Academic literature on the topic 'Layered Sample'

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Layered Sample"

1

ORSILLI, JACOPO. "AR-XRF Techniques for the Analysis of Cultural Heritage layered samples." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403656.

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L’analisi scientifica è da un po’ di tempo entrata nel mondo dei beni culturali, non sono più solo gli archeologi e gli storici dell’arte a occuparsi dello studio dei reperti archeologici e storici, ma anche gli scienziati sono entrati a gamba tesa portando le loro conoscenze al servizio di questa vasta gamma di materiali. Lo studio di reperti botanici e zoologici, le competenze chimiche e mineralogiche, lo studio di fenomeni fisici, ha permesso di porre e rispondere a nuove domande, colmando così lacune sulla storia dell’umanità. Reti commerciali, migrazioni, tecniche produttive, molte sono state le scoperte avvenute grazie anche all’intervento scientifico, oltre a fornire strumenti utili al restauro e alla conservazione dei reperti. Nei miei tre anni di dottorato mi sono occupato dell’applicazione dell’analisi in Fluorescenza a Raggi X (XRF) per analizzare campioni metallici e ceramici. Questa tecnica ha il vantaggio di poter essere applicata in maniera non invasiva e non distruttiva su un reperto per ottenere informazioni sulla sua composizione elementare. In particolare, il nostro obiettivo è quello di ottenere informazioni sui diversi strati che compongono un campione. Spesso, infatti, i manufatti presentano una struttura stratificata causata dal passaggio degli anni o dalla natura stessa dell’oggetto, che presenza una serie di decorazioni superficiali. L’impiego di tecniche non invasive permetterebbe quindi di ottenere informazioni più dettagliate anche su campioni al momento inaccessibili, in quanto troppo fragili o troppo preziosi. Lo studio si è quindi avvalso di tecniche a scansione angolare, per cui il segnale di fluorescenza caratteristica dipende sia dalla posizione dell’analita all’interno del campione, sia dalla struttura e composizione dello stesso, sia dalla geometria di analisi. Per valutare l’applicabilità delle tecniche sono stati analizzati tre casi diversi: campioni metallici preparati ad hoc in laboratorio, un campione ceramico, e un campione di lustro. Per i primi due campioni è stata applicata l’XRF a Risoluzione Angolare (AR-XRF) per cui il campione è stato ruotato con uno step angolare inferiore a un grado, e misurato ad ogni step. Nel caso dei campioni metallici i profili misurati sono stati confrontati direttamente con i profili calcolati usando il metodo dei Parametri Fondamentali. Nel caso del campione ceramico invece, sono stati confrontati i rapporti dei profili, in quanto la geometria del campione era piuttosto complessa. Nello studio sui campioni metallici, composti da una doratura depositata su una lamina di rame, è stato possibile calcolare lo spessore dello strato superficiale. Nel caso del campione di Majolica sono invece state studiate le varie decorazioni, valutando così anche diversi limiti della tecnica, in particolar modo nel caso in cui la composizione della decorazione sia simile alla composizione dello strato sottostante, o nel caso in cui avvengano processi di diffusione a lunghe distanze. In casi in cui invece lo spessore della decorazione era limitato e ben separato dallo strato sottostante, è stato possibile ottenere informazioni sua sulla composizione della decorazione che sul suo spessore. Infine, lo studio delle ceramiche lustrate è stato effettuato presso la linea XRF del Sincrotrone di Elettra, impiegando tecniche di analisi in radenza. In questo caso stato possibile solo evidenziare come il nano-strato di nano-particelle di argento, caratteristico di questa tipologia di campioni, sia effettivamente distinguibile applicando queste tecniche, in quanto il profilo di fluorescenza di tale elemento è molto diverso dagli altri. Rimangono comunque dei problemi, legati soprattutto all’analisi dati e all’allineamento che vanno ancora risolti, rendendo necessari ulteriori studi a riguardo.<br>In the last decades scientific analysis has been deeply employed in the world of cultural heritage, thus, archaeologists and art historians are no more the sole front line workers of this field. Scientists, and science, have joined the team, giving new inputs and tools for the study of historical and archaeological samples, allowing to explore new paths and receive new answers, collecting information otherwise inaccessible on human history and culture. New discoveries have been made on the trade networks, migrations and on the technologies employed; besides, science also gave precious inputs on conservation and restoring procedures, allowing to better preserve fragile and sensitive artifacts. In my three years as a PhD student, I worked on the application of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to analyze ceramic and metal samples. XRF is a non-invasive technique that retrieves the elemental composition of a sample. In particular the aim of my PhD project is to obtain information on the layered structure of an unknown sample, distinguishing and characterizing the different layers. Indeed, artifacts usually concerning the field of Cultural Heritage present a layered structure; sometimes it is due to the presence of alteration layers, other times, instead, the objects are made of different layers from the principle, for example in the case of a glazed ceramic or of a painting. The possibility to get this information in a non-invasive way will give the possibility to analyze objects that are nowadays unattainable, because they cannot be sampled. My project has, thus, focused on the analysis of three kinds of samples employing angular dependent techniques (Angle Resolved-XRF, Grazing Emission-XRF}, Grazing Incidence-XRF}); indeed, the fluorescence signal of an analyte depends on its position inside the sample, on the sample composition and on the geometry of analysis. The chosen specimens allowed to verify the feasibility of this analytical method in an increasing complexity: a gilded laboratory-made sample, a ceramic Majolica sherd, and an Italian renaissance lustered fragment. The first two samples have been analyzed through AR-XRF where the measure is performed while tilting the sample, one spectrum is collected for each tilting angle. In the case of the gilded sample the measured profiles have been compared directly with the calculated profiles employing the Fundamental Parameters method. For the ceramic Majolica sample, instead, we studied the ratio of the profiles, as the sample surface is not flat. In the study of the metallic samples, made of gilded copper plate, we could infer the thickness of the top-layer. While in the case of the Majolica sample, we studied the different decorations, evaluating the limits of the technique, in particular in the case that the top-layer composition is similar to the underling layer, or in the case of a long-range diffusion. Instead, in the case of two well-separate layers we could retrieve information on both the composition and the thickness of the layer. Finally, the study of the lustered ceramic has been carried out at the XRF beamline of the Elettra Synchrotron of Trieste, employing grazing techniques. In this case we could only highlight and distinguish the presence of the silver nanoparticles in the luster nanolayer, which is the peculiar feature of this kind of artifacts. However, there are still many questions left, especially concerning the data analysis and the alignment of the sample, which requires more investigations.
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Bilici, Cagdas. "Development of a Sediment Sampling Free Fall Penetrometer Add-on Unit for Geotechnical Characterization of Seabed Surface Layers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96146.

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In-situ geotechnical testing of surficial sediment layers in areas of active sediment dynamics can provide essential information about physical and geotechnical variations of sediment properties with regards to active sediment remobilization processes. For example, portable free fall penetrometers (PFFPs) can assist with the detection of mobile sediment layers. They are easy to deploy, and can provide a large spatial coverage in a time- and cost-effective manner. However, they often struggle to provide more detailed information about the properties of mobile sediment layers due to a lack of calibration and validation in existing data sets. Currently, existing sediment samplers often disturb, or ignore the uppermost sediment layers. Simultaneous sediment sampling and geotechnical profiling is needed to fill this gap, and to drive data interpretation forward. A field investigation of surficial sediments was conducted in the wetland waterways of coastal Louisiana in 2014. In-situ tests were conducted using PFFP, and disturbed sediment samples were collected in selected locations. The results allowed us to map changes in sediment strength and stratification, and correlate the geotechnical results to local site characteristics. However, the need for high quality sediment samples for calibration and validation was emphasized by the results. Three different sediment sampler add-on units targeting mobile layers were designed and manufactured based on lessons-learned from the literature. The designs were tested in the laboratory and in the field (Yakutat, Alaska and York River, Virginia) in 2017. The samples were analyzed to understand the influence of different sampler characteristics on collected sample quality, and, to define mobile layer sampler characteristics that enable simultaneous geotechnical testing and the collection of high quality samples. Following field survey campaigns in the York River, Virginia in 2016 allowed to assess surficial sediment layer characteristics and behavior based on a coupled analysis of geotechnical data from in-situ PFFP tests and the sedimentological data collected using box cores and the novel sediment sampler. In summary, novel strategies and instrumentation to carry out simultaneous sediment sampling and geotechnical profiling of seabed surface layers were tested, and new pathways for geotechnical data analysis for the investigation of mobile seabed layers were presented.<br>PHD
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Želvys, Dainius. "Ventiliuojamo oro pasiskirstymas bulvių sampile." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110602_120644-65726.

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Laikant bulves storame 5 – 6 m storio sluoksnyje, aruode sunku likviduoti susidariusius gedimo židinius. Židinio pašalinimui būtina suintensyvinti ventiliavimą, kad mumifikuoti gedimo židinyje esančius sugedusius gumbus. Tyrimų tikslas - ištirti ventiliuojamo oro paskirstymo dėsningumus bulvių sandėlio sampile ir eksperimentiniame oro paskirstymo stende. Nustatyti oro paskirstymą ventiliuojamame sampile, keičiant skirstomųjų ortakių skaičių, bei ištirti ventiliavimo suintensyvinimo galimybes susidarančias gedimo zonoje. Nustatyta, kad sumažinus atidarytų skirstomųjų ortakių skaičių, galima padvigubinti ventiliavimo intensyvumą likusiuose atidarytuose ortakiuose. Esant atidarytam vienam skirstomajam ortakiui, tiekiamas 8,34 /s oro srautas. Atidarius visus aštuonis ortakius, į kiekvieną ortakį tiekiama tik 3,9 /s oro. Šalia židinio esantys produkcijos sluoksniai bus ventiliuojami žymiai mažesniu ventiliavimo intensyvumu, kas sumažina produkcijos perventiliavimo galimybes likviduojant gedimo židinį sandėlio aruode.<br>Holding potatoes in a thick 5-6 m layer in the bin it is difficult to eliminate originated hot spots. To remove the source it is necessary to intensify ventilation in order to mummify defective tubers in corruption source. The aim of the research is to investigate the patterns of ventilated air distribution in potato store and distribution of air in an experimental bench. To determine air distribution in ventilated store by changing the number of distribution ducts, and to explore opportunities to intensify ventilation arising in corruption area. It was found that reducing the number of opened distribution ducts the intensity of the ventilation in the remaining opened ducts can be doubled. At the invitation of one ducts supplied 8.34 m3/s air flow. After opening all eight ducts, each duct to be supplied only 3.9 m3/s in air. The layers next to the source will be ventilated with much smaller intensity, which decreases possibility to over ventilate production while eliminating corruption source in the store bin.
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Pandozzi, Fabiano. "Spectroscopic analysis of fractal scattering and hidden layers in complex scattering samples." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106384.

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Near-infrared optical spectroscopic measurement of samples is an important analytical tool for the determination of properties such as particle size, chromophore composition, and concentration. This information is invaluable for sample assessment in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental areas. However, samples often exhibit significant light scattering, which complicates measurements. This thesis investigates chemometric approaches including power law and component analysis methods to extract useful sample information from data, while simplified instrumentation is developed to facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data. Photon time-of-flight (TOF) techniques allow sample optical properties to be estimated using temporally resolved measurements of short pulses of light. However, highly scattering samples, such as granular powders, are difficult to model. The shape of photon TOF profiles is largely influenced by the properties of these samples. A power law analysis technique was used to study TOF profiles, and a method was developed that could simultaneously determine analyte concentration and particle size. Compared to traditional steady-state measurements, a 3-fold improvement for absorption coefficient and up to a 5-fold improvement for particle size estimates was achieved. This analysis technique is applicable to a variety of areas including pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and chemical production. While methods exist for studying the optical properties of homogeneous optically scattering samples, those containing multiple layers present an interesting challenge for analysis. Spatially resolved measurements from layered samples contain information about the different layers present. However, complications arise when the layer to be probed is non-scattering. In a diffuse reflectance configuration, this type of layer does not provide information in the same way scattering layers do. An analysis technique was developed that allowed the separation of absorption and scattering components for such a layered sample. Accurate estimates of chromophore concentration were attained, even when an overlaying scattering layer had thicknesses that varied between 1 and 8 mm. This method has practical applications for medical, environmental, and industrial applications. A novel self-calibrating technique was developed for the estimation of absorbing species in a non-scattering layer embedded in a non-uniform scattering matrix. Spatially-resolved, steady-state, multispectral data were acquired from an optical head phantom with realistic topographical and optical properties. Experimental and mathematical techniques were developed that allowed accurate estimates of chromophore concentration. A limit of detection corresponding to 5 µL of blood in a volume of 150 ml of CSF was achieved. This system and technique can be useful for noninvasive medical measurements, especially cerebral bleed detection. The work presented in this thesis details key improvements for the spectroscopic analysis of homogenous and layered scattering samples. Each of these advancements represents a further development of our existing spectroscopic knowledge. Of particular interest within the medical community is the self-calibrating work, which can be used to developed noninvasive diagnostic techniques aimed at improving patient care.<br>La mesure par spectroscopie optique proche infrarouge est un outil d'analyse important pour déterminer les caractéristiques d'un milieu tel la dimension des particules, l'identification de chromophore, et leur concentration. Cette information est de valeur critique pour l'évaluation d'échantillons dans les domaines pharmaceutiques, d'agriculture et environnementaux. Certains échantillons, par contre, diffusent la lumière considérablement, compliquant la mesure. Cette thèse de doctorat examine des méthodes chimiométries comprenant les règles de puissance et les analyses de composante pour extraire de l'information utile d'échantillons à partir des données, alors que l'instrumentation simplifiée est développée pour faciliter l'acquisition des données signicatives. Les techniques utilisant le temps de vol (TDV) des photons permettent de jauger les propriétés visuelles d'échantillons en utilisant la mesure temporale résolue de courtes pulsations de lumière. Il est difficile, par contre, de trouver un modèle pour les milieux à haute diffusion telles les poudres granuleuses. La configuration du profile du TDV photonique est, en grande partie, influencé par les propriétés de l'échantillon. Une analyse des règles de puissance mathématiques fut utilisée afin d'étudier les profiles du TDV, et une méthode fut développée qui pouvait, simultanément, déterminer la concentration des substances sous analyse ainsi que la grandeur des particules. Comparé aux mesures uniformes de fonctionnement traditionnelles, les estimations du coefficient d'absorption futs amélioré par 3 fois et les estimations de grandeurs ont été améliorées par 5 fois. Cette technique d'analyse s'applique à des domaines variés telle la production de produits pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques et chimiques. Quoique des méthodes existent pour étudier les propriétés optiques de substances homogènes à caractères diffusants, les substances ayant de multiples couches présentent un défi d'analyse intéressant. Les mesures faites à des points variés sur l'échantillon à multiples couches donnent de l'information sur les différentes couches présentes. Par contre, la situation se complique lorsque la couche qui doit être sondée n'est pas diffusante. Une couche ayant un facteur de réflexion atténuée, ne révèle pas d'information de la même façon qu'une couche diffusante. Une technique d'analyse fut élaborée qui a permis la séparation des composants d'absorption et diffusants pour ce genre d'échantillon à couche multiple. Des estimations précises de la concentration chromophore ont été obtenues, même lorsque la couche supérieure avait une épaisseur qui variait de 1 à 8 mm. Cette méthode a une utilité pratique dans les domaines médicaux, environnementaux et industriels.Une technique à auto-calibration inusitée fut développée pour estimer les espèces absorbantes dans une couche non diffusante incorporée dans une matrice diffusante dissemblable. Des données multispectrales à point variées, et avec lumière continue ont été obtenues d'une tête optique fantôme ayant des propriétés topographiques et optiques réalistes. Des techniques expérimentales et mathématiques futs développées qui on permit des estimations précises de la concentration chromophore. Une limite de détection correspondant à 5 µL de sang dans un volume de 150 ml de liquide céphalorachidien fut atteinte. Ce système et cette technique peuvent être utiles pour les mesures médicales non invasives, plus précisément pour la détection de saignement cérébrale.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse de doctorat explique les améliorations saillantes pour l'analyse spectroscopique d'échantillons diffusants homogènes et à couches multiples. Chaque amélioration représente une augmentation de nos connaissances de la spectroscopie. La technique à auto-calibration est particulièrement intéressante pour la communauté médicale, car elle peut être utilisée pour développer des techniques non invasives pouvant améliorer le soin de patients.
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Minault, Christophe S. "Filtered vacuum arc deposition of diamond like carbon films on sharp edged samples." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298488.

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Lee, Kang Kug. "A Sample-to-Answer Polymer Lab-on-a-Chip with Superhydrophilic Surfaces using a Spray Layer-by-Layer Nano-Assembly Method." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384864905.

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Sears, S. Kelly (Stephen Kelly). "Effects of sample treatment on mixed-layer illite-smectite in X-ray diffractograms and transmission electron micrographs." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69658.

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Combined X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to identify and characterize the clay mineral assemblages in 0.05-0.1 $ mu$m and ${<0.05} mu$m size fractions separated from shales of three depths (4800, 8700-8750, and 12500-12550 ft) from the Reindeer D-27 well in the Beaufort-Mackenzie area, Arctic Canada. Ethylene-glycol solvated samples indicated a two-component mixed-layer I/S system, whereas glycerol solvation suggested an additional high-charge expandable component. Exchange with octylammonium (n$ rm sb c$ = 8) and octadecylammonium (n$ rm sb c$ = 18) ions revealed the presence of five distinct types of layer structures: (1) low-charge smectite-group, (2) high-charge smectite-group or vermiculite, (3) double-layers or rectorite-like, (4) expandable illite, and (5) non-expandable illite. The presence and abundance of each type of layer structure changed with burial depth.<br>A comparison of untreated and sodium hexametaphosphate-treated ${<0.05} mu$m size fractions revealed modifications to the structure of mixed-layer I/S in both ethylene-glycol solvated and alkylammonium-ion exchanged specimens. Changes in peak position, intensity and breadths are apparent in XRD, and these modifications can also be observed in HRTEM. Lattice-fringe images revealed that pretreatment resulted in: (1) increased abundance of 2:1 layer silicate packets with expanded interlayers, (2) increased R1-ordered sequences, and (3) thinner packets of non-expanded illite interlayers. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate as a peptizer alters the interlayers and modifies the stacking arrangement of the layer structures. If the primary structure is altered, the disruption may be irreversible.<br>It is evident therefore, that reliable ratio determination between expandable and non-expandable components in mixed-layer I/S is dependent on characterizing all the components and resolving the effects of chemical pretreatment.
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Eluru, Hima Bindu. "Deposition and Patterning of Paraffin Layers for Culture-Based Detection of Mycobacteria in Environmental Samples." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1093032206.

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Sirdar, Mohamed Mahmoud. "Antibiotic residues in commercial layer hens in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2007-2008." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23460.

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The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs produced in Khartoum State, Sudan was estimated and determined. All available producing layer farms in the state were sampled in April, June and August 2008. For each layer house three egg samples were randomly collected to increase the sensitivity of antimicrobial residue screening test detectability. In total, 933 egg samples were analyzed, collected from 175 layer farms (335 layer houses) in three periods of collection. An in-house residue detection test using Geobacillus stearothermophillus var calidolactis was the analytical procedure used for the analysis. Data were analysed using Survey Toolbox to calculate the true prevalence and confidence intervals. The proportion of layer farms with antimicrobial residues in April, June and August was 61.1%, 60.2% and 68.7% respectively. The proportion of layer houses affected in April, June and August were 56.0%, 54.1% and 57.1% respectively. The results showed insignificant variation among the three periods of the surveillance (p = 0.57). A census covering all three localities of the state (Khartoum, Bahry and Omdurman) was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008. Data were recorded on areas where farms occur, number of houses per farm, total capacity of birds and farming systems. The census showed that there were 252 layer farms in the state distributed in 31 different areas with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out in April 2008 in the state, to assess and collect data on risk factors associated with the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs. The questionnaire investigated antibiotic usage patterns for each layer farm as well as the basic knowledge and understanding of farmers about public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in food producing animals. Questions were closed ended and data was obtained through direct interviews with farm owners and managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the information captured; calculating frequencies, graphs and measures of association, using the EpiInfo™ statistical package. Ninety two farms were surveyed 98% of which comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 48.9% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, while 58.7% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last three months. There was a significant association between having disease on the farm and using antibiotics (P<0.001). The study showed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the dangers of using antibiotics in animals and their potential impact on human health. In addition, Sudan lacks any type of formal control of veterinary drugs in terms of legislated residue limits or monitoring and surveillance programmes. This leads the authors to the conclusion that all Sudanese consumers are at risk for ARs in eggs.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Production Animal Studies<br>unrestricted
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Hyndman, Rhonda Jane. "Transport studies in p-type double quantum well samples." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325711.

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