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Journal articles on the topic 'Lazzaro Spallanzani'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Fye, W. B. "Lazzaro Spallanzani." Clinical Cardiology 13, no. 11 (November 1990): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960131113.

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2

Monti, Maria Teresa. "Lazzaro Spallanzani on animal respiration." Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 66, no. 177 (July 2016): 417–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.arihs.5.115067.

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3

Ariatti, Annalisa, and Paolo Mandrioli. "Lazzaro spallanzani: A blow against spontaneous generation." Aerobiologia 9, no. 2-3 (December 1993): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02066251.

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4

Ridruejo, Emilio. "EL PRINCIPIO DE SPALLANZANI." Normas 9, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/normas.v9i1.16168.

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El italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 – 1799) es bien conocido como el científico que desmontó las teorías de la generación espontánea. Pero Spallanzani fue también un pionero en el estudio de la regeneración de los seres vivos. En 1768 publicó el Prodromo, una obra sobre reproducción animal, en el que se interesaba también por la regeneración. Spallanzani describió varios tipos de regeneración, la de la cola de la rana y de las extremidades de la salamandra. Antes, en una carta dirigida en 1766 al biólogo suizo Charles Bonnet había descrito también la regeneración de la lombriz, de la babosa o del caracol.
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5

Capanna, Ernesto. "Lazzaro Spallanzani: At the roots of modern biology." Journal of Experimental Zoology 285, no. 3 (October 15, 1999): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19991015)285:3<178::aid-jez2>3.0.co;2-#.

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6

CASTELLANI, CARLO. "UN'EDIZIONE COMPUTERIZZATA DI ALCUNI MANOSCRITTI DI LAZZARO SPALLANZANI." Nuncius 5, no. 2 (1990): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539190x00093.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The author has transcribed the most important manuscripts containing the laboratory notebooks of biological interest of L. Spallanzani. Here we show their importance, content and structure by means of a series of tables which give the location, dates of writing and subject matter of the individual manuscripts (which are kept at the A. Panizzi library in Reggio Emilia). An edition of these manuscripts has been transferred to floppy disc and entrusted to the Florence History of Science Museum. In this article we present the criteria which were followed in the preparation of this edition which can be consulted, after complying with the necessary formalities, at the library itself.
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7

Prestes, Maria Elice Brzezinski, and Frederico Felipe de Almeida Faria. "Lazzaro Spallanzani e os fósseis: das observações em viagens naturalísticas ao ensino de história natural." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 1005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702011000400003.

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Analisa opiniões do naturalista italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani sobre a origem e a constituição dos fósseis por ocasião de três de suas viagens naturalísticas, entremeadas a três cursos de mineralogia da disciplina de história natural que lecionou na Universidade de Pavia. Essas viagens, para Portovenere, ilha Cerigo e Duas Sicílias, permitiram que abordasse temas importantes, como a descoberta de conchas fósseis no interior de rochas vulcânicas, a de fósseis humanos, e a existência de fósseis de espécies que 'se perderam', incorporando conhecimentos que se desenvolviam na época, com base na química mineralógica. Sua preocupação com os fósseis testemunha o modo como, ao estilo do século XVIII, Spallanzani integrava os estudos dos três reinos da natureza.
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8

Grmek, Mirko D. "L'apport des correspondants genevois de Spallanzani à la méthodologie expérimentale." Gesnerus 48, no. 3-4 (November 25, 1991): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0480304005.

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Certains traits de Vceuvre de Lazzaro Spallanzani correspondent aux valeurs principales de la haute bourgeoisie genevoise de son temps. C’est auprès de Charles Bonnet, de Jean Senebier et d’Abraham Trembley que le naturaliste italien a trouvé le meilleur accueil et la plus grande comprehension. La corre-spondance entre ces savants est une source particulièrement riche pour la reconstruction des fondements épistémologiques de la méthodologie experimentale dans les sciences de la vie pendant la seconde moitié du XVIIIs siècle. L’Essai sur l'art d’observer et de faire des experiences dupasteur Senebier est une analyse magistrale et une sorte de long sermon enfaveur d’une méthode de recherche que l'abbé Spallanzani ne prêchait que par l'exemple.
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9

Carvalho, Eduardo C., and Maria E. B. Prestes. "Lazzaro Spallanzani e a geração espontânea: os experimentos e a controvérsia." Revista da Biologia 9, no. 2 (December 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7594/revbio.09.02.01.

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10

Spinazzola, F., E. Nicastri, C. Vlassi, P. Ghirga, M. Marco, S. Pittalis, M. G. Paglia, C. Ferrari, and P. Narciso. "Imported malaria at Italy’s National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 1984–2003." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 26, no. 3 (February 21, 2007): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-007-0266-8.

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11

Böschung, Urs. "Spallanzani, Lazzaro: Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte seconda: Lezioni (voi. primo e secondo); parte terza: Scritti letterari. Supplemento: Carteggi. A cura di Pericle di Pietro. Modena. Enrico Mucchi, 1994." Gesnerus 53, no. 3-4 (November 27, 1996): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0530304046.

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Böschung, Urs. "Spallanzani, Lazzaro: Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte quarta: Opere edite direttaniente dall’autore (volume terzo, 1776-1779, Secondo Supplemente»: Carteggi; volume quarto,17S0). A cura/su progetto di Pericle Di Pietro. Modena, Mucchi, 1998,1999.2 vol. 341,392 p." Gesnerus 57, no. 3-4 (November 27, 2000): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0570304048.

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13

Böschung, Urs. "Spallanzani, Lazzaro: Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte quarta: Opere édité direttamente dall'autore, volume primo (1760-1768); volume secondo (1768-1773), a cura di Pericle Di Pietro. Modena, Mucchi, 1996. 259 p.; 1997. 339 p. Lit. 100000 je Band." Gesnerus 55, no. 3-4 (November 27, 1998): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0550304053.

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14

Ippolito, G., E. Nicastri, M. R. Capobianchi, A. Di Caro, N. Petrosillo, and V. Puro. "Hospital preparedness and management of patients affected by viral haemorrhagic fever or smallpox at the Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute, Italy." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.03.00523-en.

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The US cases of anthrax in 2001 and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak have heightened the need for preparedness and response to naturally emerging and re-emerging infections or deliberately released biological agents. This report describes the response model of the Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani (INMI), Rome, Italy for managing patients suspected of or affected by smallpox or viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) either in the context of an intentional release or natural occurrence. The INMI is Italy’s leading hospital in its preparedness and response plan to bioterrorism-related infectious agents. All single and double rooms of INMI are equipped with negative air pressure, sealed doors, high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and a fully-equipped anteroom; moreover, a dedicated high isolation unit with a laboratory next door for the initial diagnostic assays is available for admission of sporadic patients requiring high isolation. For patient transportation, two fully equipped ambulances and two stretcher isolators with a negative pressure section are available. Biomolecular and traditional diagnostic assays are currently performed in the biosafety level 3/4 (BSL 3/4) laboratories. Continuing education and training of hospital staff, consistent application of infection control practices, and availability of adequate personnel protective equipment are additional resources implemented for the care of highly infectious patients and to maintain the readiness of an appropriately trained workforce to handle large scale outbreaks.
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15

Boschung, Urs. "Spallanzani, Lazzaro: Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte quarta: Opere edite direttamente dall’autore (volume settimo, 1793–1798). Su progetto di Pericle Di Pietro, a cura di Marco Ciardi. Modena, Mucchi, 2005. 254 p. I 55.–. ISBN 88-7000-315-9." Gesnerus 63, no. 3-4 (November 3, 2006): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0630304038.

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16

Falasca, Laura, Roberta Nardacci, Daniele Colombo, Eleonora Lalle, Antonino Di Caro, Emanuele Nicastri, Andrea Antinori, et al. "Postmortem Findings in Italian Patients With COVID-19: A Descriptive Full Autopsy Study of Cases With and Without Comorbidities." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 1807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa578.

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Abstract Background Descriptions of the pathological features of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel zoonotic pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emanate from tissue biopsies, case reports, and small postmortem studies restricted to the lung and specific organs. Whole-body autopsy studies of COVID-19 patients have been sparse. Methods To further define the pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 across all body organs, we performed autopsies on 22 patients with COVID-19 (18 with comorbidities and 4 without comorbidities) who died at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS Hospital, Rome, Italy. Tissues from the lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow (but not the brain) were examined. Only lung tissues were subject to transmission electron microscopy. Results COVID-19 caused multisystem pathology. Pulmonary and cardiovascular involvement were dominant pathological features. Extrapulmonary manifestations included hepatic, kidney, splenic, and bone marrow involvement, and microvascular injury and thrombosis were also detected. These findings were similar in patients with or without preexisting medical comorbidities. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 infection causes multisystem disease and significant pathology in most organs in patients with and without comorbidities.
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17

Monti, Maria Teresa. "Capuano, Fabrizia; Manzini, Paola (eds.): La «Mal-Aria» di Lazzaro. Spallanzani e la respirabilità delParia nel Settecento. Firenze, Olschki, 1996. 180 p. III. (Biblioteca di storia della scienza, 40; Centro Studi «Lazzaro Spallanzani» di Scandiano, Saggi, 3). Lit. 38 000. ISBN 88-222-4448-6." Gesnerus 55, no. 1-2 (November 27, 1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0550102014.

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18

Silva, Severiano R., and James R. Stouffer. "Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp523-535.

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Resumo O desafio de saber qual a composição de um animal vivo tem sido perseguido de forma incessante desde os anos 50 do século XX. Ao longo deste tempo, diversas técnicas têm sido testadas como comprovam os numerosos trabalhos científicos sobre o tema nas principais revistas de ciência animal. O objetivo central destes trabalhos é a obtenção in vivo de informação sobre características relacionadas com a carcaça e com a qualidade da carne. As técnicas que empregam ultrassons estão entre as que mais sucesso apresentam. Há ao longo da história vários marcos que são pilares no desenvolvimento dos ultrassons. No século XVIII, o padre e biólogo Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigado com a capacidade de orientação noturna dos morcegos, descobriu a ecolocalização. Em 1880, os irmãos Curie apresentaram as propriedades piezelétricas de determinados cristais. Mais tarde durante e entre as duas grandes guerras mundiais ocorreram inúmeros desenvolvimentos tecnológicos no campo militar, mas também no campo médico relacionados com ultrassons. Durante a década de 50 foram apresentadas utilizações de ultrassons com imagem. Quase simultaneamente a primeira utilização em animais foi realizada em 1956 nos EUA. Desde então ocorreram enormes desenvolvimentos quer nos equipamentos de ultrassons, quer nas imagens e na sua análise. Atualmente os ultrassons são uma ferramenta precisa e objetiva que apresenta um papel relevante para avaliar in vivo características da carcaça e de qualidade da carne de ovinos, suínos e bovinos.Palavras-chave: história, ultrassons, ciência animal, carcaça, qualidade da carne Abstract The challenge of knowing the composition of a living animal has been pursued incessantly since the 1950s. Throughout this time, several techniques have been tested as evidenced by the numerous scientific articles found on the subject in the leading animal science journals. The primary objective of this work is obtaining information in vivo on characteristics related to carcass and meat quality. The techniques that employ ultrasound are among the most successful. Throughout history, several milestones have been found in the development of ultrasound. In the eighteenth century, priest and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigued by the nocturnal ability of bats, discovered echolocation. In 1880 the Curie brothers presented the piezoelectric properties of certain crystals. Later during and between the two world wars, numerous ultrasound technological developments occurred in the military field but also the medical field. Ultrasound with imaging was presented during the 1950s. The application of ultrasound to animals has had a very close relationship to medical applications, and almost simultaneously the first use in animals was held in 1956 in the USA. Since then, there have been enormous developments in both the ultrasound equipment and the images and their analysis. Ultrasound is currently an accurate and objective tool that has a relevant role in evaluating in vivo carcass characteristics and meat quality in the main farm species (cattle, swine, goat, sheep and poultry) and fish. Keywords: history, ultrasound, animal science, carcass, meat
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Böschung, Urs. "Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle opera di Lazzaro Spallanzani, parte prima Carteggi, a cura di Pericle di Pietro. Modena, Enrico Mucehi, editore; Bd. 9, 369 S., 1988, Bd. 10, 282 S., 1988, Bd. 11, 303 S., 1989, Bd. 12, 264 S., 1990; jeder Band Lit.80000 (keine ISBN)." Gesnerus 50, no. 3-4 (November 25, 1993): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0500304047.

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Boschung, Urs. "Spallanzani, Lazzaro: Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte quinta: Opere edite non direttamente dall’autore (volume primo, Storia naturale del mare, Rimini, 1782 – Chioggia, 1784). A cura di Paola Manzini e Paolo Tongiorgi. Modena, Mucchi, 2000. 143 p., 50 tav. I 52.–. ISBN 88-7000-337-X." Gesnerus 61, no. 1-2 (November 3, 2004): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0610102037.

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21

Duchesneau, François. "Giuseppe Ongaro (editor), Leopoldo M.A. Caldani, Lazzaro Spallanzani. Carteggio (1768–98), Milan, Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino-La Goliardica, 1982, 8vo, pp. 419, illus., L.25.000 (paperback)." Medical History 29, no. 3 (July 1985): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300044495.

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BERETTA, MARCO. "LAZZARO SPALLANZANI, Edizione Nazionale delle opere. Parte seconda: Lezioni, a cura di Pericle Di Pietro, Modena, E. Mucchi, 1994, 2 voll., 353+323 pp., Ill." Nuncius 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058796x00235.

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BERETTA, MARCO. "LAZZARO SPALLANZANI, Edizione Nazionale delle opere. Parte seconda: Lezioni, a cura di Pericle Di Pietro, Modena, E. Mucchi, 1994, 2 voll., 353+323 pp., Ill." Nuncius 11, no. 2 (1996): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539196x00231.

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Bertoli, Giulia, Marco Mannazzu, Giordano Madeddu, Riccardo Are, Alberto Muredda, Sergio Babudieri, Giovanna Calia, et al. "Ebola virus disease: Case management in the Institute of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 05 (May 31, 2016): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8203.

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Since the onset of the worst epidemic of Ebola virus disease in December 2013, 28,637 cases were reported as confirmed, probable, or suspected. Since the week of 3 January 2016, no more cases have been reported. The total number of deaths have amounted to 11,315 (39.5%). In developed countries, seven cases have been diagnosed: four in the United States, one in Spain, one in the United Kingdom, and one in Italy. On 20 July 2015, Italy was declared Ebola-free. On 9 May 2015, an Italian health worker came back to Italy after a long stay in Sierra Leone working for a non-governmental organization. Forty-eight hours after his arrival, he noticed headache, weakness, muscle pains, and slight fever. The following day, he was safely transported to the Infectious Diseases Unit of University Hospital of Sassari. The patient was hospitalized for 19 hours until an Italian Air Force medical division transferred him to Rome, to the Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute. Nineteen people who had contacts with the patient were monitored daily for 21 days by the Public Health Office of Sassari and none presented any symptoms. So far, neither vaccine nor treatment is available to be proposed on an international scale. Ebola is considered a re-emerging infectious disease which, unlike in the past, has been a worldwide emergency. This case study aimed to establish a discussion about the operative and logistic difficulties to be faced and about the discrepancy arising when protocols clash with the reality of facts.
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BERNARDI, WALTER. "LAZZARO SPALLANZANI, I Giornali delle Sperienze e Osservazioni, a cura di C. Castellani, Firenze, Giunti, 1994, voll. 5 in 6 tt. («Biblioteca della Scienza Italiana», 1)." Nuncius 9, no. 2 (1994): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539184x01198.

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Puro, Vincenzo, Francesco M. Fusco, Antonella Petrecchia, Silvia Pittalis, Mario Antonini, Licia Bordi, Eleonora Lalle, et al. "Sampling Surfaces for Ebola Virus Persistence After Cleaning Procedures in High-Level Isolation Settings: The Experience With 2 Patients at the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 6 (March 10, 2016): 723–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.46.

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BERETTA, MARCO. "PERICLE Di PIETRO (a cura di), Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte Quarta. Opere edite direttamente dall'Autore. Vol. 1 (1760-1768), Modena, Mucchi Editore, 1996, 259 pp. 111." Nuncius 12, no. 2 (1997): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539197x01400.

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Ferri, Sabrina. "Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Hybrid Ruins: A Scientist at Serapis and Troy." Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 43, no. 1 (2014): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sec.2014.0011.

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BERETTA, MARCO. "PERICLE Di PIETRO (a cura di), Edizione nazionale delle opere di Lazzaro Spallanzani. Parte Quarta. Opere edite direttamente dall'Autore. Vol. 1 (1760-1768), Modena, Mucchi Editore, 1996, 259 pp. 111." Nuncius 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058797x01404.

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MAZZOLINI, RENATO G. "LAZZARO SPALLANZANI, Edizione nazionale delle opere. Parte prima Carteggi, vol. I, Carteggi con Abboretti ... Bondi, a cura di Pericle Di Pietro, Modena, Enrico Mucchi Editore 1984; vol. II, Carteggio con Charles Bonnet ..., 1984; vol. III, Carteggi con Borbone ... Comino ..., 1985; vol. IV, Carteggi con Comparetti ... Fortis ..., 1985; vol. V, Carteggi con Fossombroni ... Lucchesini ..., 1985." Nuncius 2, no. 1 (1987): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539177x00962.

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Böschung, Urs. "Lazzaro Spallanzani, Edizione nazionale delle Opere, Parte prima: Carteggi, a cura di Perifele di Pietro, Enrico Mucchi Editore, Modena; Bd.l (Abbo- retti-Bondi) 1984, 246 S.; Bd.2 (Bonnet) 1984, 519 S.; Bd.3 (Bor- bone Confino) 1985, 434 S.; Bd.4 (Comparetti-Fortis) 1985,453 S.; Bd.5 (Fossombroni—Luechesini) 1985, 448 S.; Bd.6 (Lucchesini—Quirini) 1986, 320 S.; Bd.7 (Raimbert-Segre) 1987, 355 S.; Bd.8 (J.Senebier) 1987,469 S." Gesnerus 46, no. 1-2 (November 23, 1989): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0460102041.

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Bols, P. E. J., and H. F. M. De porte. "‘Le jumart’: myth or mystery in animal reproduction?" Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 85, no. 4 (August 29, 2016): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v85i4.16334.

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There was a time when science still had to ‘hatch’. An era during which man often extrapolated existing knowledge to a level beyond reality. That period is not as far behind us as we would like to believe. Breeding of animals has always stimulated man’s fantasy. Out of this, a very interesting myth - or is it a mystery? - was born: the existence of a hybrid between horse and cow, ‘Le Jumart’. On top of the very well-known hybrids between horses and donkeys, the French ‘capitaine des haras’ Francois Alexandre de Garsault (1692-1778) describes the procedure of how to create a hybrid between a cow and a horse in his widespread and well known ‘Nouveau Parfait Maréchal’, first published in 1741. In depth research showed that he was far from being the only one who believed in the existence of such a crossover species. Other well-respected contemporary scientists even dedicate chapters in their textbooks on this animal, such as the French naturalist and medical doctor Jean-Pierre Buchoz (1731-1807) in his ‘Traité Economique et Physique de Gros Menu Bétail’ published in 1778. Even opinion leaders Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and Lazzarro Spallanzani (1729-99) were convinced that these animals really roamed around in France during the 18th century. Finally, even the founder of the first ‘Ecole Vétérinaire’ in the world, Claude Bourgelat (1712-1779) testified in a letter to Bonnet to have admired the product of a stallion and a cow with his own eyes. Fortunately, the debate could count on important disbelievers as well, with Albrecht von Haller taking the lead by publishing a paper in the ‘Supplément à l’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et Métiers’ (1777), in which he calls the existence of the Jumart a ‘fable’. It would take another century for André Suchetet (1849-1910) to publish an ‘Extrait des Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France’ with the title ‘La Fable des Jumarts’ (1889). Extremely interested in hybridization, this 19th century politician and member of several scientific societies, faces the challenge to finally steer the scientific community to a general conclusion on this enigma. This paper describes in a chronological order the rise and fall of one of the most intriguing ‘fabula’ in reproductive medicine and how it took emerging modern science about 200 years to decide on ‘myth’ or ‘mystery’.
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Bozzini, Giorgio, Mauro Seveso, Pietro Bono, Oliviero De Francesco, Alberto Mandressi, and Gianluigi Taverna. "FRII-03 LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799): THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION EXPERIMENTS." Journal of Urology 195, no. 4S (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2924.

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Cani, Valentina. "GLI STUDI DI ALDO PERRONCITO SULLA RIGENERAZIONE DEL NERVO PERIFERICO." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Rendiconti di Scienze, January 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/scie.2015.585.

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Animal regeneration was a major subject of investigation in the 18th century Europe. Lazzaro Spallanzani was one of the most active experimenters, he was able to demonstrate the regenerative abilities of many invertebrates and even some vertebrates. At the beginning of the 20th century in the General Pathology laboratory of the University of Pavia directed by Camillo Golgi, a young researcher, Aldo Perroncito, succeeded for the first time in understanding and describing the process of regeneration of peripheral nerves after experimental cut. His research had a great impact also for the subsequent surgical applications. Perroncito’s studies paved the way for the first attempts at operations on patients wounded during the World War I for the functional restoration of the injured nerves conducted by the University of Pavia graduated medical doctors Giovanni Verga and Guido Sala.
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35

"The Spallanzani Symposium University of Pavia Italy 30 September to 1 October 1999." Zygote 8, no. 1 (February 2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400000769.

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Two centuries ago, Lazzaro Spallanzani, a Professor of Natural Sciences at the University of Pavia, revolutionised the field of reproduction by artificially inseminating a female poodle that subsequently gave birth to pups. This experiment was the first step in manipulating gametes outside the body and paved the way to present-day in vitro techniques used in human and animal fertilisation. As part of the bicentennial celebrations of the death of Spallanzani the Laboratory of Developmental Biology of the University of Pavia, led by Professors Carlo Redi, Silvia Garagna and Maurizio Zuccotti, organised a meeting where leaders in the field of reproduction discussed the most important advances made this century. Lectures were given by R. Schmid, C. Redi, E. Capanna, W. Hilscher, M. Handel, R. Yanagimachi, R. Dallai, B. Dale, A. Byskov, E. Topfer-Peterson, P. Wassarman, K. Swann, R. Schultz, K. Campbell and E. Fox Keller.On this occasion, in recognition of 35 years of highly innovative and productive research, the North American Editor for Zygote, Ryuzo Yanagimachi, was awarded The Laurea Honoris Causa by the University of Pavia. Yana's studies have had an undisputable impact on both basic research and its application to biomedicine, and range from the first in vitro fertilisation with capacitated sperm and the first intracytoplasmic sperm injection to the successful cloning of mice using cumulus cell nuclei. Congratulations from all at Zygote to Yana.
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36

PIANURA, Elisa, Federica DI STEFANO, Massimo CRISTOFARO, Ada PETRONE, Fabrizio ALBARELLO, Nicoletta FUSCO, Paolo CAMPIONI, and Vincenzo SCHININÀ. "COVID-19: a review of the literature and the experience of INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani two months after the epidemic outbreak." Journal of Radiological Review 7, no. 3 (June 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/s2723-9284.20.00022-4.

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37

Thomas, T., and V. Puro. "Towards a standard HIV post exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers in Europe." Weekly releases (1997–2007) 6, no. 34 (August 22, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esw.06.34.01867-en.

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The transmission of HIV from patient to healthcare worker in an occupational setting was first documented in 1984 (1). In countries that have surveillance and HIV testing systems to recognise occupationally acquired cases, over 100 cases of HIV transmission after an occupational exposure were reported worldwide up to June 1999 (2). Antiretroviral drugs are used for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and zidovudine alone is said to reduce transmission of HIV by 81% (3), but failures of PEP have been documented (4). The European Commission has recently funded a project to develop guidelines for the standardised management of occupational exposures to HIV/bloodborne infections and evaluation of PEP in Europe. The EuRoPEP (European Registry of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) project is coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, and involves a group of expert representatives from Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The group presented two abstracts at the XIV International AIDS Conference in Barcelona, Spain (7-12 July 2002, http://www.aids2002.com/). The first assessed current policies and practice for the management of occupational exposures and PEP (5); the second aimed to provide a set of recommendations based on a review of national management strategies as discussed during a consensus meeting (6), and copies are available on request: (irapep@inmi.it).
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38

Katz, A., O. Karvonen, A. Di Caro, F. Vairo, G. Ippolito, R. Grunow, D. Jacob, and M. Salminen. "SHARP Joint Action – Strengthening International Health Regulations and preparedness in the EU." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.606.

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Abstract Although the preparedness to health emergencies of biological, chemical, environmental and unknown origin across the Europe is at high level, gaps do exist across the EU Member States and European countries. The previous coronavirus epidemic, SARS in 2002, showed that countries responded largely individually to this emerging threat. EU wide, joint responses were not taken. SARS epidemic showed that strengthening of the common EU efforts was needed. Many actions were taken, and since 2013 the European Commission Decision 1082/2013/EU on serious cross-border threats to health has provided a framework to improve preparedness and to strengthen the response capacities in Europe to health threats. SHARP Joint Action is a 3-year collaborative action of 26 countries and 61 partners, co-funded by the EC and coordinated by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, and co-coordinated by Robert Koch Institute, Germany and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italy. SHARP started it's actions in June 2019, and it aims to strengthen implementation of the International Health Regulations (IHR) and the Decision 1082/2013/EU. SHARP consists of ten work packages covering core public health capacities, including: IHR core capacity strengthening and assessment, preparedness and response planning, training, laboratory preparedness and responsiveness, chemical safety and threats, and case management, infection prevention and control preparedness. Through this cross-sectoral approach, SHARP supports the Member States and partner countries in strengthening their capacities. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, SHARP has also supported the EC and the Member States, and especially work packages for laboratory preparedness and responsiveness (WP7) and for case management and infection prevention and control preparedness (WP10) were activated. The activities regarding laboratory preparedness and response have been coordinated with the ECDC. Key messages SHARP Joint Action strengthens the implementation of Decision 1082/2013/EU on serious cross-border threats to health and the implementation of International Health Regulations in the EU. SHARP improves preparedness and response to serious cross-border threats to health, and resilience of the health systems at national, EU and regional level.
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Ishiyama Cervantes, Raúl. "Los jóvenes y la investigación científica." Revista Experiencia en Medicina del Hospital Regional Lambayeque 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.37065/rem.v5i2.343.

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Puede ser un excelente ingeniero que realiza construcciones espectaculares, economista de una destacada empresa, cirujano que opera diariamente; todos muy apreciados. Si no publican sus experiencias o sus investigaciones, serán técnicos cada vez más especializados por la rutina diaria, sus conocimientos se irán con ellos. En el país faltan investigadores, las instituciones responsables de formarlos cada una tiene su propio programa. No existe un organismo que estimule la promoción con cursos sencillos con prácticas. (1) Algunos que no han publicado, creen que los nuevos se formaran con cursos teóricos complicados sin prácticas y con reglamentos propios. Los países desarrollados lograron ser potencias gracias al aporte de sus investigadores, quienes, inmediatamente obtienen resultados los publican para ser utilizados por sus pares. Para estimular a los niños y jóvenes hacia la ciencia y la investigación científica, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (Concytec) estableció la Feria Escolar de Ciencia y Tecnología (Fencyt) En el pasado en el Concytec se dictaban cursos para los promotores escolares de todo el país, con lenguaje sencillo sobre la feria, como encontrar temas originales y como desarrollarlas siguiendo el estándar de la investigación; así como sobre el Club Escolar de Ciencias que fue dejado de lado. La Feria Escolar es una de las Actividades Científicas Extraescolares que se inició en los años sesenta del siglo pasado, las otras son: el Congreso Científico Juvenil, el Club Escolar de Ciencias, el Concurso Científico Juvenil, la Visita Guiada y Excursión, la Olimpiada Científica y el Campamento Científico. (2) Los jóvenes que ingresan a la universidad ansiosos de ser investigadores, se enfrentan con cursos teóricos tediosos sin prácticas, obligados a memorizar la serie de definiciones y reglas con la finalidad de rendir un buen examen. Les muestran que iniciarse en la investigación es complicado; lo que no es cierto, investigar es un proceso sencillo similar a como lo hicieron los pioneros. (3) Se incentiva con cursos prácticos desde los primeros años universitarios, siguiendo los estándares por sobre los diseñados al buen entender de cada profesor de metodología de la investigación, algunos lo hacen de acuerdo al texto de su autor preferido. Iniciarse en la investigación científica es un proceso sencillo. El joven interesado en iniciarse en la investigación debe buscar un tema original que se encuentra en el ambiente o en los artículos sobre el tema elegido. Cuando es el caso, el autor del artículo en la sección discusión, informa sobre algún punto de la investigación no pudo realizar, el lector lo puede continuar. Luego debe diseñar el proyecto con las partes que se encuentra en Pautas para la Publicación de Artículos Científicos, es un formato sencillo, sirve para poder desarrollar la investigación en forma ordenada; el proyecto es prescindible cuando finaliza el trabajo. (4) Se procede a investigar anotando hasta el mínimo detalle en el cuaderno de campo. Terminada la investigación experimental, se escribe el artículo ordenando la información del cuaderno de campo. El cuerpo del artículo experimental consta de: Introducción, Materiales y métodos, Resultado y Discusión (IMRyD) (4) Para evitar estar corrigiendo y re corrigiendo el artículo existe un formato que permite redactar de corrido. Primero se escribe material y métodos se continúa con resultados, discusión, introducción, referencias bibliográficas, resumen, agradecimientos, autor, afiliación, al final el título. (5) Luego se ordena acuerdo al orden que ha establecido la revista y se tiene el artículo. Así de sencillo. Existe experiencias de cursos prácticos en donde, como producto final los estudiantes presentan un artículo experimental, no deben ser más de 30 alumnos quienes trabajan en grupos de dos, el profesor semanalmente recibe 15 avances para revisar, corregir y sugerir y, devolverlos de inmediato. (5) Para otros es más fácil dictar y tomar examen para cumplir con la tarea. Ningún deportista llegó ser figura destacada aprendiendo de memoria los reglamentos de la especialidad. Llegaron a la cima practicando, similar a como lo hicieron los pioneros de la investigación como Lazzaro Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch y otros (3) El hincha puede saber de memoria el reglamento de futbol, pero quien mete los goles es el futbolista gracias a sus habilidades logradas con la práctica. Algunos teóricos manifiestan que para que el país prospere, el investigador debe de ser de calidad, ¿cómo se califica esa calidad?, ¿existe una tabla del uno al 20 para calificar la calidad de las investigaciones?, la ciencia no es subjetiva. El investigador nobel no se debe esforzar por estar en el sumun de la calidad, ya llegará a ella con la práctica; se debe iniciar con investigaciones sencillas; debe ser preparado para obtener soluciones a los problemas peruanos y publicarlas en revistas peruanas para que lo lean los peruanos. Las revistas de impacto difícilmente se encuentran en las bibliotecas. Viviendo en un mundo globalizado, los resultados de las investigaciones se deben publicar hablando un mismo lenguaje científico. Cuando un joven asiste a un evento científico y ve posters exhibidos al buen entender de cada autor, se siente confundido al comprobar que no hay uniformidad en la presentación. Sin investigación no hay publicación. Anualmente se realizan congresos, foros, encuentros científicos y otros, en donde se presentan numerosas “investigaciones” que son aceptadas con un resumen; ¿dónde están publicados esos cientos de trabajos? Si no se publican no existen, la gloria fue durante los días del evento y, hasta la siguiente convocatoria. Algunos resúmenes se inventan, esas “investigaciones” no se publica porque no existe el extenso. Al niño que ingresa al nido se le apresta practicando juegos a su nivel, al alumno que ingresa a la universidad se le debe aprestar en la investigación en forma práctica, no esperar que esté en los últimos años para dictarle cursos teóricos complejos siendo la investigación un proceso práctico. Es meritorio llegar a Scopus, para eso se requiere cumplir una serie de exigencias, antes, es imprescindible un semillero de investigadores con programas uniformes, no se llaga al top con cursos propios de cada institución.
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40

Aricò, Eleonora, Luciano Castiello, Laura Bracci, Francesca Urbani, Flavia Lombardo, Ilaria Bacigalupo, Antonio Ancidoni, et al. "Antiviral and immunomodulatory interferon-beta in high-risk COVID-19 patients: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." Trials 22, no. 1 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05367-6.

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Abstract Objectives The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate the efficacy of low-dose IFN-β in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 recently infected elderly patients to progress towards severe COVID-19 versus control group within 28 days. Secondary objectives are: To assess the reduction in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission in patients treated with IFN-β versus control group within 28 days of randomization To assess the reduction in number of deaths in IFN- β compared to control group (day 28) To evaluate the increase in proportion of participants returning to negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in IFN-β -treated versus control group at Day 14 and Day 28 To assess the increase in SARS-CoV-2-specific binding antibody titers in IFN-β compared to control group (day 28) To assess the safety of IFN-β -treated patients versus control group Trial design Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled, Superiority Phase II Study. Patients, who satisfy all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria, will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups in a ratio 2:1 (IFN-treated versus control patients). Randomization will be stratified by gender. Stratified randomization will balance the presence of male and female in both study arms. Participants Male and female adults aged 65 years or older with newly diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild COVID-19 symptoms are eligible for the study. The trial is being conducted in Rome. Participants will be either hospitalized or home isolated. A group of physicians belonging to the Special Unit for Regional Continued Care (USCAR), specifically trained for the study and under the supervision of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, will be responsible for the screening, enrolment, treatment and clinical monitoring of patients, thus acting as a bridge between clinical centers and territorial health management. Inclusion criteria are as follows: ≥ 65 years of age at time of enrolment; Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by PCR, in any specimen < 72 hours prior to randomization; Subject (or legally authorized representative) provides written informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures; Understands and agrees to comply with planned study procedures; Agrees to the collection of nasopharyngeal swabs and venous blood samples per protocol; Being symptomatic for less than 7 days before starting therapy; NEWS2 score ≤2. Exclusion criteria are as follows: Hospitalized patients with illness of any duration, and at least one of the following: Clinical assessment (evidence of rales/crackles on exam) and SpO2 ≤ 94% on room air at rest or after walking test, OR Acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and/or supplemental oxygen; Patients currently using IFN-β (e.g., multiple sclerosis patients); Patients undergoing chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive treatments; Patients with chronic kidney diseases; Known allergy or hypersensitivity to IFN (including asthma); Any autoimmune disease (resulting from patient anamnesis); Patients with signs of dementia or neurocognitive disorders; Patients with current severe depression and/or suicidal ideations; Being concurrently involved in another clinical trial; HIV infection (based on the anamnesis); Use of any antiretroviral medication; Impaired renal function (eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI Creatinine equation < 30 ml/min); Presence of other severe diseases impairing life expectancy (e.g. patients are not expected to survive 28 days given their pre-existing medical condition); Any physical or psychological impediment in a patient that could let the investigator to suspect his/her poor compliance; Lack or withdrawal of informed consent Intervention and comparator Control arm: No specific antiviral treatment besides standard of care. Treatment arm: 11μg (3MIU) of IFN-β1a will be injected subcutaneously at day 1, 3, 7, and 10 in addition to standard of care. The drug solution, contained in a pre-filled cartridge, will be injected by means of the RebiSmart® electronic injection device. Interferon β1a (Rebif®, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) is a disease-modifying drug used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The dose selected for this study is expected to exploit the antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of the cytokine without causing relevant toxicity or inducing refractoriness phenomena sometimes observed after high-dose and/or chronic IFNβ treatments. Main outcomes Primary endpoint of the study is the proportion of patients experiencing a disease progression, during at least 5 days, according to the National Early Warning Score (NEWS2). The NEWS2 score is a standardized approach aimed at promptly detecting signs of clinical deterioration in acutely ill patients and establishing the potential need for higher level of care. It is based on the evaluation of vital signs, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, blood pressure, pulse/heart rate, AVPU response. The resulting observations, compared to a normal range, are combined in a single composite “alarm” score. Any other clinical sign clearly indicating a disease worsening will be considered as disease progression. Randomization Sixty patients will be randomized 2:1 to receive IFN-β1a plus the standard of care or the standard of care only. Eligible patients will be randomized (no later than 36 h after enrolment) by means of a computerized central randomization system. All patients will receive a unique patient identification number at enrolling visit when signing the informed consent and before any study procedure is performed. This number remains constant throughout the entire study. The randomization of patients will be closed when 60 patients have been enrolled. The randomization will be stratified by sex; for each stratum a sequence of treatments randomly permuted in blocks of variable length (3 or 6) will be generated. Blinding (masking) This is an open-label study. After the randomization, patients will be notified whether they will be in the experimental arm or in the control arm. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) The study plans to enrol 60 patients: 40 in the IFN-β1a arm, 20 in the control arm, according to a 2:1 - treated: untreated ratio. Trial Status Protocol Version: 3.0 Version Date: 18/03/2021 The study is open for recruitment since 16/04/2021.Recruitment is expected to l be completed before 15/08/2021. Trial registration EudraCT N°: 2020-003872-42, registration date: 19/10/2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.”
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