Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LCA, life cycle assessment, LCC, life cycle cost'

Nel seguente lavoro è stata sviluppata una analisi ambientale ed economica del ciclo di vita del pellet, realizzato con scarti agricoli dalle potature degli uliveti. L’obiettivo di tale lavoro è dimostrare se effettivamente l’utilizzo del pellet apporti vantaggi sia dal punto di vista ambientale sia da quello economico. In tale progetto si sviluppano quindi un LCA, Life cycle analysis, e un LCC, Life Cycle Cost, secondo gli steps standard suggeriti da tali metodologie. Per effettuare l’analisi del ciclo di vita è stato utilizzato il software Simapro che ha permesso di valutare gli impatti ambientali sulle varie categorie di impatto incluse. In particolare sono stati considerati due metodologie, una midpoint ed una endpoint, ossia l’Ecoindicator 99 e il CML2 baseline 2000. Per le valutazioni finali è stata poi utilizzata la normativa spagnola sugli impatti ambientali, BOE 21/2013 del 9 dicembre, che ci ha permesso di caraterizzare le varie categorie d’impatto facendo emergere quelle più impattate e quelle meno impattate. I risultati finali hanno mostrato che la maggior parte degli impatti sono di tipo compatibile e moderato; pochi, invece, sono gli impatti severi e compatibili, che si riscontrano soprattutto nella categoria d’impatto “Fossil Fuels”. Per quanto riguarda invece l’analisi economica, si è proceduto effettuando una valutazione iniziale fatta su tutto il processo produttivo considerato, poi una valutazione dal punto di vista del produttore attraverso una valutazione dell’investimento ed infine, una valutazione dal punto di vista del cliente finale. Da queste valutazioni è emerso che ciò risulta conveniente dal punto di vista economico non solo per il produttore ma anche per l’utente finale. Per il primo perché dopo i primi due anni di esercizio recupera l’investimento iniziale iniziando ad avere un guadagno; e per il secondo, poiché il prezzo del pellet è inferiore a quello del metano. Quindi, in conclusione, salvo cambiamenti in ambito normativo ed economico, l’utilizzo del pellet realizzato da scarti di potature di uliveti risulta essere una buona soluzione per realizzare energia termica sia dal punto di vista ambientale, essendo il pellet una biomassa il cui ciclo produttivo non impatta severamente sull’ambiente; sia dal punto di vista economico permettendo al produttore introiti nell’arco del breve tempo e favorendo al cliente finale un risparmio di denaro sulla bolletta.

Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår.
Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.

Syfte: En betydande del av Sveriges totala växthusgaser kommer ifrån bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Då livscykelperspektivet är ett högaktuellt ämne är det intressant att implementera LCA i bygg- och fastighetsbranschen och genomföra en analys på de isoleringsmaterial som anses vara de traditionella inom branschen. För att resultatet av LCA ska vara applicerbart för företag i branschen är det också av intresse att veta hur LCC skiljer sig mellan de jämförda isoleringsmaterialen. För att resultatet ska vara lätt att identifiera är en sammanställning av kostnad i kontrast till koldioxidutsläpp av intresse. Målet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om olika isoleringsmaterials miljöpåverkan utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv. Likaså att se hur stor skillnad det blir i kostnad mellan isoleringsmaterial med mer eller mindre koldioxidutsläpp, där en förutsättning är att U-värdet är detsamma för de jämförda materialen. Metod: De vetenskapliga metoderna för studien har varit litteraturstudie, fallstudie och dokumentanalys. Som komplement till dessa har beräkningar, livscykelanalyser och livscykelkostnadsanalyser genomförts. Resultat: Lösull av cellulosa minskar koldioxidutsläppet för isoleringen i vindsbjälklag med 94,6 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 30 procent jämfört med stenull. En skiva av cellulosa minskar koldioxidutsläppet för isoleringen i yttervägg med 94,4 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 7 procent jämfört med stenull. En bottenplatta av cellglas minskar koldioxidutsläppen med 65,1 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 55,2 procent jämfört med en bottenplatta av cellplast och betong. Konsekvenser: • Isolering av cellulosa har ett betydligt lägre koldioxidutsläpp än stenull. • Livscykelkostnad för cellulosa är något högre än för stenull. • Utifrån denna studie rekommenderas att prioritera miljö framför kostnad och därför använda cellulosa som isolering i byggnader. • Cellglas är ett miljömässigt hållbart alternativ till cellplast och betong vid grundläggning. • Cellglas har en högre livscykelkostnad än cellplast och betong vid grundläggning. • Utifrån denna studie rekommenderas att prioritera miljö framför kostnad och därför överväga att använda cellglas vid grundläggning av byggnader. Begränsningar: Undersökningen har inte tagit hänsyn till transporter av material. Livscykelanalyserna är gjorda på 1 m2 material med en bestämd tjocklek. Endast två isoleringsalternativ per byggnadsdel har jämförts och hänsyn till materialens fukt-, ljud och brandegenskaper har inte beaktats. Studien är kvantitativ.
Purpose: A big part of the greenhouse gases from Sweden comes from the construction and real estate sector. Since the life cycle perspective is a high currant subject it is interesting to implement LCA to the building industry and perform such an analysis on the insulation materials that are traditionally used in the building industry. To make the result of the LCA applicable for companies in the industry it is also of interest to know how the LCC differs between the compared insulation materials. For the result to be easy to identify it is necessary to make a compilation of the cost in contrast to the carbon dioxide emissions. The goal of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the environmental impact from a life cycle perspective of different insulation materials. As well to see how the cost might change between different insulation materials with more or less carbon dioxide emissions, where a presumption is that the U-value is the same for the compared materials. Method: The scientific methods for the study have been literature study, case study and document analysis. As a complement, calculations, life cycle assessments and life cycle cost analysis have been made. Findings: Loose fill insulation of cellulose reduces the carbon dioxide emissions for insulation in the attic with 94,6 percent to a cost increase of 30 percent compared to stone wool. A board of cellulose reduces the carbon dioxide emissions for insulation in the external wall with 94,4 percent to a cost increase of 7 percent compared to stone wool. A foundation with foamglas reduces the carbon dioxide emissions with 65,1 percent to a cost increase of 55,2 percent compared to a foundation of EPS and concrete. Implications: • Insulation of cellulose have much lower carbon dioxide emissions than stone wool. • Life cycle cost for cellulose are a bit higher than for stone wool. • From this study the recommendation is to prioritize the environment above the cost and therefor use cellulose as insulation in buildings. • Foamglas is a more sustainable alternative to EPS and concrete for foundations. • Foamglas have a higher life cycle cost than EPS and concrete for foundations. • From this study the recommendation is to prioritize the environment above the cost and therefore consider to use foamglas for foundations. Limitations: The study has not included transportations of the materials. The life cycle assessments are made on 1 m2 of material with a fixed thickness. Only two insulation materials in each building part have been analyzed and no regards have been taken to the materials moist, sound, and fire attribute. The study is quantitative.

Lo studio affronta il problema della sostenibilità ambientale nel settore delle costruzioni con riferimento all’involucro opaco di un edificio scolastico situato nella provincia di Lecce mediante la messa a punto di uno strumento che combina metodi in ottica Life Cycle Thinking e con particolare attenzione alla specificità climatica dell’area mediterranea. Al fine di effettuare una valutazione efficace, si è scelto di eseguire una comparazione integrata considerando le tecniche costruttive a maggiore diffusione sul territorio nazionale, realizzate assemblando muratura e isolanti. Queste soluzioni, sono state confrontate con lo stato di fatto originario dell’edificio, in modo tale da poter verificare l’effettivo miglioramento. La sostenibilità ambientale è stata valutata calcolando il contenuto di energia primaria e di CO2 dei vari elementi tecnici mentre la sostenibilità economica è stata valutata attraverso l’individuazione e la previsione di tutti i costi che si suppone di sostenere durante il ciclo di vita dell’edificio. La simulazione ha portato a risultati confrontabili che hanno permesso di trarre conclusioni e valutazioni sulle diverse tipologie costruttive analizzate e utilizzabili per la riqualificazione degli edifici. In particolare è stato riscontrato che, nel contesto mediterraneo, risulta dominante il problema del surriscaldamento estivo, avente un peso non inferiore a quello del riscaldamento invernale. Si è dimostrato quindi che, in un’ottica di sostenibilità, la scelta della componente di involucro opaco implica una valutazione che tenga in considerazione molteplici aspetti, superando il comune approccio che tiene in conto generalmente solo i parametri del minor costo di costruzione e della efficace performance di isolamento termico per rispondere alla prescrizione normativa.

L’elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, sia sul piano economico che su quello ambientale, un intervento di manutenzione straordinario che ha previsto l’ampiamento e la sopraelevazione di un fabbricato esistente, sull’intero ciclo di vita della nuova struttura. Dapprima sono state presentate le due metodologie utilizzate, rispettivamente il Life Cycle Assessment per la valutazione ambientale e il Life Cycle Cost per la valutazione economica, esaminando le tecniche in maniera teorica, dall’evoluzione storica alle normative odierne. Dopodiché è stato esposto il caso di studio, presentando tre differenti metodologie costruttive ipotizzate per l’intervento: la prima stratigrafia è stata ipotizzata in blocchi di laterizio portante e isolamento in polistirene espanso, la seconda alternativa consiste in una struttura a telaio in calcestruzzo armato con blocchi di laterizio con funzione di tamponamento e isolante in polistirene espanso mentre l’ultima stratigrafia prevede una struttura portante in legno XLAM con isolante in lana di legno. Al fine di poter computare al meglio le prestazioni economiche ed ambientali delle tre differenti strutture è stato effettuato anche un calcolo dei consumi e delle prestazioni in fase di utilizzo delle metodologie costruttive con l’ausilio di un software di certificazione energetica. Il comportamento dell’intera vita utile delle tre stratigrafie è stato infine analizzato e confrontato utilizzando la tecnica LCA per valutare le performance energetiche, gli impatti ambientali e le emissioni inquinanti, e tramite la metodologia LCC per analizzare prestazioni economiche.

Europe experienced the destruction of numerous infrastructures during World War II, followed by a reflation and a strong economic growth during the next two decades allowing a more perennial and durable situation. A classical bridge lasting in general around 80 years, one should observe that these constructions built after the war will have to be either replaced either seriously strengthened in a few years. Besides, since the needs also vary over time, transportation infrastructures built during those years might not be adapted to the actual needs anymore – some bridges might thus have to be widened. A case study has been chosen in order to simulate under which conditions the widening of such a bridge can be performed. This road bridge, located in Vierzon in France, is rather simple since it is made of simply supported prestressed concrete beams and of reinforced concrete piers. It has been chosen in particular for its reduced size – three spans of 30 m each and two road lanes – that corresponded well to this project. Based on some data provided when the bridge was initially built and on a visual inspection, this project suggests six technical solutions to double the actual amount of lanes. An evaluation of the performance of the solutions according to three criteria – durations of works, cost of the works, and environmental impact – is made in order to give recommendations regarding the optimal solution. The results show that in spite of being installed quickly, adding steel beams is more expensive and has a greater impact on the environment than adding prestressed concrete beams. Regarding the modification of piers, the solution suggesting widening the existing piers is preferable than adding new extra piers according to all the criteria. Consequently, among all the solutions analysed, the optimal one is also the simplest one. Finally, the limits of the study and some suggestions for improvements are indicated.

I Sverige står bostadssektorn för mer än en tredjedel av landets energianvändning. Byggnader måste minska sin energianvändning för att således kunna uppfylla framtida lagkrav om maximal tillåten energianvändning, men också för att minska påverkan till global uppvärmning. Ytterligare en problematik som råder, däribland i Sverige, är bostadsbrist. Kommunala bostadsbolag står inför utmaningen att kunna bygga bostäder snabbt, billigt och miljövänligt för att minska bostadsbristen i landet. Ett sätt att studera två av tre hållbarhetsaspekter vid val av framtida bostadsbyggande är att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) kring de tilltänkta husen. LCA:er indikerar vilken miljöpåverkan en produkt förorsakar under dess livslängd. LCC:er avser att studera vilka kostnader produkter ger upphov till under en given analysperiod. Det svenska kommunala bostadsbolaget Stångåstaden AB står inför utmaningen kring bostadsbrist och vill bygga hållbara bostäder. Bostadsbolaget har önskat en jämförande LCA och LCC av två verkliga flerbostadshus som de genom ramavtal kan upphandla, detta är utgångspunkten för denna studie. Den ena byggnaden har stomme av betong, den andra har stomme av trä. Husen är tänkta att placeras i utkanten av Linköping, Sverige. Studien har valt att analysera miljöpåverkan från husens olika livscykelfaser samt kostnader över analysperioden 50 år. Utöver detta studeras även vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (EEÅ) till byggnaderna som är optimala att genomföra för att öka den termiska prestandan hos huskonstruktionerna. Från litteraturen finns det relativt få studier som kombinerar både LCA och LCC för vanligt förekommande hustyper i städer. I dess standardfall påvisade resultatet från LCA:n att huset med betongkonstruktion hade något lägre påverkan i sex av sju studerade miljöpåverkanskategorier, jämfört med flerbostadshuset i trä. Resultatet skilde sig lite åt då annan typ av indata användes. Vad gäller kostnader under husens livslängd var huset i trä ungefär 20 % dyrare jämfört med huset med betongkonstruktion. Trots annan typ av indata var träkonstruktionen dyrare än betongkonstruktionen. Med en kalkylränta på 7,5 % var det inte lönsamt att genomföra EEÅ för husen, med halverad kalkylränta blev det dock lönsamt att tilläggsisolera krypgrunden i huset med trästomme. Fler studier behöver utföras för att generalla slutsatser ska kunna dras kring vilket konstruktionsmaterial som är mest hållbart. Denna studie baseras på två specifika fall. Samma resultat kan eventuellt inte förväntas för andra byggnader med stomme i betong och trä.
The residential sector accounts for more than a third of the energy use in Sweden. To reduce the energy use of buildings is a necessity in order to meet future regulationof maximum allowable energy, but also important to reduce the impact on global warming. Another complexity arising in Sweden is the shortage of accommodation. Municipal housing corporations face the challenge of constructing residences fast, cheap and with concern of environmental effects in order to reduce the shortage of accommodation. One way of assessing two of the three aspects of sustainability when looking at future construction of residential buildings is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). An LCA can indicate what kind of environmental impact a product causes over its lifetime and the LCC allows for assessing what types of costs are associated with the product. For the municipal housing corporation Stångåstaden AB the shortage of accommodation is a reality and their mindset is sustainable construction of residences. This study was conducted upon request from Stångåstaden who wanted a comparative LCA and LCCA between two prefabricated multi-residential buildings that are available to them through a framework agreement. The first building has a concrete foundation and the second one is made of wood. The houses are planned to be placed at the outskirts of Linköping, Sweden. The focus of this study has been to comparatively assess the environmental impact from the different life cycle phases and the economic costs of the two buildings during a time period of 50 years. Moreover, the thesis also analyze the optimal retrofit strategy for the buildings in order to find the optimal (lowest) life cycle cost. Furthermore, the current literature has conveyed relatively few studies that combine both LCA and LCC methodology for house types that are common in most towns. The result from the LCA indicated that the house with concrete construction had a little less impact in six of the seven studied environmental impact categories compared to the house made of wood. The result differed slightly when the input data were changed. Regarding the LCCA the house made of wood was roughly 20 % more expensive than its concrete counterpart. Changing the input data revealed no difference in the result. With an interest rate of 7,5 % no retrofits were profitable for either building, however reducing the interest rate to half its original value made it cost optimal to increase the floor insulation for the house made of wood. More studies should be conducted to be able to draw general conclusions regarding which construction material that is the most sustainable. This thesis is based on two specific and real cases. The same result could possibly not be expected from other studies comparing buildings with concrete and wood construction.

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

Det finns en oro kring konsekvenserna av ökade växthusgasutsläpp. Därför har bland annat EU:s medlemsländer tecknat avtal om att minska utsläppen. I Sverige har det lett till krav att från och med 2022 redovisa byggmaterials miljöpåverkan genom klimatdeklarationer. Byggsektorn har potential att minska klimatpåverkan. Byggnadsmaterial ger olika utsläpp av växthusgaser och valet av material är viktigt. Isoleringsmaterial med naturlig härkomst anses orsaka mindre utsläpp än konventionell isolering. Hampa är ett exempel på ett naturligt material som kan användas i småhusbebyggelse. Hampan kan bli en kolsänka då biomaterial binder kol. Tyvärr finns det idag mycket begränsad forskning på just hampfiberisolering i svenskt klimat.  Syftet med studien är att bidra med ökad kunskap inför valet av isoleringsmaterial i ett småhus, av modellen Eneryda av Rörvikshus, placerat i Växjö. I arbetet jämförs klimatpåverkan och kostnader för isoleringsmaterialen hamp-, cellulosa- och glasullsisolering genom en livscykelanalys (LCA) och en livscykelkostnad (LCC) i en vald husmodell. I studien undersöks skedena A-D, d.v.s. från vagga till grav. Resultatet visar att byggnaden isolerad med hampfiber orsakar det lägsta nettoutsläppet på 124 följt av cellulosa 132 och glasull 139 CO₂e/m². Kostnaden för byggnaden med isolering av hampfiber är 5467, cellulosa 4830 och glasull 4861 SEK/m²BOA. Genom att välja hampfiberisolering istället för glasull kan utsläppen för husmodellen Eneryda minskas med 12 % samtidigt som kostnaden ökar med 20 %. Att välja cellulosaisolering i stället för glasullsisolering ger en minskning av nettoutsläppen med 5 % och kostnaderna förblir detsamma.  Studiens känslighetsanalyser visar effekten av indata. Om råvaran till cellulosa byts ut från oanvänt papper till återvunnen råvara orsakar det att nettoutsläppen för byggnaden Eneryda minskar med 13 %. Det innebär att småhuset Eneryda isolerad med cellulosa från återvunnen produkt orsakar 15 % lägre utsläpp än glasullshuset - utan att påverka priset. Största påverkan på nettoutsläppen hade Enerydas värmesystem. Att använda bergvärme istället för Veab:s fjärrvärme ökade nettoutsläppen med 56 – 63 %. Slutligen ledde resultatet av studien till en diskussion om avsaknaden av en entydig definition och metod för användandet av biogent kol i klimatdeklarationer. Att exkludera biogent kol leder till att hampfiberisoleringen bidrar med högst utsläpp tätt följt av cellulosan och sist glasullsisoleringen som släpper ut minst. Studiens resultat påvisar vikten av vaksamhet och att Boverket borde blir tydligare kring det biogena kolet i klimatberäkningar. Enheten bör utvecklas mer av institut för standarder. Av resultaten framgår också vikten av att ta tidsaspekten av biomaterialets förnyelsetid i beaktande vid beräkningarna för att material som hampfiber binder kol snabbare än exempelvis trä.
The concern of climate change has influenced the building sector in Sweden to become more climate neutral. The choice of building materials affect the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents [CO₂e]. The purpose of the study is to provide more basis for the choice of insulation material looking into the climate- and cost implication of hemp fibre, cellulose and stone wool insulation.  The study includes an accounting-LCA from cradle to grave (A – D) and an LCC. The study looks at the climate shell of a one-story single-family house, model Eneryda from Rörvikshus, in Växjö over the lifetime 50 years.  The result shows that Eneryda net emissions for hemp fiber insulation is 124 CO₂e/m²BOA and the cost is 5467 SEK/m2 BOA. The result of emissions for the hempfiber-model is 12% less and the cost is 20% higher than the glass wool-model. Cellulose insulation results in net emissions of 132 CO₂e/m² and a cost of 4830 SEK/m2 BOA. Cellulose results in 5% less emissions and nearly the same cost as the glass wool building.

Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit der systematischen Untersuchung potenzieller Einflussfaktoren auf die Lebenszykluskosten (LCC) von Abwasserpumpwerken. Betrachtungsobjekt ist eine Doppel-Tauchmotorpumpstation für den Einsatz in einer Trennkanalisation als Überpumpwerk für kommunales Schmutzwasser. Der zeitliche Betrachtungshorizont erstreckt sich über den gesamten Produktlebenszyklus. Primäres Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung des Einflusses einzelner Systemparameter auf die Lebenszykluskosten. Aufgrund der Komplexität des betrachteten Systems kommt eine iterative Vorgehensweise zur Anwendung. Im ersten Iterationsschritt erfolgt eine separate Betrachtung des Systems aus technologischer, ökonomischer und ökologischer Sicht. Dabei werden aktuelle wissenschaftlich-theoretische Ansätze und Methoden auf ihre Anwendbarkeit auf die spezielle Problematik des Betrachtungsobjekts überprüft. Gemeinsam mit den Ergebnissen einer sich anschließenden System- und Umfeldanalyse stellen diese die Grundlage der separat entwickelten technischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Einzelmodelle dar. In einer kritischen Würdigung werden diese drei Einzelmodelle auf Fehler, Schwächen und Stärken untersucht, um im zweiten Iterationsschritt in verbesserter Form zu einem integrierten technisch-ökonomisch-ökologischen Modell zusammengeführt zu werden. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells werden dann die zur Erreichung des Untersuchungsziels notwendigen, quantitativen Analysen (Sensitivitätsanalyse, Szenarioanalyse, Break-Even-Analyse, Payout-Analyse) des Betrachtungsobjekts durchgeführt. Die Analyseergebnisse werden ausgewertet und konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet, Forschungsbedarf wird aufgezeigt. Eine abschließende kritische Würdigung des Gesamtmodells soll zur weiteren Ver-besserungen der Modellierung in zukünftigen Untersuchungen anregen. Neben den quantitativen Analyseergebnissen ist das Gesamtmodell das wichtigste Ergebnis der Untersuchung, welches mit seiner softwaretechnischen Implementierung (Visual Basic 6.3 ? /MS Excel 2002?) ein Werkzeug liefert, das Entscheidungsträger sowohl auf strategischer als auch auf operativer Ebene unterstützen kann.

In a world with limited resources and serious environmental, social and economical impacts, a more sustainable life style is everyday more important. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to develop a methodological procedure for eco-efficiency and sustainability assessment of industrial processes with multi-scale technology at design level. The methodology developed follows the ISO 14040 series for environmental LCA standard. To integrate the three pillars of sustainability the analytical hierarchical process was used. The results are represented in a triple bottom line framework. The methodology was applied to the case study "production of perfume-containing microcapsules" and different scenarios were assessed and compared. Several sustainability indicators were chosen to analyze the impacts. The results showed that this methodology can be used as a decision making tool for sustainability reporting. It can be applied to any process choosing in each case the corresponding set of inventory data and sustainability impact indicators.
En un mundo con recursos limitados y graves impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos, un estilo de vida más sostenible es cada día más importante. Debido a esto, el objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar un procedimiento metodológico para evaluar eco-eficiencia y sostenibilidad de procesos industriales con tecnología multi-escala a nivel de diseño. La metodología desarrollada sigue la serie ISO 14040 para el medio ambiente. Se utilizó el proceso analítico jerárquico para integrar los tres pilares de sostenibilidad. Los resultados se presentan en un balance triple. La metodología se aplicó al caso de estudio "producción de micro-cápsulas que contienen perfume" y se analizaron y compararon diferentes escenarios. Se seleccionaron diversos indicadores de sostenibilidad para analizar los impactos. Los resultados demostraron que esta metodología puede ser utilizada como herramienta de toma de decisiones y que puede aplicarse a cualquier proceso seleccionando, en cada caso, los datos del inventario y los indicadores.

In infrastructure construction projects especially bridge investments, the most critical decisions that significantly affect the whole bridge LCC are the early stages decisions. Clearly, it's more beneficial to correctly choose the optimum bridge than to choose the optimum construction or repair method.

The ability of a bridge to provide service over time demands appropriate maintenance by the agency. Thus the investment decision should consider not only the initial activity that creates a public good, but also all future activities that will be required to keep that investment available to the public.

This research is aiming for bridge sustainability, enhance the bridge related decision making, and facilitate the usage of the bridge related feedbacks. The development of a reliable and usable computer tool for bridge LCC & LCA evaluation is the main target.

Toward the main goal, many steps were fulfilled. A unique integrated Bridge LCC evaluation methodology was developed. Two systematic evaluation ways were developed, one for bridge user cost and one for the bridge aesthetical and cultural value. To put these two systematic ways in practice, two preliminary computer programs were developed for this purpose. Today and future works are focusing on developing methodology and preliminary computer tool for bridge agency cost as well as the bridge LCA evaluation. KTH unique LCC evaluation system will enable the decision makers to correctly choose the optimum bridge in the early stages decision making phases as well as any later on reparation method.

ETSI

Il documento parte da una analisi generale sulle tecnologie site-specific, concentrandosi poi maggiormente sulle costruzioni in terra cruda. Viene descritta l'analisi del ciclo di vita fatta sui mattoni in terra cruda e sulla parete realizzata con questi mattoni, messa poi a confronto con una parete realizzata in laterizi. Infine è presenta l'analisi dei costi esterni sul ciclo di vita dei mattoni in terra cruda.

Wind energy technologies are considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, which have since attracted broad considerations through recent years due to the soaring oil prices and the growing concerns over climate change and energy security. In Kuwait, rapid industrialisation, population growth and increasing water desalination are resulting in high energy demand growth, increasing the concern of oil diminishing as a main source of energy and the climate change caused by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel based energy. These demands and challenges compelled governments to embark on a diversification strategy to meet growing energy demand and support continued economic growth. Kuwait looked for alternative forms of energy by assessing potential renewable energy resources, including wind and sun. Kuwait is attempting to use and invest in renewable energy due to the fluctuating price of oil, diminishing reserves, the rapid increase in population, the high consumption of electricity and the environment protection. In this research, wind energy will be investigated as an attractive source of energy in Kuwait.

Vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit Technologien der regenerativen Energiequelle Solarenergie, insbesondere Photovoltaik (PV). Systeme zur Nutzung der unerschöpflich verfügbaren, sauberen und im Prinzip “frei Haus” gelieferten Energie der Sonne können eine bedeutsame Rolle in einer umweltverträglicheren Zukunft spielen. Allerdings ist die Herstellung der erforderlichen Komponenten heute i.d.R. noch energie- und kostenintensiv, weshalb für eine korrekte Bewertung dieser Technologien der gesamte Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden muss. Zur tieferen Analyse der PV wird die Methodik des Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) auf der Grundlage von drei Grundideen eingeführt. Konkret sind dies die Ausgangspunkte: Nachhaltigkeit, Lebenszyklusdenken und die Drei-Dimensionalität dieses Instrumentes durch die gemeinsame Betrachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und technischer Aspekte in ihrem Zusammenspiel. Ausgehend von theoretischen Elementen der Ökobilanzierung (Life Cycle Assessment) und des Life Cycle Costings, verbunden mit den technischen Eigenschaften der Photovoltaik werden wichtigste Anforderungen und Schritte für die Durchführung eines ELCC für PV beschrieben. Mittels einer softwaregestützten Inhaltsanalyse wird im Anschluss der definierte Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV getestet (und modifiziert) gegen eine Auswahl von 135 bereits existierender Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus von PV-Technologien aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht beschäftigen. Im Ergebnis hieraus können die wichtigsten Elemente eines ELCC für PV, wie beispielsweise ökologische Wirkungskategorien oder ökonomische Indikatoren, identifiziert werden (methodisches Feedback). In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Studien hinsichtlich ihrer “Qualität” bezogen auf ökologische, ökonomische und übergreifende Inhalte eines ELCC für PV bewertet. Auf diese Weise kann ein Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV erstellt werden, das nach den Technologien und der inhaltlichen Qualität bezüglich eines ELCC strukturiert ist und für weitere Analysen als Grundlage dienen kann. Aus den bisherigen Ergebissen kann eine erste Einschätzung zum aktuellen Stand des ELCC für PV in der Literatur vorgenommen werden: Es existiert bereits ein großer Pool von Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus der PV beschäftigen. Mit Blick auf die Anforderungen eines ELCC für PV besteht jedoch Nachholbedarf in der Verbindung und gemeinsamen Betrachtung von hot spots und trade offs aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive. Der definierte theoretische Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV, die kodierten Studien sowie das erstellte Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen der PV können nun als Grundlage für weitere Analysen dienen. Insbesondere eine inhaltliche Auswertung der konkreten Ergebnisse von Studien kann so einen Benchmark und Orientierung für neue Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV-Technologien liefern.
The special need of a sustainable energy supply in mind the technologies of the renewable source solar energy, especially photovoltaics (PV) is main subject of the present thesis. Using the inexhaustible, clean and “freely delievered” power from the sun solar devices may play a major role in a cleaner future, but, on the other hand, they are still energy consuming and expensive in their production which consequently demands a whole life cycle perspective when assessing this technology. For a closer look at PV the methodology of Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) is introduced by following three theoretical points of view. Namely these are sustainability, life cycle thinking and the three dimensional nature of this tool by regarding environmental, economic and technical aspects in their interaction. Based on theoretical elements of Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing in combination with the technical background of photovoltaics main requirements and steps for performing an ELCC for PV are described. By executing software based content analysis the defined framework is checked (and modified) against a choice of 135 existing studies analyzing the life cycle of PV technologies from an environmental or economic perspective. As a result the main elements of an ELCC for PV, e.g. environmental impact categories and economic indicators, are identified (methodological feedback). Within the next step the existing studies are rated by their “quality” regarding the environmental, economic and more general parts of an ELCC for PV in order to create an inventory of life cycle studies for PV. This inventory is structured by technologies as well as quality of content respecting ELCC and might be used for further analyses. At this stage the results propose the possibility of a first estimate of the present status of ELCC for PV: until now there is a good pool of existing analyses of the life cycle of PV systems. But from an ELCC perspective the examination of common hot spots and trade offs between economic and environmental aspects should be expanded. The theoretical framework of ELCC for PV, the encoded studies and the inventory of life cycle analyses for PV are now the starting point for further analyses, especially of the individual outcome within studies, which will then pose a benchmark for new life cycle studies of PV technology.

Achieving a sustainable production has become more important in the same phase as the environmental focus grows. Sustainable production means that you take into consideration the economical and environmental life cycle, that can be analyzed and measured with help from LCC (Life Cycle Cost) and LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). The purpose of this study has been to increase the understanding for how LCC and LCA can be used in order to improve the economical and environmental sustainability within manufacturing processes. The goal has been to identify weaknesses and improvement potential in order to strengthen sustainability. There has also been a purpose to create a template with the purpose to promote other companies to identify which factors need to be improved. Data has been collected through structured interviews and other documents from the studied company. Results and conclusions present that the studied company’s production is economically and environmentally sustainable but there is room for improvement.  The improvement suggestions that the authors have come up with is following: - Reduce costs by improving the flow within the production - Shorten the distance of transportation by choosing local suppliers - Choosing more environmentally friendly transportation.
Att uppnå en hållbar produktion är någonting som blir viktigare och viktigare med de ökade miljökrav som ställs. Hållbar produktion innebär att man tar hänsyn till den ekonomiska och miljömässiga livscykeln, som kan analyseras och mätas med hjälp av LCC (Life Cycle Costs) och LCA (Life Cycle Assessment).  Syftet med denna studie har varit att ge en ökad förståelse för hur LCC och LCA kan användas för att förbättra den ekonomiska och miljömässiga hållbarheten inom produktioner. Målet med studien har varit att identifiera svagheter och förbättringspotential inom produktionsprocesser för att stärka hållbarheten. Det har även funnits ett syfte att skapa en mall med syfte att främja andra företag att identifiera vilka faktorer som behöver förbättras. Data har samlats in genom strukturerade intervjuer och annan dokumentation från det studerade fallföretaget. Resultat och slutsats presenterar att företagets produktion är ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hållbart men att förbättringspotential finns. De förbättringsförslag som författarna kom fram till var följande: - Reducera kostnader genom att förbättra flödet - Minska transportsträckan genom lokala leverantörer - Välja miljövänligare transport

Digital presentation som följd av Covid-19.

Since the building sector is responsible for 40% of the energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the EU, the reduction of energy use has become a priority in this sector. The EU has adopted several policies to improve energy efficiency. One of these policies aims to achieve energy efficient renovations in at least 3% of buildings owned and occupied by governments annually. In Sweden, a large part of existing buildings was built between 1965 and 1974, a period commonly referred to as ‘miljonprogrammet’. Stora Tunabyggen AB, the public housing company in Borlänge municipality, begun a renovation project in the Tjärna Ängar neighborhood within the municipality with the greatest share of its buildings stock from this period. The pilot project started in 2015. The aim of this project was to renovate three buildings with similar measures, that is, by adding 150 mm attic insulation, replacing windows with higher performing ones (U-value 1 W/m ²K), by adding 50 mm of insulation to the infill walls and by the installation of flowreducing taps. The essential difference between the three renovation packages is the HVAC systems. The selected HVAC systems are (1) exhaust air heat pump, (2) mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and (3) exhaust ventilation. Life cycle cost analysis was conducted for the three building and sensitivity analysis for different values of discount rate and energy price escalation was performed. The study found that the house with exhaust ventilation has the lowest life cycle cost and the highest energy cost. The house with exhaust air heat pump has 3% higher life cycle cost and 18% lower energy use at 3% discount rate and 3% energy price escalation. The study found that mechanical ventilation with heat recovery is not profitable, although it saves energy. The sensitivity analysis has shown that the possible increment of price energy and lower discount rate give higher value for the future costs in life cycle cost analysis. This lead to the main finding of this thesis, which is that exhaust air heat pump is the best choice for the owner according to the available data and the assessed parameters.

Energy efficiency within the transport sector - A case study on the vehicle fleet of a companyIsak EklövThe environmental objective of zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045 asdecided by the Swedish parliament establishes a framework for a standard thatimplies a demand for considerable changes within many sectors at both technical and political level. The need for long term efficiency solutions with respect tosustainability to be able to reach this goal is great and one step towards this couldpotentially be an adaption to an increased amount of vehicles with alternative fuelsin the vehicle fleet of Sweden. This thesis examined the potential for companiesto reduce their life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as the total cost ofownership (TCO) for their vehicles by changing the composition of their vehiclefleet.The project started with a literature review of a general character where data forlife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as TCO for different vehicle typeswas examined and collected. Then the life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases andTCO were calculated for the different vehicle types through a case study on thevehicle fleet of a company. Finally a programming script was developed to increasethe efficiency of the process which was then used to create scenarios with differentcompositions of the vehicle fleet. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the robustness of the life cycle calculations where the parameters individuallywere altered and the effect on the final result was examined.The result of the case study showed that alternative fueled vehicles are expected tolead to lower life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases compared to the conventionalalternatives for all vehicle types where alternative fuels are commercially available.The only exception for this was the electric fringe benefit vehicle with a 100 kWhbattery which was expected to lead to higher life-cycle emissions than its fossilalternatives. The result of the cost analysis showed a similar pattern but in thiscase the service vehicle fueled with gas was expected to lead to a higher value ofTCO than its fossil alternatives. The sensitivity analysis for life-cycle emissionsof greenhouse gases showed that production of lithium-ion batteries, vehicle base production and tailpipe emissions were the most contributing parameters forfringe benefit vehicles. The purchase cost was found to be the most contributingparameter for TCO.The result of the scenario analysis showed that there is a potential to decreaseiiilife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases by 22 % of the total life-cycle emissionsfor the vehicle fleet according to the Base-case scenario. The potential to decreaseTCO was found to be 1,1 %. The other scenarios showed a potential decrease forlife-cycle emissions of 37 % and a cost decrease of 7 % individually.Key words: greenhouse gas emissions, alternative fuels, electric vehicles, totalcost of ownership, life cycle assessment, sustainable vehicle fleet

Research has demonstrated that mining activities can cause serious impacts on the environment, as well as the surrounding communities, mainly due to the unsafe storage of mine tailings. This research focuses on the sustainability assessment of new technologies for the recovery of metals from mine residues. The assessment consists in the evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social impacts through the Life Cycle based methods: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). The analyses are performed on the Mondo Minerals bioleaching project, which aim is to recover nickel and cobalt from the Sotkamo and Vuonos mine tailings. The LCA demonstrates that the project contributes to the avoided production of nickel and cobalt concentrates from new resources, hence reducing several environmental impacts. The LCC analysis shows that the company’s main costs are linked to the bioleaching process, caused by electricity consumption and the chemicals used. The SLCA analyses the impacts on three main stakeholder categories: workers, local community, and society. The results demonstrated that a fair salary (or the absence of it) impacts the workers the most, while the local community stakeholder category impacts are related to the access to material resources. The health and safety category is the most impacted category for the society stakeholder. The environmental and economic analyses demonstrate that the recovery of mine tailings may represents a good opportunity for mine companies both to reduce the environmental impacts linked to mine tailings and to increase the profitability. In particular, the project helps reduce the amounts of metals extracted from new resources and demonstrates that the use of the bioleaching technology for the extraction of metals can be economically profitable.

The aim of this research is to explore the sustainability of the existing residential buildings and to analyse how sustainability can be assessed if sustainable materials and technologies would be used. The main objectives are concentrated in providing a general knowledge of sustainability and to examine how much sustainable the residential buildings are. To analyze the various technologies and materials that can be used in order to reduce the climate-altering emissions, to improve energy efficiency, to reduce costs and to improve the living conditions. Providing knowledge and tools for the sustainable re-design of existing buildings, which will be addressed to environmental, technical, economic and social feasibility of proposed measures, and to energy control. For the analysis, different case studies in different countries will be studied and then a life-cycle approach will be applied to a theoretical residential building, and all the relevant impact categories for the selected type of buildings will be taken into account. In order to analyze the sustainability of the building, a qualitative research will be done using literature sources, international database, journal articles, technical and official reports from the government or group researchers patented and SimaPro software. Materials and dimensions will be defined and will be studied the integrated energy performance, CO2 emissions, global warming, acoustic comfort, thermal comfort, indoor environmental quality for existing residential building structures. All these steps will be taken in order to allow an LCA analysis of the materials of the residential buildings and to define when can be considered that the system has actually been sustained.

[EN] In the last decade, there has been an increase in demand for biofuels, fostered by public policies. In the European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC (RED) establishes a 10% target for renewable energy use in the transport sector by 2020, in order to reduce overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In view of the land use change (LUC) that has recently occurred on a global scale as a consequence of bioenergy expansion, environmental considerations are more frequently incorporated into biofuel policies in order to promote only those biofuels delivering substantial GHG savings. The aim of the present thesis has been to analyze the environmental effects of the introduction of biodiesel for transport in the context of Spain, by applying different methodologies under a life cycle perspective, in order to address controversial issues, such as indirect LUC. First of all, the environmental and economic benefits brought about by an integrated process for waste management have been analyzed; biodiesel is obtained from the treatment of used cooking oil (UCO). The evaluation of the environmental performance has been carried out by means of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, while the financial assessment has been performed by applying a Life Cycle Costing (LCC). Both methodologies are based on a holistic approach and are crucial for a more thorough understanding of the sustainability of the proposed system. The combined study shows that the process has the potential to cause significant environmental benefits (subject to methodological assumptions), but this comes at the expense of the profits generated when the analysis is carried out from a municipal point of view. LCA has been subsequently applied to different systems for biodiesel production under a consequential approach, as the only way to measure indirect effects. There are different methodologies to carry out a consequential LCA, and all of them require the application of economic concepts. The first one consists of performing system expansion in order to include the additional functions provided by the co-products, since indirect effects arise from co-product interactions with other life cycles in the international market. This has allowed for the biodiesel domestically produced from UCO to be compared with the soybean biodiesel imported from Argentina. Furthermore, a mathematical programming model has been proposed based on the biodiesel sector's nameplate capacity in Spain. Its aim is to determine the optimal feedstock mix according to economic criteria, in order to meet the target demand for 2020; the biodiesel resulting from the mix must also fulfill the environmental requirements in the RED. The model allows for an LCA to be simultaneously carried out, in order to calculate the emissions associated with each production pathway. Indirect emissions from LUC in the Spanish agriculture can also be estimated. Finally, a general equilibrium model has been used to analyze the global environmental consequences, in terms of GHG emissions and LUC, of increasing the demand for biodiesel in the EU to meet the RED targets, in combination with recent anti-dumping measures on biodiesel imports from some specific countries. The outcomes from these studies have allowed for emission factors to be determined for different biodiesel production pathways in the Spanish market. Not only global warming has been taken into account but also other impact categories, which may be equally critical. In addition, pros and cons of the methodologies applied have been identified, depending on the goal and scope of the study; they should be applied in a complementary manner for a better understanding of the global phenomenon of bioenergy, increasing the confidence in GHG emission results. Reducing uncertainty in LUC estimates is crucial to enhance the applicability of future biofuel policies.
[ES] La demanda de biocombustibles ha aumentado progresivamente en los últimos años, fomentada por políticas públicas. En la Unión Europea, la Directiva 2009/28/EC (RED) establece un objetivo del 10% para el uso de energías renovables en el sector del transporte en 2020, con tal de reducir los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Ante la evidencia del cambio en el uso del suelo (CUS) a escala global a consecuencia del auge de los biocombustibles, se han incorporado consideraciones ambientales para promover únicamente aquellos biocarburantes que causen un ahorro sustancial de GEI. El objetivo de la presente tesis ha sido analizar los efectos ambientales de la introducción de biodiesel en el contexto español, aplicando distintas metodologías bajo una perspectiva del ciclo de vida, con el fin de abordar cuestiones controvertidas como el CUS indirecto. En primer lugar, se han evaluado los beneficios ambientales y económicos derivados de un proceso integrado de tratamiento de residuos donde se produce biodiesel a partir de aceite de cocina usado (ACU). La evaluación ambiental se ha realizado mediante la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), mientras que la evaluación financiera se ha llevado a cabo mediante el cálculo del Coste del Ciclo de Vida. Ambas metodologías comparten el mismo enfoque holístico y son esenciales para una comprensión más completa de la sostenibilidad del sistema propuesto. El análisis combinado revela que, si bien éste presenta el potencial de generar importantes beneficios ambientales (sujeto a supuestos metodológicos), esto ocurre a costa del beneficio económico cuando el análisis se hace desde el punto de vista municipal. A continuación, se ha aplicado el ACV a distintos sistemas de producción de biodiesel bajo un enfoque consecuencial, como la única forma de estimar el CUS indirecto. Existen diferentes metodologías para la realización de un ACV consecuencial y todas ellas requieren la aplicación de conceptos económicos. La primera consiste en aplicar la expansión del sistema para incluir las funciones adicionales desempeñadas por los coproductos, ya que los efectos indirectos surgen de las interacciones de éstos con otros ciclos de vida en el mercado internacional. Ello ha permitido comparar la producción de biodiesel de ACU frente a la importación de biodiesel de soja de Argentina. Se ha propuesto también un modelo de programación matemática basado en la capacidad nominal del sector del biodiesel en España. Su objetivo es determinar la combinación de materias primas óptima, desde el punto de vista económico, para cumplir con de la demanda proyectada para 2020 pero que cumpla a su vez con las exigencias ambientales de la RED. El modelo incorpora un módulo para realizar un ACV de forma simultánea, que permite estimar las emisiones asociadas a las distintas vías de obtención de materias primas. Se pueden calcular incluso las emisiones indirectas por CUS en la agricultura española. Finalmente, se ha aplicado un modelo de equilibrio general para el análisis de las consecuencias ambientales globales (en términos de emisiones de GEI y CUS) de un aumento en la demanda de biodiesel en la UE según la RED, en combinación con las recientes medidas arancelarias sobre las importaciones de determinados países. Todo ello ha permitido calcular factores de emisión para diferentes alternativas de producción de biodiesel destinado al mercado español, no sólo en relación al calentamiento global sino también a otras categorías de impacto que pueden ser igualmente críticas. Además, se han identificado ventajas e inconvenientes de las metodologías aplicadas, dependiendo del objetivo y el alcance de estudio; lo ideal es aplicarlas de forma complementaria para una mayor comprensión del fenómeno global de la bioenergía, contribuyendo a una mayor solidez en los resultados de GEI. Reducir la incertidumbre en las estimaciones de CUS es fundamental para asegurar la a
[CAT] La demanda de biocombustibles ha augmentat progressivament els darrers anys, fomentada per polítiques públiques. En la Unió Europea, la Directiva 2009/28/EC (RED) estableix un objectiu del 10% per a l'ús d'energies renovables en el sector del transport en 2020, amb l'objectiu de reduir els gasos d'efecte hivernacle (GEH). Davant l'evidència del canvi en l'ús del sòl (CUS) a escala global a conseqüència de l'auge dels biocombustibles, s'han incorporat consideracions ambientals per promoure únicament aquells biocarburants que causen un estalvi substancial de GEH. L'objectiu de la present tesi ha estat analitzar els efectes ambientals de la introducció de biodièsel en el context espanyol, mitjançant l'aplicació de diferents metodologies sota una perspectiva del cicle de vida, amb la finalitat d'abordar qüestions tan controvertides com el CUS indirecte. En primer lloc, s'han avaluat els beneficis ambientals i econòmics derivats d'un procés integrat de tractament de residus on es produeix biodièsel a partir d'oli de cuina usat (OCU). L'avaluació ambiental s'ha realitzat mitjançant la metodologia d'Anàlisi de Cicle de Vida (ACV), mentre que l'avaluació financera s'ha dut a terme mitjançant el càlcul del Cost del Cicle de Vida. Ambdues metodologies comparteixen el mateix enfocament holístic i són essencials per a una comprensió més completa de la sostenibilitat del sistema proposat. L'anàlisi combinada revela que, si bé aquest presenta el potencial de generar importants beneficis ambientals (subjecte a supòsits metodològics), això ocorre a costa del benefici econòmic quan l'anàlisi es fa des del punt de vista municipal. A continuació, s'ha aplicat l'ACV a diferents sistemes de producció de biodièsel sota un enfocament conseqüencial, com l'única forma d'estimar el CUS indirecte. Existeixen diferents metodologies per a la realització d'un ACV conseqüencial i totes elles requereixen l'aplicació de conceptes econòmics. La primera consisteix a aplicar l'expansió del sistema per incloure les funcions addicionals exercides pels coproductes, ja que els efectes indirectes sorgeixen de les interaccions d'aquests amb altres cicles de vida al mercat internacional. Això ha permès comparar la producció de biodièsel d'OCU amb la importació de biodièsel de soia de l'Argentina. S'ha proposat també un model de programació matemàtica basat en la capacitat nominal del sector del biodièsel a Espanya. El seu objectiu és determinar la combinació òptima de matèries primeres, des del punt de vista econòmic, per complir amb de la demanda projectada per 2020 però que complisca al seu torn amb les exigències ambientals de la RED. El model incorpora un mòdul per realitzar un ACV de forma simultània, el qual permet estimar les emissions associades a les diferents vies d'obtenció de matèries primeres. Es poden calcular fins i tot les emissions indirectes per CUS en l'agricultura espanyola. Finalment, s'ha aplicat un model d'equilibri general per a l'anàlisi de les conseqüències ambientals globals (en termes d'emissions de GEH i CUS) d'un augment en la demanda de biodièsel en la UE segons la RED, en combinació amb les mesures aranzelàries recents sobre les importacions des de determinats països. Tot això ha permès calcular factors d'emissió per a diferents alternatives de producció de biodièsel destinat al mercat espanyol, no només en relació a l'escalfament global sinó també a altres categories d'impacte que poden ser igualment crítiques. A més, s'han identificat avantatges i inconvenients de les metodologies aplicades, depenent de l'objectiu i l'abast d'estudi; l'ideal és aplicar-les de forma complementària per a una major comprensió del fenomen global de la bioenergia, per contribuir a una major solidesa en els resultats de GEH. Reduir la incertesa en les estimacions de CUS és fonamental per assegurar l'aplicabilitat de les polítiques de biocombustibles en el futur.
Escobar Lanzuela, N. (2015). Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of biodiesel in the context of Spain [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/52027
TESIS

O setor de açúcar e álcool etílico no Brasil tem experimentado um grande crescimento. Contribuem para isto as demandas crescentes do álcool etílico, um biocombustível, e do açúcar. A área industrial produtora de açúcar, um alimento, ainda convive com uma prática industrial ultrapassada, que vem a ser o uso do aço carbono, um material barato, mas com pequena resistência à corrosão. Os aços inoxidáveis são os materiais mais indicados para a substituição do aço carbono, entretanto, eles são considerados caros. Os evaporadores das usinas de açúcar são equipamentos importantes para a sua operação. Quando são usados tubos de aço carbono para a troca térmica, eles começam a ser substituídos a partir do segundo ano de operação devido à corrosão. Enquanto isso, os tubos em aços inoxidáveis podem durar décadas. O presente trabalho objetivou a avaliação do desempenho ambiental e financeiro de tubos para evaporadores construídos com aço carbono e, comparativamente, com os aços inoxidáveis 304, 444 e 439. Para alcançar estes objetivos foram utilizadas as metodologias de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e de Custeio do Ciclo de Vida (CCV), respectivamente. Neste estudo de ACV foi adotada como função dos sistemas em estudo a massa de água evaporada. Na definição destes sistemas de produtos foram adotados os subsistemas de fabricação das bobinas de lâminas dos aços e fabricação, instalação e limpeza dos tubos. O consumo de gás natural, eletricidade e o transporte foram usados como subsistemas secundários. O período de avaliação destes sistemas foi de trinta anos. A partir dos resultados desta ACV, concluiu-se que os tubos em aço carbono apresentaram maior impacto ambiental que os tubos em aço inoxidável 304, 444 e 439, pois emitiram mais que 4,2 vezes a quantidade de dióxido de carbono; 2,8 vezes a de óxidos de nitrogênio; 3,1 vezes a de materiais particulados, 13 vezes a de materiais suspensos e 4,5 vezes a de resíduos totais. Os tubos em aço carbono consumiram também mais que 11 vezes o total de recursos naturais utilizados (carvão; lignita; calcita; dolomita; óleo; gás natural e minérios de ferro, cromo, níquel, molibdênio e manganês); 1,8 vezes a de água e 5 vezes a de energia. Com relação à emissão de óxidos de enxofre, os tubos em aço carbono emitiram quantidades semelhantes às emitidas pelos tubos em aços 444 e 439 e a metade que os tubos em aço 304. Na elaboração do CCV foram utilizados os componentes de custo compra, transporte, instalação, substituição e limpeza dos tubos e a venda das sucatas. Na avaliação financeira, todos os custos que aconteceram no período de trinta anos foram trazidos ao valor presente. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que os aços inoxidáveis 439 e 444 apresentaram-se como opções de investimento mais interessantes que os tubos fabricados em aço carbono, já que apresentaram custos trazidos ao valor presente menores, na proporção de 0,76 para os tubos em aço 439; 0,79 para os tubos em aço 444 com 1,20 mm de espessura e 0,93 para tubos em aço 444 com 1,50 mm de espessura. Os tubos em aço 304 com 1,20 mm de espessura apresentaram desempenho financeiro semelhante aos tubos em aço carbono; enquanto que os tubos em aço 304 com 1,50 mm apresentaram custos ao valor presente 1,19 vezes maior. Os resultados obtidos indicam também que as metodologias ACV e CCV devem ser usadas em conjunto, pois mostram que produtos mais seguros ambientalmente podem vir a ser opções de investimentos também mais interessantes.
The sugar and ethanol sectors in Brazil have tried a great growth. The increasing demands for ethanol, a biocombustible, and for the sugar contributes for this situation. The producing industrial area of sugar, a foodstuff, still adopts the use of carbon steel pipes, a cheap product, of low corrosion resistance. The stainless steels are the materials more indicated for the substitution of carbon steel, however they are considered expensive. In sugar cane plants, the evaporators, are important equipments to operation. Carbon steel pipes are the main product used for the thermal exchange, and these pipes start to be replaced after the second year of operation. Meanwhile, stainless steel pipes can last for decades. This work evaluates the enviromental and financial performance of evaporators pipes constructed with carbon steel and with 304, 444 and 439 stainless steel. To reach these objectives the methodologies of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were applied, respectively. The water mass evaporated was adopted as function of the systems in LCA study. In the definition of these product systems were adopted the manufacturing of steel and the manufacturing, installation and cleanness of the pipes. Natural gas, electricity and transport had been considered. The evaluation time was thirty years. From the LCA results, there were concluded that the steel carbon pipes presented more enviromental impact performance than 304, 444 and 439 stainless steel pipes, because they emitted more than 4.2 times of carbon dioxide; 2.8 times nitrogen oxides; 3.1 times of particulated materials; 13 times of suspended materials and 4.5 times of total residues. The carbon steel pipes also consumed more than 11 times the sum of all natural resources used (coal, lignite, iron ground, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese; calcite, dolomite; oil and natural gas); 1.8 times more of water and 5 times more of energy. Regards to sulphur oxides emission, the carbon steel pipes emitted the same amount of sulphur oxides as 444 and 439 stainless steel pipes and they emitted half than of 304 stainless steel pipe. In the life cycle costing (LCC) elaboration were applied the cost components: purchase, transportation, installation, substitution, cleanness and the scraps sale. In the financial evaluation, all the costs that have incurred in the period of thirty years have been brought to the present value. As results concluded that 439 and 444 stainless steels presented the best investment options, due to this they have presented less costs brought to the present value, in the ratio of 0.76 for the 439 steel pipe; 0.79 for 444 the steel pipe with 1.20 mm of thickness and 0.93 for 444 steel pipe with 1.50 mm of thickness. The 304 stainless steel pipes with 1.20 mm of thickness presented similar financial performance compared to carbon steel pipes; whereas the 304 steel pipes 1.50 mm of thickness presented costs to 1.19 times higher of the present value. The results also indicate that LCA and LCC methodologies must be used together; therefore, they show that safer enviromental products can become the more interesting investment options.

La tesi ha come obiettivo quello di analizzare l’evoluzione del settore della manutenzione edilizia e del cambiamento della politica manutentiva in relazione ai progressi portati dai nuovi strumenti informatici: facendo quindi riferimento ad uno specifico caso di studio e integrando l’utilizzo di software BIM, lo scopo è stato quello di programmare un life cycle adeguato. La prima parte della tesi delinea il cambiamento del quadro normativo dell’ambito della manutenzione e definisce lo stato dell’arte della pratica manutentiva, sia dal punto di vista tecnico e applicativo, ma anche da quello gestionale ed economico, con particolare riferimento al Maintenance Management. Nella seconda parte viene invece approfondito il caso studio di uno studentato di Atene facente parte del programma ProGETonE, definendo gli elementi che possono portare ad una corretta gestione del ciclo di vita di questo fabbricato: l’analisi parte da un approccio tradizionale, basato sul computo metrico e sulla PBS, ma si sviluppa e completa attraverso l’utilizzo di Revit e Mantus-P, con la relativa stesura finale di un piano di manutenzione. Questo processo ha portato ad evidenziare le differenze e i vantaggi che si possono trarre dal cambio di prospettiva e di strumenti nell’ambito della manutenzione edilizia.

Im Rahmen einer Elektromobilitäts-Fallstudie kombinieren wir zwei lebenszyklusbasierte Methoden und veranschaulichen die Ergebnisse zur Kommunikations- und Entscheidungsunterstützung mittels der Methode des ökonomisch-ökologischen Nettoeffekts. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Elektrofahrzeuge im Vergleich zur EURO6-Dieselfahrzeugen erst in langer Frist ökonomisch und ökologisch wettbewerbsfähig sind.
Building on a case study on electric mobility, we integrate two life cycle methods and visualize the results for communication and decision-support using the economic environmental trade-off. Results suggest that in comparison to EURO6 diesel vehicles electric vehicles are only in the long run economically and environmentally competitive.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A presente dissertação aborda fundamentalmente conceitos de cariz ambiental e económico aplicados ao ciclo de vida de sistemas solares térmicos para águas quentes sanitárias. Com este trabalho pretende-se alertar os projetistas para a problemática atual das alterações climáticas, de forma a privilegiar o uso de energias renováveis, mais concretamente de energia solar. Para tal serão apresentados e discutidos conceitos e noções sobre a legislação e o mercado dos sistemas solares térmicos, assim como os principais componentes que constituem esses sistemas. No fim do estudo apresenta-se uma metodologia de avaliação de ciclo de vida de sistemas solares térmicos com base numa análise LCA e LCC, que desencadeou o desenvolvimento de um programa informático que tem como objetivo a integração mais rápida do sistema solar térmico na construção e, portanto, promover a sua sustentabilidade. O programa permite o cálculo dos potenciais impactes ambientais tais como aquecimento global, acidificação, eutrofização, destruição da camada de ozono, energia incorporada, etc., decorrentes do ciclo de vida do sistema solar térmico, os impactes desse sistema ao longo do tempo de vida do edifício e a sua viabilidade económica. Posteriormente, o programa produz um relatório onde constam os tempos de retorno ambiental, energético e económico do sistema selecionado. No final do trabalho foi desenvolvida uma aplicação prática desse programa, que consiste na sua aplicação a um projeto real de um sistema solar térmico. Deste estudo conclui-se que o sistema termossifão é economicamente mais viável que um sistema de circulação forçada quando aplicado a uma moradia unifamiliar. A melhor compreensão da relação custo-benefício económica e ambiental dos sistemas solares térmicos é crucial para que os projetistas formulem uma decisão consciente e ponderada, visto a obrigatoriedade legal implícita na instalação dos sistemas solares.
This thesis embraces environmental and economic concepts applied to the life cycle of solar hot water systems. This work is aimed at alerting engineers to the current problem of climate change, in order to promote the use of renewable energy, specifically solar energy. The concepts and notions about the law and the market for solar thermal systems will be presented and discussed, as well as the main components that make up these systems. A methodology for life cycle assessment of solar hot water systems based on LCA and LCC analysis will be presented at the current study, which triggered the development of a software that is aimed to faster the integration of solar thermal system in building and therefore to promote their sustainability. This software allows the calculation of the potential environmental impacts such as global warming, acidification, eutrophication, destruction of the ozone layer, embodied energy, etc., arising from the life cycle of the solar thermal system, the impacts of this system over the lifetime of the building and its economic viability. After that, the software produces a report with carbon payback period, energy payback period and the cost payback period. One practical application of this program was carried out in the end of this work. This study concluded that the passive solar collector for domestic warm water is more economically viable than a solar water heating systems when applied to a single family house. The better understanding of cost-benefit and economic and environmental performance of solar thermal systems is crucial to designers be able to formulate a conscious and weighted decision, given the implied legal obligation in the installation of solar systems.

Currently several disparate and incomplete approaches are being used to analyse and make decisions on the complex methodology of carbon capture and storage (CCS). A literature review revealed that, as CCS is a new and complex technology, there is no agreed-upon thorough assessment method for high-level CCS decisions. Therefore, a risk model addressing these weaknesses was created for assessing complex CCS decisions using a multi-criteria decision analysis approach (MCDA). The model is aimed at transparently and comprehensively assessing a wide variety of heterogeneous CCS criteria to provide insights into and to aid decision makers in making CCS-specific decisions. The risk model includes a variety of tools to assess heterogeneous CCS criteria from the environmental, social, economic and engineering fields. The model uses decision trees, sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in combination with utility curves and decision makers’ weights to assess decisions based on data and situational uncertainties. Elements in the model have been used elsewhere but are combined here in a novel way to address CCS decisions. Three case studies were developed to run the model in scenarios using expert opinion, project-specific data, literature reviews, and engineering reports from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Europe. In collaboration with Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, a pilot study was conducted with CCS experts in Alberta to assess how they would rank the importance of CCS criteria to a project selection decision. The MCDA model was run using experts’ criteria weights to determine how CCS projects were ranked by different experts. The model was well received by the CCS experts who believed that it could be adapted and commercialized to meet many CCS decision problems. The survey revealed a wide range in experts’ understanding of CCS criteria. Experts also placed more emphasis on criteria from within their field of expertise, although economic criteria dominated weights overall. The results highlight the benefit of a model that clearly demonstrates the trade-offs between projects under uncertain conditions. The survey results also revealed how simple decision analyses can be improved by including more transparent methods, interdisciplinary criteria and sensitivity analysis to produce more comprehensive assessments.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
91
To fulfill the sustainable development principles, Taiwan’s industries have to consider the aspects of the environmental protection, the economic growth, and the social welfare in their routine management. It is not only the issues of environmental performance for the company’s sustainability, but also involves the responsibility the company should take. Therefore, a company could not avoid the costs caused by the emissions from its boundary. In this research, the adaptation of the life-cycle costing assessment (LCCA) was established for domestic industries to reduce the mis-judgment in the decision-making processes. An LCCA model considers the estimation of total environmental costs during the product life-time, including direct, indirect, image, and intangible costs. A case study of a 15-inch TFT-LCD was implemented. The results showed that the average environmental costs associated with the 15-inch TFT-LCD were about 1360�b158 NT dollars, i.e., 13 ~ 17 % of the sale price of a 15-inch LCD monitor. The highest contribution of the environmental costs is from the externalities (i.e., 73.8%) of the waste emissions during the product life time. In the sensitivity analysis, it was found that the most uncertainties were caused by the costs of accident events occurred in the factory. Due to the high uncertainty, it does not recommend to utilize the estimation of the loss of the accident events in the decision-making unless we can predict these values precisely. To improve the data quality, the Monte Carlo simulation was employed in the calculation. This stochastic model showed a good estimation of the life-cycle costs of the 15-inch LCD monitor from raw material extraction through the end-of-life. However, there still are many uncovered data in the model. Further studies are needed to reduce the misunderstanding of the results of this research.