Dissertations / Theses: 'LCC'

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Georges, Steve, and Oskar Larsson. "Isoleringsmaterials påverkan på LCA och LCC i prefabricerade småhus." Thesis, Jönköping University, Tekniska Högskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50505.

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Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka huruvida olika isoleringsmaterial inom byggsektorn påverkar CO2-utsläppen, kostnaden och köldbryggor i småhus. Detta utfördes för att belysa vilka effekter det medföra kortsiktigt och långsiktigt för både byggföretagen samt för klimatet. Metod: Metoderna som användes var litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och fallstudie. Resultat: Resultaten från empirin visade att isoleringsmaterialet fick relativt stora konsekvenser för de totala energiförlusterna. Detta genom att köldbryggorna och U-värdenas storlek förändras medan areor och längderna på köldbryggorna är konstanta. Skillnaderna blir tydligare ju större area huset har (inklusive antal våningar) och det ger i de flesta fall även upphov till längre köldbryggor. Resultatet visade att cellulosa hade det bästa LCC-värdet medan aerogel hade det sämsta LCC-värde, aerogel var cirka 790% värre än cellulosa. Aerogel hade lägst koldioxidutsläpp vid utsläpp från el som bedriver huset medans mineralull, cellplast, cellulosa släpper ut cirka 10% mer än aerogel. Vid isoleringsmaterialproduktion släpper aerogel mest koldioxid och cellulosan absorberar koldioxid. Konsekvenser: Isoleringsmaterialet har en stor inverkan på energiförlusterna i småhus. Det främsta skälet till att välja ett bättre isoleringsmaterial är på grund av värmekonduktivitet, då det får miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenser. Lägre energiförbrukning är positivt för miljön. Begränsningar: På grund av examensarbetets omfattning begränsades undersökningen till småhus som är stationerade i Sverige. Det medförde att studien anpassades efter krav som återfinns I BBR (Boverkets Byggregler). Beräkningarna och värden för köldbryggorna är endast utförda teoretiskt, d. v. s ingen uppföljning sker eftersom tiden och resurserna inte är tillräckliga. Nyckelord: Aerogel, cellplast, cellulosa, energiförluster, energitransmission, hållbart byggande isoleringsmaterial, långsiktigt byggande, köldbryggor, mineralull, polyuretan,
Purpose: The purpose was to analyze to which degree different insulation materials affected the, CO2-emissions, cost and thermal bridges in houses. This was due to the fact that we wanted to highlight the effects it brought in the long and short run for both the building companies but also for the environment. Method: The methods used was literature studies, document analysis and case study. Findings: The results from the empiricism showed that the insulations material had relatively large consequences for the total energy losses. This due to the thermal bridges and the U-values size change while the areas and the lengths of the thermal bridges remain constant. The differences become more distinct with larger areas on the houses (including the amount of building floors) and usually result in longer thermal bridges. The results of the empirical study showed that cellulose had the best LCC value while aerogel had the worst LCC value, aerogel was about 790% worse than cellulose. Aerogel had the best carbon dioxide emissions when emitted from electricity while mineral wool, cellular plastic, cellulose emitted about 10% more than aerogel. In insulating material production, aerogel releases most carbon dioxide and the cellulose absorb carbon dioxide. Implications: The insulation material does have a large impact on the energy transmission in houses. There is more than one reason to choose a better insulation material, mainly because of environmental and economic reasons. Less energy consumption is positive for the environment. Limitations: Due to the extent of the examination project this study was limited to houses stationed in Sweden. It resulted in the study being costumed to fit the requirements in Boverket national board of housing, building and planning. The calculations and the values of the thermal bridges are only calculated in theory. Keywords: Aerogel, cellulose, energy loss, insulation material, mineral wool, polyurethane, polystyrene, sustainable building, thermal bridges,

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Fetahagic, Adi, and Henrik Pantzar. "LCA och LCC av olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41116.

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Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att utföra en jämförelse av olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion genom LCA och LCC och att sedan skapa ett beslutsunderlag vid val av isoleringsmaterial. Tidigare forskning kring koldioxidutsläpp för olika byggmaterial finns. Däremot är det inte vanligt att dessa studeras tillsammans med ekonomiska aspekter. Målet med arbetet var att genomföra en LCA- och LCC-jämförelse av mineralull och andra typer av isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion och genom resultatet skapa beslutsunderlag vid val av isoleringsmaterial. Detta bryts ner i tre frågeställningar: (1) Vilket isoleringsmaterial ger minst koldioxidbelastning med förutsättningen att tjockleken på isoleringsmaterialet ger samma u-värde i en väggkonstruktion? (2) Vilket isoleringsmaterial har lägst LCC med förutsättningen att tjockleken på isoleringsmaterialet ger samma u-värde i en väggkonstruktion? (3) Hur kan LCA- och LCC-resultat sammanvägas för att skapa beslutsunderlag för val av isoleringsmaterial? Metod: För att besvara ovan nämnda frågeställningar genomförs en litteraturstudie, fallstudie med livscykelanalys och livscykelkostnadsanalys samt dokumentanalys. Resultat: Fyra olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion studerades med hänsyn till koldioxidutsläpp och livscykelkostnader. Materialåtgång och u-värde beräknades för väggkonstruktionen. Funktionell enhet för analyserna är 1 kvadratmeter av väggkonstruktionen med ett u-värde på först 0,164 W/m2K och sedan 0,106 W/m2K. Det material som leder till lägst koldioxidutsläpp för väggkonstruktionen är i första hand cellulosa och därefter träfiber, mineralull och sist polyuretan. Det material som leder till lägst kostnader för väggkonstruktionen är i första hand mineralull, cellulosa, träfiber och sist polyuretan. Konsekvenser: Arbetet visar att val av isoleringsmaterial kan sänka koldioxidutsläpp under produktionsfasen utan att medföra höga kostnader. Det visar även att val av isoleringsmaterial blir än mer relevant när energisnåla byggnader ska produceras där u-värde för väggkonstruktionen ligger runt 0,11 W/m2K då detta innebär större isoleringstjocklekar totalt för väggen. För att minska koldioxidutsläpp utan att nämnvärt höja kostnaden bör organiska isoleringsmaterial väljas. Begränsningar: Arbetet behandlar ej klimatpåverkan från husets energi- eller uppvärmningssystem. För att få samma förutsättningar för de valda isoleringsmaterialen måste samma u-värden i väggkonstruktionen uppnås. Arbetet avser hela livscykeln från vagga till grav i en LCA och LCC, dock har utsläpp genererade av transport utelämnats i analyserna. Enbart de termiska och miljömässiga egenskaperna hos isoleringsmaterialen kommer att beaktas. I fallstudien beaktas en träbaserad yttervägg av ett flerbostadshus med trästomme.
Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to perform a comparison of different insulation materials in a wood-based wall structure through LCA and LCC analysis, and then tocreate a decision base for the selection of insulation material. Previous research oncarbon dioxide emissions for various building materials has been done. On the otherhand, it is not common for these to be studied together with economic aspects. The aimof the work is to perform an LCA and LCC comparison of mineral wool and other types of insulation material in a wood-based wall structure and through the result create decision basis in the selection of insulation material. This is investigated by three questions: (1) Which insulation material emits the lowest amount CO2-equivalents, considering that the thickness of the insulation material has the same u-value in a wall structure? (2) Which insulation material leads to lowest LCC, considering that the thickness of the insulation material gives the same u-value in a wall structure? (3) How can LCA and LCC results together create decision bases for choosing insulation materials? Method: In order to answer the above questions a literature study, case study with lifecycle analysis and life cycle cost analysis and document analysis is conducted. Findings: Four different insulation materials in a wood-based wall structure were studied concerning carbon dioxide emissions and life cycle costs. Material utilization and u-value were calculated for the wall structure. Functional unit for the analyses is 1 square meter of the wall structure with a u-value of 0.166 W/m2K and 0.107 W/m2K. The material that leads to the lowest carbon dioxide emissions for the wall structure is cellulose, wood fibre, mineral wool and lastly polyurethane. The material that leads tothe lowest cost of the wall structure is mineral wool, cellulose, wood fibre and lastly polyurethane. Implications: The work shows that the choice of insulation materials can reduce carbondioxide emissions during the production phase without incurring excessive costs. It alsoshows that the choice of insulation materials becomes even more relevant when energy efficient buildings are to be produced where the u-value of the wall structure is around 0.11 W/m2K, as this means larger insulation thicknesses in total for the wall. In orderto reduce CO2 emissions without significantly increasing costs, organic insulation materials should be chosen. Limitations: The work does not address climate impact from the house's energy or heating system. To get the same conditions for the selected insulation materials, thesame u-values in the wall structure must be achieved. The work concerns the entire lifecycle from cradle to grave in an LCA and LCC, however, emissions generated bytransport have been omitted in the analyses. Only the thermal and environmental properties of the insulation materials are treated. The case study considers a wood-based exterior wall of a multi-story building.

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Almberg, Jan. "Användning av LCC : Vad krävs för att utforma en LCC-modell?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12719.

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Titel: Användning av LCC. Vad krävs för att utforma en LCC-modell? Bakgrund: Försvarsmakten äger och anskaffar komplicerad materiel som ska fungera under en lång livslängd. Materielförsörjningen ska vara kostnadseffektiv och kostnaderna kända ur ett livscykelperspektiv i största möjligaste mån. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) är en metod som kan bidra härtill. Vid anskaffningar och upphandlingar påbjuds det att LCC ska användas bland annat i syfte att öka kostnadseffektiviteten och få kontroll på kostnader. Till detta krävs en organisation som vet hur man genomför LCC på lämpligaste sätt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och belysa hur det går till och vad som krävs vid framtagning av LCC-modeller och praktisk användning av LCC och därigenom även bidra till ökad kunskap och förståelse för LCC-arbetet. Avgränsningar: I den här uppsatsen avgränsas arbetet att gälla inom FMV:s organisation och till huvudsak avhandla vad som krävs av organisationen, t.ex. i form av kompetens hos personal, för att utforma LCC-modeller. Metod: Delvis strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tre inom området erfarna och kunniga personer. Intervjuunderlag med öppna svar konstruerades utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställning som underlag för intervjuerna. Resultatet från intervjuerna bildade empiri. Empirin diskuterades och tolkade i förhållande till teorin varefter resultatet presenteras. Resultat, slutsatser: Studien ger en bild av vad som krävs för att bedriva LCC-arbete. Den visar vilka kompetenser som behövs (stor bredd av kompetenser krävs) och hur man kan organisera arbetet. Studien visar vad som styr utformning av LCC-modeller och poängterar olika risker och svårigheter i sammanhanget. Hur man kan förebygga och minimera risker och missförstånd framkommer. Studien poängterar problem och svårighet kopplat till kvaliteten på uppföljningssystem och likaså kvalitet vad avser data, både tillgänglighet och relevans.

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Andersson, Lucas, and Tim Fjällström. "LCC och LCA-baserad jämförelse mellan batteridriven och bensindriven produkt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96203.

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Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår.
Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.

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Lunnergård, Filip, and David Nilsson. "Integrering av LCA och LCC i en multikriterieanalys : Optimering av byggnadsdelar." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41162.

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Syfte: Detta examensarbete behandlar integrering av miljöbelastning och kostnader vid projektering av byggnader. Enligt tidigare forskning och svenska rapporter är användningen av livscykelkostnader och livscykelanalyser begränsad inom byggsektorn. Än mer begränsad är sammanvägning av dessa analyser för optimering av byggdelar och hela byggnadsverk. Målet med detta examensarbete är därför att testa en konceptmodell vilken syftar till att integrera miljöbelastning och kostnader under en hellivscykel. Frågeställningarna som besvaras är ”Hur kan fasadmaterial utvärderas utifrån miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekter?” och ”Hur kan kostnader och miljöbelastning sammanvägas för att skapa beslutsunderlag för val avfasadmaterial?”. Metod: Konceptmodellen prövas genom en fallstudie där ett antal fasader utgör fallet. Dessutom jämförs resultaten från fallstudien med inhämtade data från genomförd litteraturstudie. Resultat: Studien visar att den testade konceptmodellen fungerar med hjälp av relativt enkla verktyg. En multikriterieanalys genomförs på resultaten från LCA och LCC vilket genererar jämförbara slutvärden för fasaderna. Konsekvenser: Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att LCA och LCC är relativt enkla att genomföra i tidiga skeden om schablonvärden för livslängder kan nyttjas och modellinläsning mot en färdig miljödatabas finns tillgänglig. Vidare visar studien att multikriterieanalysen COPRAS är lämplig för integrering av miljöpåverkan och kostnader. Vidare studier på konceptmodellen bör genomföras med hjälp av intervjuer i branschen. Begränsningar: Studiens resultat begränsas av det faktum att den genomförs som en fallstudie där författarna bedömer huruvida konceptmodellen går att använda eller ej. För större förståelse kring hur användbar den är i praktiken och vilka modifieringar som bör genomföras måste branschens åsikter beaktas, exempelvis med hjälp av intervjuer.

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Березін, Л. М. "Порівняльний LCC-аналіз технічних систем." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19191.

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Rydin, Sara, and Sofia Olsson. "En jämförelse av koldioxidutsläpp i en byggnads klimatskal beroende på val av isoleringsmaterial." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45519.

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Syfte: En betydande del av Sveriges totala växthusgaser kommer ifrån bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Då livscykelperspektivet är ett högaktuellt ämne är det intressant att implementera LCA i bygg- och fastighetsbranschen och genomföra en analys på de isoleringsmaterial som anses vara de traditionella inom branschen. För att resultatet av LCA ska vara applicerbart för företag i branschen är det också av intresse att veta hur LCC skiljer sig mellan de jämförda isoleringsmaterialen. För att resultatet ska vara lätt att identifiera är en sammanställning av kostnad i kontrast till koldioxidutsläpp av intresse. Målet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om olika isoleringsmaterials miljöpåverkan utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv. Likaså att se hur stor skillnad det blir i kostnad mellan isoleringsmaterial med mer eller mindre koldioxidutsläpp, där en förutsättning är att U-värdet är detsamma för de jämförda materialen. Metod: De vetenskapliga metoderna för studien har varit litteraturstudie, fallstudie och dokumentanalys. Som komplement till dessa har beräkningar, livscykelanalyser och livscykelkostnadsanalyser genomförts. Resultat: Lösull av cellulosa minskar koldioxidutsläppet för isoleringen i vindsbjälklag med 94,6 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 30 procent jämfört med stenull. En skiva av cellulosa minskar koldioxidutsläppet för isoleringen i yttervägg med 94,4 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 7 procent jämfört med stenull. En bottenplatta av cellglas minskar koldioxidutsläppen med 65,1 procent till en kostnadsökning motsvarande 55,2 procent jämfört med en bottenplatta av cellplast och betong. Konsekvenser: • Isolering av cellulosa har ett betydligt lägre koldioxidutsläpp än stenull. • Livscykelkostnad för cellulosa är något högre än för stenull. • Utifrån denna studie rekommenderas att prioritera miljö framför kostnad och därför använda cellulosa som isolering i byggnader. • Cellglas är ett miljömässigt hållbart alternativ till cellplast och betong vid grundläggning. • Cellglas har en högre livscykelkostnad än cellplast och betong vid grundläggning. • Utifrån denna studie rekommenderas att prioritera miljö framför kostnad och därför överväga att använda cellglas vid grundläggning av byggnader. Begränsningar: Undersökningen har inte tagit hänsyn till transporter av material. Livscykelanalyserna är gjorda på 1 m2 material med en bestämd tjocklek. Endast två isoleringsalternativ per byggnadsdel har jämförts och hänsyn till materialens fukt-, ljud och brandegenskaper har inte beaktats. Studien är kvantitativ.
Purpose: A big part of the greenhouse gases from Sweden comes from the construction and real estate sector. Since the life cycle perspective is a high currant subject it is interesting to implement LCA to the building industry and perform such an analysis on the insulation materials that are traditionally used in the building industry. To make the result of the LCA applicable for companies in the industry it is also of interest to know how the LCC differs between the compared insulation materials. For the result to be easy to identify it is necessary to make a compilation of the cost in contrast to the carbon dioxide emissions. The goal of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the environmental impact from a life cycle perspective of different insulation materials. As well to see how the cost might change between different insulation materials with more or less carbon dioxide emissions, where a presumption is that the U-value is the same for the compared materials. Method: The scientific methods for the study have been literature study, case study and document analysis. As a complement, calculations, life cycle assessments and life cycle cost analysis have been made. Findings: Loose fill insulation of cellulose reduces the carbon dioxide emissions for insulation in the attic with 94,6 percent to a cost increase of 30 percent compared to stone wool. A board of cellulose reduces the carbon dioxide emissions for insulation in the external wall with 94,4 percent to a cost increase of 7 percent compared to stone wool. A foundation with foamglas reduces the carbon dioxide emissions with 65,1 percent to a cost increase of 55,2 percent compared to a foundation of EPS and concrete. Implications: • Insulation of cellulose have much lower carbon dioxide emissions than stone wool. • Life cycle cost for cellulose are a bit higher than for stone wool. • From this study the recommendation is to prioritize the environment above the cost and therefor use cellulose as insulation in buildings. • Foamglas is a more sustainable alternative to EPS and concrete for foundations. • Foamglas have a higher life cycle cost than EPS and concrete for foundations. • From this study the recommendation is to prioritize the environment above the cost and therefore consider to use foamglas for foundations. Limitations: The study has not included transportations of the materials. The life cycle assessments are made on 1 m2 of material with a fixed thickness. Only two insulation materials in each building part have been analyzed and no regards have been taken to the materials moist, sound, and fire attribute. The study is quantitative.

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Mäkelä, Johan. "Miljö- och kostnadseffekter av att använda höghållfast stål i taket på Swedbank Arena." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93799.

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Examensarbetet är en studie av den fasta delen av takkonstruktionen i Swedbank Arena. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur valet av att använda höghållfast stål påverkat kostnader och miljö under hela konstruktionens livstid. I undersökningen har takkonstruktionen dimensionerats med tre olika alternativ där andelen höghållfast stål i konstruktionen har varierats. Nedan beskrivs översiktligt de stålsorter som alternativen är uppbyggda av. - Alternativ A innehåller endast konventionellt stål som har sträckgräns 355 MPa. - Alternativ B är det alternativ som byggts i verkligheten. Den verkliga konstruktionen innehåller stålsorter med sträckgränser mellan 355 MPa - 900 MPa. - Alternativ C innehåller en större andel höghållfast stål än den verkliga konstruktionen. Detta alternativ innehåller stålsorter med sträckgränser 355- 900 MPa. Dimensioneringen av takkonstruktionen har utförts med programmet Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 som innehåller automatisk normkontroll enligt Boverkets handbok om stålkonstruktioner, BSK07. I analysen har två modeller skapats, alternativ A och C, för att kunna jämföras med den verkliga takkonstruktionen, alternativ B. Resultaten från analysen har använts i beräkningarna av kostnad och miljöpåverkan. För att beräkna miljöpåverkan användes ett livscykelanalysverktyg som är speciellt utvecklat för stål. I studien jämfördes miljöpåverkan för alternativen med höghållfast stål med ett alternativ som endast består av konventionellt stål. Det har antagits att miljöpåverkan under profiltillverkning, montage och användningsfasen är lika stora eller försumbar för studien. Miljöstudien är en jämförelsestudie. Det innebär att områden i konstruktionens livscykel som resulterar i lika stor miljöpåverkan för samtliga alternativ inte tas med i beräkningen. Kostnadsberäkningen har genomförts i samarbete med Ruukki. Med resultaten från analysen i Robot skapades ett frågeunderlag som Ruukki använde för att beräkna de totala kostnaderna för samtliga alternativ. Det som Ruukki beaktade vid prissättningen var materialpris, svetsning i verkstad, målning, transport och eventuellt byte av kran vid montage. I kostnadsanalysen har det antagits att projekteringskostnader och användning av takkonstruktionen är densamma för samtliga alternativ. Kostnadsanalysen har utförts som en jämförelsestudie mellan de olika alternativen. Stålmängderna minskar när man använder sig av höghållfast stål. Detta har medfört att både den totala kostnaden och miljöpåverkan för den verkliga konstruktionen blivit lägre i jämförelse med en konstruktion som endast består av konventionellt stål. Genom att använda höghållfast stål har man sparat mycket pengar och samtidigt reducerat miljöpåverkan.
The thesis is a study of the fixed part of the roof structure in Swedbank Arena. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the choice of using high strength steel has influenced costs and environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle. The roof has been designed with three different alternatives in which the proportion of the high-strength has varied. The following text describes briefly which grades the alternatives are composed of. - Alternative A contains only conventional steel with a yield strength of 355 MPa. - Alternative B is the design that has been built. This structure contains steel with a yield strength between 355- 900 MPa. - Alternative C contains a larger proportion of high-strength steel than the existening construction. This alternative contains steel with a yield strength between 355-900 MPa. The calculations of the roof structure have been performed with the program Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 which has an automatic code check according to BSK07, a publication from the Swedish national Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Two different models, alternative A and C, have been created and compared with the real structure, alternative B. The results from this analysis have been used in the calculations of cost and environmental impact. In the calculations of environmental impact a life cycle analysis tool was used that has been developed especially for steel. The study compared the environmental impact of the alternatives with high strength steel with the alternative that only consists of conventional steel. It has been assumed that the environmental impact in the manufacturing of the profiles, assembly of the steel construction and the use phase is equal or negligible for the study. The environmental study is a comparison study. This means that parts of the constructions life cycle that result in an equal environment impact for all alternatives are not calculated in the study. The cost estimation was calculated in collaboration with Ruukki. The result of the analysis in Robot was used as a tender request that Ruukki used to calculate the total costs of all alternatives. In the cost calculations Ruukki took into account the differences in material prices, welding in the steel factory, painting, transportation and possible replacement of the crane during assembly. In the cost analysis it has been assumed that the cost of designing the roof structure and the use phase is the same for all alternatives. The cost analysis has been performed as a comparison study between the different alternatives. The result of the study shows that the steel volume decreased when the structure consists of high strength steel. The decrease of the steel volume resulted in a reduced total cost and environmental impact. By using high strength steel a lot of money has been saved and in the same time the environmental impact has decreased. The thesis is a study of the fixed part of the roof structure in Swedbank Arena. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the choice of using high strength steel has influenced costs and environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle. The roof has been designed with three different alternatives in which the proportion of the high-strength has varied. The following text describes briefly which grades the alternatives are composed of. - Alternative A contains only conventional steel with a yield strength of 355 MPa. - Alternative B is the design that has been built. This structure contains steel with a yield strength between 355- 900 MPa. - Alternative C contains a larger proportion of high-strength steel than the existening construction. This alternative contains steel with a yield strength between 355-900 MPa. The calculations of the roof structure have been performed with the program Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 which has an automatic code check according to BSK07, a publication from the Swedish national Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Two different models, alternative A and C, have been created and compared with the real structure, alternative B. The results from this analysis have been used in the calculations of cost and environmental impact. In the calculations of environmental impact a life cycle analysis tool was used that has been developed especially for steel. The study compared the environmental impact of the alternatives with high strength steel with the alternative that only consists of conventional steel. It has been assumed that the environmental impact in the manufacturing of the profiles, assembly of the steel construction and the use phase is equal or negligible for the study. The environmental study is a comparison study. This means that parts of the constructions life cycle that result in an equal environment impact for all alternatives are not calculated in the study. The cost estimation was calculated in collaboration with Ruukki. The result of the analysis in Robot was used as a tender request that Ruukki used to calculate the total costs of all alternatives. In the cost calculations Ruukki took into account the differences in material prices, welding in the steel factory, painting, transportation and possible replacement of the crane during assembly. In the cost analysis it has been assumed that the cost of designing the roof structure and the use phase is the same for all alternatives. The cost analysis has been performed as a comparison study between the different alternatives. The result of the study shows that the steel volume decreased when the structure consists of high strength steel. The decrease of the steel volume resulted in a reduced total cost and environmental impact. By using high strength steel a lot of money has been saved and in the same time the environmental impact has decreased.

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Wiktor, Mårten, and Izabelle Johansson. "Using LCA and LCC in Planning Industrial Symbiosis : A study of the handling of sewage sludge in Malmö, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148842.

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Sewage sludge is currently being disposed by spreading it out on ﬁelds, an action that recycles important nutrients such as phosphorus, but also leads to heavy metal contamination. With impeding regulation changes, possibly making it harder or impossible to keep current practice, waste water treatment plants are reviewing their options. One solution could be mono-incineration with phosphorus recovery. However, to make the sludge have a heating value high enough to avoid support fuel it needs to be thermally dried, which requires large amounts of heat. Moreover, large investments would have to be made, creating a more complex system than the current one. Industrial symbiosis could be the solution for making it both more economically and environmentally sustainable and possible, as it is possible to utilise waste heat for the drying, and collaborating with a waste incineration company to incinerate the sludge. Setting up an industrial symbiosis exchange is not always simple; knowing who beneﬁts from what, and who should pay for what investment can be complicated. Moreover, it is often assumed that industrial symbiosis exchanges are environmentally sustainable, but it is not always the case. To better understand how costs should be allocated, and how exchanges should look to be both economically and environmentally sustainable, the methods life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) are suitable to use, as they allow a full view of the system, which can be broken down into diﬀerent processes. The aim of this study is to see how LCA and LCC can be used on a planned symbiosis project to assess environmental and economical impacts. The results that were found was that using waste heat instead of primary produced heat was not necessarily better, both economically and environmentally in the categories acidiﬁcation, eutrophication, and global warming potential. If the drying could take place solely during warmer months, through use of storage, then the heat could be produced through waste incineration, creating electricity to sell and replace marginal electricity. There was no clear cut answer to which scenario was better of the thirteen looked at in this study, as diﬀerent scenarios were better in diﬀerent categories, which proved the necessity of doing an LCA and a LCC, or similar methods. Moreover, the larger investments were not always the most proﬁtable, even in the best economical scenario, showing the risk of unequal cost distribution. Similarly, the best scenario to avoid global warming potential involved using storage of dried sludge, increasing emissions for the one responsible for the storage, whilst decreasing emissions for incineration substantially. In summary, performing a LCA and a LCC on a planned symbiosis exchange can both show how diﬀerent choices aﬀect diﬀerent categories, and help mitigate risks of uneven distribution of both costs and emissions.

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Schulte, Jesko Pitt Manoel. "Smarta steg på väg mot hållbara transporter? : Snabbladdningsinfrastruktur och elvägar ur ett strategiskt livscykelperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46795.

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Transportsektorn står för en fjärdedel av Sveriges totala energianvändning och är orsaken till en tredjedel av de nationella utsläppen av växthusgaser. Samtidigt har regeringen satt upp högt ställda mål: fordonsflottan ska vara fossiloberoende år 2030 och Sverige ska inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2050. För att nå dit krävs det snabba och kraftfulla förändringar i transportsektorn. Elektrifiering har pekats ut som en nyckelfaktor för framgång. Men för att eldrivna fordon fullt ut ska kunna konkurrera och ersätta det fossildrivna systemet, krävs det satsningar på ny infrastruktur. Snabbladdare har redan börjat byggas på många håll, där eldrivna personbilar kan ladda sitt batteri på kort tid. Elvägar är ett samlingsnamn för innovativa tekniker där fordon, inklusive lastbilar, laddas med el från vägbanan medan de kör. Men vilken eller vilka tekniker är de mest strategiska stegen, språngbrädor, på väg mot en hållbar framtid och vad kännetecknar egentligen en sådan? Det här arbetet utgår ifrån ramverket för strategisk hållbar utveckling som kan användas för att planera mot hållbarhet i komplexa system. Dess kärna består av backcasting utifrån fyra grundläggande principer för hållbarhet. Studien använder en kombination av olika metoder för att undersöka snabbladdningsinfrastrukturens och elvägars miljöpåverkan och kostnader ur ett strategiskt livscykelperspektiv. Den kunskapen används sedan för att bygga modeller för hur utsläppen till miljön förändras per investerad krona, också beroende på hur den använda elen produceras. Resultaten visar på en stor potential för minskad miljöpåverkan för båda tekniker som dock i hög grad är beroende på elmixen. Arbetet har också visat att det är viktigt att inkludera själva infrastrukturens miljöpåverkan i livscykelanalyser då den kan spela en betydande roll. Slutligen kunde förtydligas att det i många fall inte är utsläppen av koldioxidekvivalenter som utgör den största miljöpåverkan. Därför appelleras till att utgå ifrån ett mer holistiskt perspektiv vid miljöpåverkansbedömningar. Det har även identifierats ett antal betydande faktorer som det fortfarande råder stor osäkerhet kring. Det rekommenderas därför att fylla kunskapsluckor och att utöka modellerna med både fler alternativ och fler faktorer för att få en mer detaljerad bild av vilken teknik som kan leda Sverige mot en hållbar framtid.
The transport sector accounts for one fourth of Sweden’s total energy use and causes one third of the national emissions of greenhouse gases. At the same time, the Swedish government has set high goals: the vehicle fleet shall be fossil-independent until 2020 and Sweden shall not have any net emissions of greenhouse gases 2050. Quick and powerful actions are needed in order to reach these goals. Electrification has been pointed out as a key factor for success. In order for electric vehicles to be able to challenge and replace the fossil system, investment in new infrastructure is necessary. Fast chargers, where passenger cars can recharge their battery in short time, are already in place in many parts of Sweden. Electric roads is a term for new and innovative technologies where vehicles are charged from the road while they are driving. But which technique is the most strategic stepping stone on the way to sustainability? This study has its ground in the framework for strategic sustainable development which can be used to plan for sustainability in complex systems. At its core it uses backcasting from four basic sustainability principles. This work uses a combination of different methods to investigate the environmental impact and costs of fast charging infrastructure and electric roads from a strategic life cycle perspective. That information is then used to build models to take a closer look at how emissions to the environment change per invested Swedish crown, also dependent on how the used electricity is produced. The results show a large potential to decrease the environmental impact for both techniques, but it is strongly dependent on the electricity mix. Furthermore, this work shows that is is important to include the environmental impact of the infrastructure itself in life cycle analyses, because it can has a significant share in the total emissions. Finally, it is pointed out that it often not is the case that the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents are the most important impact. It is therefore crucial to use a more holistic perspective in life cycle impact assessments. This work has identified a number of factors with large relevance but also large uncertainty. It is therefore recommended to fill the identified knowledge gaps and to expand the presented models with more factors and more alternative techniques, to get a more detailed picture of which solution is the best stepping stone on Sweden’s way to a sustainable future.
Greencharge Sydost

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Ibrahim, Mohammed Ibrahim Kamalaldeen. "Building sustainability assessment with LCA and LCC for residential housing projects - case studies." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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A significant number of existing buildings were built not complying with sustainability measurements. As a result, the internal environment is not healthy nor comfortable—a tremendous amount of energy is required in the construction and operation stages. Residential buildings, historical and modern, were used in the case study to improve their thermal performance using EPS and PIR insulation system, the maintenance plan methodology regarding both buildings explained in detail. The insulation thickness and the cost per mq were determined using the life cycle costing analysis—the environmental impact of the material evaluated through the life cycle assessment approach. The detailed investigation, post-investigation maintenance actions, and proactive maintenance plan are followed to design a proper maintenance plan for both buildings used in the case study. However, the differences in the pre-treatment procedures to install the insulation are included in the maintenance plan. The Life cycle costing method estimate the cost and the thickness of the insulation material, PIR insulation panel thickness 0.031 m cost 7.93 €/m2, while 8.99 €/m2 is the cost of the EPS panel thickness 0.037 m. based on the obtained thickness the environmental analysis reported that; , 1217.97 MJ and 1109.11 MJ of energy consumed by EPS and PIR insulation panel in the production stage .meanwhile, the CO2 emission about 131.25 kg from the PIR, which more the PES emission by three times.

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Buitrago, Villaplana Esther. "LCC and LCA for Low Temperature Heating Integrated with Energy Active Envelope Systems." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277027.

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Windows has been always considered as heat sinks and they can account more than 25% of a building envelope. For this reason, its design and performance in dwellings play a major role in regulating the indoor environment. The construction sector has been investing in better insulation envelope systems for the last decades to reduce the heat transmissions losses and energy consumption in households. LOWTE is a Swedish firm specialized in low energy building components and due to all these facts, it has recently developed a double slot energy active envelope window (EAW) for improving energy-saving in buildings. EAW is a window prototype that integrates low-temperature heating and energy active systems, and it is planned to be installed at Testbed KTH in Stockholm (Sweden). Waste heat from the current heating systems will be used during its whole operation. Then, a life cycle assessment (LCA) will be accomplished for evaluating EAW feasibility and costeffectiveness before its implementation. Furthermore, an LCA comparison with other two passive window systems will be made. A double-glazed and a triple-glazed window will represent the reference system and a competent alternative solution, respectively. A sensitivity analysis for each model will be developed in order to consider multiples scenarios and obtain which variables affect the most EAW profitability. Thus, the feasibility of the EAW would be studied from an economic and environmental perspective. The simulations of both models show the potential that EAW can represent for the current heating system in KTH Live-In-Lab apartments. Since EAW is quite subjected to the thermal conditions of the room, the ambience, and the internal flowing air; costs savings and avoided environmental impacts will depend mainly on the thermal performance of the whole system.
Fönster har alltid betraktats som kylflänsar och de kan stå för mer än 25% av byggnadens kuvert. Av denna anledning spelar deras design och prestanda i bostäder en viktig roll för att reglera inomhusmiljön. Byggsektorn har investerat i bättre isoleringshölje system under de senaste decennierna för att minska värmeöverförings förlusterna och energiförbrukningen i hushållen. LOWTE är ett svenskt företag som är specialiserat på byggnadskomponenter med låg energi och på grund av alla dessa fakta har det nyligen utvecklat ett fönster med dubbelspalt och energi aktivt kuvert (EAW) för att förbättra energibesparing i byggnader. EAW är en fönster prototyp som integrerar låg temperatur värme och energi aktiva system som kommer att installeras på Testbed KTH i Stockholm (Sverige). Avfallsvärme från de nuvarande värmesystemen kommer att användas under hela driften. Sedan kommer en livscykelanalys (LCA) att genomföras för att utvärdera EAW med avseende pågenomförbarhet och kostnadseffektivitet innan denna implementering. Dessutom kommer en LCAjämförelse med andra två passiva fönstersystem att göras. Ett dubbelglasat och ett tredubbelt fönster representerar referenssystemet respektive en kompetent alternativ lösning. En känslighetsanalys för varje modell kommer att utvecklas för att ta hänsyn till flera scenarier och utvärdera vilka variabler som mest påverkar EAW-lönsamhet. Således skulle genomförbarheten för EAW studeras ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Simuleringarna av båda modellerna visar potentialen som EAW kan representera för det nuvarande värmesystemet i KTHs Live-In-Lab-lägenheter. Eftersom EAW är helt utsatt för de termiska förhållandena i rummet, atmosfären och den inre flödande luften; beror kostnadsbesparingar och minskad miljöpåverkan främst på värmeprestandan för hela systemet.

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Klein, Pasma Didrik, and Anton Rudberg. "En kombinerad LCA och LCC-modell för att kvantifiera komponenters miljöpåverkan och kostnad." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85454.

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Kim, Ki. "Conceptual building information modelling framework for whole-house refurbishment based on LCC and LCA." Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/25323/.

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The UK government aims at achieving 80% CO2 emission reduction by 2050 which requires collective efforts across all the UK industry sectors. In particular, the housing sector has a large potential to contribute to achieving the aim because the housing sector alone accounts for 27% of the total UK CO2 emission, and furthermore, 87% of the housing which is responsible for current 27% CO2 emission will still stand in 2050. Therefore, it is essential to improve energy efficiency of existing housing stock built with low energy efficiency standard. In order for this, a whole‐house needs to be refurbished in a sustainable way by considering the life time financial and environmental impacts of a refurbished house. However, the current refurbishment process seems to be challenging to generate a financially and environmentally affordable refurbishment solution due to the highly fragmented nature of refurbishment practice and a lack of knowledge and skills about whole‐house refurbishment in the construction industry. In order to generate an affordable refurbishment solution, diverse information regarding costs and environmental impacts of refurbishment measures and materials should be collected and integrated in right sequences throughout the refurbishment project life cycle among key project stakeholders. Consequently, various researchers increasingly study a way of utilizing Building Information Modelling (BIM) to tackle current problems in the construction industry because BIM can support construction professionals to manage construction projects in a collaborative manner by integrating diverse information, and to determine the best refurbishment solution among various alternatives by calculating the life cycle costs and lifetime CO2 performance of a refurbishment solution. Despite the capability of BIM, the BIM adoption rate is low with 25% in the housing sector and it has been rarely studied about a way of using BIM for housing refurbishment projects. Therefore, this research aims to develop a BIM framework to formulate a financially and environmentally affordable whole‐house refurbishment solution based on the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods simultaneously. In order to achieve the aim, a BIM feasibility study was conducted as a pilot study to examine whether BIM is suitable for housing refurbishment, and a BIM framework was developed based on the grounded theory because there was no precedent research. After the development of a BIM framework, this framework was examined by a hypothetical case study using BIM input data collected from questionnaire survey regarding homeowners’ preferences for housing refurbishment. Finally, validation of the BIM framework was conducted among academics and professionals by providing the BIM framework and a formulated refurbishment solution based on the LCC and LCA studies through the framework. As a result, BIM was identified as suitable for housing refurbishment as a management tool, and it is timely for developing the BIM framework. The BIM framework with seven project stages was developed to formulate an affordable refurbishment solution. Through the case study, the Building Regulation is identified as the most affordable energy efficiency standard which renders the best LCC and LCA results when it is applied for whole‐house refurbishment solution. In addition, the Fabric Energy Efficiency Standard (FEES) is recommended when customers are willing to adopt high energy standard, and the maximum 60% of CO2 emissions can be reduced through whole‐house fabric refurbishment with the FEES. Furthermore, limitations and challenges to fully utilize BIM framework for housing refurbishment were revealed such as a lack of BIM objects with proper cost and environmental information, limited interoperability between different BIM software and limited information of LCC and LCA datasets in BIM system. Finally, the BIM framework was validated as suitable for housing refurbishment projects, and reviewers commented that the framework can be more practical if a specific BIM library for housing refurbishment with proper LCC and LCA datasets is developed. This research is expected to provide a systematic way of formulating a refurbishment solution using BIM, and to become a basis for further research on BIM for the housing sector to resolve the current limitations and challenges. Future research should enhance the BIM framework by developing more detailed process map and develop BIM objects with proper LCC and LCA Information.

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Svensk, Larm Melina, and Eriksson Johannes Allringer. "LCA och LCC på olika material till fasad och stomme i parkeringshus i Gävle." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26653.

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Byggbranschen står för en stor del av miljöpåverkan både i Sverige och övriga världen. Även en stor del av världens totala materialanvändning står byggbranschen för. En LCA (livscykelanalys) är en metod som används för att kunna redovisa en produkt eller aktivitets miljöpåverkan över hela dess livscykel. Med hjälp av en LCA kan en byggnads miljöpåverkan redovisas i olika kategorier utifrån faserna från framtagning av material till återvinning efter rivning av byggnaden. Under våren 2018 uppför Gavlefastigheter AB ett parkeringshus helt i trä med en fasad bestående av ett laserat träraster ute på Alderholmen i Gävle. Denna rapport syftar till att kartlägga vilket byggnadsmaterial som är bäst lämpat ur miljösynpunkt av trä, betong och stål till den vertikalt bärande stommen samt som fasadmaterial. Granskning av stommen och fasadmaterialet har skett oberoende av varandra. För att få en rättvis bild av mängden byggnadsmaterial, har den befintliga konstruktionen ritats upp och räknats om till en betongkonstruktion och en stålkonstruktion. Fasadmaterialet har i analyserna utgått ifrån det befintliga trärastret och träpanel som jämförts med en fasad täckt med fibercementskivor eller stålplåtar. Genom en LCA kan många olika miljöpåverkansfaktorer utläsas och granskas. I denna analys har tre olika faktorer behandlats vilka är påverkan på global uppvärmning sett till koldioxidekvivalenter (CO2e), försurning sett till svaveldioxidekvivalenter (SO2e) och övergödning sett till fosfatekvivalenter (PO4e). En enklare LCC (livscykelkostnad) har gjorts på stommen samt underhåll för fasadmaterialen. LCC:n visar att det mest ekonomiskt fördelaktiga materialet i stommen är trä och i fasaden fibercement. Resultatet av LCA:n av stommaterialet visar att en stomkonstruktionslösning i limträ är det bästa alternativet medan stålstommen visar sig vara det sämsta alternativet, sett ur miljösynpunkt. Samtidigt visar LCA:n av fasaderna att fibercementskivor är det bästa alternativet medan trä visar sig här vara det sämsta alternativet.
The environmental footprint of the construction industry in Sweden and in the rest of the world is big, additionally the construction industry uses a large portion of the world's total material supply. To enable the analysis of a product or activity's environmental impact throughout its life cycle, a LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) can be used. The LCA, breaks down the building's environmental impact in different categories based on the phases, from material production to recycling after demolition of the building. During the spring of 2018, Gavlefastigheter AB will build a car park entirely in wood, with a facade covered with lasures coated wood in Alderholmen in Gävle. This report aims to show which building material is best suited of wood, concrete or steel to the vertically supporting frame as well as facade material. The analysis of the frame and the facade material has taken place independently. To assess the amount of building materials, the existing structure has been drawn up and converted into a concrete structure as well as a steel structure. In the analyses, the facade material has been derived from the existing tree truss compared to a facade covered with fiber cement slabs or steel plates. Through a LCA, many environmental impact factors can be assessed and examined. In this analysis, three different factors have been studied which are, the impact on global warming in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), acidification of sulfur dioxide equivalents (SO2e) and eutrophication of phosphate equivalents (PO4e). A simplified LCC (Life Cycle Cost) has been made on the frame as well as maintenance for facade materials. The LCC analysis shows that a wood frame is the best option with a façade in fiber cement. The result from this LCA on the environmental impact of the frame shows that a frame construction solution in glulam is the best alternative, while the steel frame proves to be the worst option. At the same time, the life cycle analysis of the facade shows that fiber cement slabs are the best option, while wood is found to be the worst option.

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Ivansson, Signe, and Kajsa Starck. "Operativa beslut inom byggsektorn med hjälp av LCC-utvärdering." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45780.

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Syfte: Det finns en stor brist på kunskap om att översätta klimatpåverkan till ett monetärt värde. Forskare har under flera decennium studerat och forskat inom området och tagit fram flera metoder och verktyg inom LCC (Livscykelkostnad). Forskarna frågar sig varför inte dessa används i branschen? Målet med denna studie är att ta fram ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av LCA (Livscykelanalys) utföra en LCC med invägd miljökostnad. Metod: De metoder som används för att nå målet med arbetet är mailintervjuer, observationer, dokumentanalys och litteraturstudie. Resultat: Arbetet beskriver att kommunala bostadsbolag inte använder sig av LCC i någon större utsträckning. En fallstudie har utförts på två hus i Kv. Vingpennan 2 i Kungsängen. Arbetet presenterar utifrån fallstudien, ett arbetssätt där miljökostnad översätts till ett monetärt värde med hjälp av LCA och LCC. Konsekvenser: Eftersom kommunala bostadsbolag inte arbetar med LCC analyser i den utsträckning som skulle behövas i nuläget skulle någon form av krav från kommun kunna bli aktuellt. Byggnation som är en stor koldioxidbov skulle behöva en sådan typ av krav, i form av till exempel en koldioxidskatt som räknas fram i början av varje nytt byggprojekt. Orsakerna varför inte LCC används i någon större utsträckning är många. Osäkerhetsfaktorerna för uppskattning av ett monetärt värde för miljöpåverkan inom LCC anses vara en bidragande orsak. Om dessa krav som detta arbete föreslår skulle ställas på beslutsfattarna då tvingas de att lära sig att arbeta aktivt med LCC. Den nya ISO standarden 14008:2019 kan vara en början till fungerande arbetsmetoder med LCC där miljökostnaden kan räknas fram. Begränsningar: Val av metoder och strategier har varit passande för detta arbete. Det som dels har begränsat resultatet är att fallstudien endast pågått en kort tid i projektet Kv. Vingpennan 2 och dels att det finns olika LCA-verktyg på marknaden. Innehållet i dessa LCA-program kan ha begränsat arbetet då de inte är exakta med verkligheten. De osäkerhetsfaktorer som finns i en LCC analys kan göra att den som utför analysen kan tolka de olika faktorerna på olika sätt och därför få olika resultat.
Purpose: There is a lack of knowledge of translating environmental cost to a monetary value. Sientcis has during the last decades studied and researched the field and developed several methods and tools within the Life cycle cost (LCC). The researchers are wondering why these are not used in the industry? The goal in this study is to develop a working method on how to build better for the climate using Life cycle assessment (LCA) and LCC. Method: The methods used to reach the goal of the study are mail interviews, observations, document analysis and literature review. Findings: The result of the study describes that municipal housing companies do not use LCC a lot. A case study is done on two houses in Kv. Vingpennan 2 in Kungsängen, Jönköping. The study presents, based on the case study a method for working with LCC with a environmental cost translated into a monetary value by using LCA. Implications: Since municipal housing companies at present do not work with LCC analyses to the extent that would be needed, some kind of demands from the municipality could be relevant. The construction sector is emitting a lot of carbon dioxide that is why some kind of tax should be calculated in the beginning of a new building project. There are many reasons why LCC is not so much in use. The uncertainty factors for estimating a monetary value for the environmental cost within the LCC might be a contributing factor. If the requirements that we propose would be put to the decision makers they would be forced to learn how to and work with LCC. The new ISO standard 14008:2019 could be the beginning of work methods for LCC where the environmental cost could be calculated. Limitations: The choice of methods and strategies for this study has been appropriate. The limitation is that the case study has only been studied over a shorter time of the studied projects time and that there is a lot of different programs for making a LCA and the materials in those programs is not always the exact same as in the real project. The uncertainties in an LCC could make the results variate a lot depending on who makes it.

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伊藤, 義人, Yoshito ITOH, 達. 鈴木, and Toru SUZUKI. "橋梁用防護柵の性能照査型統合設計システム." 土木学会, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8629.

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伊藤, 義人, Yoshito ITOH, 光永和田, and Mitsunaga WADA. "イベントを考慮した交通基盤施設のライフサイクル評価手法に関する研究." 土木学会, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8633.

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Whiting, Andrew John. "Bioenergy in the United Kingdom : an environmental and economic sustainability assessment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bioenergy-in-the-united-kingdom-an-environmental-and-economic-sustainability-assessment(d7bb1f06-8775-49f1-a17e-69af935f71ce).html.

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In an attempt to meet its ambitious climate change targets, the UK government has decided to incentivise the uptake of bioenergy. However, the full economic costs and environmental impacts of this decision have not yet been quantified at a national level. This is the topic of this research which evaluates the life cycle environmental and economic sustainability of different options for electricity and heat generation using biomass available in the UK, notably waste wood, agricultural residues and wastes, straw, municipal solid waste (MSW), food waste, and energy crops. These results are then used to evaluate the environmental impacts and costs for the whole bioenergy sector in the UK.The results suggest that the environmentally and economically most sustainable electricity generating options are, in descending order: manure/agricultural residue anaerobic digestion (AD) combined heat and power (CHP), Miscanthus co-firing with coal, and chicken litter gasification CHP. The most sustainable heat-generating systems are manure/agricultural residue ADC CHP, waste wood gasification CHP, and chicken litter gasification CHP. However, the use of these technologies is limited by the availability of their respective feedstocks. The research finds that there is currently 30.4 million odt of biomass produced annually in the UK which could be used for electricity and heat generation and that potentially 77.8 million odt could be produced if greater amounts of energy crops are grown. Dry biomass makes up the largest proportion of available biomass, which itself largely consists of wood wastes and energy crops. Dry biomass can therefore make the largest contribution of electricity or heat to potential bioenergy sectors. The electricity-generating biotechnologies identified as those which would make the most sustainable use of wood wastes and energy crops are biomass power plants and co-firing plants. Heat would be most sustainably generated from these feedstocks using biomass gasification CHPs and biomass boilers. According to the results, it is more sustainable to use the UK’s current and potential biomass resources for generating electricity, rather than for producing heat. Electricity from biomass has higher potential for reducing the majority of environmental impacts compared to the current UK electricity grid. Despite this, some impacts are expected to increase, including eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, depletion of elements and acidification. Furthermore, the economic sustainability of most biomass options is often dependent on subsidies being available, mainly because of the high capital costs. It is recommended that the government look beyond climate change and consider full life cycle impacts when deciding which technologies to incentivise to avoid solving the one problem at the expense of others. It is also advised that subsidies be tied to the sustainability of the feedstock, incentivising the use of waste over energy crops (at least in the short term) and encouraging the displacement of coal and oil. Furthermore, the government should consider scaling the FIT and RHI subsidies smoothly with capacity and consider scaling ROC payments which are currently not linked to capacity at all. Improvements to the environmental sustainability of bioenergy could be gained by funding research into cleaning emissions from biomass combustion, enforcing strict regulation of ash disposal and digestate treatment, and encouraging the reuse and recycling of rare elements.

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Arlid, Emma, and David Karlsson. "Framtidsplanerat byggande för koncepthus." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89904.

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Underhåll och fastighetsförvaltningen utgör en väsentlig del av en byggnads livscykel. Vid projekteringsfasen finns sällan en underhållsplan upprättad. Detta medför att fastighetsägarna vid övertagandet från entreprenaden får fastslå en årlig avsättning till underhållsfonden, i den ekonomiska planen, genom att beräkna en viss andel av taxeringsvärdet. Om det vid förstudie och projektering kan kartläggas vilka underhållsåtgärder som har störst påverkan på ekonomi och miljö skulle dessa åtgärder kunna tas hänsyn till redan vid uppförandet. Syftet med arbetet var att identifiera de viktigaste åtgärderna att ta hänsyn till vid underhållsplanering av en flerbostadsfastighet med bostadsrätt som upplåtelseform. Målet för studien var att selektera och rangordna de fem komponenter där materialvalen har störst betydelse ur både ekonomisk och miljömässig synpunkt. Studien har utförts med inriktning på flerbostadsfastigheter producerade som koncepthus. Då teorin gällande underhållsplaner och följderna av materialval under byggandet var mycket begränsad valdes att utföra en intervju. En underhållsplan med tre materialval på var och en av komponenterna har upprättats för att jämföra kostnader över tid. En livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) utfördes för att kunna bedöma vilka kostnader som belastar de olika materialalternativen, dock har driftkostnader inte inkluderats. En livscykelanalys (LCA) har genomförts i form av miljödeklarationer (EPD) för varje individuellt material med hjälp av Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsprogram (BM). Slutsatsen blev att materialvalet av de komponenter som har störst betydelse på fastighetskostnader under en 40-årsperiod är enlig följande: 1. Fasadbeklädnad, 2. Hiss, 3. Fönster, 4. Takbeklädnad, och 5. Parkeringsbeläggning. Om totalkostnaden för dessa komponenter tas med i beräkningen redan vid förstudie och projektering skulle det kunna leda till utgifter för fastighetsägaren över tid.

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Kroll, Stephan. "Extended life of swimming pools through LCC." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96505.

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Swimming pools constructed with reinforced concrete require a high level of expertise within both, its planning and execution. To build waterproof concrete shells, extensive concrete technology knowledge, detailed planning of joint formation and high quality safety measures are needed. This thesis evaluates concrete technology features for swimming pool construction in Germany and Sweden. In particular, guidelines by DafStb, DIN and DgfdB provide the planner with detailed advice and specifics about swimming pools. It also gives an overview about the actual condition of swimming pools in Sweden that reached an age of at least 30 years and shows structural consequences of mistakes in planning and construction of swimming pools. The aspect of financial consequences is also analyzed. With the support of the software “Legep”, the methodology of LCC was used to estimate costs in the future. Additionally, a proposal of post tensioned concrete as a more sustainable technology for watertight concrete basins is shown and under equal aspects analyzed and compared.

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Patra, Ambika Prasad. "RAMS and LCC in rail track maintenance /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/57/.

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Serrano, González Irene. "LCC approach for High-speed ballastless tracks." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191159.

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An approach of life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for high-speed ballastless tracks in Spain is carried out in this document based on an approximation of the present value behaviour through the Electre II Multi criteria method. A review of other LCC researches has been done analysing their results in order to adapt previous experimental tracks costs to the present study which is focused on construction and maintenance costs in Spain. Even though several ballastless systems are introduced and analysed in terms of costs, and environmental impacts; only four of them are deeply compared with ballasted tracks: Japanese Shinkansen, Rheda 2000, EDILON embedded rail system and LVT. The comparisons are established using ratios (ballastless/ballasted track costs) instead of total costs due to their lack of validation among countries and years. Furthermore, two case studies have been presented: one using 3% as discount rate which favours ballastless choice and another using 6% which in contrast, favours the traditional option. Last chapter aims to compare results from the presented method with proper present value calculations during 60 years in the Ballasted Madrid-Seville line (Spain).

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Mineur, Therése, and Viktoria Löfstedt. "STUDIE AV INITIALA BROKOSTNADER FÖR LCC-ANALYSER." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76593.

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Idag används LCC-analyser då slutkostnader för en bro beräknas. I tidiga skeden är den initiala byggkostnaden, som krävs för att göra en LCC, svår att bedöma då endast ett förslag på brons utformning finns som underlag. Idag används ofta ett schablonvärde från trafikverkets för pris/m2 för att bestämma den kostnaden, vilket ger ett väldigt grovt pris. Studien ska undersöka om ett mer exakt värde kan tas fram för den initiala kostnaden. Litteraturstudier samt intervjuer med branschkunniga personer har utförts för att öka förståelse inom LCC-analyser och brons uppbyggnad. Information från trafikverkets tidigare broprojekt har samlats in för att ta reda på en bros beståndsdelar samt dokumentationer av priser. Från resultaten av den insamlade informationen har bron delats upp i två delar och ett pris tagits fram för varje brodel. Uträkningen av dessa priser har gjorts med hjälp av egenkomponerade formler i flera olika Excel-snurror som enkelt kan användas i framtiden för kommande broar. Denna rapport kommer endast studera investeringskostnaderna för en bro under dess livscykel. Två vanliga brotyper har studerats så att resultatet kan tillämpas i många framtida beräkningar av LCC-analyser. Av resultaten framgår att två olika m2-priser kan användas på plattrambron och ett pris/m2 kan användas för samverkansbro. Spännvidd under 17m för plattrambro resulterade i värdet 8 000kr/m2 och över 17m resulterade i 10 000kr/m2, för samverkansbroar blev resultatet 26 000kr/m2. Dessa värden viktas sedan med hjälp av en Excel-snurra beroende på brons utformning för att ett individuellt kvadratmeterpris för varje bro ska fås fram. Slutsatsen är att det är svårt att få fram bättre underlag för beräkning av investeringskostnader som används i livscykelkostnadsanalysberäkning (LCC) för broar på grund av broars komplexitet. Men ett resultat har tagits fram och kan användas som ett ungefärligt värde. Om undersökningen görs på fler broar, blir resultatet ännu säkrare.
To calculate the final costs of a bridge before the bridge is built, a method called life- cost-analysis (LCC) is used. In the early stages of the design of a bridge, it is difficult to calculate the initial costs that are required for the LCC because usually a proposal of the drawings is used. Today, a standard value is often used from the Swedish Transport Administration (price per area) to determine the initial cost, which gives a very rough price. The study should examine whether a more accurate value can be produced for the initial cost. Literature studies and interviews with industry experts have been done in order to increase understanding within LCC-analyzes and bridge construction. Information from the Swedish Transport Administrations previous bridge project has been collected to find out the components of a bridge and documentation of prices. From the results of the collected information, the bridge has been divided into two sections and a price has been produced for each bridge section. The calculation of these prices has been made using self-formulated formulas in several different excel rounds that can easily be used for future bridge designs. The main focus in this study has been the initial costs of a bridge design during its lifecycle. Two commons types of bridges have been used in order to make it easier to apply the results on future bridges. The results show three different prices per area that can be used. Two different prices per area on the rigid-frame bridge and one price per area for the collaborative bridge. Rigid-frame bridge with a span below 17m resulted in a value of SEK 8,000/m2 and a span over 17m resulted in SEK 10,000/m2, for composite bridges the result was SEK 26,000/m2. These values are then weighted in an excel round depending on the design of the bridge, in order to obtain an individual square meter price for each bridge. The conclusion is that it is difficult to achieve a better way of calculating investment costs used in life cycle cost analysis (LCC) for bridges since every bridge is unique and complex. But a result has been produced and can be used as an approximate value for future calculations. Had this survey been done on more bridges, the result would have been more accurate.

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Eriksson, Ola. "Environmental and Economic Assessment of Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Systems Perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3544.

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Waste management is something that affects most people. Thewaste amounts are still increasing, but the waste treatment ischanging towards recycling and integrated solutions. In Swedenproducersresponsibility for different products, a taxand bans on deposition of waste at landfills implicates areorganisation of the municipal solid waste management. Plansare made for new incineration plants, which leads to that wastecombustion comes to play a role in the reorganisation of theSwedish energy system as well. The energy system is supposed toadapt to governmental decisions on decommission of nuclearplants and decreased use of fossil fuels.

Waste from private households consists of hazardous waste,scrap waste, waste electronics and wastes that to a largeextent are generated in the kitchen. The latter type has beenstudied in this thesis, except for newsprint, glass- and metalpackages that by source separation havent ended up in thewaste bin. Besides the remaining amount of the above mentionedfractions, the waste consists of food waste, paper, cardboard-and plastic packages and inert material. About 80-90 % of thismixed household waste is combustible, and the major part ofthat is also possible to recycle.

Several systems analyses of municipalsolid waste managementhave been performed. Deposition at landfill has been comparedto energy recovery, recycling of material (plastic andcardboard) and recycling of nutrients (in food waste).Environmental impact, fuel consumption and costs are calculatedfor the entire lifecycle from the households, until the wasteis treated and the by-products have been taken care of.

To stop deposition at landfills is the most importantmeasure to take as to decrease the environmental impact fromlandfills, and instead use the waste as a resource, therebysubstituting production from virgin resources (avoidingresource extraction and emissions). The best alternative tolandfilling is incineration, but also material recycling andbiological treatment are possible.

Recycling of plastic has slightly less environmental impactand energy consumption than incineration. The difference issmall due to that plastic is such a small part of the totalwaste amount, and that just a small part of the collectedamount is recycled. Cardboard recycling is comparable toincineration; there are both advantages and disadvantages.Source separation of food waste may lead to higher transportemissions due to intensified collection, but severalenvironmental advantages are observed if the waste is digestedand the produced biogas substitutes diesel in busses.Composting has no environmental advantages compared toincineration, mainly due to lack of energy recovery. Therecycling options are more expensive than incineration. Theincreased cost must be seen in relation to the environmentalbenefits and decreased energy use. If the work with sourceseparation made by the households is included in the analysis,the welfare costs for source separation and recycling becomesnon-profitable. It is however doubted how much time is consumedand how it should be valuated in monetary terms.

In systems analyses, several impacts are not measured.Environmental impact has been studied, but not allenvironmental impact. As the parts of the system are underconstant change, the results are not true forever. Recyclingmay not be unambiguously advantageous today, but it can be inthe future.

Despite the fact that systems analysis has been developedduring 10 years in Sweden, there are still many decisions takenregarding waste management without support from systemsanalysis and use of computer models. The minority of users ispleased with the results achieved, but the systems analysis isfar from easy to use. The adaptation of tools and models to thedemands from the potential users should consider thatorganisations of different sizes have shifting demands andneeds.

The application areas for systems analysis and models arestrategic planning, decisions about larger investments andeducation in universities and within organisations. Systemsanalysis and models may be used in pre-planning procedures. Apotential is a more general application (Technology Assessment)in predominantly waste- and biofuel based energy processes, butalso for assessment of new technical components in a systemsperspective. The methodology and systems approach developedwithin the systems analysis has here been transformed to anassessment of environmental, economic and technical prestandaof technical systems in a broad sense.

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伊藤, 義人, Yoshito Itoh, 徹哉北川, and Tetsuya Kitagawa. "Using CO2 emission quantities in bridge lifecycle analysis." Elsevier, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/160.

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Schmidt, Ximena Carolina. "A sustainable assessment in the convenience food sector : ready-made meals." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-sustainable-assessment-in-the-convenience-food-sector-readymade-meals(74939787-085d-481b-be7d-fbf4f00fccbd).html.

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The food industry has an essential role in society and in the global economy. Nowadays, modernlifestyle demands convenience, which is driving the development of the food sector. This isparticularly evident with convenience food, especially ready-made meals, industrially preparedfood, which only requires a short preparation time at home by consumers, but has very complexand diverse supply chains and is associated with a range of sustainability issues. Therefore, theaim of this research is to evaluate the environmental, economic and social sustainability in theready-made meals sector with the focus on the UK market. A life cycle approach has been used forthese purposes, using life cycle assessment (LCA) as the tool for the environmental analysis, lifecycle costing (LCC) for the economic aspects and social sustainability indicators (SI) for the socialissues. Different types of ready-made meal from different cuisines have been considered, includingthe British, Italian, Chinese and Indian. The highest environmental impacts are found for the Italian and Indian cuisines, while Chinesemeals are environmentally most sustainable, followed by the British. At the sectoral level, theresults suggest that from ‘cradle to retailer’ the British ready-made meal sector contributes 4.45 Mtof CO2 eq. annually, which represents ~4% of the GHG emissions of the food and drink sector and~1% of the UK GHG emissions. Of this, 3.16 Mt of CO2 eq. is emitted by chilled and 1.28 Mt of CO2eq. by the frozen ready-made meals. The total life cycle costs at the sectoral level from ‘cradle tograve’ are estimated at £2.1 bn, with the chilled ready-made meals market contributing £1.42 bnand the frozen £676 million. The life cycle costs from ‘cradle to retailer’ are £1.02 bn, with the valueadded of £958 million. The common environmental and cost hotspot for all the meals studied is rawmaterials. In particular, the meat, fish and seafood are the greatest contributors. For theenvironmental impacts, the manufacturing and distribution stages are also important, while theconsumption stage is the largest contributor to the costs. The major social aspects are the foodrelated health issues and food security, in particular food affordability. In the supply chainagriculture, wholesale and retailers show high risk for indicators such as wages and employmentwhile the manufacturing presents high risk in fatal injuries. The study also shows that consumer choices play an important role for the economic andenvironmental impacts; therefore, educational programmes and better communicational strategiesshould be implemented by the industry, the government and consumers groups. Moreover, toensure a sustainable development of the ready-made meals sector, future policies and industrialinitiatives should consider a life cycle approach including relevant economic, environmental andsocial aspects.

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Svensson, Grape Joakim. "Utveckling av LCC-beräkningsmodell med fokus på inomhusbelysning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270133.

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This thesis was ordered by ÅF Industry in Uppsala with the purpose of improving the standard of Life Cycle Cost-analysis at ÅF. ÅF uses LCC-analysis to show that installing a new lighting system can be cheaper than keeping the existing system. The goal was to create a model in EXCEL that would work on different projects within lighting systems and present the results numerically and graphically. The model was constructed in Excel with the option of comparing up to two different systems, with an existing system, and calculates both economic and environmental gain.

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Johansson, Linus, and Marcus Pettersson. "LCC jämförelse mellan centralt- och lägenhetsplacerat FTX-system." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41133.

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Purpose: The forthcoming energy requirements that will come into force in 2020, are about more energy-efficient construction and strive to build near-zero energy buildings. In order for the building industry to succeed in producing buildings that meet these demands, it requires more energy-efficient products and installations within the framework of a normal investment. It is the operating cost that is responsible for the largest energy use in buildings, which opens to investigate the energy consumption over a life cycle cost. Choosing the right ventilation system reduces the energy consumption, and then the life cycle cost if the investment makes too much impact. It is generally known in the building industry that the design- and production times are very time limited, which means that companies use previously proven systems that work regardless of whether there are more energy-efficient products. This can lead to reduce the innovative thinking for sustainable development, so that better options for installations do not find out in the global market. The study refers to comparing the two different ventilation systems centralized and decentralized in terms of energy and life cycle costs. To make a decision which of the centralized- and decentralized system is the better option. Method: For the most part, the quantitative method of collecting and analyzing quantifiable data is applied. Document analyzes and own calculations have given rise to the result. Findings: The study´s results indicate that the decentralized ventilation system is both more energy efficient and has less cost over a life cycle. One major reason for the result is the sale of the extra living space that occurs when vertical shafts disappears when installing decentralized ventilation system. It can also be seen in the result that the air unit is cheaper for the centralized ventilation system, while installation and materials are cheaper for the decentralized ventilation system. Implications: As the result shows, the decentralized ventilation system is both more energy efficient and cheaper over a life cycle. Additional energy savings on the decentralized ventilation system can be done if a home-away mode is installed. It means that the airflow decreases when no one is home, which reduces energy consumption. Furthermore, it will be ensured that removal of vertical shaft when installing decentralized ventilation system reduces investment and more saving can be done. Limitations: This study will only analyse a five-storey multifamily house in Jönköping together whit a centralized and decentralized ventilation system. Keywords: Ventilation, HVAC, centralized mechanical ventilation, decentralized mechanical ventilation, Nzeb, LCC.

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Safi, Mohammed. "LCC Applications for Bridges and Integration with BMS." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90342.

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Bridges are vital links in many transport networks and represent a big capital investment for both governments and taxpayers. They have to be managed in a way that ensures society's needs are optimally met. In many countries, bridges are mainly managed using bridge management systems (BMSs). Although many BMSs contain some forms of life-cycle costing (LCC), the use of LCC in bridge engineering is scarce. LCC in many BMSs has mainly been applied within the bridge operation phase, even though it has several useful applications within the bridge entire life, from cradle to grave. This licentiate thesis discusses the need of a BMS with integrated comprehensive LCC tools that can assist decision-makers at all levels and within all phases in selecting the most cost-effective alternative from an array of applicable alternatives. The thesis introduces the Swedish Bridge and Tunnel Management System (BaTMan). Acomprehensive integrated LCC implementation scheme is illustrated, taking into account the bridge investment and management process in Sweden. The basic LCC analytical tools as well as other helpful LCC techniques are addressed. Detailed case studies for real bridges at different investment phases are presented to demonstrate the recent improvement of BaTMan practically in the LCC integration. Cost records for 2,508 bridges extracted from BaTMan inventory data are used as input data in the presented case studies. Considering the same records, the average real and anticipated initial costs of different bridge types in Sweden will schematically be presented. The thesis introduces a bridge LCC program developed over this research named "BaTMan-LCC". The reason for which this program was developed is to combine all possible LCC applications for bridges in one tool and facilitate its implementation. The sensitivity analysis as well as the LCC saving potential highlighted in the presented case studies emphasizes the feasibility and the possibility of developing BaTMan to accommodate the applications of BaTMan-LCC.
QC 20120301
ETSI

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Xue, Ying. "Modelling and control of hybrid LCC HVDC System." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6496/.

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A novel hybrid HVDC system is proposed based on the traditional LCC HVDC system. The proposed system is able to achieve full elimination of commutation failures which cannot be achieved in traditional LCC HVDC systems. In addition, reactive power controller is designed for the hybrid HVDC system. The controller is able to achieve zero reactive power exchange with the connected AC system at inverter side. It can also facilitate a faster fault recovery. Finally, the black start capability of the hybrid system is investigated. The black start sequence and inverter AC voltage controller are designed to achieve smooth and reliable black start of inverter AC system. The performances of the proposed system and controller are validated through detailed simulations in Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).

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Lindblom, Henrik, and Dan Velin. "Mall för LCC-analys vid kabelkanalisation inom järnväg." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53289.

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Examensarbetet handlar om Trafikverkets tillämpning av LCC-kalkylering för projektering av kabelkanalisation inom järnväg. Arbetet görs för Rejlers Sverige AB och syftar till att få fram ett verktyg för beräkning av LCC enligt de krav som ställs av Trafikverket, diskussion om huruvida tillämpning av metoden är användbar.

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Bascunan, Daniel. "LCC-analys parametrar för underhåll av inklädda tunnlar." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80926.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och få fram underhållsparametrar för LCC-analysen (LivsCykelKostnad) av de nya inklädda tunnlarna. För arbetet har elektroniska källor använts samt intervjuer med tre yrkesverksamma från Trafikverket gällande bergtunnlar och de inklädda tunnlarna. Arbetet undersökte inte skillnaden mellan olika typer av tunnlar samt inkluderar inte utforskandet av andra länders LCC-analys parameterval. Trafikverket är en Svensk myndighet vars uppgift är att ansvara för och upprätthålla Sveriges transportsystem. Trafikverket har verksamhet inom sex områden: planering, trafik, underhåll, investering, stora projekt samt informations- och kommunikationsteknik. Huvudsakligen finns det två inklädnadssystem, fullinklädd, i vilket används antingen prefabricerad betong eller plastingjuten betong som inklädnad runt tunnel, samt halvinklädd, då en duk/membran med- eller utan sprutbetong används. Dessa inklädnadsystem har i uppgift att ta hand om vattenläckage och isbildning i tunneln. Fullinklädnad kan också användas som bärande element. En lättinklädd tunnel kan bestå av följande delar: duk/membranet, brandskydd, täckande nät, infästningsbultar och mindre delar. En fullinklädd tunnel består av antingen prefabricerad betong eller plastingjuten betong. Underhåll görs för att säkerställa den fortlöpande användningen av tunneln/anläggningen genom att åtgärda skador och fel som har uppkommit. En tunnel kan få skador på själva berget eller materialet. Underhåll av tunnlar består av flera steg. Först ut är tillståndsmätning, sedan objektplanering och sist åtgärd. En viktig del av åtgärd är trafikupphållet som uppstår när den utförs, kostnaden som uppstår påverkas av var tunneln är och hur länge det tar att åtgärda felet. LCC-analys är ett system som ger ett mått på ett objekts totalkostnad under dess hela livstid. LCC används på systemnivå för analys av tunnlarna och för att jämföra olika investeringsmetoder. För att utföra LCC-analys på systemnivå måste gränser för analysen sättas upp, LCC-modell och indata väljas. LCC-metoden som redovisas i rapporten använder investeringskostnaden och nuvärdet av underhållet- samt driftstoppskostnaden för att få fram LCC-värdet av underhållet för en komponent. Utifrån källorna och intervjuerna har det framgått att de avgörande parametrarna för LLC-analysen är följande: bergets tillstånd, materialets/konstruktionens tillstånd, kostnader för avstängning samt kostnaden för att ta ner inklädnaden.

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Åhlund, Jessica. "LCC av eventuell utbyggnad av fjärrvärmenätet i Falun." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136650.

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This work has been carried out on behalf of and together with Falu Energi och Vatten. The purpose of the work was to study under what circumstances it´s economically profitable to expand the district heating network to residential area with electrical heating compared to keep it as it is today. The expansion of the district heating network will also be simulated to investigate if the existing dimensions of the network are big enough to provide enough heat after the expansion. In this work three different areas in Falun city area has been studied. Two areas (Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen) where there is no district heating today, and one area (residential district Haraldsbo) where a part of the area is connected to the district heating network and some are not. The study has been performed under the assumption that the production in the facilities are sufficient for providing also the new areas with heat without any need of new facilities. Another limitation that has been set is that only fuel costs will be taken into account in the production costs for district heating. From the calculations of the net present value for the three different areas with expansions of the district heating system, compared to the calculations of the net present value of keeping it as it is today showed that Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen will need to have at least 30-35% households connected to have the same or higher net present value. The corresponding values for Digertäktsvägen is 35-45% connected households and för Haraldsbo around 15% connected households. It was also examined how the connection rates influenced the prize for the households, if the net present value was going to be equal or bigger than for the present situation without any connection cost. It was found that for Harladsbo where there already are some households with district heating only 15% of the today not connected needed to sign up for district heating and in the areas that does not have any district heating today (Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen) 50-70% needed to sign up for district heating. “Falu Energi och Vatten” calculations today demand a payback time of 12 years of the investment in the district heating infrastructure. To get that 30 -40% needed to connect in Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen, on Haraldsbo the connection rate had to be over 15%. The results from the simulations made on the district heating infrastructure showed that on Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen the network is sufficient to supply the whole area with heat at the dimensional outdoor temperature of -23°C, also with 100% connections on Haraldsbo the pressure difference, flow speed and pressure gradient are within the permitted span. Simulations of Haraldsbo showed that with a connection rate of 100% the pressure difference got to low in one corner of the area. If the connection rate instead is 50% at Haraldsbo the area manage to keep the pressure difference at an approved level of 160 kPa, if we then also connect 100% at Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen, the pressure difference sinks down to 100 kPa which is the absolute lowest that is permitted.

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Buchel, Olha. "Uncovering Hidden Clues about Geographic Visualization in LCC." Ergon-Verlag, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106343.

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Geospatial information technologies revolutionize the way we have traditionally approached navigation and browsing in information systems. Colorful graphics, statistical summaries, geospatial relationships of underlying collections make them attractive for text retrieval systems. This paper examines the nature of georeferenced information in academic library catalogs organized according to the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) with the goal of understanding their implications for geovisualization of library collections.

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Appelgren, Jörgen, and Fredrik Kjellström. "LCC-analys av FTX-system : En jämförelse av centralt- och lägenhetsplacerat." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172562.

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This report is the result of a thesis conducted at the consulting firm Bjerking AB andis the final part of the Bachelor Programme in Construction Engineering at Universityof Uppsala. The work aims to investigate the costs and how the choice of ventilationsystem affects building projects during a long-term period. This report covers costssuch as investment, maintenance and energy but also how they affect residents andbuilders. Building regulations for energy consumption are expected to be tougher;therefore a comparison of two different heat recovery ventilation systems(HRV-system) was made. One system is based on a centrally placed unit that coversthe whole buildings ventilation through vertical shafts. The second system is based onapartment placed unit that only covers the individual apartment’s ventilation. The unitmakes it possible for the individual user to control the ventilation flow.The method used for comparison of the costs was Life Cycle Cost (LCC). It results inthe total cost during a selected calculation period of 20 years, where yearly basedcosts as energy and maintenance is included. Two housing projects in central Uppsalawere chosen as a reference. They were similar in design but with the two differentsystems of ventilation. A questionnaire was handed out to provide experience fromresidents with apartment units. The results were used in the analysis of the systemsand to determine its pros and cons.Information of costs was collected from different companies and resulted intocustomized spreadsheets to determine the cost per apartment. The result shows thatthe difference in investment is not significant between the systems but is big inmaintenance and energy. The biggest difference is maintenance where the apartmentsystems many service points is increasing the cost. Energy consumption for theapartment system leads to higher energy costs than with a central system, even if thecontrol function is used. The explanation is that a central systems fans have lowerpower usage and the heat recovery is more efficient then an apartment system.The conclusion is that a central system has a lower total cost compared to anapartment system during the calculation period. A reason for choosing the apartmentsystem would be if a need to maximize living space is a priority, and the developingphase of the project is well thought thru.Keywords: LCC-analysis, HRV-systems, Central unit, Apartment unit.

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Dahlberg, Erik, and Weronica Fohlén. "Hållbarhetsutvärdering - LCSA Analys : av trucksystem inom intern materialhantering." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15175.

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Allt fler organisationer väljer att jobba med hållbar utveckling, på grund av att det kan ses som en konkurrenskraft. Att arbeta med hållbar utveckling kan innefatta att utföra hållbarhetsutvärderingar, vilket kan göras genom metoden LCSA analys. Syftet med det här arbetet är att utvärdera och analysera ett producerande företags nuvarande klimatpåverkan sett till koldioxidekvivalentutsläpp från intern materialhantering som sker med dieseltruckar. Vidare syftar även arbetet till att visa hur en hållbarhetsutvärdering kan utföras för att påvisa ekologisk, ekonomisk samt social påverkan. I arbetet utförs en hållbarhetsutvärdering av trucksystem, för att identifiera det teoretiskt bästa alternativet, i jämförelse med ett fallföretags nuläge. Den metod som används för hållbarhetsutvärderingen är LCSA analys. Utöver resultatet från hållbarhetsutvärderingen tas även hänsyn till gränssnittet mellan teoretiskt och praktiskt bästa trucksystemalternativ. Fallföretaget Volvo GTO i Skövde, har i dagsläget 18 dieseldrivna motviktstruckar, vilka har olika kapacitet och varierande arbetsuppgifter. Det nuvarande drivmedlet för samtliga truckar är Diesel Mk1. Fallföretagets flöden i dagsläget ställer generellt höga krav på truckarnas tekniska kapacitet gällande exempelvis åkhastighet, körning i uppförslutning, dragkraft samt lyft- och sänkhastighet. De 18 dieseltruckarna bidrog under år 2017 med ett klimatpåverkande utsläpp om cirka 237 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, sett till hela livscykeln för Diesel Mk1 samt truckflottans totala drifttider. Gällande hållbarhetsutvärderingen LCSA analys, utförs den på trucksystem drivna av Diesel Mk1, HVO-Diesel, blybatterier samt litiumjonbatterier inom kapaciteterna 3,5, 5 och 8 ton. Analysen tar hänsyn till de tre pelarna inom hållbar utveckling. Vidare tas hänsyn till trucksystemens tekniska specifikationer, vilket jämförs mot den nuvarande dieseltruckflottan. Generellt kan en lägre teknisk prestanda ses hos de eldrivna trucksystemen, vilket kan påverka möjligheten att implementera de hos fallföretaget. Teoretiskt lägst ekologisk och social påverkan kan ses hos de litiumjonbatteridrivna trucksystemen, lägst påverkan inom den ekonomiska pelaren har blybatteridrift. Ställt mot fallföretagets nuvarande flöden och behov, rekommenderar författarna HVO-Dieseldrivna trucksystem, då de har samma tekniska kapacitet samt lägre ekologisk och social påverkan. Avgränsningar har gjorts för analyserna i rapporten, gällande processgränser och påverkande faktorer. För framtida hållbarhetsutvärderingar rekommenderar författarna att större processgränser och fler påverkande faktorer tas hänsyn till, för att identifiera samtlig påverkan inom pelarna. I rapporten återfinns exempel på påverkan utanför valda processgränser, såsom utsläpp som påverkar över tid och exploatering. Under arbetets gång har informationsgap uppmärksammats inom olika områden. När det gäller forskning kring hållbarhetsutvärderingar saknas beprövade metoder. Därför efterfrågas enklare analysmetoder inom hållbar utveckling. Gap i forskning angående truckteori är något som också uppmärksammats.
The amount of organizations that choose to work with sustainability is increasing due to the potential competitiveness it causes. Working with sustainability may include sustainability evaluations, which can be done through the LCSA analysis method. The purpose of this report is to evaluate and analyze a manufacturing company's current climate impact due to carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from diesel-powered forklifts within internal material handling. Further, the report aims to illustrate how a sustainability evaluation can be conducted to identify ecological, economic and social impact. In the report, a sustainability evaluation of forklift systems is performed to identify the theoretically best alternative, compared to a case company's current situation. The method used for the sustainability evaluation is LCSA analysis. In addition to the results of the sustainability evaluation, the interface between theoretically and practically best forklift system alternatives is considered. The case company Volvo GTO in Skövde, currently have 18 diesel-powered forklifts, which have different capacities and functions. The current fuel for all forklifts is Diesel Mk1. The flows today generally set high demands on the forklifts technical capacity, for example on, travel speed, climbing ability, traction force and lifting and lowering speed. In the year 2017, the 18 diesel-powered forklifts contributed with a climate impact of approximately 237 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, considering the entire life cycle of Diesel Mk1 and the forklift fleets total run time. Regarding the sustainability evaluation LCSA analysis, it is performed on forklift systems powered by Diesel Mk1, HVO-Diesel, lead acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries within the capacities 3.5, 5 and 8-tonne. The analysis considers the three pillars of sustainability. Further, the technical specifications of the forklift systems are considered and compared with the current diesel-powered fleet. Generally, a lower technical capacity can be seen in the electric forklift systems, which may affect the ability to implement those at the case company. Theoretically lowest ecological and social impact can be seen within the lithium-ion battery-powered forklift systems, the lowest impact on the economic pillar is seen in the lead acid battery systems. Based on the case company's current flows and demands, the authors recommend HVO-Diesel-powered forklift systems, as they have the same technical capabilities as well as lower ecological and social impacts. Limitations has been set for the reports analyzes, regarding process boundaries and impact indicators. For future sustainability evaluations, the authors recommend that wider process boundaries and more impact indicators are applied to identify the total impact within the pillars of sustainability. The report comprehends examples of impact beyond selected process boundaries, such as emissions affecting over time or exploitation. During the progress of this report, information gaps have been discovered in different areas. Regarding research of sustainability evaluations, proven methods are lacking. Therefore, established methods for evaluation are desired. A gap in research of forklift theory has also been noted.

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Cuellar, Franca Rosa Marisa. "Sustainability assessment framework for the residential construction sector in the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sustainability-assessment-framework-for-the-residential-construction-sector-in-the-uk(9393e226-377d-4562-9c3e-62e65b1c4b0c).html.

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The residential construction sector in the UK plays an important role in society’s wellbeing as it provides shelter, employment and promotes economic growth. However, the sector has been identified as a large contributor to climate change, resource depletion and is associated with different socio-economic issues such as fuel poverty and house affordability. The residential construction sector is growing quickly due to a high housing demand, as will the associated impacts unless significant changes are made. Several studies have assessed the environmental impacts of the residential construction sector, while the social and economic aspects of sustainability are often ignored but are equally important for sustainable development. This thesis presents a sustainability assessment framework capable of addressing the environmental, economic and social issues of the residential construction sector supply chain, using a life cycle approach in order to contribute toward an improved understanding of the current and future trends in the sector.The methodology developed has been applied to the residential construction sector in the UK and demonstrated through three case studies of conventional, passive and zero-carbon houses as well as a sustainability assessment at the sectoral level. The main stakeholders identified here are construction companies and workforce, home owners and occupiers, suppliers, local authorities and the government. The main sustainability issues are resource depletion, waste generation, environmental impacts such as global warming (GWP), ozone depletion, house price and affordability, contribution to GDP, provision of employment, health and safety, impact on local communities and business ethics. The assessment tools used to assess the environmental and economic sustainability are Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), respectively. Social sustainability has been assessed using different social sustainability indicators applicable to the residential construction sector. LCA results indicate that zero-carbon houses have the lowest GWP of the three house types considered, being 71% lower than for the conventional house, compared to a 59% reduction for passive houses. However, passive houses have a better overall environmental performance as they have the lowest impacts for most environmental impact categories. LCC results, on the other hand, indicate that the total life cycle costs for zero-carbon houses are 21% higher than for conventional houses because of the additional cost of renewable technologies, while for passive houses costs are comparable to conventional houses. At a sectoral level, zero-carbon houses can achieve reductions of 13% of the sector’s annual GWP compared to conventional houses, however this will cost the residential construction sector an additional £3 billion per year. The construction of passive houses will cost an additional £1 billion per year compared to conventional houses but can help by reducing the sector’s annual GWP by 10%.This study shows that the current state of the housing sector is environmentally unsustainable and urgent changes must be made in the way houses are constructed and managed. However, the residential construction sector must overcome many socio-economic barriers before introducing low-carbon houses on a large scale.

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Nascimento, Tassio Lessa do. "synthesis and characterization of a meso-porphyrin derivate the lcc, how to disable metals: zinc, copper and nickel." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5326.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A busca por processos quÃmicos que reduzam ou eliminem o uso e a geraÃÃo de substÃncias tÃxicas tem sido crescente nas Ãltimas dÃcadas. Com este novo direcionamento para reduÃÃo do impacto das atividades industriais, foram propostas alternativas que possam reduzir o impacto ambiental. Neste aspecto, foram sintetizados meso-porfirnas do tipo A4 (meso-5,10,15,20) a partir do LÃquido da Casca da Castanha do Caju - LCC (uma fonte renovÃvel, local, abundante e biodegradÃvel). O primeiro derivado refere-se Ã formaÃÃo do composto bromado, seguido da obtenÃÃo do derivado aldeÃdico, finalmente, com o auxÃlio do pirrol, tem-se a formaÃÃo da meso-porfirina. Os compostos foram purificados em coluna cromatogrÃfica e caracterizados por tÃcnicas experimentais de RMN 13C e 1H , GC-EM, IV e UV-VIS, que confirmaram a obtenÃÃo do produto desejado. A porfirina base livre foi submetida aos processos de metalaÃÃo utilizando-se para isto, Ni(C2H3O2).4H2O, Zn(CH3COO)2 e Cu(CH3COO)2, como sal doador do metal e diclorometano como solvente, a reaÃÃo permaneceu em agitaÃÃo constante. A metalaÃÃo foi acompanhada por espectroscopia no UV-VIS e cromatografia de camada delgada.
The search for chemical processes that reduce or el iminate the use and generation of toxic substances has been increasing in recent deca des. With this new direction for reducing the impact of industrial activities have p roposed alternatives that could reduce the environmental impact. Here, were synthesized po rphyrins of A4 type (5, 10,15,20) from the bark of the Net's Cashew nuts - LCC (a ren ewable source, location, abundant and biodegradable). The first derivative is the for mation of the compound bromine, followed by obtaining a secondary aldehydic, finall y, with the help of pyrrole, has been the formation of porphyrin. The compounds were puri fied by column chromatography and characterized by experimental techniques of 1 H and 13 C NMR, GC-EM, IR and UV- VIS, which confirmed the achievement of the desired product. The porphyrin free base was subjected to the processes of metallic using it for this, Ni(C 2 H 3 O 2 ).4H 2 O, Cd(CH 3 COO) 2 and Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 , as the metal salt donor and dichloromethane as solvent as the reaction methodology remained in con stant turmoil. The metallic processes were accompanied by the UV-VIS spectrosco py and thin-layer chromatography.

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Virro, Henrik, and Eric Eliasson. "LCC-kalkyler i byggbranschen : förutsättningar och tolkning av resultat." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19802.

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Background: Life-cycle costing (LCC) is an investment calculation that takes into account operating costs throughout the investee lifecycle. LCC calculations are mainly used to evaluate investments that have no revenue side. Attempts to apply the LCC calculations for building-related investments have occurred since the 1980s. Despite the advantages of using LCC calculations, use has not passed through in full. The main obstacles have been identified as a lack of relevant input data, and insufficient experience of working with LCC calculations. The results of calculations are perceived as being unreliable. Purpose : The purpose of this thesis is to investigate problems related to the input data of LCC calculations and interpretation of their results and to propose measures that will reduce the extent of these problems. Method: The thesis is based on an abductive approach, where the interaction between theory and empirical data was the starting point. Collected data have been qualitative, both primary and secondary. Secondary data consisted of performed LCC calculations and input data, and primary data consisted of semi-structured interviews with five respondents working at constructors in the construction industry. Results, conclusions: The result of this thesis show large differences in how clients are working with LCC calculations within the construction industry. The concept of LCC calculation is not completely established or standardized, and many in the industry lack knowledge of how the estimates should be presented and interpreted. There is a lack of knowledge on how the discount rate used in the calculations is determined. In many cases this includes those who perform the calculations. The conclusions include that the use of default values for input in the LCC calculations do not sufficiently take into account the complexity of the input data. To improve the performance calculation must be based on actual conditions in each case, such as energy prices and energy price increases. Analysis of results in the form of sensitivity analysis, today performed in many different ways, can be significantly improved.

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Mika, Jonas, and Andreas Fossland. "HÅLLBART BYGGANDEMED HJÄLP AV BIM : Effektiva energianalyser och LCC." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27221.

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The society strives for sustainable development, in the construction industry it is expressed through sustainable building. Energy and LCC analyzes increases the ability to make conscious decisions in the process. A problem in the construction industry is that energy and LCC analysis is not used to the desired extent, as they are perceived as complicated and time consuming. The report aims to achieve a more sustainable building through increased use of energy and LCC analyzes.The goal is to show how BIM can be used to improve the efficiency of the energy and LCC analyzes. The study was conducted with a literature review and a case study to answer which information that is required in a BIM model to perform energy and LCC analyzes. The study also shows which software can be used in BIM based energy and LCC analyzes and how the analyzes can be carried out efficiently. The result shows that effective analyzes may be performed if the BIM-model contains the relevant information for making analyzes. Information not necessary for the analysis complicates the procedure. There are a variety of software that manages energy and LCC analyzes differently. The Software’s are optimized for different BIM platforms and they use various file formats for the transfer of information. Effective analyzes are achieved by following a proven method or guide with few steps in the workflow. Through knowledge of the capability of the used file format, the right information can be added to the model at the right point in the process of analyzes without loss of information. To increase the use of energy and LCC analyzes, an integration of the analysis tools into the BIM platforms would be necessary.
Samhället strävar efter ett allt mer hållbart byggande som reducerar påfrestningarna på miljön. Energi- och LCC-analyser(LifeCycleCosting, eller Livscykelkostnad) ökar möjligheten att fatta medvetna beslut i processen. Ett problem inom byggbranschen är att energi- och LCC-analyser inte används i önskad utsträckning då de upplevs som komplicerade och tidskrävande. Syftet med rapporten är att få ett mer hållbart byggande genom en ökad användning avenergi- och LCC-analyser. Målet är att visa hur BIM kan användas för att effektivisera energi- och LCC-analyser. Studien har gjorts med en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie för att besvara vilkeninformation som krävs i en BIM-modell för att utföra energi- och LCC-analyser. Studien visar även vilka mjukvaror som kan användas vid BIM-baserade energi och LCC-analyser och hur analyserna kan utföras på ett effektivt sätt. Resultatet visar att effektiva analyser kan genomföras om BIM-modelleninnehåller relevant information för att göra analyser. Annan informationkomplicerar analysförfarandet. Det finns en stor mängd olika mjukvaror somhanterar energi- och LCC-analyser på olika sätt. Mjukvarorna som kan göra energianalyser är optimerade för olika BIM-plattformar och använder olika filformat för informationsöverföring. Genom kunskap om filformatens kapacitet, kan rätt information tillföras modellen vid rätt moment i analysprocessen utan att information går förlorad. För att göra effektiva analyser, är användandet av en beprövad metod eller guide önskvärt. En möjlighet för att öka användandet av energi- och LCC-analyser, skulle vara att en integration av analysverktygen in i BIM-plattformarna utvecklades.

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Gilbert, Adam John. "Analysis, design and control of LCC resonant power converters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15028/.

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Through the judicious and efficient use of energy in both domestic and commercial products, the rate at which the world's fossil fuels and mineral resources are depleted, can be minimised, thereby securing energy reserves for the future. This thesis considers a number energy saving roles the power systems engineer can contribute, with specific emphasis on the impact of improving DC-DC power converters for providing significant energy savings. It is shown that by increasing the efficiency of such converters, through the greater use of switched-mode supplies, huge reductions in the production of green house gases can be obtained. Moreover, resonant converters, a specific subset of switched-mode supply, are identified as a candidate technology for future widespread use. Since the behavioural dynamics of resonant converters are inherently non-linear, the analysis and design of such systems is extremely complex when compared to other families of converter, and has been a critical factor in impeding their widespread adoption. This thesis therefore aims to provide new tools to aid the designer in overcoming such reservations. Novel analysis and design procedures are developed in Chapters 3 and 4, for the series-parallel inductively-smoothed and capacitively smoothed resonant converters, respectively, which, unlike previously reported techniques, allows a designer with little knowledge of resonant converter systems to readily select preferred components for the resonant tank based on design specifications. Specifically, the analysis in Chapter 3 develops a new methodology that extends 'Fundamental Mode Analysis' (FMA) techniques, and provides a first-order estimate of component values to meet a given specification. Chapter 4 then considers the steady state behaviour of the converter, from a state-plane perspective, and provides exact component values and electrical stress analyses based on ideal converter characteristics. The presented methodology normalises the converter behaviour, such that the gain of the resonant tank (at the resonant frequency and minimum load resistance), and the ratio between the two tank capacitances, fully characterises the behaviour of the converter as the load is varied and the output voltage regulated. To further aid the designer, various new design curves are presented that makes the use of traditional, and complicated, iterative calculation procedures, redundant. Chapter 5 further develops a high speed 1 transient analysis technique for resonant converters that is shown to provide a IOOx reduction in simulation times compared to integration-based methods, by considering only signal envelopes. The technique is shown to significantly aid in the design of variable frequency controllers. Chapters 6 and 7 further consider the control of resonant converters. Specifically, Chapter 6 derives a novel self-oscillating control methodology, which, unlike previously published techniques, approximately linearises the large-signal dynamics of the converter, and thereby readily enables the robust design of an outer loop controller for output-voltage/-current regulation purposes. Additionally, in contrast to other methods for the robust control of resonant converters, little knowledge of the converter state-variables is required, thereby minimising the number of high-bandwidth sensors necessary. The technique simply requires the real-time polarity of current-flow through the series-inductor, and output-voltage/-current, to be known. Through additional (optional) measurement of supply-voltage and a feed-forward control component, the effects of supply-voltage disturbance are shown to be greatly attenuated, thereby requiring reduced outer-loop control action and improving overall regulation performance. Finally, Chapter 7 considers the control of resonant converters when the cost of isolated feedback sensors is prohibitive. Unlike traditional techniques, where the output-voltage is estimated under fixed load conditions, through use of an Extended Kalman Filter observer scheme, non-isolated measurements are used to estimate both the output-voltage and the load-resistance. The load resistance estimation is then used to aid in fault-detection and for improving transient dynamic behaviour via the provision of feed-forward action, resulting in safer converter operation and enhanced regulation performance, and, ultimately, reduced cost.

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Ribeiro, Viviane Gomes Pereira. "Obtenção e caracterização de nanosistemas magnéticos derivados do lcc." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15025.

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RIBEIRO, V. G. P. Obtenção e caracterização de nanosistemas magnéticos derivados do lcc. 2013. 64 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
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Nanotechnology has received great prominence in recent years due to the versatility of new materials and its applications at the various sectors of society. The functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of intense research because of the ability to use on different systems, with emphasis on the catalytic processes of environmental decontamination. In particular, we have seen a growing demand for hybrid catalysts capable of utilizing sunlight, constructed from TiO2 particles by photosensitised dyes. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new magnetic nanosystem, based on use of meso-porphyrins derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), coated with TiO2, with potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Moreover, produce a new ferrofluid derived biomass from the anacardic acid (AA MAG). To this end, were synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average size of 11nm, coated with a 1st layer of oleic acid and a 2nd layer of meso-porphyrin (3-n-PDPP). This nanosystem also was covered with a layer of TiO2. This procedure produced a new magnetic nanosystem of porphyrin (NMP). The new ferrofluid AA-MAG and magnetic nanosystems were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy, Thermal analysis (TG) and magnetization curves. The results showed that NMP showed good thermal stability, superparamagnetic behavior and dimension nanometric (≈ 14nm). The fluorescent properties were little affected, which enables its application in photocatalytic systems.
A nanotecnologia vem recebendo grande destaque nos últimos anos graças à versatilidade dos novos materiais gerados e suas aplicações nos diversos setores da sociedade. As nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas têm sido foco de intensas pesquisas devido à capacidade de utilização em diferentes sistemas, com destaque para os processos catalíticos de descontaminação ambiental. Em especial, tem-se observado uma crescente demanda por catalisadores híbridos capazes de utilizar a luz solar, construídos a partir de partículas de TiO2 fotossensibilizadas por corantes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um novo nanosistema magnético, baseado no emprego de meso-porfirinas derivadas do Líquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC), recobertas com TiO2, com potencial aplicação em fotocatálise heterogênea. Além disso, produzir um novo ferrofluido derivado da biomassa, a partir do ácido anacárdico (AA-MAG). Para isso, foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de Fe3O4 com tamanho médio de 11nm, revestidas por uma 1ª camada de ácido oleico e uma 2ª camada da meso-porfirina (3-n-PDPP). Esse nanosistema também foi recoberto por uma camada de TiO2. Este procedimento produziu um segundo novo nanosistema magnético de porfirina (NMP). O novo ferrofluido AA-MAG e os nanosistemas magnéticos foram caracterizados por Microscopia eletrônica de trasmissão (MET), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, Análise térmica (TG) e curvas de magnetização. Os resultados mostraram que o NMP apresentou uma boa estabilidade térmica, comportamento superparamagnético e dimensões nanométricas (≈ 14nm). As propriedades fluorescentes foram pouco afetadas, o que possibilita sua aplicação em sistemas fotocatalíticos.

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44

FranÃa, Francisco CÃlio Feitosa de. "SÃntese e caracterizaÃÃo de surfactantes glicosÃdicos a partir da amilose e alquil fenÃis extraÃdos do LCC." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1732.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Surfactantes nÃo iÃnicos sÃo sintetizados a partir de matÃrias-primas renovÃveis tais como Ãlcoois graxos e aÃÃcares. Exibem seguranÃa dermatolÃgica, biodegradabilidade e excelentes propriedades de superfÃcie ativa, tal como uma boa molhabilidade, boa produÃÃo de espuma e boa habilidade de limpeza. O presente trabalho trata da sÃntese e caracterizaÃÃo de surfactantes alquil poliglicosÃdicos cuja parte hidrofÃlica Ã constituÃda de oligossacarÃdeos derivados da degradaÃÃo da amilose e a parte hidrofÃbica Ã constituÃda de lipÃdios fenÃlicos que constituem o LÃquido da Castanha do Caju (LCC). A reaÃÃo de condensaÃÃo entre as partes hidrofÃlica e hidrofÃbica foi realizada atravÃs da reaÃÃo de KÃenig-Knorr com algumas modificaÃÃes. A caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos surfactantes foi acompanhada por ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN) juntamente com a espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do infravermelho (IV). As duas tÃcnicas evidenciaram bandas caracterÃsticas de anÃis aromÃticos, anÃis glicosÃdicos, olefinas e parafinas (alifÃticos). Os picos cruzados do espectro NOESY mostraram que a conformaÃÃo preferida das unidades glicosÃdicas nos grupos cabeÃa Ã do tipo 4C1 com uma configuraÃÃo anomÃrica. O comportamento tÃrmico dos surfactantes bem como seu comportamento em soluÃÃo (auto-associaÃÃo) Ã fortemente dependente de suas caracterÃsticas estruturais (grupo cabeÃa e cauda hidrofÃbica). Medidas de tensÃo superficial mostraram que os valores da ConcentraÃÃo Micelar CrÃtica (CMC) para os surfactantes estudados sÃo comparÃveis aos valores citados na literatura para surfactantes nÃo iÃnicos. O estudo da isoterma de tensÃo superficial versus logaritmo natural da concentraÃÃo indicou que o comportamento de agregaÃÃo dos alquilfenil glicosÃdeos Ã dependente de suas caracterÃsticas estruturais. Os valores de Ãrea por molÃcula âAâ indicam que os cardil glicosÃdeos provavelmente formam agregados menores do que os cardanil e anacardil glicosÃdeos. ConsideraÃÃes teÃricas sobre os dados de parÃmetros crÃticos de empacotamento (PCE) indicam que os principais tipos de agregados sÃo do tipo vesÃculas e bicamadas, indicando a possibilidade da formaÃÃo de nanotubos por auto-associaÃÃo uma vez que estas estruturas sÃo intermediÃrias e que antecedem a formaÃÃo de nanoestruturas em soluÃÃo.
Nonionic surfactants are synthesised from renewable raw materials such as fat acids and sugars. They are dermatological safe, biodegradable and provide excellent surface active properties, such as good wettability, good foaming production and good cleaning ability. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of alkyl polyglycosides where the hydrophilic part is constituted of oligosaccharides derived from the degradation of amylose and the hydrophobic part is constituted from phenolics lipids which constitute the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The condensation reaction between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts is the usual KÃenig-Knorr reaction with some modifications. The structural characterization of the surfactants was followed by nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR) together with Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR). The two techniques showed evidence of characteristics bands of aromatic rings, glycosides rings, olefin and paraffin. The cross-peak NOESY spectra demonstrated that the preferred conformation of the glycosidic units in the head groups was of 4C1 type with an anomeric  configuration. The thermal behaviour of the surfactants as well as their behaviour in solution (selfassembly) is strongly dependent of its structural characteristics (head group and hydrophobic tail). Measures of surface tension demonstrated that the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) values for the surfactants studied were comparable to the values cited for the nonionic surfactants in the literature. The isothermic study of surface tension versus the concentration natural logarithm indicates that the aggregation behaviour of the alkylphenyl glycosides is dependent of its structural characteristics. The values of the area per molecule âAâ indicate that cardyl glycosides probably form larger aggregates than cardanyl e anacardyl glycosides. Theoretical considerations about the critical packing parameters (CPP) data showed that the major kinds of aggregates are of vesicles and bilayer types indicating the possibility of nanotubes formation by self-assembly once these structures are intermediaries that anticipate the nanostructure formation in solution.

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45

França, Francisco. "Síntese e caracterização de surfactantes glicosídicos a partir da amilose e alquil fenóis extraídos do LCC." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/1142.

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FRANÇA F.C.F. Síntese e caracterização de surfactantes glicosídicos a partir da amilose e alquil fenóis extraídos do LCC. 2007. 145 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Inorgânica) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2007.
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Nonionic surfactants are synthesised from renewable raw materials such as fat acids and sugars. They are dermatological safe, biodegradable and provide excellent surface active properties, such as good wettability, good foaming production and good cleaning ability. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of alkyl polyglycosides where the hydrophilic part is constituted of oligosaccharides derived from the degradation of amylose and the hydrophobic part is constituted from phenolics lipids which constitute the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The condensation reaction between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts is the usual Köenig-Knorr reaction with some modifications. The structural characterization of the surfactants was followed by nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR) together with Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT-IR). The two techniques showed evidence of characteristics bands of aromatic rings, glycosides rings, olefin and paraffin. The cross-peak NOESY spectra demonstrated that the preferred conformation of the glycosidic units in the head groups was of 4C1 type with an anomeric  configuration. The thermal behaviour of the surfactants as well as their behaviour in solution (selfassembly) is strongly dependent of its structural characteristics (head group and hydrophobic tail). Measures of surface tension demonstrated that the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) values for the surfactants studied were comparable to the values cited for the nonionic surfactants in the literature. The isothermic study of surface tension versus the concentration natural logarithm indicates that the aggregation behaviour of the alkylphenyl glycosides is dependent of its structural characteristics. The values of the area per molecule “A” indicate that cardyl glycosides probably form larger aggregates than cardanyl e anacardyl glycosides. Theoretical considerations about the critical packing parameters (CPP) data showed that the major kinds of aggregates are of vesicles and bilayer types indicating the possibility of nanotubes formation by self-assembly once these structures are intermediaries that anticipate the nanostructure formation in solution
Surfactantes não iônicos são sintetizados a partir de matérias-primas renováveis tais como álcoois graxos e açúcares. Exibem segurança dermatológica, biodegradabilidade e excelentes propriedades de superfície ativa, tal como uma boa molhabilidade, boa produção de espuma e boa habilidade de limpeza. O presente trabalho trata da síntese e caracterização de surfactantes alquil poliglicosídicos cuja parte hidrofílica é constituída de oligossacarídeos derivados da degradação da amilose e a parte hidrofóbica é constituída de lipídios fenólicos que constituem o Líquido da Castanha do Caju (LCC). A reação de condensação entre as partes hidrofílica e hidrofóbica foi realizada através da reação de Köenig-Knorr com algumas modificações. A caracterização estrutural dos surfactantes foi acompanhada por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) juntamente com a espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV). As duas técnicas evidenciaram bandas características de anéis aromáticos, anéis glicosídicos, olefinas e parafinas (alifáticos). Os picos cruzados do espectro NOESY mostraram que a conformação preferida das unidades glicosídicas nos grupos cabeça é do tipo 4C1 com uma configuração anomérica. O comportamento térmico dos surfactantes bem como seu comportamento em solução (auto-associação) é fortemente dependente de suas características estruturais (grupo cabeça e cauda hidrofóbica). Medidas de tensão superficial mostraram que os valores da Concentração Micelar Crítica (CMC) para os surfactantes estudados são comparáveis aos valores citados na literatura para surfactantes não iônicos. O estudo da isoterma de tensão superficial versus logaritmo natural da concentração indicou que o comportamento de agregação dos alquilfenil glicosídeos é dependente de suas características estruturais. Os valores de área por molécula “A” indicam que os cardil glicosídeos provavelmente formam agregados menores do que os cardanil e anacardil glicosídeos. Considerações teóricas sobre os dados de parâmetros críticos de empacotamento (PCE) indicam que os principais tipos de agregados são do tipo vesículas e bicamadas, indicando a possibilidade da formação de nanotubos por auto-associação uma vez que estas estruturas são intermediárias e que antecedem a formação de nanoestruturas em solução.

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46

Cangini, Francesco. "Valutazione della sostenibilità economico-ambientale della sopraelevazione di un edificio residenziale tramite l'applicazione dei metodi LCA e LCC." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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L’elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, sia sul piano economico che su quello ambientale, un intervento di manutenzione straordinario che ha previsto l’ampiamento e la sopraelevazione di un fabbricato esistente, sull’intero ciclo di vita della nuova struttura. Dapprima sono state presentate le due metodologie utilizzate, rispettivamente il Life Cycle Assessment per la valutazione ambientale e il Life Cycle Cost per la valutazione economica, esaminando le tecniche in maniera teorica, dall’evoluzione storica alle normative odierne. Dopodiché è stato esposto il caso di studio, presentando tre differenti metodologie costruttive ipotizzate per l’intervento: la prima stratigrafia è stata ipotizzata in blocchi di laterizio portante e isolamento in polistirene espanso, la seconda alternativa consiste in una struttura a telaio in calcestruzzo armato con blocchi di laterizio con funzione di tamponamento e isolante in polistirene espanso mentre l’ultima stratigrafia prevede una struttura portante in legno XLAM con isolante in lana di legno. Al fine di poter computare al meglio le prestazioni economiche ed ambientali delle tre differenti strutture è stato effettuato anche un calcolo dei consumi e delle prestazioni in fase di utilizzo delle metodologie costruttive con l’ausilio di un software di certificazione energetica. Il comportamento dell’intera vita utile delle tre stratigrafie è stato infine analizzato e confrontato utilizzando la tecnica LCA per valutare le performance energetiche, gli impatti ambientali e le emissioni inquinanti, e tramite la metodologia LCC per analizzare prestazioni economiche.

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47

Hussein, Shoresh, Hemen Shaswar, and Thomas Österberg. "Jämförelse mellan en träbro och en betongbro : En LCA-analys med fokus på koldioxidutsläpp samt en LCC-analys." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183421.

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This report is a thesis for college engineering program in structural engineering at Uppsala University and was commissioned by the Swedish contractor Svevia. The study aims to provide an overview of the most beneficial bridge material from both environmental and economic point of view. The life-cycle analysis covers only carbon dioxide emissions, since it is the most spoken of in today’s climate agenda. Furthermore, this study aims to highlight which parts, of the system boundary, that contributes to greater carbon emissions for the wood- and the concrete bridge. The life-cycle cost analysis was calculated with a lifespan of 40 years and covers the basic cost of investment, operating and maintenance, and decommissioning costs. The analyzed constructions in this study are existing projects that are almost completed. Both bridges were designed to handle loads up to 60 tons. The wooden bridge is a precast cross tense flat bridge while the concrete bridge is an in situ frame bridge. Since the analyzed constructions in this study differ from each other, the results are presented both as individual bridges and as a comparison study between wood and concrete material in which the functional unit is set to kgCO2 and kgCO2/unit area. To give the reader a clearer picture of the differences in carbon dioxide emissions an additional calculation was done, with an adopted traffic area of 144m2 for both the wooden bridge and the concrete bridge. For the life cycle cost estimation, the bridges’ individual results and a comparative analysis were done. For the comparative analysis between the wooden and the concrete bridge a common traffic area of 144 m2 was adopted.

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Linder, Andreas, and Emil Lundberg. "Automatisering av LCA - och LCC - beräkningar för anläggningskonstruktioner : Ett verktyg för hänsynstagande av miljö och kostnad i tidigt projekteringsskede." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259613.

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Vid projektering av ett byggnadsverk är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till miljöpåverkan och kostnader under hela konstruktionens livslängd. Detta görs genom så kallade livscykelanalyser (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalyser (LCC-analys). En LCA berör miljöaspekter och potentiell miljöpåverkan genom en produkts hela livscykel d.v.s. ”från vaggan till graven”. I en LCC-analys summeras investeringskostnad samt kostnader för drift och underhåll under produktens livslängd. BIM 3D-modelleringsverktyg används för att modellera flertal olika byggkonstruktioner. Det optimala vore om det gick att utnyttja de kraftfulla BIM-verktygen tillfullo och kunna använda den information som redan finns i modellerna för att utföra LCA och LCC-analyser. Önskvärt vore om det även gick att koppla till företagsinterna moduler, t.ex. i detta projekt Trafikverkets Klimatkalkyl (ett verktyg som baseras på den vedertagna metoden för LCA). Syftet med examensarbetet är att integrera kostnad och miljöpåverkan i tidigt projekteringsskede genom automatisering av koppling mellan BIM-program och LCA-/LCC-verktyg. Genom automatisering av denna process kan optimering av konstruktioner effektiviseras. Ett Excelark har skapats genom programmering i Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) som hämtar materialmängder från antingen Tekla Structures, Excel eller genom manuell inmatning och sedan generar LCA- och LCC-rapporter. Dessa har sedan jämförts med tidigare genomförda LCA och LCCanalyser för att säkerställa utfallets reliabilitet. Resultatet av arbetet visar att framtagna LCA- och LCC-rapporter kan bidra till en effektivare projekteringsprocess för optimering av konstruktioner med hänsyn till miljö och kostnad. Excelarkets användarvänliga uppbyggnad gör det möjligt för personer med begränsad kunskap inom LCA och LCC att göra mer hållbara val vid projektering av en konstruktion. Detta bidrar till att främja hållbarhetstänk i företag och uppmuntrar anställda att arbeta mot ett gemensamt mål om en koldioxidneutral infrastruktursektor.
While carrying out structural design work, it is important to take into consideration the environmental impacts and costs throughout the life time of the structure. This is done through life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC analysis), respectively. LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts throughout a product’s life cycle i.e. from cradle to grave. An LCC analysis summarizes the investment cost and costs for operation and maintenance during the life time of the product. BIM 3D modeling tool are used for modeling several different types of buildings and civil works. Ideally, digital information readily available through these powerful BIM tools, should be reused to perform LCA and LCC analyses. It would also be beneficial if it was possible to connect it to a company’s internal systems for instance in this study, the Swedish Transport Administration's “Klimatkalkyl” (a tool based on the method for LCA). The purpose of the thesis project is to integrate cost and environmental impact into the early design phase through an automated connection between BIM programs and LCA / LCC tools. By automating this process, optimization of structures can be made more efficient. An Excel sheet has been created through programming in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) which retrieves quantities from either Tekla Structures, Excel or manual input and then generates LCA and LCC reports. These have then been compared with existing LCA and LCC analyses to ensure the program's quality. The result of the work shows that produced LCA and LCC reports can contribute to a more efficient structural design process for optimizing structures regarding environmental impacts and investment cost. The Excel sheet's user-friendly structure also enables people with limited knowledge in LCA and LCC to make more sustainable choices when undertaking structural design tasks. This helps to promote sustainable thinking in companies and encourages employees to work towards a common goal of a carbon-neutral infrastructure sector.

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Skoglund, Anna. "Nyttan av LCC-analyser vid planering av underhållsarbete i SL:s spårtunnlar." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90329.

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Detta examensarbete syftar till att belysa hur LCC-analyser i dag används vid planeringen av underhållsarbeten i tunnelbanans bergtunnlar. SL är ett aktiebolag som ägs av Stockholms Läns Landsting och ansvarar för den landburna kollektivtrafiken i Stockholms län, vilken inbegriper tunnelbanan. Stockholms tunnelbana invigdes 1950 och har sedan dess byggts ut i etapper. Drygt hälften av sträckningen går i tunnlar. Ett ständigt pågående underhållsarbete av tunnlarna krävs för att säkerställa en god funktion. Ibland är även större underhållsåtgärder nödvändiga, vilka, genom exempelvis avstängning med ersättningstrafik, till större utsträckning påverkar omgivningen. Hur underhållet organiseras och planeras är av stor ekonomisk betydelse och hänger även direkt ihop med anläggningens standard. LCC-analyser resulterar i ett mått på en investerings sammanlagda ekonomiska konsekvenser under dess livstid, inkluderas gör med andra ord bland annat investerings-, drift-, och underhållskostnader. Då detta mått fås för flera alternativ kan en jämförelse av dessa göras och bilda ett beslutsunderlag där det totalekonomiskt mest lönsamma kan väljas, istället för att basera beslutet på enbart den initiala investeringskostnaden. Givetvis måste även andra randvillkor och krav beaktas. Två fallstudier har gjorts för att belysa hur LCC i dagsläget används av SL vid olika typer av underhållsarbeten. I det första fallet har LCC använts för att ta fram beslutsunderlag och i det andra inte alls. Utgångspunkten för examensarbetet har varit att det överlag kan finnas mycket att vinna på att använda LCC inte bara vid nybyggnation utan även vid underhållsarbeten. I dagsläget används LCC-analyser inte konsekvent vid planeringen av underhålls- och reparationsarbeten av SL:s berganläggningar. Inga krav om detta ställs utifrån och SL har inga egna riktlinjer beträffande LCC. Detta kan vara en av orsakerna till att LCC-analyser inte utförs i större utsträckning. Andra kan vara bristande kunskap om metodiken, tidsbrist och delat budgetansvar mellan avdelningar. För att konsekvent införa LCC-analyser vid bergprojektering skulle krav om detta behöva ställas externt eller internt genom en LCC-policy eller reglerande dokument. För att sedan genomföra detta på ett sätt så att alla inblandade förstår nyttan vore information/utbildning av metodiken nödvändigt. Viktigt är att definiera vilka projekt som ska omfattas och när i projektgången LCC ska användas. Förslagsvis kan LCC användas vid behovsanalys och krav om LCC-analyser/LCC-beräkningar kan ställas i förfrågningsunderlag
This thesis aims to highlight how LCC analyses currently are used in the planning of maintenance work in the rock tunnels of the Stockholm Metro. SL is a company owned by Stockholm County Council and is responsible for land-based public transport in Stockholm County, which includes the metro. The Stockholm Metro opened in 1950 and has since been expanded in stages. More than half of the route goes through tunnels. Maintenance of the tunnels is necessary to ensure a good function. Sometimes bigger maintenance actions are required, which at times also affects the surrounding world. How the maintenance is planned and organized is of great economic importance and is also directly connected with the facility's standard. LCC analyses results in a measure of an investment's total economic impact over its lifetime, including investment, operation, and maintenance costs. As this measure is obtained for a number of options, a comparison of these can be made and form a basis for decisions in which the total economically most profitable solution can be selected, instead of basing the decision solely on the initial investment cost. Two case studies have been done to elucidate how LCC is used by SL at different types of maintenance work today. In the first case, an LCC analysis has been used to create a basis for decision making, and in the other case LCC has not been considered at all. The starting point for this thesis has been that there may be much to gain by using LCC analyses not only for new constructions but also in the planning of maintenance work. Today LCC analysis is not consistently used in the planning of maintenance and repair work of SL's rock tunnels. There are no demands on this externally and SL has no own guidelines regarding LCC. This could be one of the reasons that LCC analyses are not practiced in a greater extent. Others may be lack of knowledge of methodology, lack of time and shared financial responsibility between departments. In order to consistently introduce LCC analyses for rock maintenance work it would have to be required externally or internally by an LCC policy or through regulatory documents. The new procedures would have to be implemented in a way so that everyone involved understands the benefits, thus information / education of the methodology would be necessary. It is important to define which projects should be covered by, and in which stages of the projects LCC should be used. As a suggestion LCC analysis could be used to define needs and requirements of LCC-analyses can be set in tender documents.

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Böhme, Florén Simon. "Solel och solvärme ur LCC-perspektiv för ett passiv-flerbostadshus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162430.

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This master’s degree project concerns the combination of a multi dwelling passive house with solar energy for the generation of electricity and domestic hot water (DHW). Different alternatives with either solar thermal systems or photovoltaic (PV) systems are compared with two reference alternatives producing DHW from electricity or district heating. The economical comparison uses a life cycle cost (LCC) perspective based on the present value of expenditures for investment, energy and annual operating and maintenance. The energy yields from the solar energy systems were calculated by hand and with simulation software. Calculation and dimensioning of PV systems were carried out with a software called PVSYST. Solar thermal systems were calculated by hand and with the software Winsun Villa Education. Both softwares use hourly weather data for the calculations. The LCCs are lower for the two reference alternatives than for the solar energy alternatives. The reference alternative with district heating generates the lowest LCC. The alternatives with solar thermal energy replace more energy and have significantly lower LCCs than the PV alternatives. The study also shows the importance of using cheap and environmentally friendly backup energy for producing DHW. When aiming for a quantitative energy use target, the DHW-circulation losses ought to be taken into account as these can be extensive.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LCC'

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