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1
Cañero, D. Cordoba, and M. I. G. Roncero. "Functional Analyses of Laccase Genes from Fusarium oxysporum." Phytopathology® 98, no. 5 (May 2008): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-5-0509.
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Six laccase genes, lcc1, lcc2, lcc3, lcc4, lcc5, and lcc9, of the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum were isolated and characterized. All genes have the characteristic conserved domains for copper binding of phenol oxidase enzymes. Targeted inactivation of lcc1, lcc3, and lcc5 resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular laccase activity. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that lcc1, lcc2, and lcc9 were constitutively expressed in culture, whereas lcc3 and lcc5 appeared down and up-regulated, respectively, by PacC. Oxidative stress conditions and phenolic compounds altered the growth rate of the Δlcc3 mutant compared with the wild-type. lcc1, lcc3, and lcc9 were expressed in roots and stems during the infection process. However, inactivation of lcc1, lcc3, and lcc5 had no detectable effects on virulence on tomato plants.
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Kulkarni, Prof Avadhut. "Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35712.
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In the Development of construction materials Sustainable use of natural resources has become a necessity in India. In this project work, an LCA study is carry out for an AAC block production for environmental assessment. In addition to the LCA, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis is also applied for economic assessment. The LCA is performed according to ISO 14040. Firstly, a cradle to gate LCA method performed for one meter cube of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block. The LCCA method include in the OpenLCA software which is choose to calculate impact categories i.e. abiotic depletion, global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, Eco toxicity, ozone depletion potential and photochemical oxidation potential. The last few decades, several approaches have been developed by agencies and institutions for Bricks Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). The LCC analysis was performed by developing a price model for internal and external cost categories within the software.
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Yu, Bao Ying, Fen Lian Xu, and Yu Xin Gao. "Experimental Study on Particle Size Distribution of Admixtures on the Strength Influence of Low Clinker Cement." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1415.
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By testing flexural and compressive strength at different ages, the influence of particle size distribution of slag and fly ash on the strength of LCC (low clinker cement) were systematically studied. The SEM (scanning electron microscope) and laser particle size analyzer were used to study the multi-component cementitious and dense-packing effects of LCC. The results show that the strength development of LCC4 with 30% clinker could completely meet the requirements of P.O 42.5R by varying the type, content or fineness of admixtures; based on a higher fly ash and lower clinker dosage, the strength development of LCC9 is also relatively good.
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Schneider-Marin, Patricia, Anne Winkelkotte, and Werner Lang. "Integrating Environmental and Economic Perspectives in Building Design." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084637.
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With increasing environmental damage and decreasing resource availability, sustainability assessment in the building sector is gaining momentum. A literature review shows that the related methods for environmental and economic performance, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), show great potential for answering a multitude of questions related to building performance. Prevalent topics are the implications of LCA and LCC for retrofit solutions and the trade-offs between environmental and economic considerations in building design. A detailed review of 30 case studies shows the range of differing result integration methods and sheds light on the use of monetary valuation of environmental indicators for an integrated assessment. While a quasi-dynamic approach, accounting for the changing value of money over time, is common in LCC, such an approach is largely absent from LCA. The analysis of common metrics shows that the studies employ strongly differing system boundaries and input parameters. Moreover, a clear description of the methodological framework is missing in most studies. Therefore, this research develops an “Eco2” framework, integrating LCA and LCC for application in building design. Potential further developments for Eco2 building assessment are related to extending the system boundaries by including mechanical systems and end-of-life phases, data collection and structuring, and streamlining the approach for continuous application to all stages of building design processes. Additionally, the influence on design decisions of employing temporal parameters in both LCA and LCC and of choosing particular result integration methods should be investigated further.
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Guo, Fengdi, Jeremy Gregory, and Randolph Kirchain. "Probabilistic Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements Based on Simulation Optimization." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (April 4, 2019): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119838984.
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Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is a way to evaluate the long-term cost effectiveness of different pavement designs or treatment actions. Owing to the existence of uncertainties, many probabilistic LCCA models have been proposed. They mainly use a prescribed treatment schedule or determine schedules by mechanistic-empirical analysis, potentially leading to the overestimation of life-cycle cost (LCC). In this paper, a new probabilistic simulation-optimization LCCA model is proposed. This new model determines treatment schedules by minimizing total LCC, including agency and user cost, which is different from current probabilistic models. In addition, it also incorporates uncertainties of treatment costs and deterioration processes. Two case studies are presented. The first one shows the influence of treatment schedule uncertainties on LCC distributions. After considering treatment schedule uncertainties, a tighter LCC distribution is estimated. The second case study compares the new model and a conventional prescribed-schedule model from the perspective of pavement design selection. The results show that the simulation-optimization model could lead to different preferred pavement designs than the prescribed-schedule model.
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Bulboacă, Adriana, Alina Porfire, Lucia Tefas, Paul Boarescu, Sorana Bolboacă, Ioana Stănescu, Angelo Bulboacă, and Gabriela Dogaru. "Liposomal Curcumin is Better than Curcumin to Alleviate Complications in Experimental Diabetic Mellitus." Molecules 24, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050846.
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Curcumin (CC) is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties and has already been tested for its efficiency in different diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM). New formulations and route administration were designed to obtain products with higher bioavailability. Our study aimed to test the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of liposomal curcumin (lCC) as pre-treatment in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced DM in rats on oxidative stress, liver, and pancreatic functional parameters. Forty-two Wistar-Bratislava rats were randomly divided into six groups (seven animals/group): control (no diabetes), control-STZ (STZ-induced DM —60 mg/100g body weight a single dose intraperitoneal administration, and no CC pre-treatment), two groups with DM and CC pre-treatment (1mg/100g bw—STZ + CC1, 2 mg/100g bw—STZ + CC2), and two groups with DM and lCC pre-treatment (1 mg/100g bw—STZ + lCC1, 2 mg/100g bw—STZ + lCC1). Intraperitoneal administration of Curcumin in diabetic rats showed a significant reduction of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total oxidative stress, and catalase for both evaluated formulations (CC and lCC) compared to control group (p < 0.005), with higher efficacy of lCC formulation compared to CC solution (p < 0.002, excepting catalase for STZ + CC2vs. STZ + lCC1when p = 0.0845). The CC and lCC showed hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic effects, a decrease in oxidative stress and improvement in anti-oxidative capacity status against STZ-induced DM in rats (p < 0.002). The lCC also proved better efficacy on MMP-2, and -9 plasma levels as compared to CC (p < 0.003, excepting STZ + CC2 vs. STZ + lCC1 comparison with p = 0.0553). The lCC demonstrated significantly better efficacy as compared to curcumin solution on all serum levels of the investigated markers, sustaining its possible use as adjuvant therapy in DM.
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Carvalho, José Pedro, Fernanda Schmitd Villaschi, and Luís Bragança. "Assessing Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Impacts of Building Construction Solutions with BIM." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168914.
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Worldwide authorities are increasingly concerned about construction’s efficiency and sustainability, leading to the development of high-performance buildings. However, such facts have shifted a significant percentage of the building life cycle environmental impacts from the operation to the product and construction phases. Thus, the need to evaluate and select more sustainable materials and construction solutions arises, to also minimize impacts from these stages. To evaluate those impacts, LCA and LCC analysis are usually applied to assess the building impacts and costs, through the different life cycle stages. Despite the usefulness of LCA and LCC methods during the project phase, they are usually evaluated in the project later stages. It is too complex and time-consuming to gather and process all the required data during the project early stages. With the recent deployment of BIM, the opportunity to automate and shift LCA and LCC analysis to project early stages stands out. Facing the research gap, this study aims to develop a BIM-based decision-making tool for designers to evaluate the environmental, economic, and functional performance of different building construction solutions. To do so, 18 different simulation scenarios have been created in Autodesk Revit with different combinations of external walls, roofs, and floors. Then, a framework was developed in Dynamo to automatically characterize the building elements life cycle environmental impacts and costs, as well as to automate the LCA and LCC analysis during the project early stages. The outcomes can significantly reduce the required time, errors and efforts when performing LCA and LCC analysis, providing designers with real time decision support data and making an important contribution to the use of BIM for sustainability purposes.
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Baldoni, Edoardo, Silvia Coderoni, Elisa Di Giuseppe, Marco D’Orazio, Roberto Esposti, and Gianluca Maracchini. "A Software Tool for a Stochastic Life Cycle Assessment and Costing of Buildings’ Energy Efficiency Measures." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147975.
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This article presents a novel software tool for the assessments of life-cycle environmental impacts and costs, which is aimed to support decision-making in the design phase of retrofit interventions in the building sector. By combining Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculations and functionalities, this tool allows evaluating the long-term trade-offs between economic and environmental performance of investment projects in energy efficiency for buildings, while accounting for uncertainties in input parameters and economic scenarios. A major novelty of the software tool is the stochastic nature of both the LCC and LCA dimensions. The LCA is implemented with Monte-Carlo methods, while the LCC accounts for the probabilistic interdependence of macroeconomic variables over time. The software also includes advanced specific tools for parametrization and sensitivity analysis. Exemplary applications are presented in order to illustrate the novelty and the functionalities of the software tool.
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Abu, R., M. A. A. Aziz, and Z. Z. Noor. "Integrated Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Costing and Multi Criteria Decision Making for Food Waste Composting Management." Journal of Advanced Research in Business and Management Studies 21, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arbms.21.1.19.
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The integrated models specifically designed to help decision-making in food waste (FW) composting management through the analysis of previous research studies are reviewed. The integrated models are built predominantly within three decision-supporting tools, which include life-cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). Different integrated models were discussed and their strengths, limitations, and crucial problems as well as their potential integration were evaluated. Apparently, there has been no in-depth analysis of its approaches and potentialities of combining harmonically the LCA, LCC, and MCDM analysis tools in the FW composting management which taking into consideration multiple stakeholders. Thus, the combined LCA, LCC and MCDM with cluster analysis (CA) is suggested. The concepts underlying the sustainable FW composting management model can be divided into several aspects in terms of environmental friendliness, financial profitability, and social acceptance. This gives an insight and facilitates to waste management sectors to decide on a preferable FW composting management.
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Van Gulck, Lisa, Stijn Van de Putte, Nathan Van Den Bossche, and Marijke Steeman. "Comparison of an LCA and LCC for façade renovation strategies designed for change." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 18005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017218005.
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This paper examines the environmental and financial impact of façade renovation strategies designed for change and how taking into account each of these aspects will lead to different renovation decisions. In a first part of the paper the optimal construction method for different façade renovation strategies is searched from the environmental point of view. This is done through life cycle analysis (LCA). In a second part of the paper the financial impact of the results obtained with LCA is determined. This is done with life cycle costing (LCC). The results show that although both LCA and LCC are life cycle studies that follow similar principles and boundaries this does not mean that LCA and LCC based decisions will coincide. For the environmental score the operational energy of a building has the largest impact and energy efficiency measures will often be beneficial. For the financial cost the investment cost is the most important impact and energy efficiency measures will only pay off to a certain extent. Decisions that are based solely on the financial cost may thus lead to sub-optimal solutions from an environmental point of view.
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Hou, Yunfei, Xiaojing Qian, Rui Zhang, Fan Gu, and Ping Feng. "Study on an Integrated LCA-LCC Model for Assessment of Highway Engineering Technical Schemes." Buildings 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12071050.
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This paper proposes an integrated life cycle assessment-life cycle cost (LCA-LCC) model of environmental and economic factors for highway engineering technical schemes to problems such as the limitations of single-dimensional assessment, their narrow scope, the difficulty in tracing sources, and the conflicts of various dimensions in existing integrated assessment methods. The latest documents issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the Ministry of Transport of China used as an integrated assessment database. Air pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, energy consumption, pre-project cost, project construction cost, project operation cost, and post-project cost were used to construct the integrated assessment index system of environmental and economic factors. An improved entropy method was adopted in the LCA-LCC model to overcome the problems of ambiguous results of the previous entropy due to too few assessment schemes, the inoperability of the method when it encounters a negative value or zero value, and unbalanced multi-angle assessments. This model was applied to the assessment of two asphalt pavement maintenance schemes of Highway US280 in Alabama and two improvement schemes of high liquid limit soil subgrade of Highway G360 in Hainan. The results show that the LCA-LCC model overcomes the limitations and imbalances of a single LCA or LCC. The gravel improved scheme and the cold recycling scheme were identified through quantitative assessment as more sustainable. This paper can provide a reference for the comprehensive quantitative assessment of environmental and economic benefits of highway engineering technical schemes.
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Rathore, Purva, D. J. Killedar, Divyesh Parde, and Akansha Sahare. "Life cycle cost analysis of wastewater treatment technologies." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012006.
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Abstract With the ever-increasing population, volumes of wastewater treatment are a major concern in our country. The Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Biological Filtration and Oxygenated Reactor (BIOFOR), Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), and Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR) are all monetarily investigated in the present study using the Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) tool. In this study, life cycle costing is done using the present value method, which involves discounting the costs for a 20-year economic life. The costs of treating wastewater per million litres per day (MLD) of wastewater treatment technology are obtained from the literature. Moreover, this study takes into account the capital, annual operation, energy, salvage, and replacement costs to compare the life cycle costs of ASP, UASB, BIOFOR, and MBBR to make the best guess of an economical technology. The LCCA demonstrates that the MBBR has the highest costs of treatment, resulting in the highest Life Cycle Cost (LCC). BIOFOR has the largest energy requirement making LCC the second-highest among the technologies. In India, ASP is one of the most widely used technologies, whose LCC is the third most advanced of the four technologies. Because of its lower energy and operating costs, UASB has the lowest LCC.
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Ayodele, Bamidele Victor, and Siti Indati Mustapa. "Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062387.
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The transportation sector has been reported as a key contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Hence, the need for the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation sector. However, the competitiveness of the EVs with the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles has been a bone of contention. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an important tool that can be employed to determine the competitiveness of a product in its early stage of production. This review examines different published articles on LCCA of EVs using Scopus and Web of Science databases. The time trend of the published articles from 2001 to 2019 was examined. Moreover, the LCC obtained from the different models of EVs were compared. There was a growing interest in research on the LCC of EVs as indicated by the upward increase in the number of published articles. A variation in the LCC of the different EVs studied was observed to depend on several factors. Based on the LCC, EVs were found not yet competitive with conventional internal combustion engine cars due to the high cost of batteries. However, advancement in technologies with incentives could bring down the cost of EV batteries to make it competitive in the future.
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Fong, Ming-Lun Alan. "Sustainable Ventilation Strategies for a Medium-Sized Space with Regional Effect." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094651.
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The analysis of ventilation strategies is fundamentally affected by regional climate conditions and local cost databases, in terms of energy consumption, CO2 emission and cost-effective analysis. A systematic approach is covered in this paper to estimate a local economic and environmental impact on a medium-sized space located in two regions during supply-and-installation and operation phases. Three ventilation strategies, including mixing ventilation (MV), displacement ventilation (DV) and stratum ventilation (SV) were applied to medium-sized air-conditioned space with this approach. The trend of the results for three ventilation systems in the life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is SV < DV < MV. The result of CO2 emission and regional LCC shows that SV is the lowest one in both regional studies. In comparison with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) during 20 Service years, the case analysis demonstrates that the percentage differences in LCC analysis of MV, DV & SV in Guangdong are less than 20.5%, 19.4% and 18.82% respectively. Their CO2 emission of MV, DV and SV in Guangdong are more than HKSAR in 10.69%, 11.22% and 12.05%, respectively. The present study could provide information about regional effects in the LCA and LCC analysis of three ventilation strategies emissions, and thereby help set up models for decision-making on high efficiency and cost-effective ventilation strategy plans.
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Kambanou, Marianna Lena. "Life Cycle Costing: Understanding How It Is Practised and Its Relationship to Life Cycle Management—A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083252.
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Despite the existence of many life cycle costing (LCC) methods, LCC is not widely adopted and LCC methods are usually further tailored by practitioners. Moreover, little is known about how practising LCC improves life cycle management (LCM) especially if LCM is considered emergent and constantly developing. In a manufacturing company, LCC is prescriptively introduced to improve LCM. In the first part, this study describes how various methodological choices and other aspects of practising LCC were the outcome of contestation and conformity with extant practices and not only the best way to fulfil the LCC’s objective. This contestation can even influence if LCC is adopted. In the second part of the research, the implications of practising LCC on LCM are explored. LCC is found to positively propel LCM in many ways e.g., by spreading the life cycle idea, but may lead to a narrower understanding of the term life cycle resulting in the sustainability focus of LCM being overridden. The article also discusses how the findings can be taken into consideration when researchers develop LCC methods and when industry practises LCC.
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Kaddoura, Mohamad, Marianna Lena Kambanou, Anne-Marie Tillman, and Tomohiko Sakao. "Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 4819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184819.
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Extending the lifetime of passive products, i.e., products that do not consume materials or energy during the use phase, by implementing product-service systems (PSS) has a potential to reduce the environmental impact while being an attractive and straightforward measure for companies to implement. This research assesses the viability of introducing PSS for passive products, by documenting five real product cases of prolonging the lifetime through repair or refurbishment and by quantifying, through life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC), the change in environmental and economic outcome. The environmental impact (measured as global warming potential over the life cycle) was reduced for all cases because extraction and production dominated the impact. This reduction was 45–72% for most cases and mainly influenced by the number of reuses and the relative environmental burden of the components whose lifetime was prolonged. The costs for the company (measured as LCC from the manufacturer’s perspective) decreased too by 8–37%. The main reason that costs reduced less than the environmental impact is that some costs have no equivalent in LCA, e.g., administration and labor costs for services. The decreases in both LCA and LCC results, as well as the willingness of the companies to implement the changes, demonstrate that this measure can be financially attractive for companies to implement and effectively contribute to a circular economy.
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Tighnavard Balasbaneh, Ali, Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono, and Emad Kasra Kermanshahi. "Balancing of life cycle carbon and cost appraisal on alternative wall and roof design verification for residential building." Construction Innovation 18, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 274–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-03-2017-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluation for single story building house in Malaysia. Two objective functions, namely, LCA and LCC, were evaluated for each design and a total of 20 alternatives were analyzed. Two wall schemes that have been adopted from two different recent studies toward mitigation of climate change require clarification in both life cycle objectives. Design/methodology/approach For this strategic life cycle assessment, Simapro 8.3 tool has been chosen over a 50-year life span. LCC analysis was also used to determine not only the most energy-efficient strategy, but also the most economically feasible one. A present value (PV)-based economic analysis takes LCC into account. Findings The results will appear in present value and LC carbon footprint saving, both individually and in combination with each other. Result of life cycle management shows that timber wall−wooden post and beam covered by steel stud (W5) and wood truss with concrete roof tiles (R1) released less carbon emission to atmosphere and have lower life cycle cost over their life span. W5R1 releases 35 per cent less CO2 emission than the second best choice and costs 25 per cent less. Originality/value The indicator assessed was global warming, and as the focus was on GHG emissions, the focus of this study was mainly in the context of Malaysian construction, although the principles apply universally. The result would support the adoption of sustainable building for building sector.
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Grzyl, Beata, and Agata Siemaszko. "The Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost in public works contracts." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400047.
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An important goal, implemented by EU countries under the Europe 2020 strategy, is sustainable development, which includes supporting economy that effectively uses natural and environmentally friendly resources. Solutions in this area are also promoted in tender proceedings in the area of public procurement. The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and LCC (Life Cycle Cost) analysis are indicated as the basis for decision-making by awarding entities. In the article, the authors present on the selected example the benefits of using LCA and LCC. Based on the documents analysis for 350 selected public procurement procedures conducted in Poland in 2017, the authors examine types, average weights and frequency of application of non-price criteria for the selection of the best offer in practice. Based on the results of the research, are formulated conclusions.
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Medina-Salgado, María Sonia, Fernando E. García-Muiña, Marco Cucchi, and Davide Settembre-Blundo. "Adaptive Life Cycle Costing (LCC) Modeling and Applying to Italy Ceramic Tile Manufacturing Sector: Its Implication of Open Innovation." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010101.
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Converging business, sustainability, and technology is a challenge that manufacturing firms face to create value and be competitive. Energy- and raw material-intensive manufacturing industries are particularly aware of environmental issues and circular economy practices due to the large amounts of resources they use. However, manufacturing companies must also be mindful of economic sustainability in order to make their business profitable. For this, appropriate economic evaluation tools are needed, one of which is life cycle costing (LCC). LCC, when applied to the manufacturing context, is often considered as a simple extension of the life cycle assessment (LCA). This is the main limitation of LCC, as it only contributes to determining the economic value of environmental damage. This research aims to overcome this limitation, analyzing the Italian ceramic tile manufacturing sector as a case study in order to conceptually develop, through the abductive methodology, a calculation framework that extends the potential of LCC by including circularity parameters. Subsequently, the conceptual framework is empirically validated using sectoral industrial costs by configuring two scenarios (with and without circularity practices) and building a benchmark for individual firms in this industry. Finally, the research includes some considerations on the positive implications and potential of life cycle costing in an open innovation context.
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Ahn, Hye-Ryeon, Jin Ho Lim, and Young-Ki Huh. "Development of LCC-LCA Integrated Analysis Model for Efficiency." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 13, no. 6 (December 20, 2013): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkibc.2013.13.6.585.
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Zhao, Houkuan, Qinghua Feng, Yimin Xie, Jinling Li, and Xuekuan Chen. "Preparation of biocompatible hydrogel from lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) as cell carriers." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 8490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8490-8504.
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Two poplar lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), LCC-48 and LCC-72, were isolated at different milling times, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. A new hydrogel carrier was prepared from these LCCs in the presence of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as the crosslinker for cell (human hepatocyte (L-02)) culture. The effects of the structure of LCC on the carrier were investigated. The FT-IR spectra indicate that the two LCC samples were composed of lignin and polysaccharide, and showed a typical LCC structure. The galactose contents of LCC-48 and LCC-72 were 3.02% and 5.67%, respectively. The results of cell culture show that a large number of hepatocytes adhered to the porous carriers. Hepatocytes grown on the LCC carriers outperformed the control group in every observed category, including cell proliferation rate and metabolic activity. These results indicate that poplar LCC might be a great potential precursor of biological carriers for human hepatocytes culture.
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Zhou, Xue-Fei. "Oxidation of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex by Laccase/Co(salen) One-Pot Catalysis." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-07.
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Lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) is hybrid structures containing covalently linked moieties of lignin and carbohydrates. The nature and amount of LCC affect both industrial processes and practical applications of lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, the LCC was isolated from bamboo by successive solvent extraction and precipitation. The effects and mechanism of LCC oxidation respectively by laccase, Co(salen), and laccase/Co(salen) in the presence of molecular oxygen have been investigated by composition analysis using the standard of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), GPC, FTIR, and 2D-HSQC NMR. We can conclude that the laccase/Co(salen) one-pot catalysis modified the LCC in such a way that more carbohydrate was removed from the LCC with lower molecular weight of LCC as shown by GPC; the catalytic treatments produced oxidation at lignin side-chains and cleavage of lignin β-O-4', β-β' and β-5' bonds in LCC, and cleavage of benzyl-sugar ether, phenyl glycoside and γ-ester bonds in LCC, as shown by FTIR and 2D-HSQC NMR, especially after the laccase/Co(salen) one-pot treatment. The further insight of LCC degradation was discussed in light of the results obtained in oxidation of the LCC model compound coniferin.
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Abbate, Elisabetta, Maryam Mirpourian, Carlo Brondi, Andrea Ballarino, and Giacomo Copani. "Environmental and Economic Assessment of Repairable Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Circular Economy Perspective." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15092986.
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The explosive growth of the global market for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and the lack of a closing loop strategy of composite waste have raised environmental concerns. Circular economy studies, including Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), have investigated composite recycling and new bio-based materials to substitute both carbon fibers and matrices. However, few studies have addressed composite repair. Studies focused on bio-based composites coupled with recycling and repairing are also lacking. Within this framework, the paper aims at presenting opportunities and challenges of the new thermosetting composite developed at the laboratory including the criteria of repairing, recycling, and use of bio-based materials in industrial applications through an ex ante LCA coupled with LCC. Implementing the three criteria mentioned above would reduce the environmental impact from 50% to 86% compared to the baseline scenario with the highest benefits obtained by implementing the only repairing. LCC results indicate that manufacturing and repairing parts built from bio-based CFRP is economically sustainable. However, recycling can only be economically sustainable under a specific condition. Managerial strategies are proposed to mitigate the uncertainties of the recycling business. The findings of this study can provide valuable guidance on supporting decisions for companies making strategic plans.
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Knauer, Thorsten, and Katja Möslang. "The adoption and benefits of life cycle costing." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 14, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 188–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-04-2016-0027.
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Purpose Although life cycle costing (LCC) is well established in theory and practice, little is known about the conditions of its adoption and its impact on the achievement of cost-management goals. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the adoption and benefits of LCC. Design/methodology/approach The analyses are based on questionnaires collected from a survey of German firms. Findings The results demonstrate that the extent of LCC adoption is positively associated with the extent of guarantee and warranty costs, voluntary upfront and follow-up costs for ecological sustainability and the extent of target costing adoption. In contrast, the extent of LCC adoption is negatively associated with the amount of precursors and/or intermediates that are purchased. The results also demonstrate that firms perceive LCC to be beneficial for various aspects of cost management. Firms report that the greatest benefit of LCC is related to the identification of cost drivers. Research limitations/implications This investigation provides a starting point for future studies of the conditions of LCC adoption and the benefits of LCC. This study is subject to limitations, particularly with respect to the operationalization of our independent variables, the number of contextual variables and the general limitations of survey research. Practical implications The results inform practitioners of the situations in which it is most appropriate to adopt LCC. In addition, this study identifies various cost-management goals that are supported by the use of LCC. Originality/value This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the conditions of LCC adoption and advances the literature regarding the impact of LCC on the achievement of cost-management goals. Furthermore, this study provides a starting point for future research into the implementation of LCC and the effects of LCC on management accounting practices.
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Purwandono, Putut, Yuichiro Yoshida, and Keisuke Kawata. "Dampak Masuknya Low-cost Carrier Terhadap Pergerakan Penumpang Internasional pada Bandar Udara Internasional di Asia." WARTA ARDHIA 42, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v42i2.236.57-62.
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Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mempelajari dampak dari masuknya maskapai berbiaya murah (LCC) terhadap perubahan pergerakan penumpang internasional di 30 bandar udara internasional di wilayah Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Hasil estimasi menggunakan model fixed-effect yang kami peroleh menunjukkan bukti kuat bahwa masuknya LCC menyebabkan naiknya jumlah penumpang internasional secara signifikan. Namun demikian, dampak ini akan menurun ketika jarak antara bandar udara asal dan tujuan semakin jauh dan maskapai non-LCC melayani rute yang sama. Penambahan jumlah LCC yang terus menerus akan memberikan tingkat kenaikan yang semakin menurun. Hasil studi kami mampu menyimpulkan dampak dari masuknya LCC pada rute internasional dan dapat menjelaskan pada kondisi apa masuknya LCC mampu menghasilkan dampak positif yang signifikan.
[Impact of Low-cost Carrier Entry on International Air Passenger Movements at International Airports in Asia] This paper primarily studies the impact of low-cost carrier (LCC) entry on the change of international passenger movement at 30 international airports in Northeast and Southeast Asia. Our fixed-effect estimation found enough evidence to claim that LCC entry at international route causes number of passenger to increase significantly. Nevertheless, the positive impact of LCC entry diminishes as distance between origin and final destination airport gets longer and full service carrier (FSC) service exists. Moreover, additional LCC companies brings about lower increase rate in number of international passengers. Our findings justify the positive impact of having LCC entry for international route and explain the condition under which LCC entry gives positive and significant result.
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Zhang, Ke Xin, Jian Wei Yao, and Ze Ping Zhao. "Life Cycle Costing Decision Analysis for Electric Multiple Units Based on Reliability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6274.
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According to the relationship between reliability and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), we studied the best optimized solution of system reliability and LCC when researching and manufacturing EMU subsystem, choosing the overall system scheme and the purchase scheme. Classified by the different stages of life cycle, the composition of LCC on EMU was introduced, and the decomposition process of LCC structure, the method for estimating purchasing cost and acquisition and maintenance cost were put forward. By the analysis of the effect of reliability indexes on LCC of EMU, the mathematical model of reliability and LCC was established. Based on the model of the relationship between reliability and LCC, we providing a new way of researching and manufacturing EMU and making the purchase scheme by an optimization method to achieve a goal of increasing reliability while reducing LCC.
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D'Incognito, Maria, Nicola Costantino, and Giovanni C. Migliaccio. "Actors and barriers to the adoption of LCC and LCA techniques in the built environment." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 5, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2013-0068.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the existing barriers to the slow adoption of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) in construction, and the main responsible actors. Design/methodology/approach – The research design is based on a two-phase approach. First, the existing literature was studied through a multiple-step content analysis (CA) approach, which combined unsupervised concept mapping with computer aided CA. Using a relational CA approach, statistical-based analysis tools were initially used to identify the relationships between actors and barriers. Later, a Delphi study was administered to a panel of experts, to triangulate, validate, and refine the initial results. Findings – The study revealed that organizational culture is the most relevant barrier, and that clients and professionals are the actors that predominantly influence the adoption of LCC and LCA in projects. Technical and financial barriers, such as the lack and quality of input data and the high costs of implementation are also deemed relevant. Research limitations/implications – The CA was performed by a single rater on a sample that included 50 papers in English language. Future research may focus on enlarging the sample, extending it to other languages, and linking the source (or the expert) to their professional context to evaluate geographical differences in barriers. Originality/value – The adopted approach gives new insights on the relationships behind the rejection of LCA and LCC suggesting that solutions at the organizational level may be more effective than technical ones.
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GLUCH, Pernilla, Mathias GUSTAFSSON, Henrikke BAUMANN, and Göran LINDAHL. "FROM TOOL-MAKING TO TOOL-USING – AND BACK: RATIONALES FOR ADOPTION AND USE OF LCC." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 22, no. 3 (May 17, 2018): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.1544.
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Real estate- and property owners’ rationales behind the adoption of Life Cycle Costing (LCC) respectively how LCC is actually used in renovation projects, is investigated through empirical data from a questionnaire survey sent to managers in Swedish real estate organisations. The study shows a positive attitude towards LCC. It is perceived to as a flexible and multi-functional tool with a familiar monetary format. Nevertheless, the study also reveals simplistic and undevel-oped views of how to use LCC. While much research has focused on developing sophisticated LCC tools, the findings indicate that practitioners’ interest in these refinements seems limited. The importance of understanding that LCC is used in a context of multiple and partly competing institutional logics of renovation is emphasised. The paper contributes to a more informed research in development of LCC tools as well as better informed LCC use among real estate and property owners.
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Omran, Najat, Amir Hamzah Sharaai, and Ahmad Hariza Hashim. "Visualization of the Sustainability Level of Crude Palm Oil Production: A Life Cycle Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041607.
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The Malaysian palm oil is an important source of social development and economic growth in the country. Nevertheless, it has been accused of conducting unsustainable practices that may affect the sustainability of this industry. Thus, this study aims to identify the level of sustainability of crude palm oil (CPO) production. Environmental impacts were assessed using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standardized life cycle assessment (LCA). Economic impacts were evaluated using life cycle costing (LCC). Social impact assessment was identified based on the UNEP/SETAC Guidelines for social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) was used to combine three methods: LCA, life cycle costing (LCC) and S-LCA using the scoring system method. Finally, a presentation technique was developed to visualize the LCSA results. The results show that crude palm oil production requires more improvement to be a sustainable product. The study feasibly enables the decision-makers to understand the significant environmental, economic, and social hotspots during the crude palm oil production process in order to promote palm oil production.
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Xie, Yimin, Xudong Chen, Kai Zhang, Sheng Cui, and Gongxia Zhang. "Elucidation of lignin and polysaccharide linkages in wheat straw by 2H/13C isotopic tracer." BioResources 18, no. 1 (November 17, 2022): 550–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.550-569.
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To elucidate chemical linkages between lignin and polysaccharides, the aqueous mixed solutions of coniferin-[α-13C], syringin-[α-13C], D-glucose-[6-2H], and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitor were injected into a living wheat stalk. Internode tissues with high abundance of 2H-13C were collected. The milled wood lignin, lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), and residual LCC (R-LCC) with enrichment of 2H-13C were isolated. The 13C and 2H abundances showed that the lignin and polysaccharides of internode tissues were labeled by 13C and 2H, respectively. Analysis with carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) showed that ketal and benzyl ether bonds were formed between α-C of lignin and carbohydrates. The R-LCC and LCC were further treated with enzymes to obtain enzymatic degraded R-LCC (ED-R-LCC) and enzymatic degraded LCC (ED-LCC). 13C-NMR spectra of ED-LCC showed that the α-C of lignin side chain was combined with 6-C of carbohydrates by ether, ester, and ketal linkages. 1H-NMR differential spectra of ED-LCCs revealed an LC linkage of benzyl ether bond. Glucan-lignin (En-R-GL) and xylan-lignin (En-R-XL) complexes were separated from ED-R-LCC by ionic liquid. A part of lignin α-C was linked to cellulose 6-C by benzyl ether and α-ketal linkages. 13C-NMR spectra of En-R-XL showed there were α-benzyl ether and α-ketal bonds between lignin and xylan.
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Kuznetsova, E. Y., and N. A. Amosov. "Application of life cycle contracts in the transport industry: problems and prospects." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2022-1-92-101.
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The article discusses the application of the life cycle contract (LCC) for the transport industry in Russia. The purpose of the study is to detect the problems of LCC and identify prospects for expanding the topics of LCC management for the purchase of different types of vehicles. The definition of LCC according to 44-FZ is given, the essence of the form of interaction between the customer and the contractor is revealed. The main documents regulating the objects of procurement for LCC are listed, changes and amendments to these documents are proposed. The types of vehicles that can be purchased by LCC are indicated. The advantages of using LCC for the purchase of vehicles are described. Information about the scientific base in the field of LCC is mentioned and an assessment of the practical application of long-term contracts in Russia is given. An example of an existing LCC for the supply of electric buses in Moscow is analyzed in detail. As in the example, the main provisions and the sequence of concluding a contract with a state customer are considered. The data for the last four years on the conclusion of the LCC between the State Unitary Enterprise «Mosgortrans» and vehicle manufacturers are presented. The stages of the life cycle that are not included in the existing LCC are identified, the reasons for their lack are substantiated. It is proposed to introduce a new form of contractual relationship between the customer and the contractor in B2B and B2C segments to transfer the principles of LCC to other markets with the introduction of a new concept for these markets. The evaluation of the state of the age structure of the urban transport park, air and water vessels is given. The main problems of LCC implementation are considered. The prospects for expanding the topics of LCC management are determined. The authors raised the issue of vehicle recycling and the lack of recycling facilities proposed and justified recommendations for the creation of recycling enterprises for urban transport. Organizational and technological issues regarding the construction of a recycling system are touched upon. The main provisions for solving the LCC problems and the release of long-term contracts to a new level are formulated.
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Kim, Yoon-Duk, Hee-Sung Cha, Kyung-Ra Kim, and Dong-Woo Shin. "Evaluation Method of Green Construction Technologies Using Integrated LCC and LCA Analysis." Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 12, no. 3 (May 31, 2011): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/kjcem.2011.12.3.91.
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Liu, Jingkuang, Zhengjie Huang, and Xuetong Wang. "Economic and Environmental Assessment of Carbon Emissions from Demolition Waste Based on LCA and LCC." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166683.
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In China, urban renewal and renovation projects generate a large amount of demolition waste every year, the disposal of which has certain impacts on the environment. Therefore, more effective policies should be implemented for the management of demolition waste. This study combines life cycle assessment (LCA) with life cycle costing (LCC) to analyze the environmental and economic drivers of three different waste disposal scenarios in Guangzhou, China, in the context of carbon trading: S1 (landfilling), S2 (recycled aggregate), and S3 (recycled powder). In this study, the carbon emissions of demolition waste were obtained by LCA, and the carbon emission cost was calculated based on the carbon price in the carbon trading market of Guangdong Province. The LCA results showed that waste recycling can greatly reduce carbon emissions. The results showed that compared to S1, S2 reduced 6.790 × 108 kg CO2 eq. Additionally, S3 reduced 4.172 × 108 kg CO2 eq. compared to S2. The LCC results show that waste recycling can greatly reduce the total costs of the demolition sector, while the production of recycled powder can generate 57.35% of the revenue from recycled aggregate to the recycling plant. This study combines LCA and LCC, and considers environmental factors to assess the economic results using carbon emissions cost, thereby forging a new exploration method in the field of life cycle theory. The findings of this study could provide a basis for the formulation of a new demolition waste management policy. In the case of the gradual implementation of carbon trading, it could also provide new ideas for current demolition waste treatment from economic and environmental perspectives.
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VALENZUELA-COBOS, JUAN DIEGO, and ANA GRIJALVA-ENDARA. "Sorption of Zinc by exopolysaccharides produced by liquid media of phytopatogenic fungi." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 2312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.1/2312.2317.
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Phytopathogenic fungi such as: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus stolonifer were cultivated in three different liquid culture media: LCC (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 ), LC2 (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 2 g L-1 ) and LC3 (glucose 40 g L-1 , yeast extract 3 g L-1 and tryptone peptone 10 g L-1 ) under pH of 5.5 for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPS). The liquid culture medium (LC3) used in cultivation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the highest production of biomass (15.40 g L-1 ) and exopolysaccharides (3.40 g L-1 ). Exopolysaccharides (EPS) obtained from the liquid culture medium (LC3) of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides presented the highest absorption content of Zinc (56 mg g-1 ). The results presented that the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the greatest biosorbent capacity of Zinc (Zn) using the culture medium with the highest amount of tryptone peptone.
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Hu, Ming. "Cost-Effective Options for the Renovation of an Existing Education Building toward the Nearly Net-Zero Energy Goal—Life-Cycle Cost Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082444.
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A comprehensive case study on life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was conducted on a two- story education building with a projected 40-year lifespan in College Park, Maryland. The aim of this paper was to (1) create a life cycle assessment model, using an education building to test the model, (2) compare the life cycle cost (LCC) of different renovation scenarios, taking into account added renewable energy resources to achieve the university’s overall carbon neutrality goal, and (3) verify the robustness of the LCC model by conducting sensitivity analysis and studying the influence of different variables. Nine renovation scenarios were constructed by combining six renovation techniques and three renewable energy resources. The LCCA results were then compared to understand the cost-effective relation between implementing energy reduction techniques and renewable energy sources. The results indicated that investing in energy-efficient retrofitting techniques was more cost-effective than investments in renewable energy sources in the long term. In the optimum scenario, renovation and renewable energy, when combined, produced close to a 90% reduction in the life cycle cost compared to the baseline. The payback period for the initial investment cost, including avoided electricity costs, varies from 1.4 to 4.1 years. This suggests that the initial investment in energy-efficient renovation is the primary factor in the LCC of an existing building.
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Tam, Carlos, Maria Barroso, and Frederico Cruz-Jesus. "Understanding the determinants of users’ continuance intention to buy low-cost airline flights online." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-12-2020-0316.
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Purpose Low-cost carriers’ (LCC) worldwide market share is gaining momentum. This paper aims to propose using the expectation confirmation model (ECM) combined with brand awareness and image, website quality and visual appeal to evaluate the continuance use intention of low-cost airlines (LCA) websites. Design/methodology/approach The empirical approach was based on an online survey of 272 individuals collected in Portugal. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings Brand awareness, brand image and satisfaction are the variables that best explain continuance intention. The leftover constructs can empirically explain ECM. Originality/value This study seeks to understand the significance of brand awareness and image, website quality and visual appeal in LCA websites’ confirmation and continuance use intention. Understanding the influence on confirmation and long-term viability, strategies based on these conclusions are proposed for LCC companies to better promote consumers’ continuance use intention.
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Aarts, Frits, Ignace de Hingh, Johannes HW de Wilt, Valery E. P. Lemmens, and Rob H. A. Verhoeven. "Differences in outcome between right- and left-sided colon cancer: A population based study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2013): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.493.
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493 Background: Colon cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer death, with an increasing incidence during the last decade. Recently, there is an increased interest in possible differences in outcome after surgery between right- and left-sided colon carcinoma (RCC and LCC). Methods: A population based study was performed in the south part of the Netherlands covering a region with more than 2 million inhabitants. Patients suffering from either RCC or LCC, excluding rectal cancer, were compared with regard to epidemiological, clinical and histological parameters as well as survival data. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the impact of different parameters on survival. Results: The data of 12,731 patients with colon cancer from January first 2000 and December 31 2010 were analyzed. Of these, 42% was RCC and 55% was LCC. In the remaining 3% of patients the location was not otherwise specified. In comparison with LCC, the majority of RCC patients were female (53% vs. 46%) and older (42% vs 34% > 75 years). The majority of RCC (77%) and LCC (87%) was non-mucinous adenocarcinoma. In RCC, 18% of tumors were mucinous adenocarcinoma vs 10% in LCC, p< 0.001. Well differentiated tumors were more common in LCC, 70% vs 58% in RCC Moderately and poorly differentiated tumors were more present in RCC compared to LCC (23% vs 13%, p<0.0001). Stage I tumors were more common for LCC vs stage II-IV tumors in RCC, p<0.0001. In RCC 1-9 lymph nodes were found in 37% vs 51% in LCC. In RCC 49% >10 LN were found vs 34% in LCC. No difference was found between anatomical sites regarding tumor positive LN, nor in LN ratio. Synchronous distant metastases were present in 30% of RCC vs 25% in LCC. Median overall survival in RCC was 46 months vs 60 months in LCC, p<0.0001. Survival differed between age groups and location and was worse for RCC with age 45-59 yrs: RCC vs LCC p<0.0008, age 60-74 yrs: RCC vs LCC, p<0.0006). Also, in T4 tumors, survival was worse for RCC, p<0.007. Conclusions: Prognosis of colon carcinoma is correlated to anatomical distribution with a significantly worse prognosis for RCC patients. Since RCC is more common in people of older age and the incidence is increasing, these findings may have future implications for the planning of treatment strategies.
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Fayrer-Hosken, R. A., M. Kruger, M. Vandenplas, S. Giguere, and P. Buss. "115 CHARACTERIZING NEUTROPHIL PROFILES IN HORSES FOR RHINOCEROS CAPTURE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab115.
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Conservation of several African species is becoming essential, and efforts to move threatened animals are causing physiological and reproductive problems. To save these species, a more comprehensive knowledge of their biology and response to stressors is required. Capture stress of rhinoceroses has been quantified (Kruger et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 181–182) by evaluating leucocyte coping capacity (LCC). LCC is the measurement of the fluorescence of circulating active neutrophils, then expressed as optical density (OD)/1000 neutrophils. The LCC then provides a standardized value between species as we used identical conditions and reagents. To quantify the role of LCC in rhinoceros conservation, it is essential to characterize normal LCC profiles of healthy unstressed rhinoceroses. Horse neutrophils are very similar to rhinoceros neutrophils in their biological activity. The objective of the study was to characterize normal LCC profiles in stallions, geldings, nonpregnant mares, pregnant mares, as well as fillies and colts of various ages as a benchmark for adult and juvenile rhinoceroses. The LCC profiles are shown in Figures 1 to 3. For the colts (days, weeks, and months old) there was little difference in their LCC profile over time. For the fillies (days, weeks, and months old) the LCC response for fillies only days old was significantly (P < 0.05) greater when compared to fillies that were weeks and months old. For the adult horses, the stallions had the lowest overall LCC and were very similar to nonpregnant mares. The LCC of pregnant mares was of significantly (P < 0.5) greater magnitude than that of stallions and nonpregnant mares. The LCC response of gelding was significantly (P < 0.5) greater than that of stallions and nonpregnant mares, but significantly (P < 0.5) lower than that of pregnant mares. The stallion and pregnant mare responses mirrored the quantitative responses of breeding rhinoceros bulls and pregnant rhinoceros cows. From the data (Figure 4) we suggest that breeding males (stallions, elephants, and rhinoceros bulls) have the lowest LCC activity curves, as their breeding activities result in higher daily stresses. We hypothesized that the stressed bulls have their neutrophil activity down regulated by circulating corticosteroids. The converse is true for pregnant females (mares and cows), as they may have more vigorous neutrophils and therefore the highest LCC curves. These basic studies support and validate the role of rapid LCC in stress evaluation of wild caught rhinoceroses and horses could be applicable for captured elephant.
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Leong, Geok Wen, Hui Loo Chua, Kim Hung Mo, Zainah Ibrahim, and Zhi Pin Loh. "Comparative Study of Lightweight Cementitious Composite Reinforced with Different Fibre Types and the Effect of Silane-Based Admixture." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 2, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2190813.
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This study aims to develop a type of fine-grained lightweight concrete, also known as lightweight cementitious composite (LCC), containing perlite microsphere (PM) and fibres with enhanced impermeability. The effect of polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and basalt fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of LCC was investigated. Besides, silane-based water repellent admixture was incorporated to reduce the water absorption and enhance the hydrophobicity of LCC. The dry densities of LCC developed were in the range of 912–985 kg/m3. PP fibres have lesser influence on the strengths of LCC. However, PVA fibres enhanced the strength of LCC by up to 35.2% and 28% in the compressive strength and flexural strength, respectively, while the basalt fibres increased both strengths up to 30.1% and 43.5%, respectively. By considering the overall performance, LCC with 0.5% PVA fibres has achieved a good balance in workability and strength. Additionally, silane-based water repellent admixture had an excellent effect in reducing the water absorption and improving the hydrophobicity of LCC. By incorporating 1% of silane-based water repellent admixture, the LCC with 0.5% PVA fibres obtained water-resistant properties with the softening coefficient of 0.85 and water contact angle of 128.2°. In conclusion, a combination of PVA-LCC with 1% waterproofing admixture showed the best performance in terms of mechanical strength as well as hydrophobic properties and had the potential to be used in the fabrication of concrete façade.
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Shah, Syed Nasir, Wei Da Cheng, Jeck Kie Kam, Zhi Pin Loh, Zainah Ibrahim, and Kim Hung Mo. "Perlite microsphere for the use in lightweight cementitious composite." Composites and Advanced Materials 32 (February 13, 2023): 263498332311581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349833231158124.
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This preliminary work explores the possibility of utilizing perlite microsphere (PM) in producing lightweight cementitious composite (LCC). With the use of PM, LCC with dry density of about 1400 kg/m3 (35% reduction in density compared to normal cement mortar) can be obtained. Satisfactory compressive strengths of 32.6–34.5 MPa could be attained by the PM LCC, without and with supplementary cementitious materials such as silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag. The specific strength (compressive strength/density ratio) of LCC was also similar as the normal cement mortar. In addition, there was little difference in the flexural strength and drying shrinkage of PM LCC compared to normal cement mortar. Furthermore, similar flexural load–displacement behaviour was found between thin plate specimens produced with alkali-resistant glass fibre mesh reinforced LCC and that of normal cement mortar. In overall, this suggests that PM has the potential to be utilized as lightweight filler in producing LCC.
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Szablicki, Mateusz, Piotr Rzepka, Adrian Halinka, and Rafał Czapaj. "An alternative approach to provisions of the Network Code on blocking HVDC LCC systems during short-circuits in AC network." E3S Web of Conferences 84 (2019): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198402013.
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The Network Code for HVDC systems introduces a requirement for such systems to remain in operation in an AC network during short-circuits. This requirement (among others) is determined by a time curve of a minimum voltage in HVDC connection point. The HVDC system is not allowed to be turned-off while the voltage value exceeds the values of the curve, however the HVDC system in LCC technology does not meet this requirement. The Network Code introduces the possibility of blocking the LCC systems. After the LCC system is blocked it stops transmitting the power, which prevents the LCC system from being turned off during a short-circuit in the network but results in a lack of power exchange between the network and the LCC system. Therefore, the authors developed a proposal to limit the power level being transmitted by the LCC system, thus there is no necessity to block the LCC system operation. The simulation research carried out clearly indicate the validity of this idea. In addition, the authors presented the concept of an automation system that adaptively adjusts the scale of the LCC system power level reduction to change the network operating conditions during a short-circuit in the network. The operation of this automation system is presented for the practical LCC system model installed in the Polish Power System.
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Liu, Changbo, Zhendong Qian, Yang Liao, and Haisheng Ren. "A Comprehensive Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Approach Developed for Steel Bridge Deck Pavement Schemes." Coatings 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050565.
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This study aims to evaluate the economy of a steel bridge deck pavement scheme (SBDPS) using a comprehensive life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis approach. The SBDPS are divided into the “epoxy asphalt concrete system” (EA system) and “Gussasphalt concrete system” (GA system) according to the difference in the material in the lower layer of the SBDPS. A targeted LCC checklist, including manager cost and user cost was proposed, and a Markov-based approach was applied to establish a life-cycle performance model with clear probability characteristics for SBDPS. Representative traffic conditions were designed using a uniform design method, and the LCC of SBDPS under representative traffic conditions and different credibility (construction quality as a random factor) was compared. The reliability of the LCC analysis approach was verified based on the uncertainty analysis method. Based on an expert-scoring approach, a user cost weight was obtained to ensure it is considered reasonably in the LCC analysis. Compared with the cumulative traffic volume, the cumulative equivalent single axle loads (CESAL) have a closer relationship with the LCC. The GA system has better LCC when the CESAL is less, while the EA system is just the opposite. The breaking point of CESAL for the LCC of the EA system and the GA system is 15 million times. The LCC analysis of SBDPS should consider the influence of random factors such as construction quality. The comprehensive LCC analysis approach in this paper can provide suggestions for bridge-management departments to make a reasonable selection on SBDPS.
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Inagaki, Daisuke, Manabu Shiozawa, Tetta Satoyoshi, Yousuke Atsumi, Masaaki Murakawa, Keisuke Kazama, Toru Aoyama, et al. "Relationship between tumor location and oncogenes mutations (RAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA) in colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2017): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.580.
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580 Background: Several studies have reported that right-sided colon cancers (RCC) and left-sided colon cancers (LCC) differ in several factors including genetic features. We investigated the difference in clinicopathological characteristics and oncogenic mutation status between patients with RCC and LCC in all stages. Methods: This study was a prospective, observational study. Patients were recruited from December 2014 to February 2016. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were collected and DNA wes extracted from tissue sections from 158 cases. Mutations in KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, BRAF and PIK3CAwere detected by next-generation DNA sequencer. Tumors from cecum to transverse colon were defined as RCC, and tumors from descending colon to rectsigmoid were defined as LCC. Results: RCC was 66 patients and LCC was 92 patients. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or mutinous adenocarcinoma were significantly more frequent in RCC compared to LCC (P = 0.047). KRAS mutations were detected in 35 patients with RCC (53.0%) and in 32 patients with LCC (34.8%). NRAS mutations were detected in 2 patients with RCC (3.0%) and in 3 patients with LCC (3.3%). There was no HRAS mutation in all patients. BRAF mutations were detected in 7 patient with RCC (10.6%) and in 2 patients with LCC (2.2%). PIK3CA mutations were detected in 8 patients with RCC (12.1%) and in 10 patients with LCC (10.9%). KRAS and BRAF mutation in RCC were significantly more frequent than in LCC (P = 0.022 and P = 0.024, respectively). These mutations were not significantly different according to tumor stage. In this study, both KRAS and BRAFmutations were exclusive. Conclusions: KRAS and BRAF mutation were more frequent in the patients with RCC compared to those with LCC in all stages. This study suggested that it was important to evaluate BRAF mutation in addition to KRAS in order to select more effective treatments, especially in RCC.
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McCoy, Daniel T., Ryan Eastman, Dennis L. Hartmann, and Robert Wood. "The Change in Low Cloud Cover in a Warmed Climate Inferred from AIRS, MODIS, and ERA-Interim." Journal of Climate 30, no. 10 (April 24, 2017): 3609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0734.1.
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Abstract Decreases in subtropical low cloud cover (LCC) occur in climate model simulations of global warming. In this study 8-day-averaged observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) spanning 2002–14 are combined with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis to compute the dependence of the observed variability of LCC on various predictor variables. Large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic predictors of LCC are selected based on insight from large-eddy simulations (LESs) and observational analysis. It is found that increased estimated inversion strength (EIS) is associated with increased LCC. Drying of the free troposphere is associated with decreased LCC. Decreased LCC accompanies subsidence in regions of relatively low EIS; the opposite is found in regions of high EIS. Finally, it is found that increasing sea surface temperature (SST) leads to a decrease in LCC. These results are in keeping with previous studies of monthly and annual data. Based upon the observed response of LCC to natural variability of the control parameters, the change in LCC is estimated for an idealized warming scenario where SST increases by 1 K and EIS increases by 0.2 K. For this change in EIS and SST the LCC is inferred to decrease by 0.5%–2.7% when the regression models are trained on data observed between 40°S and 40°N and by 1.1%–1.4% when trained on data from trade cumulus–dominated regions. When the data used to train the regression model are restricted to stratocumulus-dominated regions the change in LCC is highly uncertain and varies between −1.6% and +1.4%, depending on the stratocumulus-dominated region used to train the regression model.
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Wu, Bin, Wenjiang Huang, Huichun Ye, Peilei Luo, Yu Ren, and Weiping Kong. "Using Multi-Angular Hyperspectral Data to Estimate the Vertical Distribution of Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Wheat." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081501.
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Heterogeneity exists in the vertical distribution of the biochemical components of crops. A leaf chlorophyll deficiency occurs in the bottom- and middle-layers of crops due to nitrogen stress and leaf senescence. Some studies used multi-angular remote sensing data for estimating the vertical distribution of the leaf chlorophyll content (LCC). However, these studies performed LCC inversion of different vertical layers using a fixed view zenith angle (VZA), but rarely considered the contribution of the components of the non-target layers to the spectral response. The main goal of this work was to determine the LCC of different vertical layers of the canopy of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), using multi-angular remote sensing and spectral vegetation indices. Different combinations of VZAs were used for obtaining the LCC of different layers. The results revealed that the responses of the transformed chlorophyll in reflectance absorption index (TCARI) and modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI)/optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) to the upper-layer LCC were strongest at VZA 10°. For the middle-layer LCC, the response was strongest at 30°, but the response was significantly lower than that of the upper-layer. For the bottom-layer LCC, the responses were weak due to the obscuring effect of the upper- and middle-layer; thus, the LCC inversion of the bottom-layer data was not optimal for a single VZA. The optimal VZA or VZA combinations for LCC estimation were VZA 10° for the upper-layer LCC (TCARI with coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.69, root mean square error (RMSE) = 4.80 ug/cm2, MCARI/OSAVI with R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 4.17 ug/cm2), VZA 10° and 30° for the middle-layer LCC (TCARI with R2 = 0.17, RMSE = 4.81 ug/cm2, MCARI/OSAVI with R2 = 0.17, RMSE = 4.76 ug/cm2), and VZA 10°, 30°, and 50° for the bottom-layer LCC (TCARI with R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 6.29 ug/cm2, MCARI/OSAVI with R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 6.36 ug/cm2). The proposed observation strategy provided a significantly higher estimation accuracy of the target layer LCC than the single VZA approach, and demonstrated the ability of canopy multi-angular spectral reflectance to accurately estimate the wheat canopy chlorophyll content vertical distribution.
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Salem, Mohamed E., Jun Yin, Lindsay A. Renfro, Benjamin Adam Weinberg, Tim Maughan, Richard Adams, Eric Van Cutsem, et al. "Rectal versus left-sided colon cancers: Clinicopathological differences observed in a pooled analysis of 4,182 patients enrolled to 8 clinical trials from the ARCAD database." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2017): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.675.
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675 Background: Recent retrospective analysis of CALGB/SWOG 80405 showed that left-sided colon cancers (LCC) respond differently to biological therapy compared with right-sided tumors. However, differences between rectal cancers (RC) and LCC remain undefined. Herein, we report our exploration of differences between these two groups. Methods: Individual patient data from 4182 patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancers, enrolled onto 8 first-line randomized trials, were pooled. Only pts with tumor locations that were clearly defined as LCC (splenic flexure to sigmoid) or RC were included in this analysis. Differences in pt characteristics and disease factors according to LCC vs. RC were identified. The prognostic effect of primary tumor location on OS and PFS was quantified via multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling stratified by treatment arm within each study and adjusting for age, sex, performance status, and prior surgery. Results: In total, 2,479 (59%) pts with LCC and 1,703 (41%) pts with RC were identified. Pts with RC, compared with LCC, were more likely to be male (68% vs. 62%, p < 0.001), have lung metastases (mets) (56% vs. 37%, p < 0.001), and have 2 or more metastatic sites (64% vs. 60%, p < 0.02), whereas pts with LCC were more likely to have liver mets (84% vs. 76%, p < 0.001). RC had a greater frequency of KRAS mutations (41% vs. 37%, p = 0.04) than LCC but there were no differences in the frequency of BRAF mutations (5% vs. 4%, p = 0.2). In multivariable analysis, no differences in OS or PFS were observed between pts with LCC vs. RC. While risk of death did not differ by primary tumor location, across all pts with LCC or RC, those with liver mets had a 17% increased risk of death compared to those with lung mets (HR = 1.17, p = 0.03) after adjusting for effects of other variables. Forthcoming prognostic analysis of LCC vs. RC within grouped backbone treatments (e.g., FOLFOX and FOLFIRI) is underway. Conclusions: Tumors arising in the rectum may carry clinical and molecular features that are distinct from LCC. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether RC should be treated with the same chemo backbone and biological therapy as LCC.
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Castro Vera, Kleber Leonardo, and Mustafa Al-Jweijati. "Solid-Lattice Stem Optimization Design for Hip Implants." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.4.4.
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The goal of this study is analyzed and design a methodology to reduce stem mass, through topology and lattice optimization of a Ti-6Al-4V hip implant, meeting yield stress requirements. Four optimization cases were studied: Topology optimization (1), Lattice design 100% (2), Lattice design 50% (3), Lattice design 25% (4). Five load cases from a study were applied for each optimization cases: Combined (LC1), standing-up (LC2), standing (LC3), going up stairs (LC4), jogging (LC5). The optimized cases design reduced stem mass approximately by 30% (1), 5% (2) ,8% (3) and 2% (4), compared with the total stem hip Ti-6Al-4V implant.
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Xie, Hao, Jing Wu, and Jibril Danazumi Jibril. "A Comparative Study of China and America's Building Life Cycle Cost Database Establishment." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.106.
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Life Cycle Cost (LCC) theory and method have a very positive influence on popularizing energy-saving of green buildings technology and reducing buildings energy consumption. However, applying LCC method into the construction industry field must be based on adequate and accurate data. In establishing the cost database of building LCC, America walks in the forefront of the world. Although China's building LCC cost database has been rapidly developed in the past few years, there is still a large gap between China and the United States. By comparing and analysing the establishment of building LCC cost database of the two countries-United States and China, this article indicates the key issues should be solved to build and further improve the Chinese future building LCC cost database, as well as give some relevant advice.
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Choi, Hyung Lae, Hyeon Seung Kim, Leen Seok Kang, and Chang hak Kim. "A Development of VE/LCC/LCA Evaluation System using BIM." International Journal of Highway Engineering 22, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2020.22.6.017.
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Xie, Hao, and Jing Wu. "The Main Obstacles to Popularizing the Building Life Cycle Cost Method in China and the Solving Strategies." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.112.
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Life Cycle Cost (LCC) method can not only help users make economic decisions on a construction project, but also have a positive effect on popularizing building energy-saving technologies and reducing building energy consumption. However, LCC has not received due attention in China. This paper analyzes the main obstacles to popularizing LCC in China and explores the solving strategies of promoting LCC in China by means of the functional process theoretical model.