Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Layout pattern'

Background. Nowadays, information retrieval system become more and more popular, it helps people retrieve information more efficiently and accelerates daily task. Within this context, Image processing technology play an important role that help transcribing content in printed or handwritten documents into digital data in information retrieval system. This transcribing procedure is called document digitization. In this transcribing procedure, image processing technique such as layout analysis and word recognition are employed to segment the document content and transcribe the image content into words. At this point, a Swedish company (ArkivDigital® AB) has a demand to transcribe their document data into digital data. Objectives. In this study, the aim is to find out effective solution to extract document layout regard to the Swedish handwritten historical documents, which are featured by their tabular forms containing the handwritten content. In this case, outcome of application of OCRopus, OCRfeeder, traditional image processing techniques, machine learning techniques on Swedish historical hand-written document is compared and studied. Methods. Implementation and experiment are used to develop three comparative solutions in this study. One is Hessian filtering with mask operation; another one is Gabor filtering with morphological open operation; the last one is Gabor filtering with machine learning classification. In the last solution, different alternatives were explored to build up document layout extraction pipeline. Hessian filter and Gabor filter are evaluated; Secondly, filter images with the better filter evaluated at previous stage, then refine the filtered image with Hough line transform method. Third, extract transfer learning feature and custom feature. Fourth, feed classifier with previous extracted features and analyze the result. After implementing all the solutions, sample set of the Swedish historical handwritten document is applied with these solutions and compare their performance with survey. Results. Both open source OCR system OCRopus and OCRfeeder fail to deliver the outcome due to these systems are designed to handle general document layout instead of table layout. Traditional image processing solutions work in more than a half of the cases, but it does not work well. Combining traditional image process technique and machine leaning technique give the best result, but with great time cost. Conclusions. Results shows that existing OCR system cannot carry layout analysis task in our Swedish historical handwritten document. Traditional image processing techniques are capable to extract the general table layout in these documents. By introducing machine learning technique, better and more accurate table layout can be extracted, but comes with a bigger time cost.
Scalable resource-efficient systems for big data analytics

[EN] Handwritten Text Segmentation (HTS) is a task within the Document Layout Analysis field that aims to detect and extract the different page regions of interest found in handwritten documents. HTS remains an active topic, that has gained importance with the years, due to the increasing demand to provide textual access to the myriads of handwritten document collections held by archives and libraries. This thesis considers HTS as a task that must be tackled in two specialized phases: detection and extraction. We see the detection phase fundamentally as a recognition problem that yields the vertical positions of each region of interest as a by-product. The extraction phase consists in calculating the best contour coordinates of the region using the position information provided by the detection phase. Our proposed detection approach allows us to attack both higher level regions: paragraphs, diagrams, etc., and lower level regions like text lines. In the case of text line detection we model the problem to ensure that the system's yielded vertical position approximates the fictitious line that connects the lower part of the grapheme bodies in a text line, commonly known as the baseline. One of the main contributions of this thesis, is that the proposed modelling approach allows us to include prior information regarding the layout of the documents being processed. This is performed via a Vertical Layout Model (VLM). We develop a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based framework to tackle both region detection and classification as an integrated task and study the performance and ease of use of the proposed approach in many corpora. We review the modelling simplicity of our approach to process regions at different levels of information: text lines, paragraphs, titles, etc. We study the impact of adding deterministic and/or probabilistic prior information and restrictions via the VLM that our approach provides. Having a separate phase that accurately yields the detection position (base- lines in the case of text lines) of each region greatly simplifies the problem that must be tackled during the extraction phase. In this thesis we propose to use a distance map that takes into consideration the grey-scale information in the image. This allows us to yield extraction frontiers which are equidistant to the adjacent text regions. We study how our approach escalates its accuracy proportionally to the quality of the provided detection vertical position. Our extraction approach gives near perfect results when human reviewed baselines are provided.
[ES] La Segmentación de Texto Manuscrito (STM) es una tarea dentro del campo de investigación de Análisis de Estructura de Documentos (AED) que tiene como objetivo detectar y extraer las diferentes regiones de interés de las páginas que se encuentran en documentos manuscritos. La STM es un tema de investigación activo que ha ganado importancia con los años debido a la creciente demanda de proporcionar acceso textual a las miles de colecciones de documentos manuscritos que se conservan en archivos y bibliotecas. Esta tesis entiende la STM como una tarea que debe ser abordada en dos fases especializadas: detección y extracción. Consideramos que la fase de detección es, fundamentalmente, un problema de clasificación cuyo subproducto son las posiciones verticales de cada región de interés. Por su parte, la fase de extracción consiste en calcular las mejores coordenadas de contorno de la región utilizando la información de posición proporcionada por la fase de detección. Nuestro enfoque de detección nos permite atacar tanto regiones de alto nivel (párrafos, diagramas¿) como regiones de nivel bajo (líneas de texto principalmente). En el caso de la detección de líneas de texto, modelamos el problema para asegurar que la posición vertical estimada por el sistema se aproxime a la línea ficticia que conecta la parte inferior de los cuerpos de los grafemas en una línea de texto, comúnmente conocida como línea base. Una de las principales aportaciones de esta tesis es que el enfoque de modelización propuesto nos permite incluir información conocida a priori sobre la disposición de los documentos que se están procesando. Esto se realiza mediante un Modelo de Estructura Vertical (MEV). Desarrollamos un marco de trabajo basado en los Modelos Ocultos de Markov (MOM) para abordar tanto la detección de regiones como su clasificación de forma integrada, así como para estudiar el rendimiento y la facilidad de uso del enfoque propuesto en numerosos corpus. Así mismo, revisamos la simplicidad del modelado de nuestro enfoque para procesar regiones en diferentes niveles de información: líneas de texto, párrafos, títulos, etc. Finalmente, estudiamos el impacto de añadir información y restricciones previas deterministas o probabilistas a través de el MEV propuesto que nuestro enfoque proporciona. Disponer de un método independiente que obtiene con precisión la posición de cada región detectada (líneas base en el caso de las líneas de texto) simplifica enormemente el problema que debe abordarse durante la fase de extracción. En esta tesis proponemos utilizar un mapa de distancias que tiene en cuenta la información de escala de grises de la imagen. Esto nos permite obtener fronteras de extracción que son equidistantes a las regiones de texto adyacentes. Estudiamos como nuestro enfoque aumenta su precisión de manera proporcional a la calidad de la detección y descubrimos que da resultados casi perfectos cuando se le proporcionan líneas de base revisadas por humanos.
[CAT] La Segmentació de Text Manuscrit (STM) és una tasca dins del camp d'investigació d'Anàlisi d'Estructura de Documents (AED) que té com a objectiu detectar I extraure les diferents regions d'interès de les pàgines que es troben en documents manuscrits. La STM és un tema d'investigació actiu que ha guanyat importància amb els anys a causa de la creixent demanda per proporcionar accés textual als milers de col·leccions de documents manuscrits que es conserven en arxius i biblioteques. Aquesta tesi entén la STM com una tasca que ha de ser abordada en dues fases especialitzades: detecció i extracció. Considerem que la fase de detecció és, fonamentalment, un problema de classificació el subproducte de la qual són les posicions verticals de cada regió d'interès. Per la seva part, la fase d'extracció consisteix a calcular les millors coordenades de contorn de la regió utilitzant la informació de posició proporcionada per la fase de detecció. El nostre enfocament de detecció ens permet atacar tant regions d'alt nivell (paràgrafs, diagrames ...) com regions de nivell baix (línies de text principalment). En el cas de la detecció de línies de text, modelem el problema per a assegurar que la posició vertical estimada pel sistema s'aproximi a la línia fictícia que connecta la part inferior dels cossos dels grafemes en una línia de text, comunament coneguda com a línia base. Una de les principals aportacions d'aquesta tesi és que l'enfocament de modelització proposat ens permet incloure informació coneguda a priori sobre la disposició dels documents que s'estan processant. Això es realitza mitjançant un Model d'Estructura Vertical (MEV). Desenvolupem un marc de treball basat en els Models Ocults de Markov (MOM) per a abordar tant la detecció de regions com la seva classificació de forma integrada, així com per a estudiar el rendiment i la facilitat d'ús de l'enfocament proposat en nombrosos corpus. Així mateix, revisem la simplicitat del modelatge del nostre enfocament per a processar regions en diferents nivells d'informació: línies de text, paràgrafs, títols, etc. Finalment, estudiem l'impacte d'afegir informació i restriccions prèvies deterministes o probabilistes a través del MEV que el nostre mètode proporciona. Disposar d'un mètode independent que obté amb precisió la posició de cada regió detectada (línies base en el cas de les línies de text) simplifica enormement el problema que ha d'abordar-se durant la fase d'extracció. En aquesta tesi proposem utilitzar un mapa de distàncies que té en compte la informació d'escala de grisos de la imatge. Això ens permet obtenir fronteres d'extracció que són equidistants de les regions de text adjacents. Estudiem com el nostre enfocament augmenta la seva precisió de manera proporcional a la qualitat de la detecció i descobrim que dona resultats quasi perfectes quan se li proporcionen línies de base revisades per humans.
Bosch Campos, V. (2020). Advances in Document Layout Analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/138397
TESIS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between store layout and how it affects us as shoppers. We formed our research questions based on literature. The study was based on observations of shoppers without their knowing they were observed. We didn’t tell shoppers since the science of shopping says that shoppers pattern of movement is something that’s subconscious and if the shoppers had known it would have affected the result of the study. The character of this study therefore demanded that shoppers were free to move naturally around in the stores where our study took place. After only a few observations we could see what the result was going to be. Shoppers were affected by the store layout. We also discovered a pattern of the shoppers’ movement and came to the conclusion that the store layout at MQ in Borås wasn’t optimal. The back part of their store wasn’t as well visited by the shoppers as it could have been with a better layout. The store manager, Jägmark, had in an interview confirmed that products that were places in this back part weren’t as new and even as trendy as the products in the front part of the store. She also said that this was due to products that was placed in the back part didn’t get as much attention as the ones in the front part. We came to the same conclusion but could see that this was partly because of a lack of understanding of their costumers’ pattern of movement through the store. Based on our research we think that MQ should make a few changes and by that receive a higher number of visitors in their back part of the store as well as get a better flow through the store. We found it especially interesting that the store, after all, already had a good store layout. For example we observed a phenomenon called “the pinball effect” which is a very good way of leading the shoppers through different parts of the store. We were surprised by the fact that Jägmark already had an understanding of how her costumers moved around in her store. Even if her understanding, according to us, can become better it was a new fact for us that managers or store owners already was considering the science of shopping as a tool for improving their store layout. The fact that shop owners should consider shopping as a tool for development and to improve their store layout is something we have made the conclusion of with this study. Perhaps even more important is that we think shop owners should all take some time to observe their shoppers in order to make improvements on their layout in order to enhance their strength as competitors. Since the costumers are kings in today’s competitive business of fashion retailer, all store owners should consider that the best place to influence consumers is in the store.
Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

The purpose of my study is to analyze Assyrian sculptures in the palace of Nimrud from throne room of Aššur-nāṣir-apli northwest palace. My research will be to compare sculptures with a theoretical as well as practical issue in the design of the galleries. Images of supernatural beings would be set up at entrances to palaces and temples. Assyrians called sculptures Lamassū (from written Sumerian references LAM(M) (A) lord of horizons, guardian of the Assyrian Gate. Lamassū are both flanked at the doorways from the throne room of Aššur-nāṣir-apli`s northwest palace. The exact meaning is not clear, but Lamassū can be taken as representing an Assyrian protective divinity. The first method in my analysis combines the need to establish the subjective meaning of objects as objective reality that is their meaning for digital design. My thesis aims to define a specific iconographic theme, centered around sculptures based on similarities in the composition of each scene in the selection of images on monuments in Nimrud. Digitalization projects provide an angle from mergers areas as architecture and archeology through images. With the project historians can use traditional documents and images to reconstruct the past and palaces. The analysis takes as an example of the importance of Digital archeology in understanding the role of artefacts and the role as a function of the specific purpose or activities for which such present or used in museums. We construct meaning as the basis for action, and not only from concrete material, but also from the matrix of symbols that are available from within culture to interpret the substantive conditions. Digital archeology is associated with technology that provides a picture of the physical environment. The digital images show the limit between design of the architectural spaces from the British Museum and the old spaces in Nimrud.

Disk drives are the bottleneck in the processing of large amounts of data used in almost all common applications. File systems attempt to reduce this by storing data sequentially on the disk drives, thereby reducing the access latencies. Although this strategy is useful when data is retrieved sequentially, the access patterns in real world workloads is not necessarily sequential and this mismatch results in storage I/O performance degradation. This thesis demonstrates that one way to improve the storage performance is to reorganize data on disk drives in the same way in which it is mostly accessed. We identify two classes of accesses: static, where access patterns do not change over the lifetime of the data and dynamic, where access patterns frequently change over short durations of time, and propose, implement and evaluate layout strategies for each of these. Our strategies are implemented in a way that they can be seamlessly integrated or removed from the system as desired. We evaluate our layout strategies for static policies using tree-structured XML data where accesses to the storage device are mostly of two kinds - parent-tochild or child-to-sibling. Our results show that for a specific class of deep-focused queries, the existing file system layout policy performs better by 5-54X. For the non-deep-focused queries, our native layout mechanism shows an improvement of 3-127X. To improve performance of the dynamic access patterns, we implement a self-optimizing storage system that performs rearranges popular block accesses on a dedicated partition based on the observed workload characteristics. Our evaluation shows an improvement of over 80% in the disk busy times over a range of workloads. These results show that applying the knowledge of data access patterns for allocation decisions can substantially improve the I/O performance.

To help engineers to design and analyse structures, various tools exist. However, many of them are complicated and difficult for engineers to master. In industry simple, accurate, and rapid tools are potentially very useful. The development of such tools has thus been the main focus of this thesis. One application is the design of lightweight truss structures. Although techniques have been available to identify efficient truss designs for more than half a century, these are not widely used in industry. A major problem is that the structures generated are often complex in form, so that manufacturing becomes problematic. To address this, the current research explores two rationalization techniques: (i) introducing joint lengths to control the number of joints that exist in the resulting structure; and (ii) utilising geometry optimization to adjust the locations of joints in a truss. The former involves a minor modification to the standard process such that it retains the linear nature of the original problem, while the latter solves a more challenging non-linear optimization problem that can simultaneously simplify (make less complicated) and improve (make lighter) a given truss layout. To ensure a rapid and reliable process for the latter, analytical expressions of functions and their derivatives are supplied to a general purpose non-linear optimizer and various practical issues are also considered. A number of benchmark problems are solved to show the efficacy of the two rationalization techniques. Another application is yield-line analysis of reinforced concrete slabs. Even in the modern computer age, with many engineering analysis procedures successfully computerized, a fully automated means of undertaking a yield-line analysis has been lacking, forcing engineers in industry to use hand-calculations in order to benefit from the power of the yield-line method. This thesis is therefore concerned with the development of techniques that automate this method. By utilising the novel discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) method, the process of yield-line analysis has been truly automated at last. In addition, motivated by the outcomes of the rationalization procedure developed for trusses, research has been conducted to rationalize yield-line patterns generated via DLO. Similar to the technique used in trusses, analytical expressions of functions and their derivatives are deduced and then supplied to a non-linear optimizer, leading to a rapid and reliable computational process. To make DLO and the rationalization ready for use in industry, various slab configurations found in practice are also considered, permitting challenging slab problems to be tackled using the method. A number of examples from the literature and industry are analysed to demonstrate the efficacy of DLO and the rationalization technique.

碩士
中華大學
資訊工程學系(所)
98
Optical lithography is a key process in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. In such a process, light is used to transfer some circuit patterns onto the surface of the IC wafer through a designed mask. As the widths of the circuit wires on the wafer are shrank to be less than the light wavelength, light diffraction will occur. Light passing through the mask will not only interfere with each other, but also cause inaccurate patterns on the wafer. The disparity with the original pattern results in failure in IC fabrication. In general, the inaccurate failure is commonly known as optical proximity effect (OPE). To obtain useful circuit patterns, optical proximity correction (OPC) technique is applied to reduce OPE. As light passes through the designed mask the OPC technique corrects the result of the designed mask from the error of the light diffraction so that the final result is accurate. However, the calculation of the necessary pre-distortion takes more CPU time in IC fabrication. In this thesis, based on the classification of circuit patterns, the layout of any circuit can be divided into three patterns: I-type、 L-type、 and 十-type patterns. According to the light diffraction of the three patterns, the necessary mask correction of each pattern will be efficiently calculated. By setting different threshold values, a feasible threshold value with the least OPEs and the shortest simulation time can be found. By using pattern-based layout construction with a feasible threshold value, the OPE can be efficiently calculated to reduce the CPU time in IC fabrication.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
106
Layout pattern classification, which groups similar layout clips into clusters, underlies a variety of design for manufacturability (DFM) applications such as hotspot library generation, hierarchical data storage, and yield optimization speedup. The key challenges of layout pattern classification are clip representation and clip clustering, while the mutually conflicting concerns are efficiency and solution quality (in terms of cluster count). In this thesis, we present a fast and general layout pattern classification algorithm considering clip shifting and centroid recreation. Our simple but general clip representation captures both topology and density; we can handle not only rigid area match or edge displacement constraints but also variant edge tolerances and don’t care regions. For achieving a small cluster count, our clip clustering is guided by the natural grouping structure of layout clips. The clustering results are further improved by centroid recreation. Our experiments are conducted on 2016 CAD contest at ICCAD benchmark suite. Our results show that our algorithm outperforms the reference solution and all contest winning teams, delivering the smallest cluster count, fastest runtime, and 100% validity. Our algorithm with clip shifting and centroid recreation reduces the cluster count effectively and efficiently. In addition to the good solution quality, the interplay between adopted simple and easily manipulated data structures and our algorithm makes it fast and viable to be incorporated into practical DFM flows.

碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
105
In this thesis, we study two layout pattern classification problems respectively subject to an area match constraint and an edge displacement constraint. Given a circuit layout and a set of markers, each problem asks to identify a layout clip around each marker and divide the set of layout clips into disjoint clusters such that without violating a given area match constraint or edge displacement constraint, the resultant number of clusters is as small as possible and the maximum cluster size is as large as possible. Either area match constraint or edge displacement constraint is used to well capture the similarity relations between clips and to group similar clips into a cluster. We model each problem as a graph problem (i.e., a constrained minimum dominating set problem) and solve it by an integer linear programming based method. A clip merging technique for graph size reduction is also presented to accelerate our algorithms. The efficacy of our algorithms is well supported by encouraging experimental results.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
設計研究所
93
Investigated were the influence of “layout pattern” and “the color of poster text” on the span of comprehension. Current “styles of poster text layout” were analyzed to understand the pattern of text layout. A focus group, survey, and card clustering were applied to interpret poster text layout in terms of poster design trends. A survey on the span of comprehension was conducted with the “geometric patterns” and “text colors” concluded in the interpretation. Data collected from the survey were analyzed to investigate the correlations between “geometric layout/text color” and span of comprehension with the qualitative approach. Findings in the analysis of current styles indicated that geometric straight line and free straight line patterns sharing 79% and 17% of the total patterns surveyed respectively are the commonest and second most common poster text layout; while geometric curve and free curve patterns sharing 3.5% and 0.5% of the total are the least and second least common. Comparing geometric patterns with free patterns, the former shares 82.5%, which is much greater than the latter at 17.5%. Therefore, geometric patterns are the commonest in poster text layout. The amount of characters memorized is the criterion for determining the efficiency of span of comprehension, i.e. the more accurate the characters remembered, the greater the efficiency in span of comprehension. Results of experiments indicated, for both variances, that in terms of “layout pattern” and “text color”, the latter is significantly correlated to the efficiency of span of comprehension, and a better efficiency (amount of characters remembered) was observed in the faded “purple text” of Middle Ming Font against a blank background. The “layout pattern and visual area”, and “visual area” and “text color” are significantly correlated to the efficiency of span of comprehension. Among the visual areas, the greatest efficiency was observed in areas 2 and 5; and the most significant difference was observed between “square layout pattern” and “pentagonal layout pattern”, suggesting that the latter was the focus of observation in “geometric patterns” of respondents.

碩士
明新科技大學
積體電路佈局產業碩士專班
104
Owing to the technology scaling, IC layout is becoming more important in circuit design nowadays. The circuit design is not enough to take care about the performance in pre-simulation stage. Moreover, in post-simulation is the key point of the fabrication. If we want to obtain robust product, a good layout style will eliminate cross-talk noise and lower coupling parasitic effect. 　　The cic 0.18μm CMOS process is used to design a 2.4 GHz RF energy harvest. HSPICE tool is applied for the characteristics analysis. In this design, a rectifying circuit and voltage multiplier circuit captures RF energy and converts the RF signal into DC voltage. In the voltage multiplier, the modified Dickson voltage multiplier circuit is used to increasing the output voltage.　 In this paper, the different layout types are proposed. According to the post-layout simulation results, this circuit is operated at an input frequency of 2.4 GHZ. In the best of layout analysis, simulation results displays the cut voltage and converting efficiency are improved in comparing of various layout patterns. Keywords：Rectifier, Voltage Multiplier, Modified Dickson voltage multiplier.

碩士
南華大學
環境與藝術研究所
93
The service area is an important installment of national freeway system. That is middle rest stations which make drivers revive their energy. How to plan the service area is already different from the one’s before in different age. Besides be satisfy with what drivers’ physiological demand include reform the way of administration and provide better service function, we must consider that the segment of psychological and the space of multiplicity, in order to provide the value itself. 　 　　This research employs the methods, such as data survey, observation and record, questionnaires, analysis with related theory (Environmental Psychology) to interpret. This research is conducted on Dong-Shan service area (東山服務區) which is characterized by particularness of space patterns, get good appraise on administration, use higher frequency. This research study on behavior pattern on people who are in the service area, it can be the reference for a service area to build. 　　 　The being of service area of national freeway is affording a good place that make drivers feel relax in the short time. And it must care both physiological and psychological. Hence, besides the convenience of the installment and the good service function, the all space form must according by the pattern of relate well between people, activities, and space. Important conclusions of this research are as follows: 1.Besides the consciousness of relaxation coming up, the concept of build, the change of administration and the experience of use also explain the determine of service area is ease instead of function service. 2.In a good space can make activities, then make an atmosphere of ease. Create a friendly atmosphere by the good relation of the people, activities, and space is a good way to relax the tired emotion by driving a long time. 3.This research found out that people are satisfied with the environments, for example the ease、views、the building design and planning; the charge of products is inverse. 4.Esteems original asset, avoid the artificialness: Just like Dong-Shan service area, the nature view of the pagoda tree is the best in users’ mind. The planner should esteems the asset originally, it isn’t make all things artificialize while planning a new space. 5.The gauge of the space and arrange of the path: Create a space form that adapt people’s conatus, it will keep both friendly. Not only the space pattern based on the principle of self-behavior, but also the from the space form: the key point of the space ambiance is control the measure well, a range of a space that connoted the meaning of human-behavior can called a good space. 6.A multiplicity of uses in a space: The service area is a short communication station, people moving fleet become agency, the layout of related area in the future can use this accent well to make a good advertisement. 7.The products: Many users think the charge of products should cheaper for feedback on users. The factor of psychological is very important at the degree of content, and only feed user’s pleasure, it will give a better space for users.

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系
90
Abstract: This research is to study the indoor ventilation efficieny of joined To-Tein Houses in the condition of natural ventilation. Taiwan is an area of high temperature and high humidity; therefore, this study is to investigate the sense of ease of indoor people, ACH value and horizontal ventilatory path on condition that summer outdoor temperature is 29℃ and average wind velocity is 2.84 m/s. Operational variables include staircase layout, rate of openness, and use CFD simulation to acquire the statistics of indoor ventilatory conditon and distrubution of flow field. Moreover, related statistics and propositions will be privided to be reference materials to other designers and users. Conclusions of this study are: 1、 The staircase layout of To-Tein House will affect the indoor ventilatory efficiency and horizonal ventilatory path. The result of this study is that the more the opening is far from the ventilatory path, the more the indoor win-intake efficieny and the ventilation are good. 2、 To a certain extent, the balcony layout variables affect the indoor flow field. The analysis shows that when the rate of front opennes is 75%, the ventilatory efficiency is the best, 44% better when the rate is 100% and 33% better when the rate is 50%. 3、 The explorations of front and back opening variables shows that when the staircase layout is the same, the rate of front openness will affect indoor ventilatory efficiency and ease to a certain degree, the rate of back openness make no remarkable difference. 4、 According to the statistics of CFD simulation, the rate of openness and ACH value are related to a certain degree. The regressive formula is y=0.7564x+2.3542 and the rate of opennes also can be used to predict the ACH value.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
101
This thesis provides general methodologies to construct layout patterns for multiple-device matching with high-order gradient error cancellation capability. With these general methodologies, engineers will have more degrees of freedom for choosing layout pattern according to their innovations and the degree of circuit precision. Shuffled pattern is utilized as the 1st-order layout pattern that ensures common centroid for multiple devices. To achieve higher order gradient cancellation, two practical methodologies called symmetrical mirroring and anti-symmetrical mirroring either in horizontal or vertical direction are proposed. As an example for multiple-device matching, the layout pattern can be easily extended to own up to 4th-order gradient cancellation capability with medium routing complexity. Due to routing cost, complexity and area, doubly mirrored shuffle pattern is recommended since it has 3rd-order gradient cancellation capability and not so complicated routing. In addition, all layout patterns have been verified in mathematical derivations and MATLAB simulations to ensure they have the claimed order of gradient error cancellation. A test chip for 4-resistor matching is implemented in a 0.35 μm TSMC technology. The measured results show that the proposed layout pattern achieve much better matching among devices than conventional ones and the usefulness of these proposed methodologies is thus verified.

碩士
南台科技大學
電子工程系
97
When the chip size shrink, the exposure system on the linewidth of the feature size (Critical Dimension, CD) control is a challenge.Therefore, if the chip can improve the quality of imaging, it can improve the chip characteristics,such as a better mask or wafer yields and better machine productivity. In this paper, under the general literature to explore the quality of analysis of the optical imaging system,Assessment of a mask patterns of the wafer pattenr of the imaging quality of the performance.Mainly to provide back-end layout engineer will have an objective basis to decide whether or not to mask modification of the original pattern, Objective basis and that it is divided into two major parts: one for the variation of lithography, that is to say; the actual imaging and look forward to the differences between imaging.The other is the sensitivity of lithography, to explore its photomask production mainly in the stability of the detection capabilities,In fact; detected in the pattens of layout on the mask linewidth variation as well as the mask to the wafer transfer between the ratio. The core simulation engine in this thesis is the SPLAT ,it application to image quality analysis system on the integration. However, a large quantity of storage is commonly required for System On Chip(SoC),layout have been much greater than the overall size of the scope of optical simulation system.So, the whole chip by optical lithography simulation system is difficult.Therefore, this article will also be mask by partition approach to optical lithography simulation software is limited by the size of the mask.And can be applied to existing back-end integrated circuit layout software, such as Virtuoso / Cadence, Laker / SpringSoft integration software. Imaging analysis system based on the quality of most of the second, this article mainly 6-T SRAM Cell,Programmable Logic Array (PLA) and Isolated/Dense Line.Wafer Pattern separately on the distribution of intensity for lithography variation analysis,According the result of Intensity Profile(IP),Edge Placement Error Factor(EPE),Exposure Latitude (EL) and Mask Error Enhancement Factor(MEEF)developing in this study are 4 subsystem to analyze image accuracy after expourse.

碩士
南台科技大學
電子工程系
98
With the rapid development of semiconductor industry, the nanoscale feature size results in a more complicated IC (Integrated Circuit). The IC manufacturers are still working out the technology of narrower width, high density, and lower cost process for circuit designers. The main obstacle is on the lithography. Not only the limitation on physics but also the interfaces between the process engineers and the circuit designers is changed. That is the DRC rules used before is no longer sufficient to illustrate the requirements of manufacturability on lithography. Unfortunately, for now-a-day circuit design process, a layout design engineer only perform DRC (Design Rule Check) work to verify the topology correctness before the design can be taped out. Because the layout tools they use such as SpringSoft Laker or Cadense Virtuoso can only link with the DRC process. Few of existing EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools can perform the LRC (Lithography Rule Check) whicn can be used to improve the manufacturibility on lithography. Based on this observation, in this thesis we integrae the existing layout tools and the photography simulator SPLAT to provide layout engineers more information about the image quality with respect to the layout system. This system adopts the GDSII stream format which is a de-facto standard as the input format. The SPLAT simulator is used to simulate the aerial image on the wafer of layout patters. Starts on streaming in the GDSII layout file, our system can partition the whole chip layout, flattern the hierarchy representation, decomposition the inregular polygon layout pattern, and transform the GDSII format to SPLAT input format. Throughout our system, the difference of original layout pattern images and developed images can be inspected and the Optical Proximity Effect (OPE) can be further analyzed. Thus the layout engineers can improve their layout pattern and increase the yield based on these information. In this thesis, two circuits, namely a DPLA (Dynamic Programable Logic Array) and a PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) are used for our experiments. The design flow from backend design to photolithograph simulator is successfully demonstrated for these two circuits.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
To minimize the size effect differential from the model test to the full scale test, some of the excavation model tests were carried out by increasing the unit weight of soil with centrifuge force. This research will evaluate the results of 1g model tests carried out on excavations in soft clay by keeping the base stability number of the model test equal to the full scale excavation. 　　The undrained shear strength (Su) of soil used in the model test was reduced according to the size reduction from the prototype. This research will describe how to conduct this model test, determine the undrained shear strength (Su) and Young’s modulus (E) of super soft clay, and evaluate the effects of different ground improvement layouts on the bermed excavations in clay. Test results indicate that the embedment of excavation wall into a stiff layer can significantly reduce the excavation induced ground movement. Different ground improvement layouts generate different effects on ground movement control, and then this research will use FLAC to simulate the model test result. 　　The apparent undrained shear strength and the reduction factor of grout pile reinforced clay is obtained by comparing the amounts of settlement behind the excavation wall between grout pile reinforced soil and 100% ground improved soil. Based on the test results, an empirical equation is proposed to estimate the apparent shear strength of grout pile reinforced clay in terms of unconfined compressive strength of grout piles and undrained shear strength of in-situ clay. The strength of grout pile actually mobilized to enhance the berm stability of an excavation is only a small fraction of its material strength.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
107
Despite that the natural frequency of a building type of structure is clearly affected by various factors including material types, structural layouts, story and building heights, and structural systems as well. Taiwan’s current specifications for seismic design of buildings only provide a simple formula to predict building’s fundamental period solely based on the height of the building. Such simplification leads to rough estimates yet it is apparently inappropriate when applying to indicate more precise referenced values for buildings with various construction layouts, materials and structural characteristics. This thesis work aims to explore the potential factors which affect the natural frequencies of typical terraced-type and apartment-type houses constructed around residential area in Taiwan. Numerical studies of selected building models are carried out using Etabs in which structural dimensions, proportioning and material properties are designated based on realistic data corresponding to typical residential houses. According to the obtained dynamic data, the variation of vibration periods with the selected factors can be acquired and serves as the database for the assessment of the relative significance of each factor in affecting the vibration periods. Consequently, this thesis proposes an effective methodology which can be used to construct period-formulas in a straight-forward format. And the establishment of such period-formulas can potentially provide a useful tool in determining the possible range of the predominant periods/frequencies for the studied structures.

碩士
崑山科技大學
數位生活科技研究所
100
How to judge the quality of poster layout is difficult because every person’s artistic response and appreciation preference is different. Using eye tracking system, this study recorded the eye movements of two groups, one group with art design background, and the other with information technology background. The observed posters are sorted according to four design principles, i.e. contrast, balance, rhythm, and unity. The result of visual preference of observers is analyzed according to the total time of observation, the time of gaze, the average time, and the trajectory of eye movements. According to the questionnaire, personal learning background affects his/her art appreciation. The group with art design background responds more to the posters with balance design principle. The other group with information technology background responds more to the posters with contrast design principle. This study shows that the group with art design background spends much more time on observing the posters. This group prefers to start with general observation, then gazing at specific objects especially pictures. On the other hand, the group with information technology background spends less time on observing the posters. This group prefers general observation and spends more time on words. This study provides the information for poster designers regarding two major design principles that help attract specific group of customers. The first principle is that for customers with art design background, the major design idea should focus on balance of the poster. In order to attract customers of art design background, the poster layout should have special design that express their design ideas more through pictures than words. The second principle is that for customers with information technology background, the major design idea should focus on contrast of the poster. To attract customers, the posters should have clear contents, and its layout should focus on words than pictures. The goal of this study is to provide poster designers the design principle to attract customers with different background and help the different types of customers easily grasp the information of the posters.