structures and values from the local government bureaucracy and its implication on attaining developmental goals in selected States in Nigeria. The study was situated within the ambits of the Weberian and Marxian bureaucratic theories to consider the subject matter and generate analysis. The study adopted the survey research design with a mixed-method approach to generate both primary and secondary data. Using the multi-stage sampling technique, a total number of nine electoral wards across the three states of Bayelsa, Edo and Rivers were covered. One thousand one hundred ninety (1,190) copies of a self-constructed questionnaire were administered in the study areas. The figure was arrived at with the use of the Taro Yamane method of calculation. Besides, in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants in the selected states. Quantitative data were analysed using the Spearman’s Rho Correlation Coefficient, while qualitative data were subjected to both thematic and descriptive methods of data analysis. It was found out that community participation and the inclusion of traditional structures and values in the local government bureaucracy could enhance the attainment of developmental goals at the local government levels. It was recommended that the National and State Houses of Assembly in Nigeria amend existing local government laws to restructure the local government bureaucracy to include community representatives at the local government bureaucracies with traditional institutions given specific roles.
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Elmir Ismailovich, CHembarisov, Mirzakobulov ZHahongir Bahtiyarovich, Rahimova Matluba Naimovna, Rasulov Bahadyr Olim, and Tillaeva Zarina Umarovna. "Hydroecological monitoring of the quality of river waters of the Amudarya river basin in the territory of Uzbekistan." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 01, no. 01 (April 1, 2019): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2019-01-002.
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The article considers the problems of irrigation water quality in Central Asia through hydroecological monitoring. Practical and scientific recommendations for solving these problems are offered. There are noted the necessity of development of scientific base of researches on all aspects of water quality and protection of water resources; adoption of laws and administrative documents on protection of waters and improvement of their quality; performance of various engineering, technological actions. The hydroecological state of surface waters of large irrigated areas of the Amudarya river basin was studied for regieon: Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya, Khorezm and irrigated zones of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. It is noted that the process of salinization of irrigated lands is dangerous for the region. According to the calculations 50...55 million tons of various salts are came to irrigated annually fields. This is the reason for the deterioration of the hydrological state of irrigated agriculture in the region.
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., Harnani. "Kajian Tingkat Pencemaran Minyak Bumi Akibat Pengeboran Ilegal Berdasarkan Pemetaan Sungai Sumur Dan Fisika-Kimia Air Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Keluang Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan." PROMINE 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/promine.v6i2.779.
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Water pollution is a thing that can affect the environment, especially on health and hygiene environment around. Sub Keluang Regency Musi Betung South Sumatra known to have oil drilling wells of the Earth where illegal do not fit a common standardization is done, so worried about polluted areas the surroundings. This research aims to study and know the impact of environmental pollution due to the illegal drilling by local people, as well as provide information research results to the Government and the police to cooperate in enforcing laws that have set. To find out which level contamination using a research method that is mapping rivers and wells include deskipsi the physical characteristics, such as water color, flavor, odor, retrieval example of a sample for the analysis of physical-chemical content of the water, and the projection of the level of public health. The result of the physical identification of the water as much as 8 samples were declared contaminated. Sampling see the provisions on physical changes on either the river or the well, the results of the analysis of physical-chemical water, found many chemical compounds which exceed standard pH obtained ranged from 6.25- 8.16 and types of groundwater salt (31-464 mg/L TDS), increase the value of pH and TDS is assumed to be due to saltwater waste results from drilling for petroleum is illegal, and the presence of chemical compounds, either the main or excessive accessories in water then it can affect health, which that is evidenced by the results of the projection of the level of public health from the years 2016 to now that continues to decline. referring to the decision of the Minister of State for the environment number: 115 the year 2003 on guidelines for the determination of the Status of Water quality by the State Minister for the environment using STORET method with a score of 16 (polluted medium).
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Bagdžiūnaite-Litvinaitiene, Lina. "CHANGE DYNAMICS OF BIOGENIC MATTER IN RIVER WATERS OF SOUTHEAST LITHUANIA DURING PERIODS OF DIFFERENT WATERINESS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636836.
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Water protection is one of the most all‐round regulated areas of the EU environmental control. In order to prognose the state of water ecosystem it is necessary to evaluate its long‐term changes. The paper analyses water quality of three southeast Lithuanian rivers (the Streva, the Merkys, the Šventoji) during the last three decades. The dependence of river water abundance and biogenic matter (mineral nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations and amount changes was analysed. By investigating the annual data of biogenic matter concentrations and discharges during the period of 30 years, it is established that there is no dependence. After an additional sampling (3 times a month) of surface waters it is established that the dependence is strong, the coefficient of correlation fluctuates from 0,5 to 0,99.
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Clayton, Ellen Wright. "From Rogers to Rivers: The Rights of the Mentally Ill to Refuse Medication." American Journal of Law & Medicine 13, no. 1 (1987): 7–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006080.
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AbstractMany individuals with mental illness wish to avoid psychotropic drugs, a type of treatment that may relieve their symptoms only at the risk of unpleasant, even permanent, side effects. In marked contrast to the widely-held view that most patients may refuse any treatment and that even patients with mental illness may reject other psychoactive interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery, the courts and legislatures have been slow to recognize any right to refuse psychotropic drugs. This Article demonstrates that many of the justifications offered for forcing patients to take unwanted medications are inadequate and that unless treatment refusals are reviewed outside mental institutions, patients’ rights will rarely receive appropriate deference. The author analyzes the federal and state litigation to determine whether the courts have fashioned meaningful relief for the mentally ill. The Article concludes that two recent United States Supreme Court decisions have made it impossible for the federal courts to provide adequate protection. By contrast, several state courts have responded to the needs and rights of patients with mental illness.
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Tomazelli, Andréa Cristina, Luiz Antonio Martinelli, Francisco José Krug, Dario Santos, Iolanda Ruffini, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, and Milena Horvat. "Mercury Distribution in Medium-Size Rivers and Reservoirs of the São Paulo State (Southeast Brazil)." Journal of Environmental Quality 36, no. 2 (March 2007): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0407.
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Glenk, Klaus, Manuel Lago, and Dominic Moran. "Public preferences for water quality improvements: implications for the implementation of the EC Water Framework Directive in Scotland." Water Policy 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2011): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.060.
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The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) sets ambitious quality targets for member state water bodies by 2015. The provisions are being transposed predominantly using a cost-effectiveness criterion, which raises questions about the relative balance of costs [of reaching good status (GS)] and corresponding (non-)market benefits or the economic efficiency of the legislation. This study provides an insight into public perceptions of water quality improvements based on an application of national characterisation data on the state of the water environment in Scotland. A choice experiment approach is used to quantify non-market benefits of achieving GS across Scottish rivers and lochs over varying timescales and different geographical levels, with the aim of revealing willingness-to-pay data that is specifically relevant for WFD implementation. We find that the benefits of implementing the WFD are substantial. Results show that geographical differences in preferences for national improvements in the river and loch water quality in Scotland exist, both in terms of magnitudes of benefit estimates and time preferences for improvements. These differences need to be taken into account in analyses at the river basin district or national level in order to support policy options for the implementation of the WFD across the country.
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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Why Did Russia Not Become a Composite State?" Russian History 47, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340006.
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Abstract The paper asks how the Russian Empire emerged. In the course of European monarchical rise of the 16–17th centuries, composite monarchies turned into nation states and then empires. Russia never became a composite; very soon after its emergence at the end of the 15th century, it immediately moved to the imperial stage. The answer to why this happened is the key to understanding the Russian Empire’s history. One factor that prevented Russia from building a composite monarchy was the weakness of political actors united under Moscow’s leadership. European composite monarchies emerged when and where the dominant monarchy forcefully broke local laws, fought against local class and political systems. But Moscow’s rivals were too weak, and Russian monarchs did not need to compromise with them. A shared Orthodox faith, common culture, language, and economic structure, as well as the absence of natural borders on the Eastern European plain were other factors that allowed Moscow to ignore the rights of conquered regions. Russia’s background as a part of the Mongol Empire also played a role. By the time Russia faced strong European monarchical competitors, its imperial development path already formed. An important feature of the early Muscovite Empire was the dominance of political practice over ideology. The ideological design of the Empire occurred only in the 18th and 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the imperial character of Muscovy was formed intuitively and spontaneously; one might call it a neonatal, rudimentary, infant empire.
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Kotovych, O. V. "Environmental hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Dnieper Prysamarya as state indicator of reference and destructive biogeocenoses." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2015): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041510.
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In the paper, there is a characteristic of hydrochemical properties of the groundwater lying within the river valley of Samara Dniprovska, on the steppe plakor areas, under the automorphic soils and the water of the Samara River. In characterizing of the hydrochemical properties of the groundwater the author came from the fact that the groundwater, according to the previous studies (Kotovich, 2010, 2014), with varying degrees of share participation, is an integral part of the water balance of forest ecosystems and used by the wood vegetation. Based on the landscape principle of groundwater formation there are those that lie within the valley of the river Samara, as well as the groundwater of steppe plain regions with automorphic soils and areas with developed gullies and ravines. The groundwater of the river valley for its hydrochemical properties is not homogeneous, and there is a clear binding of hydrochemical indicators to the main geomorphological elements with typical for them soil cover. It was established that the groundwater of flood plain lying directly in the area of undermining near the town of Ternivka is the most mineralized – 1928 mg/dm3, due to slow water exchange with surface water because of sedimentation of the surface. Out of the influence of undermining zone the floodplain groundwater do not differ from the zonal groundwater; its mineralization is 1560–1050 mg/dm3. The groundwater of sandy terraces of the Samara river valley has azonal signs, namely – reduced salinity (110–150 mg/dm3), hydrocarbonate and calcium ion composition and acidic reaction of pH (4,5–5,7). It is noted that due to favorable filtration properties of sandy soil, salt concentration varies synchronously with the fluctuations of groundwater level. At the same time in the area of coal mining with transformed soil and hydrological conditions the groundwater has a higher salinity than the groundwater, lying outside the influence of mine water drainage, while the dynamics of change in mineralization lags behind fluctuations in the groundwater level for more than three and a half months. Within the third terrace of the Samara river valley the mirror of the groundwater begins at a depth of 1,5 m. The total mineralization – 2640 mg/dm3 – is significantly higher than in the groundwater of the first and the second terraces. The ion composition is dominated by sodium and chloride ions, and the pH reaction is close to neutral. The groundwater of the watershed areas between the Samara and Oril rivers lies at a considerable depth – 20 m, has mineralization of 2100 mg/dm3, and the ionic composition is dominated by chloride ions and calcium. At the same time, the groundwater in the area of developed network of gullies and ravines has a lower mineralization – 650 mg/dm3. It can be assumed that the differences are related to the terms of draining of aquifers. Analysis of long-term data of salinity in the Samara river demonstrated an increase in this index from 1738 mg/dm3 in 1929 to 3540 mg/dm3 in 2006.
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Smith, Alan A., and Paul B. Ashenhurst. "RIVER4: a program for flow profile computation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-046.
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The paper describes a relatively easy to use computer program for the analysis of steady state surface and energy profiles in networks of open channels. RIVER4 is intended primarily for use in a time-sharing environment to facilitate the trial and error setup and calibration and modification of networks of arbitrary geometry and connectivity. The networks may consist of natural and man-made open channels or sewer systems or both, in configurations of single reach, multiple tributaries, and bifurcated branches with resultant "island" flow. As well as regular reaches, the system description may include transition devices such as bridges, weirs, culverts, manholes, and diversion structures. The flow resistance equation is selected at run time, from six commonly used laws. System geometry is stored on secondary devices such as tapes or discs so that relatively large systems may be analysed in machines of modest size. Key words: backwater, channel, computer, design, flood, islands, networks, profiles, sewers.
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Vicente, Fernando, and Gonzalo Méndez. "Strategic Environment Assessment of River Basin Management Plans: Proposal for an Integrated Assessment." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500295.
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The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted an integrated approach for the management and governance of European rivers, which led Spain and Portugal to carry out coordinated hydrological planning of the international basins, considering them as unique realities from ecological, hydrological and hydrogeological perspectives. In spite of this ecosystemic basis, the Directive allowed river basin management plans (RBMPs) to cover those parts of the international river basin districts located within the territory of each member state if joint planning was not possible. Moreover, under the requirements of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (SEA Directive), both countries are obliged to submit the RBMPs for SEA and to consult the authorities and the public in other states if a plan could affect the environment in a neighbouring state. In the case of the hydrological planning of the Miño river basin and its coastal and estuarine waters, the SEA was conducted through a split SEA at the level of national sub-basins. The present study analyses the findings of the two SEA procedures on the Miño river during the recent hydrological cycle under the requirements of WFD and SEA Directive. Thus, from an integrated approach adopted by WFD that demands interdependence and interrelationship between both assessments, the reality of two separated assessments revealed disconnections concerning the methodologies used, asymmetries in the detection of cross-border effects and an uneven national and transboundary participation. Overcoming these deficiencies and improving efficiency is a challenge for the new hydrological cycle. An elaboration of joint SEA between co-riparian states that could help respond to the European Union (EU) expectations from an integrated approach is recommended.
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Nkakini, S. O., M. J. Ayotamuno, S. O. T. Ogaji, and S. D. Probert. "Farm mechanization leading to more effective energy-utilizations for cassava and yam cultivations in Rivers State, Nigeria." Applied Energy 83, no. 12 (December 2006): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.03.001.
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