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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'LCTC'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 July 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Almberg, Jan. "Användning av LCC : Vad krävs för att utforma en LCC-modell?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12719.

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Titel: Användning av LCC. Vad krävs för att utforma en LCC-modell? Bakgrund: Försvarsmakten äger och anskaffar komplicerad materiel som ska fungera under en lång livslängd. Materielförsörjningen ska vara kostnadseffektiv och kostnaderna kända ur ett livscykelperspektiv i största möjligaste mån. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) är en metod som kan bidra härtill. Vid anskaffningar och upphandlingar påbjuds det att LCC ska användas bland annat i syfte att öka kostnadseffektiviteten och få kontroll på kostnader. Till detta krävs en organisation som vet hur man genomför LCC på lämpligaste sätt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och belysa hur det går till och vad som krävs vid framtagning av LCC-modeller och praktisk användning av LCC och därigenom även bidra till ökad kunskap och förståelse för LCC-arbetet. Avgränsningar: I den här uppsatsen avgränsas arbetet att gälla inom FMV:s organisation och till huvudsak avhandla vad som krävs av organisationen, t.ex. i form av kompetens hos personal, för att utforma LCC-modeller. Metod: Delvis strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tre inom området erfarna och kunniga personer. Intervjuunderlag med öppna svar konstruerades utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställning som underlag för intervjuerna. Resultatet från intervjuerna bildade empiri. Empirin diskuterades och tolkade i förhållande till teorin varefter resultatet presenteras. Resultat, slutsatser: Studien ger en bild av vad som krävs för att bedriva LCC-arbete. Den visar vilka kompetenser som behövs (stor bredd av kompetenser krävs) och hur man kan organisera arbetet. Studien visar vad som styr utformning av LCC-modeller och poängterar olika risker och svårigheter i sammanhanget. Hur man kan förebygga och minimera risker och missförstånd framkommer. Studien poängterar problem och svårighet kopplat till kvaliteten på uppföljningssystem och likaså kvalitet vad avser data, både tillgänglighet och relevans.
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2

Ang, Yong-Ann. "Modelling, analysis and design of LCLC resonant power converters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15027/.

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The thesis investigates the modelling, analysis, design and control of 4th -order LCLC resonant power converters. Both voltage-output and current-output variants, are considered. Key research outcomes are the derivation of new frequency- and time-domain models of the converters, based on normalised component ratios, and including the effects that parasitic elements have on circuit behaviour, and a detailed account of multi-resonant characteristics; extensions to the use of cyclicmode modelling methods for application to LCLC converters, to provide rapid steady-state analysis, thereby facilitating the use of the derived methodologies as part of an interactive design tool; the formulation of analytical methods to predict the electrical stresses on tank components-an important consideration when designing resonant converters, as they are often higher than for hard-switched converter counterparts; the characterisation of both continuous and discontinuous modes of operation and the boundary conditions that separate them; and a substantial treatment of the modelling, analysis and design of LCLC converters that can provide multiple regulated outputs by the integrated control of both excitation frequency and pulse-width-modulation. The proposed methodologies are employed, for validation purposes, in the realisation of two proof-of concept demonstrator converters. The first, to satisfy the requirements for delivering 65V (rms) to an electrode-less, SW, fluorescent lamp, to improve energy efficiency and lifetime, and operating at a nominal frequency of 2.65 MHz, is used to demonstrate capacitively-coupled operation through the lamp tube, thereby mitigating the normally detrimental effects of excitation via the electrodes. The second prototype considers the realization of an LCLC resonant power supply that can provide multiple regulated outputs without the need for post-regulation circuitry. The two outputs of the supply are independently, closed-loop regulated, to provide asymmetrical output voltage distributions, using a combination of frequency- and duty-control. Although, an analysis of the supply shows that the behaviour is extremely complex, due, in particular, to the highly non-linear interaction between the mUltiple outputs and parasitic inductances, and rectifier, an analysis to provide optimum performance characteristics, is proposed. Moreover, a PICIFPGA-based digital controller is developed that allows control of the transient performance of both outputs under start-up and steady-state conditions.
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3

von, Muhlinen Natalia. "The roles of NDP52 and LC3C in anti-bacterial autophagy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610769.

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4

Kroll, Stephan. "Extended life of swimming pools through LCC." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96505.

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Swimming pools constructed with reinforced concrete require a high level of expertise within both, its planning and execution. To build waterproof concrete shells, extensive concrete technology knowledge, detailed planning of joint formation and high quality safety measures are needed. This thesis evaluates concrete technology features for swimming pool construction in Germany and Sweden. In particular, guidelines by DafStb, DIN and DgfdB provide the planner with detailed advice and specifics about swimming pools. It also gives an overview about the actual condition of swimming pools in Sweden that reached an age of at least 30 years and shows structural consequences of mistakes in planning and construction of swimming pools. The aspect of financial consequences is also analyzed. With the support of the software “Legep”, the methodology of LCC was used to estimate costs in the future. Additionally, a proposal of post tensioned concrete as a more sustainable technology for watertight concrete basins is shown and under equal aspects analyzed and compared.
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5

Patra, Ambika Prasad. "RAMS and LCC in rail track maintenance /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/57/.

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6

Serrano, González Irene. "LCC approach for High-speed ballastless tracks." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191159.

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An approach of life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for high-speed ballastless tracks in Spain is carried out in this document based on an approximation of the present value behaviour through the Electre II Multi criteria method. A review of other LCC researches has been done analysing their results in order to adapt previous experimental tracks costs to the present study which is focused on construction and maintenance costs in Spain. Even though several ballastless systems are introduced and analysed in terms of costs, and environmental impacts; only four of them are deeply compared with ballasted tracks: Japanese Shinkansen, Rheda 2000, EDILON embedded rail system and LVT. The comparisons are established using ratios (ballastless/ballasted track costs) instead of total costs due to their lack of validation among countries and years. Furthermore, two case studies have been presented: one using 3% as discount rate which favours ballastless choice and another using 6% which in contrast, favours the traditional option. Last chapter aims to compare results from the presented method with proper present value calculations during 60 years in the Ballasted Madrid-Seville line (Spain).
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7

Mineur, Therése, and Viktoria Löfstedt. "STUDIE AV INITIALA BROKOSTNADER FÖR LCC-ANALYSER." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76593.

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Idag används LCC-analyser då slutkostnader för en bro beräknas. I tidiga skeden är den initiala byggkostnaden, som krävs för att göra en LCC, svår att bedöma då endast ett förslag på brons utformning finns som underlag. Idag används ofta ett schablonvärde från trafikverkets för pris/m2 för att bestämma den kostnaden, vilket ger ett väldigt grovt pris. Studien ska undersöka om ett mer exakt värde kan tas fram för den initiala kostnaden. Litteraturstudier samt intervjuer med branschkunniga personer har utförts för att öka förståelse inom LCC-analyser och brons uppbyggnad. Information från trafikverkets tidigare broprojekt har samlats in för att ta reda på en bros beståndsdelar samt dokumentationer av priser. Från resultaten av den insamlade informationen har bron delats upp i två delar och ett pris tagits fram för varje brodel. Uträkningen av dessa priser har gjorts med hjälp av egenkomponerade formler i flera olika Excel-snurror som enkelt kan användas i framtiden för kommande broar. Denna rapport kommer endast studera investeringskostnaderna för en bro under dess livscykel. Två vanliga brotyper har studerats så att resultatet kan tillämpas i många framtida beräkningar av LCC-analyser. Av resultaten framgår att två olika m2-priser kan användas på plattrambron och ett pris/m2 kan användas för samverkansbro. Spännvidd under 17m för plattrambro resulterade i värdet 8 000kr/m2 och över 17m resulterade i 10 000kr/m2, för samverkansbroar blev resultatet 26 000kr/m2. Dessa värden viktas sedan med hjälp av en Excel-snurra beroende på brons utformning för att ett individuellt kvadratmeterpris för varje bro ska fås fram. Slutsatsen är att det är svårt att få fram bättre underlag för beräkning av investeringskostnader som används i livscykelkostnadsanalysberäkning (LCC) för broar på grund av broars komplexitet. Men ett resultat har tagits fram och kan användas som ett ungefärligt värde. Om undersökningen görs på fler broar, blir resultatet ännu säkrare.
To calculate the final costs of a bridge before the bridge is built, a method called life- cost-analysis (LCC) is used. In the early stages of the design of a bridge, it is difficult to calculate the initial costs that are required for the LCC because usually a proposal of the drawings is used. Today, a standard value is often used from the Swedish Transport Administration (price per area) to determine the initial cost, which gives a very rough price. The study should examine whether a more accurate value can be produced for the initial cost.   Literature studies and interviews with industry experts have been done in order to increase understanding within LCC-analyzes and bridge construction. Information from the Swedish Transport Administrations previous bridge project has been collected to find out the components of a bridge and documentation of prices. From the results of the collected information, the bridge has been divided into two sections and a price has been produced for each bridge section. The calculation of these prices has been made using self-formulated formulas in several different excel rounds that can easily be used for future bridge designs.   The main focus in this study has been the initial costs of a bridge design during its lifecycle. Two commons types of bridges have been used in order to make it easier to apply the results on future bridges.   The results show three different prices per area that can be used. Two different prices per area on the rigid-frame bridge and one price per area for the collaborative bridge. Rigid-frame bridge with a span below 17m resulted in a value of SEK 8,000/m2  and a span over 17m resulted in SEK 10,000/m2, for composite bridges the result was SEK 26,000/m2. These values are then weighted in an excel round depending on the design of the bridge, in order to obtain an individual square meter price for each bridge.   The conclusion is that it is difficult to achieve a better way of calculating investment costs used in life cycle cost analysis (LCC) for bridges since every bridge is unique and complex. But a result has been produced and can be used as an approximate value for future calculations. Had this survey been done on more bridges, the result would have been more accurate.
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8

Lehner, Frauke. "Einfluss einer MCT/LCT-Emulsion im Vergleich zu einer herkömmlichen LCT-Emulsion im Rahmen einer parenteralen Ernährung von Frühgeborenen." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-48085.

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9

Goubier, Philippe. "Etude et Conception de composants passifs LCT intégrés." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408005.

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Les composants passifs, représentent actuellement une butée importante en terme de volume occupé, de pertes et de faisabilité de l'intégration. De nouvelles structures électromagnétiques proposent de marier les trois composants habituellement rencontrés dans les convertisseurs sous la forme d'un seul composant baptisé LCT, assurant simultanément trois fonctionnalités : inductance-condensateur-transformateur. Nous avons dimensionné deux structures intégrées de prototypes LCT (bobiné & planar), employant, tous deux, une nouvelle topologie de circuit magnétique. En nous basant sur ces réalisations de composants passifs intégrées ainsi que sur une réalisation discrète, diverses approches sont proposées pour mieux estimer les pertes dans ces composants afin de pouvoir réaliser une étude comparative sur chacun des dispositifs. En particulier, la caractérisation fine du LCT en vue d'obtenir les éléments d'un schéma équivalent constitue un moyen d'atteindre ce résultat.
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Safi, Mohammed. "LCC Applications for Bridges and Integration with BMS." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90342.

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Bridges are vital links in many transport networks and represent a big capital investment for both governments and taxpayers. They have to be managed in a way that ensures society's needs are optimally met. In many countries, bridges are mainly managed using bridge management systems (BMSs). Although many BMSs contain some forms of life-cycle costing (LCC), the use of LCC in bridge engineering is scarce. LCC in many BMSs has mainly been applied within the bridge operation phase, even though it has several useful applications within the bridge entire life, from cradle to grave. This licentiate thesis discusses the need of a BMS with integrated comprehensive LCC tools that can assist decision-makers at all levels and within all phases in selecting the most cost-effective alternative from an array of applicable alternatives. The thesis introduces the Swedish Bridge and Tunnel Management System (BaTMan). Acomprehensive integrated LCC implementation scheme is illustrated, taking into account the bridge investment and management process in Sweden. The basic LCC analytical tools as well as other helpful LCC techniques are addressed. Detailed case studies for real bridges at different investment phases are presented to demonstrate the recent improvement of BaTMan practically in the LCC integration. Cost records for 2,508 bridges extracted from BaTMan inventory data are used as input data in the presented case studies. Considering the same records, the average real and anticipated initial costs of different bridge types in Sweden will schematically be presented. The thesis introduces a bridge LCC program developed over this research named "BaTMan-LCC". The reason for which this program was developed is to combine all possible LCC applications for bridges in one tool and facilitate its implementation. The sensitivity analysis as well as the LCC saving potential highlighted in the presented case studies emphasizes the feasibility and the possibility of developing BaTMan to accommodate the applications of BaTMan-LCC.
QC 20120301
ETSI
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11

Buchel, Olha. "Uncovering Hidden Clues about Geographic Visualization in LCC." Ergon-Verlag, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106343.

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Geospatial information technologies revolutionize the way we have traditionally approached navigation and browsing in information systems. Colorful graphics, statistical summaries, geospatial relationships of underlying collections make them attractive for text retrieval systems. This paper examines the nature of georeferenced information in academic library catalogs organized according to the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) with the goal of understanding their implications for geovisualization of library collections.
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12

Svensson, Grape Joakim. "Utveckling av LCC-beräkningsmodell med fokus på inomhusbelysning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270133.

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This thesis was ordered by ÅF Industry in Uppsala with the purpose of improving the standard of Life Cycle Cost-analysis at ÅF. ÅF uses LCC-analysis to show that installing a new lighting system can be cheaper than keeping the existing system. The goal was to create a model in EXCEL that would work on different projects within lighting systems and present the results numerically and graphically. The model was constructed in Excel with the option of comparing up to two different systems, with an existing system, and calculates both economic and environmental gain.
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Xue, Ying. "Modelling and control of hybrid LCC HVDC System." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6496/.

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A novel hybrid HVDC system is proposed based on the traditional LCC HVDC system. The proposed system is able to achieve full elimination of commutation failures which cannot be achieved in traditional LCC HVDC systems. In addition, reactive power controller is designed for the hybrid HVDC system. The controller is able to achieve zero reactive power exchange with the connected AC system at inverter side. It can also facilitate a faster fault recovery. Finally, the black start capability of the hybrid system is investigated. The black start sequence and inverter AC voltage controller are designed to achieve smooth and reliable black start of inverter AC system. The performances of the proposed system and controller are validated through detailed simulations in Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).
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14

Johansson, Linus, and Marcus Pettersson. "LCC jämförelse mellan centralt- och lägenhetsplacerat FTX-system." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41133.

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Purpose: The forthcoming energy requirements that will come into force in 2020, are about more energy-efficient construction and strive to build near-zero energy buildings. In order for the building industry to succeed in producing buildings that meet these demands, it requires more energy-efficient products and installations within the framework of a normal investment. It is the operating cost that is responsible for the largest energy use in buildings, which opens to investigate the energy consumption over a life cycle cost. Choosing the right ventilation system reduces the energy consumption, and then the life cycle cost if the investment makes too much impact. It is generally known in the building industry that the design- and production times are very time limited, which means that companies use previously proven systems that work regardless of whether there are more energy-efficient products. This can lead to reduce the innovative thinking for sustainable development, so that better options for installations do not find out in the global market. The study refers to comparing the two different ventilation systems centralized and decentralized in terms of energy and life cycle costs. To make a decision which of the centralized- and decentralized system is the better option. Method: For the most part, the quantitative method of collecting and analyzing quantifiable data is applied. Document analyzes and own calculations have given rise to the result. Findings: The study´s results indicate that the decentralized ventilation system is both more energy efficient and has less cost over a life cycle. One major reason for the result is the sale of the extra living space that occurs when vertical shafts disappears when installing decentralized ventilation system. It can also be seen in the result that the air unit is cheaper for the centralized ventilation system, while installation and materials are cheaper for the decentralized ventilation system. Implications: As the result shows, the decentralized ventilation system is both more energy efficient and cheaper over a life cycle. Additional energy savings on the decentralized ventilation system can be done if a home-away mode is installed. It means that the airflow decreases when no one is home, which reduces energy consumption. Furthermore, it will be ensured that removal of vertical shaft when installing decentralized ventilation system reduces investment and more saving can be done. Limitations: This study will only analyse a five-storey multifamily house in Jönköping together whit a centralized and decentralized ventilation system. Keywords: Ventilation, HVAC, centralized mechanical ventilation, decentralized mechanical ventilation, Nzeb, LCC.
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Bascunan, Daniel. "LCC-analys parametrar för underhåll av inklädda tunnlar." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80926.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och få fram underhållsparametrar för LCC-analysen (LivsCykelKostnad) av de nya inklädda tunnlarna. För arbetet har elektroniska källor använts samt intervjuer med tre yrkesverksamma från Trafikverket gällande bergtunnlar och de inklädda tunnlarna. Arbetet undersökte inte skillnaden mellan olika typer av tunnlar samt inkluderar inte utforskandet av andra länders LCC-analys parameterval. Trafikverket är en Svensk myndighet vars uppgift är att ansvara för och upprätthålla Sveriges transportsystem. Trafikverket har verksamhet inom sex områden: planering, trafik, underhåll, investering, stora projekt samt informations- och kommunikationsteknik. Huvudsakligen finns det två inklädnadssystem, fullinklädd, i vilket används antingen prefabricerad betong eller plastingjuten betong som inklädnad runt tunnel, samt halvinklädd, då en duk/membran med- eller utan sprutbetong används. Dessa inklädnadsystem har i uppgift att ta hand om vattenläckage och isbildning i tunneln. Fullinklädnad kan också användas som bärande element. En lättinklädd tunnel kan bestå av följande delar: duk/membranet, brandskydd, täckande nät, infästningsbultar och mindre delar. En fullinklädd tunnel består av antingen prefabricerad betong eller plastingjuten betong. Underhåll görs för att säkerställa den fortlöpande användningen av tunneln/anläggningen genom att åtgärda skador och fel som har uppkommit. En tunnel kan få skador på själva berget eller materialet. Underhåll av tunnlar består av flera steg. Först ut är tillståndsmätning, sedan objektplanering och sist åtgärd. En viktig del av åtgärd är trafikupphållet som uppstår när den utförs, kostnaden som uppstår påverkas av var tunneln är och hur länge det tar att åtgärda felet. LCC-analys är ett system som ger ett mått på ett objekts totalkostnad under dess hela livstid. LCC används på systemnivå för analys av tunnlarna och för att jämföra olika investeringsmetoder. För att utföra LCC-analys på systemnivå måste gränser för analysen sättas upp, LCC-modell och indata väljas. LCC-metoden som redovisas i rapporten använder investeringskostnaden och nuvärdet av underhållet- samt driftstoppskostnaden för att få fram LCC-värdet av underhållet för en komponent. Utifrån källorna och intervjuerna har det framgått att de avgörande parametrarna för LLC-analysen är följande: bergets tillstånd, materialets/konstruktionens tillstånd, kostnader för avstängning samt kostnaden för att ta ner inklädnaden.
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Selin, Jonatan, Moa Westermark, and Shené Abdul. "Attracting and Retaining Millennials in the lCT sector." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51325.

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17

Åhlund, Jessica. "LCC av eventuell utbyggnad av fjärrvärmenätet i Falun." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136650.

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This work has been carried out on behalf of and together with Falu Energi och Vatten. The purpose of the work was to study under what circumstances it´s economically profitable to expand the district heating network to residential area with electrical heating compared to keep it as it is today. The expansion of the district heating network will also be simulated to investigate if the existing dimensions of the network are big enough to provide enough heat after the expansion. In this work three different areas in Falun city area has been studied. Two areas (Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen) where there is no district heating today, and one area (residential district Haraldsbo) where a part of the area is connected to the district heating network and some are not. The study has been performed under the assumption that the production in the facilities are sufficient for providing also the new areas with heat without any need of new facilities. Another limitation that has been set is that only fuel costs will be taken into account in the production costs for district heating. From the calculations of the net present value for the three different areas with expansions of the district heating system, compared to the calculations of the net present value of keeping it as it is today showed that Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen will need to have at least 30-35% households connected to have the same or higher net present value. The corresponding values for Digertäktsvägen is 35-45% connected households and för Haraldsbo around 15% connected households. It was also examined how the connection rates influenced the prize for the households, if the net present value was going to be equal or bigger than for the present situation without any connection cost.  It was found that for Harladsbo where there already are some households with district heating only 15% of the today not connected needed to sign up for district heating and in the areas that does not have any district heating today (Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen) 50-70% needed to sign up for district heating. “Falu Energi och Vatten” calculations today demand a payback time of 12 years of the investment in the district heating infrastructure. To get that 30 -40% needed to connect in Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen and Digertäktsvägen, on Haraldsbo the connection rate had to be over 15%. The results from the simulations made on the district heating infrastructure showed that on Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen the network is sufficient to supply the whole area with heat at the dimensional outdoor temperature of -23°C, also with 100% connections on Haraldsbo the pressure difference, flow speed and pressure gradient are within the permitted span. Simulations of Haraldsbo showed that with a connection rate of 100% the pressure difference got to low in one corner of the area. If the connection rate instead is 50% at Haraldsbo the area manage to keep the pressure difference at an approved level of 160 kPa, if we then also connect 100% at Ritar-, and Skrivarvägen, the pressure difference sinks down to 100 kPa which is the absolute lowest that is permitted.
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Lindblom, Henrik, and Dan Velin. "Mall för LCC-analys vid kabelkanalisation inom järnväg." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53289.

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Examensarbetet handlar om Trafikverkets tillämpning av LCC-kalkylering för projektering av kabelkanalisation inom järnväg. Arbetet görs för Rejlers Sverige AB och syftar till att få fram ett verktyg för beräkning av LCC enligt de krav som ställs av Trafikverket, diskussion om huruvida tillämpning av metoden är användbar.
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Peters, Sean Michael. "The effects of LCAC load policy on the duration of amphibious assault." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28146.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
A deterministic analytical model of LCAC operations is developed, based on the assumption that the mean time required to load the LCAC is an exponential function of the load weight. Simulation models of single queue and multiple queue LCAC operations are developed and the results compared to the deterministic model. Good agreement is obtained between the models. The results show that for most scenarios, the minimum time to complete the offload occurs for load sizes less than 60 tons
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Krichel, Carsten Verfasser], and Dieter [Gutachter] [Willbold. "Structural characterisation of autophagy-related protein LC3C / Carsten Krichel ; Gutachter: Dieter Willbold." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127200100/34.

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21

Krichel, Carsten [Verfasser], and Dieter [Gutachter] Willbold. "Structural characterisation of autophagy-related protein LC3C / Carsten Krichel ; Gutachter: Dieter Willbold." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127200100/34.

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22

Virro, Henrik, and Eric Eliasson. "LCC-kalkyler i byggbranschen : förutsättningar och tolkning av resultat." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19802.

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Background: Life-cycle costing (LCC) is an investment calculation that takes into account operating costs throughout the investee lifecycle. LCC calculations are mainly used to evaluate investments that have no revenue side. Attempts to apply the LCC calculations for building-related investments have occurred since the 1980s. Despite the advantages of using LCC calculations, use has not passed through in full. The main obstacles have been identified as a lack of relevant input data, and insufficient experience of working with LCC calculations. The results of calculations are perceived as being unreliable. Purpose : The purpose of this thesis is to investigate problems related to the input data of LCC calculations and interpretation of their results and to propose measures that will reduce the extent of these problems. Method: The thesis is based on an abductive approach, where the interaction between theory and empirical data was the starting point. Collected data have been qualitative, both primary and secondary. Secondary data consisted of performed LCC calculations and input data, and primary data consisted of semi-structured interviews with five respondents working at constructors in the construction industry. Results, conclusions: The result of this thesis show large differences in how clients are working with LCC calculations within the construction industry. The concept of LCC calculation is not completely established or standardized, and many in the industry lack knowledge of how the estimates should be presented and interpreted. There is a lack of knowledge on how the discount rate used in the calculations is determined. In many cases this includes those who perform the calculations. The conclusions include that the use of default values for input in the LCC calculations do not sufficiently take into account the complexity of the input data. To improve the performance calculation must be based on actual conditions in each case, such as energy prices and energy price increases. Analysis of results in the form of sensitivity analysis, today performed in many different ways, can be significantly improved.
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23

Mika, Jonas, and Andreas Fossland. "HÅLLBART BYGGANDEMED HJÄLP AV BIM : Effektiva energianalyser och LCC." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27221.

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The society strives for sustainable development, in the construction industry it is expressed through sustainable building. Energy and LCC analyzes increases the ability to make conscious decisions in the process. A problem in the construction industry is that energy and LCC analysis is not used to the desired extent, as they are perceived as complicated and time consuming. The report aims to achieve a more sustainable building through increased use of energy and LCC analyzes.The goal is to show how BIM can be used to improve the efficiency of the energy and LCC analyzes. The study was conducted with a literature review and a case study to answer which information that is required in a BIM model to perform energy and LCC analyzes. The study also shows which software can be used in BIM based energy and LCC analyzes and how the analyzes can be carried out efficiently. The result shows that effective analyzes may be performed if the BIM-model contains the relevant information for making analyzes. Information not necessary for the analysis complicates the procedure. There are a variety of software that manages energy and LCC analyzes differently. The Software’s are optimized for different BIM platforms and they use various file formats for the transfer of information. Effective analyzes are achieved by following a proven method or guide with few steps in the workflow. Through knowledge of the capability of the used file format, the right information can be added to the model at the right point in the process of analyzes without loss of information. To increase the use of energy and LCC analyzes, an integration of the analysis tools into the BIM platforms would be necessary.
Samhället strävar efter ett allt mer hållbart byggande som reducerar påfrestningarna på miljön. Energi- och LCC-analyser(LifeCycleCosting, eller Livscykelkostnad) ökar möjligheten att fatta medvetna beslut i processen. Ett problem inom byggbranschen är att energi- och LCC-analyser inte används i önskad utsträckning då de upplevs som komplicerade och tidskrävande. Syftet med rapporten är att få ett mer hållbart byggande genom en ökad användning avenergi- och LCC-analyser. Målet är att visa hur BIM kan användas för att effektivisera energi- och LCC-analyser. Studien har gjorts med en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie för att besvara vilkeninformation som krävs i en BIM-modell för att utföra energi- och LCC-analyser. Studien visar även vilka mjukvaror som kan användas vid BIM-baserade energi och LCC-analyser och hur analyserna kan utföras på ett effektivt sätt. Resultatet visar att effektiva analyser kan genomföras om BIM-modelleninnehåller relevant information för att göra analyser. Annan informationkomplicerar analysförfarandet. Det finns en stor mängd olika mjukvaror somhanterar energi- och LCC-analyser på olika sätt. Mjukvarorna som kan göra energianalyser är optimerade för olika BIM-plattformar och använder olika filformat för informationsöverföring. Genom kunskap om filformatens kapacitet, kan rätt information tillföras modellen vid rätt moment i analysprocessen utan att information går förlorad. För att göra effektiva analyser, är användandet av en beprövad metod eller guide önskvärt. En möjlighet för att öka användandet av energi- och LCC-analyser, skulle vara att en integration av analysverktygen in i BIM-plattformarna utvecklades.
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24

Ribeiro, Viviane Gomes Pereira. "Obtenção e caracterização de nanosistemas magnéticos derivados do lcc." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15025.

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RIBEIRO, V. G. P. Obtenção e caracterização de nanosistemas magnéticos derivados do lcc. 2013. 64 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
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Nanotechnology has received great prominence in recent years due to the versatility of new materials and its applications at the various sectors of society. The functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of intense research because of the ability to use on different systems, with emphasis on the catalytic processes of environmental decontamination. In particular, we have seen a growing demand for hybrid catalysts capable of utilizing sunlight, constructed from TiO2 particles by photosensitised dyes. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new magnetic nanosystem, based on use of meso-porphyrins derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), coated with TiO2, with potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Moreover, produce a new ferrofluid derived biomass from the anacardic acid (AA MAG). To this end, were synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average size of 11nm, coated with a 1st layer of oleic acid and a 2nd layer of meso-porphyrin (3-n-PDPP). This nanosystem also was covered with a layer of TiO2. This procedure produced a new magnetic nanosystem of porphyrin (NMP). The new ferrofluid AA-MAG and magnetic nanosystems were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy, Thermal analysis (TG) and magnetization curves. The results showed that NMP showed good thermal stability, superparamagnetic behavior and dimension nanometric (≈ 14nm). The fluorescent properties were little affected, which enables its application in photocatalytic systems.
A nanotecnologia vem recebendo grande destaque nos últimos anos graças à versatilidade dos novos materiais gerados e suas aplicações nos diversos setores da sociedade. As nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas têm sido foco de intensas pesquisas devido à capacidade de utilização em diferentes sistemas, com destaque para os processos catalíticos de descontaminação ambiental. Em especial, tem-se observado uma crescente demanda por catalisadores híbridos capazes de utilizar a luz solar, construídos a partir de partículas de TiO2 fotossensibilizadas por corantes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um novo nanosistema magnético, baseado no emprego de meso-porfirinas derivadas do Líquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC), recobertas com TiO2, com potencial aplicação em fotocatálise heterogênea. Além disso, produzir um novo ferrofluido derivado da biomassa, a partir do ácido anacárdico (AA-MAG). Para isso, foram sintetizadas nanopartículas de Fe3O4 com tamanho médio de 11nm, revestidas por uma 1ª camada de ácido oleico e uma 2ª camada da meso-porfirina (3-n-PDPP). Esse nanosistema também foi recoberto por uma camada de TiO2. Este procedimento produziu um segundo novo nanosistema magnético de porfirina (NMP). O novo ferrofluido AA-MAG e os nanosistemas magnéticos foram caracterizados por Microscopia eletrônica de trasmissão (MET), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, Análise térmica (TG) e curvas de magnetização. Os resultados mostraram que o NMP apresentou uma boa estabilidade térmica, comportamento superparamagnético e dimensões nanométricas (≈ 14nm). As propriedades fluorescentes foram pouco afetadas, o que possibilita sua aplicação em sistemas fotocatalíticos.
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25

Ivansson, Signe, and Kajsa Starck. "Operativa beslut inom byggsektorn med hjälp av LCC-utvärdering." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45780.

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Syfte: Det finns en stor brist på kunskap om att översätta klimatpåverkan till ett monetärt värde. Forskare har under flera decennium studerat och forskat inom området och tagit fram flera metoder och verktyg inom LCC (Livscykelkostnad). Forskarna frågar sig varför inte dessa används i branschen? Målet med denna studie är att ta fram ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av LCA (Livscykelanalys) utföra en LCC med invägd miljökostnad. Metod: De metoder som används för att nå målet med arbetet är mailintervjuer, observationer, dokumentanalys och litteraturstudie. Resultat: Arbetet beskriver att kommunala bostadsbolag inte använder sig av LCC i någon större utsträckning. En fallstudie har utförts på två hus i Kv. Vingpennan 2 i Kungsängen. Arbetet presenterar utifrån fallstudien, ett arbetssätt där miljökostnad översätts till ett monetärt värde med hjälp av LCA och LCC. Konsekvenser: Eftersom kommunala bostadsbolag inte arbetar med LCC analyser i den utsträckning som skulle behövas i nuläget skulle någon form av krav från kommun kunna bli aktuellt. Byggnation som är en stor koldioxidbov skulle behöva en sådan typ av krav, i form av till exempel en koldioxidskatt som räknas fram i början av varje nytt byggprojekt. Orsakerna varför inte LCC används i någon större utsträckning är många. Osäkerhetsfaktorerna för uppskattning av ett monetärt värde för miljöpåverkan inom LCC anses vara en bidragande orsak. Om dessa krav som detta arbete föreslår skulle ställas på beslutsfattarna då tvingas de att lära sig att arbeta aktivt med LCC. Den nya ISO standarden 14008:2019 kan vara en början till fungerande arbetsmetoder med LCC där miljökostnaden kan räknas fram. Begränsningar: Val av metoder och strategier har varit passande för detta arbete. Det som dels har begränsat resultatet är att fallstudien endast pågått en kort tid i projektet Kv. Vingpennan 2 och dels att det finns olika LCA-verktyg på marknaden. Innehållet i dessa LCA-program kan ha begränsat arbetet då de inte är exakta med verkligheten. De osäkerhetsfaktorer som finns i en LCC analys kan göra att den som utför analysen kan tolka de olika faktorerna på olika sätt och därför få olika resultat.
Purpose: There is a lack of knowledge of translating environmental cost to a monetary value. Sientcis has during the last decades studied and researched the field and developed several methods and tools within the Life cycle cost (LCC). The researchers are wondering why these are not used in the industry? The goal in this study is to develop a working method on how to build better for the climate using Life cycle assessment (LCA) and LCC. Method: The methods used to reach the goal of the study are mail interviews, observations, document analysis and literature review. Findings: The result of the study describes that municipal housing companies do not use LCC a lot. A case study is done on two houses in Kv. Vingpennan 2 in Kungsängen, Jönköping. The study presents, based on the case study a method for working with LCC with a environmental cost translated into a monetary value by using LCA. Implications: Since municipal housing companies at present do not work with LCC analyses to the extent that would be needed, some kind of demands from the municipality could be relevant. The construction sector is emitting a lot of carbon dioxide that is why some kind of tax should be calculated in the beginning of a new building project. There are many reasons why LCC is not so much in use. The uncertainty factors for estimating a monetary value for the environmental cost within the LCC might be a contributing factor. If the requirements that we propose would be put to the decision makers they would be forced to learn how to and work with LCC. The new ISO standard 14008:2019 could be the beginning of work methods for LCC where the environmental cost could be calculated. Limitations: The choice of methods and strategies for this study has been appropriate. The limitation is that the case study has only been studied over a shorter time of the studied projects time and that there is a lot of different programs for making a LCA and the materials in those programs is not always the exact same as in the real project. The uncertainties in an LCC could make the results variate a lot depending on who makes it.
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Georges, Steve, and Oskar Larsson. "Isoleringsmaterials påverkan på LCA och LCC i prefabricerade småhus." Thesis, Jönköping University, Tekniska Högskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50505.

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Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka huruvida olika isoleringsmaterial inom byggsektorn påverkar CO2-utsläppen, kostnaden och köldbryggor i småhus. Detta utfördes för att belysa vilka effekter det medföra kortsiktigt och långsiktigt för både byggföretagen samt för klimatet. Metod: Metoderna som användes var litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och fallstudie. Resultat: Resultaten från empirin visade att isoleringsmaterialet fick relativt stora konsekvenser för de totala energiförlusterna. Detta genom att köldbryggorna och U-värdenas storlek förändras medan areor och längderna på köldbryggorna är konstanta. Skillnaderna blir tydligare ju större area huset har (inklusive antal våningar) och det ger i de flesta fall även upphov till längre köldbryggor. Resultatet visade att cellulosa hade det bästa LCC-värdet medan aerogel hade det sämsta LCC-värde, aerogel var cirka 790% värre än cellulosa. Aerogel hade lägst koldioxidutsläpp vid utsläpp från el som bedriver huset medans mineralull, cellplast, cellulosa släpper ut cirka 10% mer än aerogel. Vid isoleringsmaterialproduktion släpper aerogel mest koldioxid och cellulosan absorberar koldioxid.   Konsekvenser: Isoleringsmaterialet har en stor inverkan på energiförlusterna i småhus. Det främsta skälet till att välja ett bättre isoleringsmaterial är på grund av värmekonduktivitet, då det får miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenser. Lägre energiförbrukning är positivt för miljön. Begränsningar: På grund av examensarbetets omfattning begränsades undersökningen till småhus som är stationerade i Sverige. Det medförde att studien anpassades efter krav som återfinns I BBR (Boverkets Byggregler). Beräkningarna och värden för köldbryggorna är endast utförda teoretiskt, d. v. s ingen uppföljning sker eftersom tiden och resurserna inte är tillräckliga. Nyckelord: Aerogel, cellplast, cellulosa, energiförluster, energitransmission, hållbart byggande isoleringsmaterial, långsiktigt byggande, köldbryggor, mineralull, polyuretan,
Purpose: The purpose was to analyze to which degree different insulation materials affected the, CO2-emissions, cost and thermal bridges in houses. This was due to the fact that we wanted to highlight the effects it brought in the long and short run for both the building companies but also for the environment. Method: The methods used was literature studies, document analysis and case study. Findings: The results from the empiricism showed that the insulations material had relatively large consequences for the total energy losses. This due to the thermal bridges and the U-values size change while the areas and the lengths of the thermal bridges remain constant. The differences become more distinct with larger areas on the houses (including the amount of building floors) and usually result in longer thermal bridges. The results of the empirical study showed that cellulose had the best LCC value while aerogel had the worst LCC value, aerogel was about 790% worse than cellulose. Aerogel had the best carbon dioxide emissions when emitted from electricity while mineral wool, cellular plastic, cellulose emitted about 10% more than aerogel. In insulating material production, aerogel releases most carbon dioxide and the cellulose absorb carbon dioxide. Implications: The insulation material does have a large impact on the energy transmission in houses. There is more than one reason to choose a better insulation material, mainly because of environmental and economic reasons. Less energy consumption is positive for the environment. Limitations: Due to the extent of the examination project this study was limited to houses stationed in Sweden. It resulted in the study being costumed to fit the requirements in Boverket national board of housing, building and planning. The calculations and the values of the thermal bridges are only calculated in theory. Keywords: Aerogel, cellulose, energy loss, insulation material, mineral wool, polyurethane, polystyrene, sustainable building, thermal bridges,
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27

Gilbert, Adam John. "Analysis, design and control of LCC resonant power converters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15028/.

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Through the judicious and efficient use of energy in both domestic and commercial products, the rate at which the world's fossil fuels and mineral resources are depleted, can be minimised, thereby securing energy reserves for the future. This thesis considers a number energy saving roles the power systems engineer can contribute, with specific emphasis on the impact of improving DC-DC power converters for providing significant energy savings. It is shown that by increasing the efficiency of such converters, through the greater use of switched-mode supplies, huge reductions in the production of green house gases can be obtained. Moreover, resonant converters, a specific subset of switched-mode supply, are identified as a candidate technology for future widespread use. Since the behavioural dynamics of resonant converters are inherently non-linear, the analysis and design of such systems is extremely complex when compared to other families of converter, and has been a critical factor in impeding their widespread adoption. This thesis therefore aims to provide new tools to aid the designer in overcoming such reservations. Novel analysis and design procedures are developed in Chapters 3 and 4, for the series-parallel inductively-smoothed and capacitively smoothed resonant converters, respectively, which, unlike previously reported techniques, allows a designer with little knowledge of resonant converter systems to readily select preferred components for the resonant tank based on design specifications. Specifically, the analysis in Chapter 3 develops a new methodology that extends 'Fundamental Mode Analysis' (FMA) techniques, and provides a first-order estimate of component values to meet a given specification. Chapter 4 then considers the steady state behaviour of the converter, from a state-plane perspective, and provides exact component values and electrical stress analyses based on ideal converter characteristics. The presented methodology normalises the converter behaviour, such that the gain of the resonant tank (at the resonant frequency and minimum load resistance), and the ratio between the two tank capacitances, fully characterises the behaviour of the converter as the load is varied and the output voltage regulated. To further aid the designer, various new design curves are presented that makes the use of traditional, and complicated, iterative calculation procedures, redundant. Chapter 5 further develops a high speed 1 transient analysis technique for resonant converters that is shown to provide a IOOx reduction in simulation times compared to integration-based methods, by considering only signal envelopes. The technique is shown to significantly aid in the design of variable frequency controllers. Chapters 6 and 7 further consider the control of resonant converters. Specifically, Chapter 6 derives a novel self-oscillating control methodology, which, unlike previously published techniques, approximately linearises the large-signal dynamics of the converter, and thereby readily enables the robust design of an outer loop controller for output-voltage/-current regulation purposes. Additionally, in contrast to other methods for the robust control of resonant converters, little knowledge of the converter state-variables is required, thereby minimising the number of high-bandwidth sensors necessary. The technique simply requires the real-time polarity of current-flow through the series-inductor, and output-voltage/-current, to be known. Through additional (optional) measurement of supply-voltage and a feed-forward control component, the effects of supply-voltage disturbance are shown to be greatly attenuated, thereby requiring reduced outer-loop control action and improving overall regulation performance. Finally, Chapter 7 considers the control of resonant converters when the cost of isolated feedback sensors is prohibitive. Unlike traditional techniques, where the output-voltage is estimated under fixed load conditions, through use of an Extended Kalman Filter observer scheme, non-isolated measurements are used to estimate both the output-voltage and the load-resistance. The load resistance estimation is then used to aid in fault-detection and for improving transient dynamic behaviour via the provision of feed-forward action, resulting in safer converter operation and enhanced regulation performance, and, ultimately, reduced cost.
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28

Rodríguez, Pozo Ángel. "Influencia metabólica e importancia clínica de emulsiones lipídicas MCT/LCT versus LCT en pacientes sépticos y post-quirúrgicos sometidos a nutrición parenteral total." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8256.

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En el transcurs de l'evolució de la humanitat l'alimentació ha ocupat un lloc predominant. La història de l'alimentació, de fet, ha corregut paral·lela a la història de la humanitat, o, com refereix García Almansa, «la història de l'alimentació és tan antiga com la humanitat mateixa».
L'ésser humà constitueix un sistema termodinàmic obert, a través del qual ha d'existir un fluxe ininterromput de matèria i energia per a mantenir la vida. La nutrició és un procés indispensable per a aquest fet. Per mitjà d'ella, l'organisme obté totes les substàncies necessàries per a l'obtenció d'energia adequada per al manteniment de les seves funcions vitals i per al creixement, desenvolupament i recanvi de les seves pròpies estructures
Una nutrició correcta és, doncs, una condició indispensable per a mantenir l'estat de salut en l'ésser humà. En l'organisme emmalalteixo la nutrició cobra un especial relleu, considerant-se fins i tot com un tipus de tractament (dietoterapia, terapeutica dietètica, etc.)
En el transcurso de la evolución de la humanidad la alimentación ha ocupado un lugar predominante. La historia de la alimentación, de hecho, ha corrido paralela a la historia de la humnidad, ó, como refiere García Almansa, «la historia de la alimentación es tan antigua como la humanidad misma».
El ser humano constituye un sistema termodinámico abierto, a través del cual debe existir un flujo ininterrumpido de materia y energía para mantener la vida. La nutrición es un proceso indispensable para este hecho. Por medio de ella, el organismo obtiene todas las sustancias necesarias para la obtención de energía adecuada para el mantenimiento de sus funciones vitales y para el crecimiento, desarrollo y recambio de sus propias estructuras
Una nutrición correcta es, pues, una condición indispensable para mantener el estado de salud en el ser humano. En el organismo enfermo la nutrición cobra un especial relieve, considerándose incluso como un tipo de tratamiento (dietoterapia, terapeútica dietética, etc.)
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29

Böhme, Florén Simon. "Solel och solvärme ur LCC-perspektiv för ett passiv-flerbostadshus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162430.

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This master’s degree project concerns the combination of a multi dwelling passive house with solar energy for the generation of electricity and domestic hot water (DHW). Different alternatives with either solar thermal systems or photovoltaic (PV) systems are compared with two reference alternatives producing DHW from electricity or district heating. The economical comparison uses a life cycle cost (LCC) perspective based on the present value of expenditures for investment, energy and annual operating and maintenance. The energy yields from the solar energy systems were calculated by hand and with simulation software. Calculation and dimensioning of PV systems were carried out with a software called PVSYST. Solar thermal systems were calculated by hand and with the software Winsun Villa Education. Both softwares use hourly weather data for the calculations. The LCCs are lower for the two reference alternatives than for the solar energy alternatives. The reference alternative with district heating generates the lowest LCC. The alternatives with solar thermal energy replace more energy and have significantly lower LCCs than the PV alternatives. The study also shows the importance of using cheap and environmentally friendly backup energy for producing DHW. When aiming for a quantitative energy use target, the DHW-circulation losses ought to be taken into account as these can be extensive.
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Hempe, Thomas. "Ein LCC-basiertes Verfahren zur Evaluierung von Schleifstrategien für Schienenbahnen /." Hamburg : Eurailpress Tetzlaff-Hestra, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014922025&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Karin, Rehn. "Upprustningsmetoder för en bankropp : En jämförelse ur ett LCC-perspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234562.

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In recent years, the Swedish railway track system has been neglected in terms of capacity and maintenance. To adapt the existing system to current traffic load there is a great need for extensive improvement and maintenance. Shortcomings are especially occurring on older embankments running over soft subgrades. To select the most suitable method for reinforcement of the embankment, it is important to evaluate different solutions from a life cycle cost perspective. In long-term perspective, it is often shown that a method with low investment cost causes a higher maintenance cost and a shorter technical lifetime. Today, most of the decisions regarding reinforcement and maintenance are based on existing experience and budgetary constraints. This can often limit the ability to think long term and make sustainable cost efficiencies. Currently the most common reinforcement method is ballast cleaning with frost insulation. A method that should be seen as relatively short-term and in most cases does not increase the capacity to a desired level. An alternative to this method is to reinforce the embankment with geogrid and shift the ballast in the top ballast layers. The method is practical more comprehensive but from a theoretical perspective it is more beneficial. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate whether reinforcement of track bed using geogrids and shift ballast in the overlaying ballast layer is more beneficial from a life-cycle cost perspective, than ballast cleaning and new frost insulation. This study is based on a simplified life cycle cost analysis that includes investment costs, maintenance costs and energy costs. System boundaries and model specifications will be based on a literature review, reference projects and interviews with suppliers of used products and technical solutions. The established model should be seen as a simplification of reality but seeks to illustrate a realistic case where an older railway embankment over soft subgrade is in need of reinforcement. The life-cycle cost analysis showed that reinforce the track bed with geogrid and shifting ballast in the overlaying ballast layer was the most favorable option from both a cost and environmental standpoint. This is mainly due to the long lifetime and extended maintenance intervals. In the model, there is some uncertainty and it seems to be that an area that is in need of more research. If resources are spent on expanding the use of life-cycle cost analysis in the transport sector there can be economically, socially and ecologically sustainable development.
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32

Dantas, Michelle Sinara Greg?rio. "Obten??o de antioxidante a partir de derivados do LCC." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2000. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15737.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Cashew-nut-shell-liquid (CNSL) is a phenolic oil that h?s been due its their antioxirsion properties for use in fuels. The present work develops a method to the conversion of hidrogenated cardanol, that is the main component of the CNSL, in a compound with similar chacteristics to antioxidants used in products from petroleum. The antioxidants wasd obtained by exhaustive alkylation of the compound with tert-butyl chloride. After completing the optimization of several reaction steps, the product 2,4,6 tri-tert-butyl (pentadecylphenol) was obtained for the first tima. Characteeization and determination of physico-chemical properties were realized too, as well as wasd developed a study for check your application as an oxidative inhibitor by the molecular modeling. Estimation of process evalution was executed as well, where a rapid and practical computational methodology was utilizated in projects of the fine chemistry. The research showed satisfactory results and it could be concluded that the commercialization of this chemical products is feasible
Liquido da castanha do caju (LCC) ? um ?leo fen?lico que tem sido alvo de estudo devido as suas propriedades antioxidantes, que s?o de grande interesse econ?mico quando relacionadas ao seu uso em combust?veis. O presente trabalho desenvolveu um m?todo para a convers?o do cardanol, que ? o principal componente do LCC, em um composto com caracter?sticas antioxidantes, que poder? ser usado em produtos derivados do petr?leo. As modifica??es pretendidas foram obtidas atrav?s da sua alquila??o exaustiva com o cloreto de terc-butila. Ap?s a otimiza??o de algumas etapas reacionais obteve-se o produto 2,4,6 tri-terbutil (pentadecilfenol), o qual foi sintetizado pela primeira vez. Tal produto foi caracterizado por m?todos f?sico-qu?micos cl?ssicos de analise bem como foi realizado um estudo para verificar a sua aplica??o como inibidor oxidativo atrav?s de modelagem molecular. Desenvolveu-se tamb?m uma estimativa da avalia??o econ?mica do processo, na qual foi aplicada uma metodologia computacional, pratica e r?pida utilizada em produtos de quimica fina, que apresentou resultados bastante satisfat?rios os quais certamente viabilizar?o a comercializa??o deste produto qu?mico
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33

Fetahagic, Adi, and Henrik Pantzar. "LCA och LCC av olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41116.

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Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att utföra en jämförelse av olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion genom LCA och LCC och att sedan skapa ett beslutsunderlag vid val av isoleringsmaterial. Tidigare forskning kring koldioxidutsläpp för olika byggmaterial finns. Däremot är det inte vanligt att dessa studeras tillsammans med ekonomiska aspekter. Målet med arbetet var att genomföra en LCA- och LCC-jämförelse av mineralull och andra typer av isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion och genom resultatet skapa beslutsunderlag vid val av isoleringsmaterial. Detta bryts ner i tre frågeställningar: (1) Vilket isoleringsmaterial ger minst koldioxidbelastning med förutsättningen att tjockleken på isoleringsmaterialet ger samma u-värde i en väggkonstruktion? (2) Vilket isoleringsmaterial har lägst LCC med förutsättningen att tjockleken på isoleringsmaterialet ger samma u-värde i en väggkonstruktion? (3) Hur kan LCA- och LCC-resultat sammanvägas för att skapa beslutsunderlag för val av isoleringsmaterial? Metod: För att besvara ovan nämnda frågeställningar genomförs en litteraturstudie, fallstudie med livscykelanalys och livscykelkostnadsanalys samt dokumentanalys. Resultat: Fyra olika isoleringsmaterial i en träbaserad väggkonstruktion studerades med hänsyn till koldioxidutsläpp och livscykelkostnader. Materialåtgång och u-värde beräknades för väggkonstruktionen. Funktionell enhet för analyserna är 1 kvadratmeter av väggkonstruktionen med ett u-värde på först 0,164 W/m2K och sedan 0,106 W/m2K. Det material som leder till lägst koldioxidutsläpp för väggkonstruktionen är i första hand cellulosa och därefter träfiber, mineralull och sist polyuretan. Det material som leder till lägst kostnader för väggkonstruktionen är i första hand mineralull, cellulosa, träfiber och sist polyuretan. Konsekvenser: Arbetet visar att val av isoleringsmaterial kan sänka koldioxidutsläpp under produktionsfasen utan att medföra höga kostnader. Det visar även att val av isoleringsmaterial blir än mer relevant när energisnåla byggnader ska produceras där u-värde för väggkonstruktionen ligger runt 0,11 W/m2K då detta innebär större isoleringstjocklekar totalt för väggen. För att minska koldioxidutsläpp utan att nämnvärt höja kostnaden bör organiska isoleringsmaterial väljas. Begränsningar: Arbetet behandlar ej klimatpåverkan från husets energi- eller uppvärmningssystem. För att få samma förutsättningar för de valda isoleringsmaterialen måste samma u-värden i väggkonstruktionen uppnås. Arbetet avser hela livscykeln från vagga till grav i en LCA och LCC, dock har utsläpp genererade av transport utelämnats i analyserna. Enbart de termiska och miljömässiga egenskaperna hos isoleringsmaterialen kommer att beaktas. I fallstudien beaktas en träbaserad yttervägg av ett flerbostadshus med trästomme.
Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to perform a comparison of different insulation materials in a wood-based wall structure through LCA and LCC analysis, and then tocreate a decision base for the selection of insulation material. Previous research oncarbon dioxide emissions for various building materials has been done. On the otherhand, it is not common for these to be studied together with economic aspects. The aimof the work is to perform an LCA and LCC comparison of mineral wool and other types of insulation material in a wood-based wall structure and through the result create decision basis in the selection of insulation material. This is investigated by three questions: (1) Which insulation material emits the lowest amount CO2-equivalents, considering that the thickness of the insulation material has the same u-value in a wall structure? (2) Which insulation material leads to lowest LCC, considering that the thickness of the insulation material gives the same u-value in a wall structure? (3) How can LCA and LCC results together create decision bases for choosing insulation materials? Method: In order to answer the above questions a literature study, case study with lifecycle analysis and life cycle cost analysis and document analysis is conducted. Findings: Four different insulation materials in a wood-based wall structure were studied concerning carbon dioxide emissions and life cycle costs. Material utilization and u-value were calculated for the wall structure. Functional unit for the analyses is 1 square meter of the wall structure with a u-value of 0.166 W/m2K and 0.107 W/m2K. The material that leads to the lowest carbon dioxide emissions for the wall structure is cellulose, wood fibre, mineral wool and lastly polyurethane. The material that leads tothe lowest cost of the wall structure is mineral wool, cellulose, wood fibre and lastly polyurethane. Implications: The work shows that the choice of insulation materials can reduce carbondioxide emissions during the production phase without incurring excessive costs. It alsoshows that the choice of insulation materials becomes even more relevant when energy efficient buildings are to be produced where the u-value of the wall structure is around 0.11 W/m2K, as this means larger insulation thicknesses in total for the wall. In orderto reduce CO2 emissions without significantly increasing costs, organic insulation materials should be chosen. Limitations: The work does not address climate impact from the house's energy or heating system. To get the same conditions for the selected insulation materials, thesame u-values in the wall structure must be achieved. The work concerns the entire lifecycle from cradle to grave in an LCA and LCC, however, emissions generated bytransport have been omitted in the analyses. Only the thermal and environmental properties of the insulation materials are treated. The case study considers a wood-based exterior wall of a multi-story building.
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34

Santiago, Vívian Romero. "Avaliação de formulações cosméticas contendo bioaditivos antioxidantes derivados do LCC." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/22526.

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SANTIAGO, Vívian Romero. Avaliação de formulações cosméticas contendo bioaditivos antioxidantes derivados do LCC. 2016. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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The Brazilian companies together are responsible to produce annually 70,000 tons of almonds cashew, generating about 45 thousand tons of liquid cashew nut shell (CNSL) in the year. The CNSL is often discarded in Chestnut beneficiation process, but this fluid and its the main constituents (Cardanol and Cardol) are a natural source of phenolic compounds and unsaturated long chain. This feature gives some important properties for use as antioxidant activity. Assessing the main characteristics of this compound, the work was to study the activity of LCC constituents as active antioxidant potential for cosmetic products, for antioxidant efficacy in skin and repellent action. Formulations were prepared using cardanol, cardol saturated and unsaturated, in concentrations from 0.03 to 20% for bactericidal activity and more specifically from 0.03 to 0.1% antioxidant. Formulations BHT were prepared and used as a reference. By DPPH method it was possible to verify that all formulations showed higher antioxidant activity or similar to the formulations containing the BHT in all concentrations. In addition, these formulations were subjected to antimicrobial tests and were active against strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that in addition to antioxidant, these can be employed as antimicrobial active formulations. It has also produced a moisturizer repellent with LCC Natural, technical, and Cardol Cardanol comparing its activity to a commercial repellent N, N-dimethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). In tests using mice, the product showed the percentage of repellency of 98% to 100% compared with the pure moisturizer. Furthermore, in studies with humans, it has been found that the Natural CNSL was repellency of 93.8%, followed by 92.4% cardol. These values ​​have proved to be equivalent to the percentage of commercial repellent DEET (93.6%). In addition to other activities, the cardanol was tested as a biological shield in pigskin, this asset was used to decrease free radicals in the skin with the submission to radiation UV. This was served to the skin with a proprietary delivery system favoring its solubility in aqueous vehicles and their permeation into the skin. It was shown to reduce the formation of radicals lives in the presence of this antioxidant. Thus, the results presented here will contribute to sustainable development and origin of natural and effective raw materials. However, many studies are still necessary in order to add value to a substrate that has a lot of potential but that is little explored.
As empresas Brasileiras juntas produzem anualmente 70 mil toneladas de amêndoas de castanha de caju, gerando cerca de 45 mil toneladas de Líquido da Casca de Castanha do caju (LCC) por ano. O LCC muitas vezes é descartado no processo de beneficiamento da castanha, porém esse líquido e seus constituintes marjoritários (Cardanol e Cardol) são uma fonte natural de compostos fenólicos de cadeia longa e insaturada. Essa característica confere algumas propriedades importantes para sua utilização como a atividade antioxidante. Avaliando as principais características desse composto, o trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a atividade dos constituintes do LCC como potencial ativo antioxidante para produtos cosméticos, para eficácia antioxidante na pele e ação repelente. Foram preparadas formulações utilizando cardanol, cardol saturado e insaturado, nas concentrações de 0,03 a 20% para atividade bactericida e, mais especificamente, de 0,03 a 0,1% para atividade antioxidante. Formulações com o BHT foram preparadas e usadas como referência. Através do método do 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) foi possível verificar que todas as formulações apresentaram atividade antioxidante superior ou semelhante às formulações que continha o butil-hidroxi-tolueno (BHT) em todas as concentrações estudadas. Além disso, essas formulações foram submetidas a testes antimicrobianos e foram ativas contra cepas de Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, indicando que, além de antioxidante, estes podem ser empregados como ativos antimicrobianos em formulações. Foi produzido também um hidratante repelente com o LCC Natural, Técnico, Cardol e Cardanol comparando sua atividade a um repelente comercial N,N-dimetil-meta-toluamida (DEET). Nos ensaios utilizando ratos brancos, os produtos apresentaram a percentagem de repelência de 98 a 100% em comparação com o hidratante puro. Além disso, em ensaios com seres humanos, verificou-se que o LCC Natural teve repelência de 93,8%, seguido do cardol de 92,4%. Estes valores demonstraram ser equivalentes à percentagem de repelente comercial DEET (93,6%). Além das demais atividades, o cardanol foi testado como protetor biológico em pele de porco, esse ativo foi utilizado para diminuição de radicais livres na pele com a submissão a radiação Ultravioleta. Esse foi veiculado na pele com um sistema de liberação patenteado que favoreceu a sua solubilidade em veículos aquosos e a sua permeação na pele. Foi evidenciado a redução da formação dos radicais lives na presença desse antioxidante. Dessa forma, os resultados aqui apresentados irão contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável e origem de matérias primas naturais e eficazes. Porém, muitos estudos ainda devem ser realizados afim de agregar valor a um substrato que tem muito potencial, mas que é muito pouco explorado.
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35

Andersson, Lucas, and Tim Fjällström. "LCC och LCA-baserad jämförelse mellan batteridriven och bensindriven produkt." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96203.

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Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår.
Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.
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36

Marescot, Laurent. "Modélisation directe et inverse en prospection électrique sur les structures 3D complexes par la méthode des éléments finis." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2087.

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Ce travail a pour objectif la mise au point d'un ensemble d'outils de modélisation directe et inverse en utilisant le code d'éléments finis CESAR-LCPC. Ces outils sont adaptés aux données électriques collectées sur des structures 3D à géométrie complexe. Pour le problème direct, un programme utilitaire servant d'interface avec le solveur CESAR a été créé afin de modéliser des séquences de mesures électriques (tomographies). Afin de pouvoir inverser un nombre important de données sur des modèles de grandes dimensions, une fonction objectif est minimisée en utilisant la technique de l'état adjoint. Cette approche est originale car elle vise le calcul direct de la variation à apporter aux paramètres du modèle, sans évaluation explicite de la matrice de sensibilité. Des données synthétiques ont été utilisées pour valider cet algorithme d'inversion. La fiabilité des modèles inversés est testée en utilisant un méthode de calcul de l'indice ROI (Region Of Investigation)
This work presents the adaptation and the use of the CESAR-LCPC finite element code for the forward and inverse modelling of 3D resistivity data. A forward modelling tool was created to simulate tomographies with CESAR and an inversion code was also presented for the processing of resistivity tomographies on complex 3D structures using any electrode arrangement. This algorithm is well suited for the processing of large data sets with a lot of unknown model parameters. The inversion code uses an original strategy to avoid the explicit calculation of a sensitivity matrix. The adjoint-state of the potential field is used to minimize an objective function for the electrical inverse problem. Finally, a ROI (Region Of Investigation) index method is used to assess whether features in the model are caused by the data or are artefacts of the inversion process
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37

Konzack, Karina [Verfasser]. "Doppelblinder prospektiv randomisierter Vergleich einer MCT/LCT/FO-haltigen 20% Fettemulsion mit einer MCT/LCT-Emulsion (20 %) im Rahmen der parenteralen Ernährung von Frühgeborenen / Karina Konzack." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031155120/34.

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38

Skoglund, Anna. "Nyttan av LCC-analyser vid planering av underhållsarbete i SL:s spårtunnlar." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90329.

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Detta examensarbete syftar till att belysa hur LCC-analyser i dag används vid planeringen av underhållsarbeten i tunnelbanans bergtunnlar. SL är ett aktiebolag som ägs av Stockholms Läns Landsting och ansvarar för den landburna kollektivtrafiken i Stockholms län, vilken inbegriper tunnelbanan. Stockholms tunnelbana invigdes 1950 och har sedan dess byggts ut i etapper. Drygt hälften av sträckningen går i tunnlar. Ett ständigt pågående underhållsarbete av tunnlarna krävs för att säkerställa en god funktion. Ibland är även större underhållsåtgärder nödvändiga, vilka, genom exempelvis avstängning med ersättningstrafik, till större utsträckning påverkar omgivningen. Hur underhållet organiseras och planeras är av stor ekonomisk betydelse och hänger även direkt ihop med anläggningens standard. LCC-analyser resulterar i ett mått på en investerings sammanlagda ekonomiska konsekvenser under dess livstid, inkluderas gör med andra ord bland annat investerings-, drift-, och underhållskostnader. Då detta mått fås för flera alternativ kan en jämförelse av dessa göras och bilda ett beslutsunderlag där det totalekonomiskt mest lönsamma kan väljas, istället för att basera beslutet på enbart den initiala investeringskostnaden. Givetvis måste även andra randvillkor och krav beaktas. Två fallstudier har gjorts för att belysa hur LCC i dagsläget används av SL vid olika typer av underhållsarbeten. I det första fallet har LCC använts för att ta fram beslutsunderlag och i det andra inte alls. Utgångspunkten för examensarbetet har varit att det överlag kan finnas mycket att vinna på att använda LCC inte bara vid nybyggnation utan även vid underhållsarbeten. I dagsläget används LCC-analyser inte konsekvent vid planeringen av underhålls- och reparationsarbeten av SL:s berganläggningar. Inga krav om detta ställs utifrån och SL har inga egna riktlinjer beträffande LCC. Detta kan vara en av orsakerna till att LCC-analyser inte utförs i större utsträckning. Andra kan vara bristande kunskap om metodiken, tidsbrist och delat budgetansvar mellan avdelningar. För att konsekvent införa LCC-analyser vid bergprojektering skulle krav om detta behöva ställas externt eller internt genom en LCC-policy eller reglerande dokument. För att sedan genomföra detta på ett sätt så att alla inblandade förstår nyttan vore information/utbildning av metodiken nödvändigt. Viktigt är att definiera vilka projekt som ska omfattas och när i projektgången LCC ska användas. Förslagsvis kan LCC användas vid behovsanalys och krav om LCC-analyser/LCC-beräkningar kan ställas i förfrågningsunderlag
This thesis aims to highlight how LCC analyses currently are used in the planning of maintenance work in the rock tunnels of the Stockholm Metro. SL is a company owned by Stockholm County Council and is responsible for land-based public transport in Stockholm County, which includes the metro. The Stockholm Metro opened in 1950 and has since been expanded in stages. More than half of the route goes through tunnels. Maintenance of the tunnels is necessary to ensure a good function. Sometimes bigger maintenance actions are required, which at times also affects the surrounding world. How the maintenance is planned and organized is of great economic importance and is also directly connected with the facility's standard. LCC analyses results in a measure of an investment's total economic impact over its lifetime, including investment, operation, and maintenance costs. As this measure is obtained for a number of options, a comparison of these can be made and form a basis for decisions in which the total economically most profitable solution can be selected, instead of basing the decision solely on the initial investment cost. Two case studies have been done to elucidate how LCC is used by SL at different types of maintenance work today. In the first case, an LCC analysis has been used to create a basis for decision making, and in the other case LCC has not been considered at all. The starting point for this thesis has been that there may be much to gain by using LCC analyses not only for new constructions but also in the planning of maintenance work. Today LCC analysis is not consistently used in the planning of maintenance and repair work of SL's rock tunnels. There are no demands on this externally and SL has no own guidelines regarding LCC. This could be one of the reasons that LCC analyses are not practiced in a greater extent. Others may be lack of knowledge of methodology, lack of time and shared financial responsibility between departments. In order to consistently introduce LCC analyses for rock maintenance work it would have to be required externally or internally by an LCC policy or through regulatory documents. The new procedures would have to be implemented in a way so that everyone involved understands the benefits, thus information / education of the methodology would be necessary. It is important to define which projects should be covered by, and in which stages of the projects LCC should be used. As a suggestion LCC analysis could be used to define needs and requirements of LCC-analyses can be set in tender documents.
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39

Appelgren, Jörgen, and Fredrik Kjellström. "LCC-analys av FTX-system : En jämförelse av centralt- och lägenhetsplacerat." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172562.

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This report is the result of a thesis conducted at the consulting firm Bjerking AB andis the final part of the Bachelor Programme in Construction Engineering at Universityof Uppsala. The work aims to investigate the costs and how the choice of ventilationsystem affects building projects during a long-term period. This report covers costssuch as investment, maintenance and energy but also how they affect residents andbuilders. Building regulations for energy consumption are expected to be tougher;therefore a comparison of two different heat recovery ventilation systems(HRV-system) was made. One system is based on a centrally placed unit that coversthe whole buildings ventilation through vertical shafts. The second system is based onapartment placed unit that only covers the individual apartment’s ventilation. The unitmakes it possible for the individual user to control the ventilation flow.The method used for comparison of the costs was Life Cycle Cost (LCC). It results inthe total cost during a selected calculation period of 20 years, where yearly basedcosts as energy and maintenance is included. Two housing projects in central Uppsalawere chosen as a reference. They were similar in design but with the two differentsystems of ventilation. A questionnaire was handed out to provide experience fromresidents with apartment units. The results were used in the analysis of the systemsand to determine its pros and cons.Information of costs was collected from different companies and resulted intocustomized spreadsheets to determine the cost per apartment. The result shows thatthe difference in investment is not significant between the systems but is big inmaintenance and energy. The biggest difference is maintenance where the apartmentsystems many service points is increasing the cost. Energy consumption for theapartment system leads to higher energy costs than with a central system, even if thecontrol function is used. The explanation is that a central systems fans have lowerpower usage and the heat recovery is more efficient then an apartment system.The conclusion is that a central system has a lower total cost compared to anapartment system during the calculation period. A reason for choosing the apartmentsystem would be if a need to maximize living space is a priority, and the developingphase of the project is well thought thru.Keywords: LCC-analysis, HRV-systems, Central unit, Apartment unit.
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Lunnergård, Filip, and David Nilsson. "Integrering av LCA och LCC i en multikriterieanalys : Optimering av byggnadsdelar." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41162.

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Syfte: Detta examensarbete behandlar integrering av miljöbelastning och kostnader vid projektering av byggnader. Enligt tidigare forskning och svenska rapporter är användningen av livscykelkostnader och livscykelanalyser begränsad inom byggsektorn. Än mer begränsad är sammanvägning av dessa analyser för optimering av byggdelar och hela byggnadsverk. Målet med detta examensarbete är därför att testa en konceptmodell vilken syftar till att integrera miljöbelastning och kostnader under en hellivscykel. Frågeställningarna som besvaras är ”Hur kan fasadmaterial utvärderas utifrån miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekter?” och ”Hur kan kostnader och miljöbelastning sammanvägas för att skapa beslutsunderlag för val avfasadmaterial?”. Metod: Konceptmodellen prövas genom en fallstudie där ett antal fasader utgör fallet. Dessutom jämförs resultaten från fallstudien med inhämtade data från genomförd litteraturstudie. Resultat: Studien visar att den testade konceptmodellen fungerar med hjälp av relativt enkla verktyg. En multikriterieanalys genomförs på resultaten från LCA och LCC vilket genererar jämförbara slutvärden för fasaderna. Konsekvenser: Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att LCA och LCC är relativt enkla att genomföra i tidiga skeden om schablonvärden för livslängder kan nyttjas och modellinläsning mot en färdig miljödatabas finns tillgänglig. Vidare visar studien att multikriterieanalysen COPRAS är lämplig för integrering av miljöpåverkan och kostnader. Vidare studier på konceptmodellen bör genomföras med hjälp av intervjuer i branschen. Begränsningar: Studiens resultat begränsas av det faktum att den genomförs som en fallstudie där författarna bedömer huruvida konceptmodellen går att använda eller ej. För större förståelse kring hur användbar den är i praktiken och vilka modifieringar som bör genomföras måste branschens åsikter beaktas, exempelvis med hjälp av intervjuer.
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Tolentino, Andréa Barros. "Prevalência de LCNC, HD e fatores de riscos associados ao estilo de vida de atletas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23152/tde-06032017-100621/.

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A saúde oral proporciona equilíbrio que interfere diretamente na saúde geral e psicológica. É importante que o dentista faça avaliação detalhada dos esportistas, detectando alterações e patologias que possam comprometer o desempenho durante treinos e/ou competições. As LCNCs apresentam etiologia multifatorial e são caracterizadas pela perda de estrutura dental na região de junção cemento-esmalte (região cervical), não relacionadas à presença de cárie, sendo comumente encontradas na rotina clínica odontológica. A perda de estrutura dental provocado pela presença das LCNCs pode levar a exposição dos túbulos dentinarios, possibilitando o aparecimento da HD. Essa dissertação teve como objetivos principais avaliar a prevalência de LCNCs e HD em atletas profissionais (GA) e a presença de fatores de risco associados ao estilo de vida de atletas. Após autorização do CEP, avaliou-se 264 atletas profissionais com no mínimo 17 anos e que realizavam treinamento mínimo de 10 hrs/semana, e 195 indivíduos no grupo controle. Aplicou-se questionário com tópicos como: dieta, DTM e parafunção. No exame clínico avaliou-se fatores oclusais, periodontais, presença de LCNC e HD. chave). Alguns dos resultados encontrados foram: a média de idade dos atletas foi de 20,33 anos, e do controle 23,75. O GC apresentou maioria do gênero feminino (61,54%, p<0,001), enquanto que o GA foi predominância masculina (90,46%). Os atletas consomem mais isotônicos (26,52%, p<0,001), refrigerantes (68,56%, p=0,010) e suplementos (38,64%, p<0,001) do que o GC. A prevalência de biocorrosão foi de 28,03% no GA e 15,38% no GC. Os incisivos inferiores (25,75%) foram os dentes mais afetados com HD, e os pré-molares com LCNC no GA. Os atletas apresentaram maior número de ausências de pelo menos um dente (21,21%, p<0,001) quando comparadas ao grupo controle. O GA apresentou mais alteração em sua mordida (47,43%, p<0,001) do que o GC. Dentro das limitações do nosso estudo, conclui-se que: a prevalência de LCNC e de HD em atletas foram de 17,42% e 35,25% respectivamente; a prevalência de LCNC e HD no grupo controle foi de 18,97% e 48,20% respectivamente; os atletas apresentaram diversos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das alterações, sendo eles: ingestão de isotônicos, refrigerantes e suplementos; presença elevada de placa bacteriana; maior ausência de elementos dentários; alteração maxilo-mandibular, ausência de guia canina e escovação imediata após ingestão de alimentação acida.
The oral health provides balance that directly affects the general and psychological health. It is important that the dentist make detailed evaluation of athletes, detecting changes and conditions that may compromise performance during training and / or competition. The LCNCs have multifactorial etiology and is characterized by loss of tooth structure in the cementum-enamel junction region (neck), unrelated to the presence of caries, it is commonly found in dental practice routine. The loss of tooth structure caused by the presence of LCNCs can lead to exposure of dentinal tubules, allowing the appearance of the HD. Thus, this thesis has as main objectives to assess the prevalence of LCNCs and HD professional athletes (GA), to assess the prevalence of LCNCs and HD in the control group (CG). After approval of the CEP, we evaluated 264 professional athletes with at least 17 years and performed minimal training 10 hrs / week and 195 individuals in the control group. applied questionnaire with topics such as diet, DTM and parafunction. On examination it evaluated occlusal, periodontal factors, presence of LCNC and HD. Some of the results were: the average age of the athletes was 20.33 years, and control 23,75. GC showed most females (61.54%, p<0,001), while the GA was predominantly male (90.46%). Athletes consume more isotonic (26.52%, p<0,001), soft drinks (68.56%, p=0,010) and supplements (38.64%, p<0,001) than the GC. The prevalence of biocorrosion was 28.03% in GA and 15.38% in the control group. The lower incisors (25.75%) were the teeth most affected by HD, and the pre molars with LCNC in GA. The athletes had higher number of absences of at least one tooth (21.21%, p<0,001) compared to the control group. The GA had more change in your bite (47.43%, p<0,001) than the GC. Within the limitations of our study, it is concluded that: the prevalence of LCNC and HD athletes were 17.42% and 35.25% respectively. The prevalence of LCNC and HD in the control group was 18.97% and 48.20% respectively. Athletes had several risk factors for the development of changes, namely: isotonic intake, soft drinks and supplements; high presence of plaque; greater absence of teeth; maxillo-mandibular change, absence of canine guidance and immediate brushing after food intake acidic.
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42

Nascimento, Tassio Lessa do. "synthesis and characterization of a meso-porphyrin derivate the lcc, how to disable metals: zinc, copper and nickel." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5326.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A busca por processos quÃmicos que reduzam ou eliminem o uso e a geraÃÃo de substÃncias tÃxicas tem sido crescente nas Ãltimas dÃcadas. Com este novo direcionamento para reduÃÃo do impacto das atividades industriais, foram propostas alternativas que possam reduzir o impacto ambiental. Neste aspecto, foram sintetizados meso-porfirnas do tipo A4 (meso-5,10,15,20) a partir do LÃquido da Casca da Castanha do Caju - LCC (uma fonte renovÃvel, local, abundante e biodegradÃvel). O primeiro derivado refere-se à formaÃÃo do composto bromado, seguido da obtenÃÃo do derivado aldeÃdico, finalmente, com o auxÃlio do pirrol, tem-se a formaÃÃo da meso-porfirina. Os compostos foram purificados em coluna cromatogrÃfica e caracterizados por tÃcnicas experimentais de RMN 13C e 1H , GC-EM, IV e UV-VIS, que confirmaram a obtenÃÃo do produto desejado. A porfirina base livre foi submetida aos processos de metalaÃÃo utilizando-se para isto, Ni(C2H3O2).4H2O, Zn(CH3COO)2 e Cu(CH3COO)2, como sal doador do metal e diclorometano como solvente, a reaÃÃo permaneceu em agitaÃÃo constante. A metalaÃÃo foi acompanhada por espectroscopia no UV-VIS e cromatografia de camada delgada.
The search for chemical processes that reduce or el iminate the use and generation of toxic substances has been increasing in recent deca des. With this new direction for reducing the impact of industrial activities have p roposed alternatives that could reduce the environmental impact. Here, were synthesized po rphyrins of A4 type (5, 10,15,20) from the bark of the Net's Cashew nuts - LCC (a ren ewable source, location, abundant and biodegradable). The first derivative is the for mation of the compound bromine, followed by obtaining a secondary aldehydic, finall y, with the help of pyrrole, has been the formation of porphyrin. The compounds were puri fied by column chromatography and characterized by experimental techniques of 1 H and 13 C NMR, GC-EM, IR and UV- VIS, which confirmed the achievement of the desired product. The porphyrin free base was subjected to the processes of metallic using it for this, Ni(C 2 H 3 O 2 ).4H 2 O, Cd(CH 3 COO) 2 and Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 , as the metal salt donor and dichloromethane as solvent as the reaction methodology remained in con stant turmoil. The metallic processes were accompanied by the UV-VIS spectrosco py and thin-layer chromatography.
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43

Monot, Claire. "Contribution à l’étude des complexes lignine-hydrates de carbone (LCC) dans le bois : étude de l’impact des différentes étapes d’un procédé de bioraffinerie sans soufre sur les LCC." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI116/document.

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La valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique est aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur du fait de la réduction des ressources fossiles. Séparer chaque constituant pour les valoriser de la meilleure façon possible est l’objectif des bioraffineries papetières. L’effluent papetier, la liqueur noire, est actuellement brûlé pour produire de l’énergie, mais sa gazéification permettrait d’augmenter ces rendements énergétiques. Mais pour cela une cuisson sans soufre du bois est nécessaire, le soufre inhibant la gazéification.Cette étude a donc porté en premier lieu sur la faisabilité d’un fractionnement sans soufre du bois, plus ardu qu’un procédé kraft traditionnel contenant du soufre. Le travail a été effectué sur les bois résineux, ceux-ci étant plus difficiles à délignifier que les bois feuillus. Une étape d’autohydrolyse du bois, préalable au fractionnement à la soude, a été effectuée afin d’extraire les hémicelluloses pour une valorisation ultérieure. Les travaux ont montré que ce prétraitement permettait de délignifier le bois plus facilement et ainsi d’envisager un fractionnement sans soufre. La cellulose obtenue par ce procédé présente une pureté et un degré de polymérisation suffisants pour envisager son utilisation pour de la viscose ou pour des applications chimiques.La lignine ne présentant pas de différences structurelles majeures entre du bois préhydrolysé ou non, les complexes entre la lignine et les hydrates de carbone (LCC) ont été analysés. Il a été montré que la préhydrolyse modifie significativement la quantité et la composition de ces complexes, permettant d’expliquer par là les résultats obtenus
The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass is nowadays a major issue due to the reduction of fossil resources. Separating each component to valorize them the best way as possible is the goal of the pulp and paper biorefineries. The effluent of the mill, called the black liquor, is currently burnt to produce energy, but gasification would increase the energy efficiency. For this, a sulfur-free cooking of wood is necessary, as sulfur inhibits gasification.Therefore this study first focused on the feasibility of cooking without sulfur, which is more difficult than a conventional kraft cooking containing sulfur. The work was done on softwood which is more difficult to delignify than hardwood. The wood was first pretreated with an autohydrolysis to remove hemicelluloses for further valorization.The results were conclusive for the production of cellulose pulp for chemical applications. To explain the differences obtained, structural differences of wood components were looked for. Lignin did not show major differences whether the wood was prehydrolyzed or not, whereas the complexes between lignin and carbohydrates (LCCs) showed significant differences, which would explain the results obtained
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44

Kim, Dong-Hun. "Untersuchung zur IGF-I-vermittelten Signaltransduktion in der humanen Karzinoidzellinie LCC-18." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2004/0140/.

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45

曾伯裕 and Pak-yu Tsang. "Application of life cycle costing (LCC) technique in Hong Kong warehouse industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251626.

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46

Patra, Ambika Prasad. "Maintenance decision support models for railway infrastructure using RAMS & LCC analyses." Luleå : Division of Operation and Maintenane Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/3340192.

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47

Tsang, Pak-yu. "Application of life cycle costing (LCC) technique in Hong Kong warehouse industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949664.

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48

Firdaus, Alfi Hadi. "System-wide LCC Calculation for Novel Brake Block Material in Nordic Condition." Thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247504.

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One of the main issues of cast-iron block brake material is high noise. Nowadays, train operators tend to change the brake block material from cast-iron to composite material. However, composite block brake materials are likely to produce more wear than cast-iron block brakes, degrading the dynamic behavior of the vehicle on the track. Therefore, comparison of the dynamic behavior and the maintenance cost of each block brake material of the train has been performed. The dynamic behavior is analyzed using GENSYS software and the maintenance cost analysis is done by using the Universal Cost Model developed in the EU project Roll2Rail. The iron ore train that operates in Malmbanan has been used as the simulation model. One-wheel profile before changing the block brake material before 2010 and two-wheel profiles after changing the block brake material after 2010 have been used for simulation. Certain radii, cant, vehicle speeds and wheel-rail friction coefficients has been taken into consideration in the simulations. After that, the wheel and track maintenance costs have been taken into consideration for analyzing the Universal Cost Model. The simulation results show that the wheel profiles after changing the block brake material possess higher risk of RCF than wheel profile before changing the brake block material. The UCM calculation show that the wheel profile after changing brake material leads to higher track maintenance costs, 9.3% higher for new1 and 2.8% higher for new2 wheel profiles, compared to the worn wheel profile before changing brake material. Moreover, The UCM calculation show that the wheel profile after changing brake material leads to higher wheel maintenance costs, 1.04% higher for new1 and 4.3% higher for new2 wheel profiles, compared to the worn wheel profile before changing brake material. The total of maintenance cost also shows that the wheel profile after changing brake material leads to higher maintenance costs, around 2-4%, compared to the worn profile before changing brake material.
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49

Bergsten, Mathias. "Behovsstyrdventilation för en befintlig kontorsfastighet : ) En LCC-jämförelse mellan DCV och CAV." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-154742.

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Demand controlled ventilation has in this study been investigated in a life cycle cost (LCC) - perspective for an existing office property. The goal was to examine whether a complementary of the existing constant air volume (CAV)-system to a demand controlled ventilation (DCV) -system is profitable. This project has been executed on behalf of Fastpartner AB. The studied property is an office building of floor area 6000                          in Stockholm, Sweden. Two different types of DCV systems were analyzed: C controlled ventilation and C with temperature controlled ventilation. The software IDA ICE was used in order to examine the energy consumption for district heating, district cooling and electricity for the air handling unit. The building has been modelled as accuracy as possible in order to represent the real building. In order to see the effect of various loading rate, simulations with three different occupancy levels for CAV and the DCV-systems was made. The occupancy levels represented organizations with high, low and medium occupancy. In the end nine simulations was made. The net present value method was used for each system in the LCC analyses. Costs for installation, purchase and maintenance have been taken into account. The results from the study showed that both of the DCV-systems gives a lower LCC than the existing CAV- system. The most profitable DCV-system is C with temperature- controlled ventilation, that presents a theoretical cost saving up to 250 000 kr. The variation of occupancy levels didn’t affect the outcome of LCC for C and temperature controlled ventilation, however C controlled ventilation showed a significant difference depending on low versus high occupancy level. Low occupancy level results in a higher cost saving. The fans for the air handling unit had the largest energy saving based on energy sector. Where a reduction up to 75 % can be achieved for C controlled ventilation at low occupancy level.
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Ådahl, Evelina, and Jesper Lakso. "LCC analys av 2+1- och 2+2-vägar : -arbetsmiljö och samhällskostnader." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171902.

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We have been traveling on roads for hundreds of years and the development during those years has led to safer roads. Barriers between the two traffic lanes have been one of the most important measures to prevent cross-median collisions. In 1998, the world's first cable barrier was arranged and ever since, there have been discussions held about the cable barrier’s function and maintenance cost. This report shows, like many before, that the cable barrier is more expensive in maintenance costs from a life cycle perspective than the steel beam is. The 2+1 road's working environment is considered to be a problem for operating contractors, rescue personnel and others who may be working on the road. The road itself is quite narrow and the surrounding traffic passes close by the workers. This could be avoided with an extra traffic lane, like a 2+2 road. The costs to society, caused by traffic delays and fatal and severe injuries, would probably also decrease, while statistics proves less accidents due to driving into the midbarrier on a 2+2 road, than a 2+1 road. Similarly to this, statistics also indicates that the 2+2 road would provide a smoother traffic flow and a higher traffic safety. LCC is an abbreviation for Life-Cycle Cost and is a method for calculating and comparing different investment options. The two main alternatives calculated are the 2+1 road with cable barrier and the 2+2 road with steel beam. A third alternative, 2+1 road with steel beam has also been compared in this report. The results show the 2+2 road’s top layers with steel beam barrier included, is less expensive over years, than the 2+1 road’s top layers with cable barrier or with steel beam barrier. The maintenance costs have been calculated over a period of 30, 40 and 60 years, in order to analyze the cost variations over different periods. The initial cost of the 2+2-road is of little importance in relation to the probable increased road safety, the safer work environment and hopefully the lower society costs. Especially when the 2+2 road is less costly after already 20 years.
Vi har färdats på vägar i hundratals år och utvecklingen har lett till jämnare och säkrare vägar. En del i detta arbete har varit mittseparationer för att förhindra mötesolyckor. År 1998 sattes världens första stållineräcke upp och ända sen dess har diskussioner förts om dess funktion och underhållskostnad. Denna rapport visar att vajern på en 2+1-väg är dyrare i underhållskostnader ur ett livscykelperspektiv, än vad stålbalken är på en 2+2-väg.  2+1-vägens arbetsmiljö anses vara ett problem för driftentreprenörer, räddningspersonal och andra som kan komma att arbeta på eller vid vägen. Detta beror på att vägen är smal och att omgivande trafik passerar väldigt nära de arbetande. Detta skulle undvikas med en extra körfil, som vid en 2+2-väg. Där skulle troligtvis även samhällskostnaderna minska, då statistik visar att räckespåkörningar är färre vid en 2+2-väg i relation till en 2+1-väg. Likaså finns statistik som tyder på att 2+2-vägen skulle ge ett jämnare trafikflöde och därmed högre trafiksäkerhet.  LCC är en förkortning för Life-Cycle Cost och är en metod för att beräkna och jämföra olika investeringsalternativ. De två huvudalternativ som beräknats är 2+1-vägen med stållineräcke och 2+2-vägen med stålbalk. Även ett tredje alternativ, 2+1-väg med stålbalk har jämförts i denna rapport.  Resultaten visar att 2+2-vägens överbyggnad med stålbalk och mittremsa, är dyrare att bygga, men mindre kostsam i underhåll över kalkylperioderna 30, 40 och 60 år, gentemot 2+1-vägens överbyggnad med vajer, respektive stålbalk.   De initiala kostnaderna väger lätt i relation till trolig förhöjd trafiksäkerhet, tryggare arbetsmiljö och förhoppningsvis lägre samhällskostnader, med tanke på att 2+2-vägen är mindre kostsam efter redan 20 år.
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