Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Le métabolisme des lipides'
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Mateos, Diaz Eduardo. "Etude par spectroscopie infrarouge (FTIR) des interactions de la lipase pancréatique apparentée de type 2 (PLRP2) avec les phospholipides et les sels biliaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4763.
Full textGuinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein type 2 (GPLRP2) hydrolyzes a large set of lipid substrates, but displays however some selectivity depending on the supramolecular structure of substrate and the presence of surfactants like bile salts (NaTDC). We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the interactions between phospholipids (DPPC), surfactants and GPLRP2 under conditions close to those of the GI tract. To study the adsorption step independently from hydrolysis, a GPLRP2 inactive variant (S152G) was produced. Various phospholipid dispersions were prepared: multilamellar (MLV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and mixed micelles with surfactants. GPLRP2 was found to hydrolyze DPPC present in mixed DPPC-NaTDC micelles but was inactive on DPPC vesicles and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles. FTIR analysis of GPLRP2 S152G interaction with the DPPC-NaTDC system showed a decrease in the conformational disorder and mobility of the acyl chains, a dehydratation of the interface, and changes in the orientation and H-bonding of DPPC polar head-groups. These effects were not observed with MLV, LUV and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles, thus indicating a specific recognition of DPPC in mixed phospholipid-bile salt micelles, in agreement with phospholipase activity measurements. Changes in the IR spectra during DPPC hydrolysis by GPLRP2 were monitored. Specific spectral features were associated to the production of lipolysis products and could be used for quantifying phospholipid lipolysis by FTIR
Duez, Hélène. "Rôle des récepteurs nucléaires PPARα et Rev-erbα dans le métabolisme des lipides et lipoprotéines, et le développement de l'athérosclérose." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P007.
Full textSalomon, Sarah. "Rôle des bétaine lipides dans l'adaptation à la carence en phosphate chez les algues et les plantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALV026.
Full textDuring evolution, organisms have developed different strategies to adapt to environmental stresses. Nutrient scarcity is a significant stress that can lead to substantial metabolic changes. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for growth, it is assimilated as inorganic phosphate (Pi) and is often found to be limiting in ecosystems. In plants, phosphate deficiency greatly affects growth and induces massive membrane lipid remodeling to mobilize intracellular Pi reserves. A significant portion of intracellular Pi is stored in a particular class of glycerolipids called phospholipids (PL), which are the major components of extraplastidial membranes. Under deficiency conditions, PLs are degraded to provide new Pi sources to the cell. The degraded PLs are then replaced by non-phosphorus lipids to maintain membrane structure and integrity. However, this lipid remodeling is limited and only recycles a portion of the membrane PLs. Nutrient deficiency adaptation mechanisms are also present in microalgae, a highly diversified group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms. In these organisms, the response to Pi deficiency involves another class of non-phosphorus glycerolipids called betaine lipids (BL). BLs can completely replace the degraded PLs during Pi deficiency in certain species, such as the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, representing a particularly efficient adaptive process. Throughout evolution, BL synthesis has gradually diminished and was definitively lost in seed plants, raising questions about the reasons for their disappearance. This project focuses on the study and comparison of lipid remodeling during Pi deficiency in two photosynthetic organisms: microalgae and terrestrial plants.The first objective was to generate BL-producing plants to study the impact of their production on their phenotype and their tolerance to Pi deficiency. Stable transformations of Arabidopsis thaliana were performed with the BTA1 gene encoding the enzyme responsible for DGTS synthesis, the best-known and studied BL species. The BTA1 gene from the microalga Microchloropsis gaditana was used, resulting in low DGTS production in the transformed A. thaliana plants. No major phenotypic impact was observed, but when the enzyme was transiently expressed in the leaves of the plant Nicotiana benthamiana, DGTS production was massive, representing approximately 20% of total glycerolipids. In this model, DGTS appears to accumulate in a proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, suggesting that it fulfills the same structural role as PLs. The second objective of this project was to study the impact of the absence of another BL species, DGTA, in P. tricornutum. Knockout mutants for the BTA1 gene were generated and analyzed. The results provided several interesting insights into the DGTA synthesis pathway and its importance in the algal response to Pi deficiency. Although DGTS is not detected in P. tricornutum, it acts as an intermediate in DGTA synthesis. DGTA was also found to be essential for maintaining the growth of P. tricornutum under Pi deficiency conditions and in the process of PLs degradation under this condition. Further research is needed to expand the study of BLs to other organisms
Tempesta, Marie-Caroline. "Enzymologie des arylsulfatases lysosomiques et non lysosomiques. Métabolisme des sulfolipides dans les cellules en culture." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30163.
Full textTroufflard, Stéphanie. "Etude du métabolisme carboné dans l'embryon de lin oléagineux lors de l'accumulation des réserves lipidiques." Amiens, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AMIE0419.
Full textAbida, Heni. "Characterization of lipid metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS231.
Full textThe ocean dominates the surface of our planet and plays a major role in regulating the biosphere. For example, the microscopic photosynthetic organisms living in the ocean provide 50% of the oxygen we breathe every year, and much of our food and mineral resources are extracted from the ocean. In a time of ecological crisis linked to the accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, we must investigate more sustainable energies than fossil fuels. Much attention has been given to biodiesel but so far most efforts to efficiently produce triacylglycerols in microalgae have focused on green algae. In this thesis I propose approaches to better understand another type of microalgae that is significantly divergent from green lineages: diatoms. Diatoms are a major phylum of phytoplankton in the ocean and account for 40% of marine primary productivity. While diatoms appear to be at least as effective as green algae for producing lipids, the fatty acid and glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways leading to their production have not yet been well characterized. Therefore, I propose to better characterize these pathways in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in order to help unlock the potential of diatoms for lipid-based biotechnological applications.In this thesis, I discuss our attempts to establish a reference for the glycerolipidome of P. tricornutum and of our assessment of the lipid remodeling and accumulation that occurs in response to nitrogen- and phosphorus-starvation. A range of accessions of P. tricornutum isolated from different parts of the ocean were also examined to compare their responses to nutrient deprivation. We found that the metabolic response leading to lipid accumulation in different nutrient-deprived conditions are distinct. Nitrogen-deprivation appears to trigger the recycling of chloroplastic galactoglycerolipids as well as a strong increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis while the response to phosphorus-deprivation was more severe as we observed a higher triacylglycerol pool and the complete depletion of phospholipids. Furthermore, we observed several differences among accessions of P. tricornutum regarding their ability to accumulate triacylglycerol in response to nutrient starvation and propose the hypothesis that these differences are linked to their ability to recycle intracellular carbon from non-lipid storage molecules.Genome-enabled approaches have also allowed significant steps towards elucidating the lipid metabolism of microalgae in the past decade, but our understanding of diatom metabolic pathways is still limited compared to that of other microalgae and higher plants. There have been several attempts to characterize the stress response in P. tricornutum by using transcriptomic approaches but this data is difficult to exploit to its full potential without a better annotation of genes encoding the relevant pathways. Therefore, in this thesis I discuss our attempts to annotate P. tricornutum lipid metabolism genes. Based on this annotation I have attempted to better characterize a selection of genes by genetic engineering and have pursued a comparative study of several published transcriptomes of P. tricornutum in nutrient deprived conditions to produce a list of candidate genes likely to be involved in triacylglycerol accumulation. Finally, we used this data to help interpret genome and transcriptome data of the newly sequenced oleaginous diatom Fistulifera solaris to help understand how it accumulates unusually high amounts of triacylglycerol for applications in the biotechnology and bioenergy industry
Broccardo, Cyril. "Etude de la sous-classe ABCA de la famille des transporteurs ABC : Analyse génomique et inactivation fonctionnelle du gène ABC-1." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22011.
Full textLauressergues, Emilie. "Antipsychotiques et métabolisme hépatique des lipides et du cholestérol." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S020.
Full textSchizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that heavily impacts the mental functions and social relations of the patients concerned. More than 1 % of the world population suffers from this disease that is characterized by different kinds of symptoms which are commonly subclassified as either positive (hallucinations, illusions) or negative (loss of affect and motivation, social withdrawal). These symptoms can be controlled by treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) which act primarily through the modulation of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Unfortunately, some of these drugs induce important metabolic side effects such as weight gain (as much as 10 kg the first year with clozapine for example), dyslipemia, alterations of glucose homeostasis and development of diabetes. The consequences of these disturbances are treatment disruption and an increase of cardiovascular risks which contributes to a death rate twice as high for schizophrenic patients versus the general population, associated with a reduction in the average life expectancy by 10 years. The mechanisms underlying the side effects by APDs are not completely understood. At the level of the central nervous system (CNS), actions on serotoninergic, dopaminergic or histaminergic receptors are believed to be implicated in metabolic side effects (particularly by modifying appetite or energy homeostasis). In the periphery, certain APDs perturb essential physiological functions such as insulin secretion by pancreatic b cells, glucose transport into skeletal muscle and lipogenesis at the adipose tissue level, as well as physiological parameters like the sensitivity of various tissues to insulin. Althoug the liver is an essential organ for maintaining the nutrients homeostasis, few studies show an interest for the direct impact of these molecules on this tissue. The main goal of this thesis is to characterise the impact of APDs on hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism using various markers from appropriate hepatocyte cellular models, such as de novo synthesis of lipids and cholesterol, the quantification of the mature transcription factors SREBP-1 and -2 (sterol regulatory element binding protein) as well as the evaluation of the expression of several genes of interest. In the first part, we selected hepatocyte cellular models (cells isolated from rat liver and the human IHH cell line) and showed their relevance for the study of the “potential adverse effects” of different compounds on lipid and cholesterol metabolism. For this, the physiological and sensitive character of these cultures was shown through their response to nutritional (or hormonal) changes and to pharmacological treatments. In the second part, we highlighted three profiles of APD molecules :-molecules strongly inducting de novo lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and NDMC), -molecules with more moderate effects (haloperidol and paliperidone), -molecules with little or no effect(s) (aripiprazole, quetiapine, bifeprunox and chlorpromazine). Induction of de novo lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis by certain APDs is associated to the stimulation of the SREBP pathway (transcription factors and SREBP target genes) and correlate relatively well with the metabolic disturbances of schizophrenia patients under APD treatment. We therefore suggest that certain unfavourable effects of these APD molecules are due to a direct action on the liver. Furthermore we stated that those APDs that present the most unfavourable profiles in our in vitro models, activate the PERK pathway (protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase) of the UPR (unfolding protein response), illustrating the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the ER stress is known to activate the SREBP pathways and to cause, in chronic, diseases such as steatosis, dyslipidemia and diabetes. This discovery opens new perspectives regarding the research for the action mechanisms of these molecules. More precisely, in our human hepatocyte model we show that the treatment with thapsigargine (inductive of ER stress by calcium depletion) stimulates the SREBP pathways. Whereas no detectable modification of the cytosolic calcium concentrations was observed following APD treatment, the use of calcium chelating agents reverses the effects of clozapine on the SREBP-1 and -2 pathways. We therefore presume that clozapine, by disturbing calcium homeostasis, generates ER stress which would activate the SREBPs pathways and lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in consequence. To corroborate these findings, two experimental studies in rat and mouse were conducted that support our in vitro results. In the rat, a study employing acute drug administration confirms that clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone, at an early stage (1h, 3h), cause transcriptional deregulations of hepatic lipogenic, cholesterogenic and UPR genes. In the mouse, a study with chronic administration of risperidone indicates significant inductions of weight gain in relation to the activation of the SREBP-1c pathway and of FAS (fatty acid synthase). Altogether these data suggest that independent of their specific effects at the CNS level, APDs can modulate hepatic lipid metabolism. In conclusion, rat primary hepatocyte cultures and IHH cells are models of interest for the detection of potential unfavourable effects of molecules on hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, the SREBP pathways (proteins and target genes associated) are appropriate indicators of cellular metabolic disturbances and thus can be considered as pertinent markers of the respective processes. These models could therefore be integrated in the research process and in the selection of new chemical compounds destined to become APDs. With respect to the clinic, our results support the strategy to associate hypolipemic or hypocholesterolemic (statines) treatments to patients treated with clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone
Yonkeu, Jeanne. "Métabolisme des lipides erythrocytaires dans l'anémie à hématies falciformes." Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR3301.
Full textSentex, Emmanuelle. "Régulation du métabolisme des lipides cardiaques par la trimétazidine." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS049.
Full textRodier, Michel. "Relations entre le métabolisme des lipides et l'agrégation plaquettaire dans le diabète sucré." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON1T007.
Full textPeter, Magali. "Profil et métabolisme des acides gras dans les tissus de la perche comme Perca fluviatilis L." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL025N/document.
Full textPerca fluviatilis L. (Eurasian perch) is characterized by a low intramuscular amount of lipids (<2%) and a high poly-unsatured fatty acid (PUFA) content. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is present in a high proportion (40% of total fatty acid). The aims of this work are twofold: first to analyse the factors that could influence the lipid metabolism of Perca fluviatilis L. and second to identify factors that could explain the elevated contents of DHA in this fish. Assumptions, which have been tested to explain the high concentration of DHA, are a selective incorporation of this fatty acid and the ability of this fish to transform 18:3n-3 present in the diet into higher PUFA n-3, EPA and DHA; typical capacity of freshwater fish (bioconversion assumption). Three experiments have been conducted to test these assumptions. First, we described lipid composition of the different tissues, which play a role in lipid metabolism, by distinguishing total, neutral and polar lipids. Second, we identified and classified the factors influencing the lipid content and fatty acid composition by using a multifactorial approach. Third, we analysed the effect of diet fatty acid composition on PUFA n-3 tissues composition, enzymatic activity and genes expression, which code for enzymes implicated in fatty acid bioconversion. As Perca fluviatilis L. genome is not sequenced for the moment, the first work was to construct experiments for dosing enzymatic activity and gene expression in this species. Concentration of DHA was elevated in all the tissues we analysed, showing the good nutritional quality of Perca fluviatilis L. In the fillet, lipid content was stable. PUFA content was high (40-60% of total fatty acid), with elevated contents in DHA (35-45% of total fatty acid), which was the main fatty acid of this tissue. Lipid content in the liver and the fat tissue was variable according to the type of food. Adipose tissue, that is the lipid storage tissue in this species, was composed of 85-90% of lipid, of which 30-50% are mono-unsatured fatty acids (MUFA), mainly 18:1n-9. Liver fatty acid composition presented characteristics in an intermediate position between fatty acid composition of the fillet and the adipose tissue, but DHA was still the most abundant fatty acid. Our results were in accordance with literature. They added informations on the distribution and the concentration in neutral and polar lipids (NL and PL) of the tissues we studied (fillet NL/PL=50/50; Liver: NL/PL=60/40; adipose tissue: NL/PL=90/10), and on their composition in fatty acid (polar lipids are mainly composed of PUFA whereas neutral lipids are richer in saturated fat acids). Our results showed that the profile in fat acid depended on the tissue and the type of lipids. Our assumption of the ability of Perca fluviatilis L. to transform PUFA was verified because we were able to detect delta 6 desaturase in the liver, intestine, and brain. Moreover, the activity of this enzyme was put in evidence in the liver. Our assumption of selective incorporation of some fatty acids was also verified, MUFA being preferentially absorbed in the adipose tissue and PUFA in the fillet and the liver. Regarding the effect of factors we studied, our results showed that a differential determinism existed according to the type of fatty acid. The nature of lipids contained in the diet was the most important factor. This factor could influence the profile of fatty acid in the tissues through a direct effect or in interaction with other factors. Although the diet is the main factor of variation, our results showed that under condition of limited growth and for a fish with a commercial size, a content of 3% of DHA and 2% of EPA in the diet was sufficient to obtain, in the fillet, a composition in fatty acids of good quality for consumers with a limited bioconversion of PUFA
Hilaire, Nathalie. "Métabolisme cellulaire des lipides neutres cytoplasmiques et myopathie à surcharge lipidique multisystémique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30051.
Full textSaez, Gladys. "Relation entre l’engraissement intramusculaire chez le canard, la lipogénèse hépatique, la sécrétion hépatique des lipides et la capacité de captage des lipides par les muscles." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3007.
Full textIn order to explain the observed difference in intramuscular fatness between Muscovy and Pekin ducks, we compared the lipid metabolism in liver and muscle of these two species. In ad ibitum- fed ducks, we demonstrated that Muscovy duck had a higher ability to synthesise and store lipids in liver than Pekin duck which could partly explain its highest ability to produce fatty liver. Depending on feeding level (ad libitum fed or overfed ducks), the hepatic secretion of lipids under VLDL form was higher in Muscovy duck than in Pekin duck or equivalent for the two species. However, Pekin duck exporting VLDL with higher triglyceride content than those of Muscovy duck could limit the development of hepatic steatosis. This mechanism associated to a highest muscle uptake of circulating lipids, a highest ability for the storage of intramuscular lipids and a more active muscle lipogenesis could explain the highest intramuscular fatness of Pekin duck
Mateos, Diaz Eduardo. "Etude par spectroscopie infrarouge (FTIR) des interactions de la lipase pancréatique apparentée de type 2 (PLRP2) avec les phospholipides et les sels biliaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4763.
Full textGuinea pig pancreatic lipase-related protein type 2 (GPLRP2) hydrolyzes a large set of lipid substrates, but displays however some selectivity depending on the supramolecular structure of substrate and the presence of surfactants like bile salts (NaTDC). We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the interactions between phospholipids (DPPC), surfactants and GPLRP2 under conditions close to those of the GI tract. To study the adsorption step independently from hydrolysis, a GPLRP2 inactive variant (S152G) was produced. Various phospholipid dispersions were prepared: multilamellar (MLV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and mixed micelles with surfactants. GPLRP2 was found to hydrolyze DPPC present in mixed DPPC-NaTDC micelles but was inactive on DPPC vesicles and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles. FTIR analysis of GPLRP2 S152G interaction with the DPPC-NaTDC system showed a decrease in the conformational disorder and mobility of the acyl chains, a dehydratation of the interface, and changes in the orientation and H-bonding of DPPC polar head-groups. These effects were not observed with MLV, LUV and DPPC-Triton X100 micelles, thus indicating a specific recognition of DPPC in mixed phospholipid-bile salt micelles, in agreement with phospholipase activity measurements. Changes in the IR spectra during DPPC hydrolysis by GPLRP2 were monitored. Specific spectral features were associated to the production of lipolysis products and could be used for quantifying phospholipid lipolysis by FTIR
Rigalleau, Vincent. "Interactions lipides-glucides et hyperglycémie." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T203.
Full textRigalleau, Vincent. "Interactions lipides-glucides et diabète non insulino dépendant : effet d'une perfusion lipidique sur le métabolisme glucidique post-absorptif chez le patient diabétique non insulino dépendant." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23008.
Full textBailly, Anne. "Polymorphismes de gènes candidats et risque cardio-vasculaire : variabilité du métabolisme lipidique à jeun et en période postprandiale." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10450.
Full textDurand, Le Lay Véronique. "L'obésité et ses répercussions au niveau du métabolisme lipidique : point sur les connaissances actuelles." Nantes, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NANT375P.
Full textGhezzal, Sara. "Rôles des lipides alimentaires sur l'intestin : métabolisme, inflammation et fonction de barrière." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS436.
Full textThe origin of systemic inflammation observed at a subclinical level in obese patients is still unclear. Studies suggest the participation of the intestine and dietary lipids in the onset of inflammation. The aim of my thesis was to determine whether a short-term lipid supply, rich in saturated fatty acid, could compromise the intestinal barrier integrity, which could in turn increase the endotoxin passage through the intestinal mucosa, activate the immune system and trigger local or systemic inflammation. In mice, I studied the effect of a single or repeated supply of palm oil on intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory markers and microbiota. My results showed that a single supply of palm oil is sufficient to alter intestinal epithelial barrier and to modulate in the intestine the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine. A repeated supply exacerbates these deleterious effects and modifies the abundance of intestinal bacteria. The role of palmitic acid was analyzed on a polarized monolayer of the human intestinal epithelial cell line, the Caco-2/TC7 cells. The results indicated that the deleterious effects could be exert independently of microbiota and immune cell interactions and involved the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway. Altogether, my results pave the way for further studies aiming at specifying the various cellular processes in response to dietary lipids
Fougère, Hélène. "Régulation nutritionnelle du métabolisme des lipides chez la vache et la chèvre laitières." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC056/document.
Full textA comparative study of the nutritional regulation of lipid metabolism in dairy cows and goats was performed to identify the mechanisms and clarify the specificities of these 2 ruminant species in order to better control milk fat yield and quality. The effects of diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil (5% dry matter intake (DMI)) and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP) (1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) (3% DMI), on milk fat plasticity and composition, and on indicators of ruminal, intermediary and mammary metabolisms were studied in cows and goats (n=12 per species) conducted simultaneously according to a 4x4 Latin square design. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield in both species. Conversely, species-specific response of milk fat content to dietary treatment were observed: in cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (+13%) compared with CTL, and in goats, only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. The major differences observed for COS among species were attributed 1/ at differences in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) ruminal biohydrogenation (RBH) processes with a greater stability of the classical RBH pathways in goats; 2/ at the intermediary metabolism, with an increase in circulating lipids in goats suggesting a higher availability of long chain FA for mammary gland (MG). Responses on MAP treatment were attributed to similar mechanisms among species but different to those outlined for COS in terms of indicators of ruminal and intermediary metabolisms. In cows, HPO was characterized by an increased in milk 16:0 et cis-9 16:1 suggesting a favoured transport and/or uptake of 16:0 in this species. Whatever the dietary treatment the mammary lipid metabolism studied by the mRNA abundance of few lipogenic genes was not related with milk FA yields. Our results demonstrated that the milk fat plasticity in two closely related ruminant species is controlled by different mechanisms depending on species and dietary treatments. We produced a database on 24 animals of 2 species receiving 4 dietary treatments. The dataset analysis allowed us to enhance our knowledge on regulation mechanisms of milk fat synthesis. This research project will contribute for the development of monitoring tools based on milk composition phenotyping, and to propose husbandry strategies that modulate animal performance
Taki, Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude de la régulation endocrine du métabolisme des lipides neutres et des phospholipides chez les Néréidiens (Annélides Polychètes)." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10123.
Full textAbolghasemi, Armita. "Lipid mediators as regulators of lipid and energy metabolism during energy balance derangement in animal models." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67011.
Full textLes facteurs environnementaux jouent un rôle clé dans le développement du syndrome métabolique et de l'obésité, qui sont maintenant de véritables épidémies soulevant des problèmes de santé publique. Les excès de graisse corporelle dans l'obésité et la perte de masse grasse et maigre dans les conditions de dénutrition ou d'anorexie mentale sont le résultat d'un déséquilibre énergétique. Par conséquent, le maintien de l'équilibre énergétique est crucial à la fois pour la prévention de l'obésité et pour le traitement de l'anorexie mentale et d'autres formes de dénutrition. Les signaux lipidiques tels que ceux médiés par les médiateurs des endocannabinoidomes sont profondément impliqués dans le contrôle du métabolisme énergétique. Dans cette thèse, au sein de deux projets différents, nous avons étudié comment différents facteurs environnementaux, y compris la restriction calorique, l'activité physique, la supplémentation en vitamine D et les médicaments antipsychotiques, peuvent conduire à une modification du métabolisme énergétique par la modulation de la signalisation des endocannabinoïdomes. Les résultats des travaux expérimentaux montrent comment les différentes conditions étudiées provoquent des changements dans les niveaux tissulaires du médiateur lipidique endocannabinoïdome ainsi que dans l'expression de leurs récepteurs et enzymes métaboliques, ce qui peut contribuer aux changements observés de la masse grasse corporelle et du métabolisme énergétique au sein des modèles. Nous concluons que les conditions étudiées peuvent provoquer des changements dans le bilan énergétique par altération de l'endocannabinoidome.
Environmental factors play a key role in the development of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome and obesity, which are now true epidemics raising public health concerns. Both excess body fat in obesity, and fat and lean mass loss in undernutrition conditions or anorexia nervosa, are the result of energy imbalance. Therefore, maintaining energy balance is crucial for both the prevention of obesity and the treatment of anorexia nervosa and other forms of undernutrition. Lipid signals such as those mediated by endocannabinoidome mediators are deeply involved in the control of energy metabolism. In this thesis, within two different projects, we studied how different environmental factors including calorie restriction, physical activity, vitamin D supplementation and antipsychotic drugs, may lead to energy metabolism modification through modulation of the endocannabinoidome signaling. The results of the experimental work show how the different studied conditions cause changes in the tissue levels of endocannabinoidome lipid mediator as well as in the expression of their receptors and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to the observed changes in body fat mass and energy metabolism within the models. We conclude that the investigated conditions may cause changes in energy balance through alteration of the endocannabinoidome.
Baroukh, Caroline. "Metabolic modelling under non-balanced growth : application to microalgae growth for biofuels production." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20190.
Full textMetabolic modeling is a powerful tool to understand, predict and optimize bioprocesses, particularly when they imply intracellular molecules of interest. Unfortunately, the use of metabolic models for time varying metabolic fluxes is hampered by the lack of experimental data required to define and calibrate the kinetic reaction rates of the metabolic pathways. For this reason, metabolic models are often used under the balanced growth hypothesis. However, for some processes such as the photoautotrophic metabolism of microalgae, the balanced-growth assumption appears to be unreasonable because of the synchronization of their circadian cycle on the daily light. Yet, understanding microalgae metabolism is necessary to optimize the production yield of bioprocesses based on this microorganism, as for example production of third-generation biofuels.In this PhD thesis, DRUM, a new dynamic metabolic modeling framework that handles the non-balanced growth condition and hence accumulation of intracellular metabolites was developed. The first stage of the approach consists in splitting the metabolic network into sub-networks describing reactions which are spatially and functionally close, and which are assumed to satisfy balanced growth condition. The left metabolites interconnecting the sub-networks behave dynamically. Then, thanks to Elementary Flux Mode analysis, each sub-network is reduced to macroscopic reactions, for which simple kinetics are assumed. Finally, an Ordinary Differential Equation system is obtained to describe substrate consumption, biomass production, products excretion and accumulation of some internal metabolites.DRUM was applied to the accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates of the microalgae Tisochrysis lutea under day/night cycles in normal and nitrogen starvation conditions. The resulting model describes accurately experimental data. It efficiently predicts the accumulation and consumption of lipids and carbohydrates. DRUM was also applied to the microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana in dark heterotrophic growth, showing that the balanced-growth assumption was valid in this case
Claudel, Thierry. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire FXR dans le métabolisme lipidique." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P005.
Full textTremblay, André. "Étude du métabolisme des lipoprotéines dans diverses dyslipidémies." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23810/23810.pdf.
Full textBennis, Abdel-Haq. "Contribution à l'étude des lipides et lipoprotéines sériques ou plasmatiques de la chèvre." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT013A.
Full textGully, Djamel. "La thioestérase YbgC, l'Acyl Carrier Protein et le métabolisme des phospholipides chez Escherichia coli." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22072.pdf.
Full textHervé, Perrine. "Caractérisation d'une phospholipase patatin-like impliquée dans la biologie des gouttelettes lipidiques chez Trypanosoma brucei." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0378.
Full textAfrican trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites responsible for deadly diseases in humans (Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) and animals (animal African trypanosomiasis or Nagana). Trypanosoma brucei is the study model for these pathogens. This parasite alternates between a mammal host and a bloodsucking insect that allows vectorial transmission, the tsetse fly, found in Sub-Saharan Africa. During this lifecycle, the pathogen must cross several tissues (skin, bloodstream and lymph and adipose tissue in the mammal; midgut and salivary glands in the insect), and shows great capacities of adaptation in these different environments. To complete this cycle and adapt to its hosts, T. brucei is able to quickly modify its morphology and metabolism. In this context, the mobilization and utilization of lipids is particularly essential to the parasite’s survival. These molecules are involved in various cellular processes, including the maintenance and renewal of cellular membranes (made of phospholipids), energy metabolism, cellular signaling pathways and gene expression regulation. This mobilization is made possible by a highly dynamic compartment called lipid droplets. This atypical organelle, surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, forms a metabolic platform and represents a growing interest in human health due to its potential roles in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancers. In protozoan parasites, the very recent interest in lipid droplets shows roles in the survival and virulence in the mammal host.The objective of this thesis was to identify and characterize new proteins associated with the lipid droplets of T. brucei to understand the organelle’s function in the parasite. We discovered a new phospholipase of the patatin-like family, which we called TbPat. We showed through different imaging techniques that TbPat localizes to the surface of the lipid droplets of the parasites. The expression of this protein is tightly regulated and can be induced during the formation of new lipid droplets, demonstrating the implication of this protein in the dynamics of the compartment. Overexpression and deletion of the protein significantly impacts the diameter and number of lipid droplets in the parasites, associated with a complete remodeling of their lipid profile. Finally, directed mutagenesis coupled with lipidomic analysis showed that TbPat is an active phospholipase.This project allowed the characterization of the first phospholipase involved in lipid droplet biology in trypanosomes, and paves the way for new studies to elucidate the functions of this organelle in protozoan parasites and in other, more complex eukaryotic cellular types
Mossab, Amal. "Effet des acides gras polyinsaturés alimentaires sur le métabolisme lipidique du dindon conséquences sur la qualité de la viande." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR4002.
Full textEl, Kebbaj Zakaria. "La β-oxydation peroxysomale des acides gras : rôle de l’acyl-CoA oxydase et régulation par les PPARs chez la gerboise (Jaculus orientalis)." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS064.
Full textAs true hibernator, jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) is an excellent animal model to study lipid metabolism adaptation to low body temperature. During hibernation state, jerboa body temperature drops from 37°C to 10°C and its heart frequency decreases from 300 to 10 beat/min. Hibernation, in Jaculus orientalis, is preceded by prehibernating period during which the animal increases its fat content indicating a natural seasonal obesity. In this context, we have studied a peroxisomal fatty acids β-oxidation and its regulation during hibernation by the nuclear receptor PPARalpha (peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor). Our results describe for the first time the occurrence of two PPARalpha isoforms in rodent liver like jerboa (absent in rat and mice): PPARalpha1wt (active) and PPARalpha2tr (playing a dominant negative role on PPARalpha1wt). We have shown the importance of the ratio of PPARalpha1wt / PPARalpha2tr in the control of its target genes (ACOX-1, BFE, catalase, PMP70). Thus, during hibernating state, the increased availability of active PPARa1wt, is a result of a decline in the PPARalpha2 mRNA and its protein expression accompanied by a concomitant induction of PPARalpha thermogenic coactivator PGC-1alpha. Our results strongly suggest that PPARalpha is subject to a hibernation-dependent splicing regulation in response to feeding-fasting conditions, which defines the activity of PPARalpha and the activation of the hepatic peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway. Interestingly, sustained activation of PPARalpha by its hypolipidemic ligand, ciprofibrate, abrogates the adaptive fasting response of PPARalpha during prehibernation and overinduces its target genes, disrupting the prehibernation fattening process. Elsewhere, in heart, such fatty acids peroxisomal degradation system is involved in the energy supply, particularly during hibernation. Indeed, we were able to identify in heart the presence of a hibernation-dependent peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX-1) isoenzyme. Underlining the remarkable role of peroxisome fatty acid β-oxidation during the critical hibernation period. In addition, we partially purified the liver ACOX-1 and conducted a biochemical study. Hepatic ACOX-1 follows an allosteric kinetic at 37 ° C, whereas at 10 ° C it follows a michaelien kinetic, this makes the temperature an allosteric effector of ACOX-1 activity
Blavy, Pierre. "Identification des éléments clefs du métabolisme des lipides et de leurs régulateurs." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541207.
Full textAl, Makdessi Samar. "Influence de la β-stimulation adrénergique sur le métabolisme des lipides myocardiques." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO1H055.
Full textSen, Partho. "Modélisation intégrée du métabolisme des lipides chez Plasmodium, parasite causal du paludisme." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20153/document.
Full textMalaria is responsible of the death of up to one million people each year. This disease is caused by Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite. In this thesis we have developed systems biology approaches to the study of phospholipid (PL) metabolism and its regulation in Plasmodium. These pathways are of primary importance for the survival of the parasite. At the blood stage, Plasmodium species display a bewildering number of PL synthetic pathways that are rarely found together in a single organism (i) the ancestral prokaryotic CDPdiacylglycerol dependent pathway (ii) the eukaryotic type de novo CDP-choline and CDPethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways (iii) P. falciparum and P. knowlesi exhibits additional reactions that bridge some of these routes. A plant-like pathway that relies on serine to provide additional PC and PE, is named the serine decarboxylase-phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (SDPM) pathway. To understand the dynamics of PL acquisition and metabolism in Plasmodium we have used fluxomic data to build a quantitative kinetic model. In vitro incorporation dynamics of phospholipids unravels multiple synthetic pathways. A detailed metabolic network with values of the kinetic parameters (maximum rates and Michaelis constants) has been built. In order to obtain a global search in the parameter space, we have designed a hybrid, discrete and continuous, optimisation method. Discrete parameters were used to sample the cone of admissible fluxes, whereas the continuous Michaelis and maximum rates constants were obtained by local minimization of an objective function.The model was used to predict the distribution of fluxes within the network of various metabolic precursors. The quantitative analysis was used to understand eventual links between different pathways. The major source of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the CDP-choline Kennedy pathway. In silico knock-out experiments showed comparable importance of phosphoethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PMT) and phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) for PC synthesis. The flux values indicate that, major part of serine derived phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is formed via serine decarboxylation, whereas the phosphatidylserine (PS) is mainly predominated by base-exchange reactions. Metabolic control analysis of CDP-choline pathway shows that the carrier-mediated choline entry into the parasite and the phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase reaction have the largest control coefficients in this pathway, but does not distinguish a reaction as an unique rate-limiting step.With a vision to understand regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum and its influence on the metabolite expression, we have performed an integrative bioinformatic studies. The study integrates transcriptome and metabolome data for the main enzymes involved in PL metabolism. The study of the correlated time dependence of metabolic and transcriptomic variables during the intraerythrocytic cycle showed that there are two modes of activation of PL pathways. Kennedy pathways are activated during schizogony and early ring stages, whereas SDPM and base exchange pathways are activated during late ring and tropozoite stages
Battesti, Aurélia. "Rôle de l'interaction entre l'AcyL Carrier protein et SpoT : un lien génétique et physique entre la réponse stringente et le métabolisme des lipides." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22100.pdf.
Full textBacteria respond to various nutritional stresses by producing (p)ppGpp. The accumulation of this nucleotide triggers the stringent response, which is characterized by growth arrest and the modulation of gene expression. E. Coli contains two enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolism, RelA and SpoT. RelA responds to amino acid starvation by a well known mechanism, whereas SpoT produces (p)ppGpp during fatty acid or carbon starvation but the mechanism for this response is unknown. During my thesis, we characterized a physical interaction between SpoT and Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP), a central co-factor in fatty acid synthesis. The loss of this interaction prevents (p)ppGpp accumulation in response to fatty acid starvation, supporting the idea that the ACP/SpoT interaction is involved in SpoT-dependent stress response. This led us to propose a model in which an ACP modification signals fatty acid starvation to SpoT, triggering a conformational switch in SpoT and so leading to (p)ppGpp synthesis. Then, in order to study the importance of the ACP/SpoT interaction in bacterial physiology, we have engineered E. Coli strains in which this interaction is abolished by introducing specific point mutations in spoT gene. These strains present growth phenotypes and envelope defects. Furthermore, the response to fatty acids starvation and the interaction between ACP and SpoT mutated proteins in these strains are affected in a ΔrelA context but not in a relA+ context, suggesting a role for RelA in the ACP/SpoT interaction. Studying the conservation of the ACP/SpoT interaction between bacterial species, we show that this interaction is only present in bacteria containing SpoT enzymes. Lastly, we characterized an interaction network centred on SpoT, linking translation and lipid metabolism proteins. All these data suggest that the ACP/SpoT interaction is important for bacterial physiology, even more during starvation condition
Rudwill, Floriane. "Conséquences d’une simulation d’impesanteur de 21 jours chez l’homme sur le métabolisme des lipides et effets d’une supplémentation en protéines testée comme contremesure." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ009/document.
Full textDuring 21 days of simulated microgravity, the development of several metabolic alterations has been studied: a low-grade inflammation and an alteration of insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Known for their positive effect on metabolism, whey proteins supplementation combined with alkaline salts have also been tested. At the opposite of previous studies, no inflammation, nor lipid metabolism alterations have clearly been described. Nevertheless, a decrease in carbohydrates oxidation in favor of lipids is observed, suggesting the development of insulin insensitivity. Our data suggest that it may be possible to prevent the metabolic disorders associated with severe physical inactivity by anisocaloric replacement of lipids by proteins in the diet, along with a protein intake of 1.2g/kg/day and tight control of energy balance by adjusting energy intake
Crouzet, Bravais Fabienne. "Métabolisme in vivo d'un produit de la péroxydation lipidique, le 4-hydroxynonenal." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT014G.
Full textChanson, Nathalie. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les lipoprotéines plasmatiques et les émulsions lipidiques intraveineuses." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P619.
Full textIn parenteral nutrition, lipids are delivered in the form of intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE),which contain triglycerid-rich particles (TGRP) and phospholipid-rich particles. In vitro and in the bloodstream, ILE particles interact with lipoproteins (apolipoprotein acquisition and lipid exchanges). In the present work, a new type of interaction between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and ILE particles, was observed. After incubation, some apo B, was measured in the incubated emulsion fraction, despite they are structural non-exchangeable apolipoprotein of LDL. These results suggest the formation of LDL-TGRP complex, which are separated by ultracentrifugation and chromatography and this was confirmed by electron microscopy [. . . ]
Play, Barbara. "Influence du rythme alimentaire et de l'index glycémique sur le métabolisme lipidique postprandial : études chez l'homme sain et sur modèles cellulaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20658.
Full textSeveral studies show an inverse relationship between meal frequency and body mass. In France, we are used to consume three meals daily (breakfast, lunch and dinner) or four meals with the consumption of a fourth meal called in french " goûter ", eaten in the mid-afternoon. This nutritional study was conducted in order to assess the effects of these two patterns (three or four meals) on many blood parameters involved in postprandial metabolism, in relation with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thirty volunteers have been included and divided into three groups depending on their dietary habits: a no-" goûter " group and two " goûter " groups, with a different value of the " goûter " glycemic index. In order to have a comparable energy intake and the same nutrient supply during the day, the " goûter " of the " goûter " group was consumed by no-" goûter " group as a supplement to their dinner. We observed the existence of different profiles depending on the eating pattern, the no-" goûter " group having high insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations in the evening, conditions which can accentuate synthesis and body fat storage. Even if in our study no effect of the glycemic index value has been observed, carbohydrates and lipids, ingested together at the same meal, are able to interact. In this context, we have observed on the intestinal Caco-2 cells an increase in the cholesterol uptake in presence of apical glucose. These interactions should be associated to the dietary habits, other studies are still necessary to determine the optimal meal frequency and the nature of digestible carbohydrates in the context of carbohydrates-lipids relations. Obviously, the intestinal cell play a crucial role in these phenomena
Dubois, Christophe. "Effets des nutriments lipidiques et des fibres alimentaires sur le métabolisme des lipides en période post-prandiale chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30091.
Full textPlourde, Mélanie. "Etude des effets physiologiques des acides alpha-linoléniques conjugués." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS058.
Full textMosconi, Bac Nadine. "Effets de l'alimentation sur les caractères structuraux et métaboliques du foie de loup Dicentrarchus labrax en aquaculture." Perpignan, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PERP0147.
Full textChardigny, Jean-Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de l'influence, chez le rat, de la nature des lipides du régime alimentaire sur la composition biochimique du myocarde et sur les paramètres mécaniques et électriques du cœur isolé et perfusé par voie atriale gauche." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS011.
Full textDejeans, Nicolas. "Etude du rôle du stress métabolique hyperlipidique dans le développement des pathologies cardiovasculaires par approches transcriptomique et protéomique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF1MM06.
Full textCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death in the world. A great number of risk factors are involved in the etiology of these pathologies, including insulin-resistance, hyperlipæmia, visceral obesity and hypertension. All of these could be at least in part related to unhealthy alimentary habits. The association of high saturated fat consumption with the occurence of CVD is now well established. Pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases, particularly atherothrombosis, have been the subject of intensive research. The involvement of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are now well established. This served as the basis for new therapeutic strategies. If knowledge of the molecular processes involved in atherothrombosis is now fairly well known, little information is available regarding the early stages of the pathogenesis. The metabolic stress, due to high consumption of fat, is one of those stages. This stress has recently been identified during postprandial hyperlipæmia. Indeed, vascular dysfunction and elevated concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation have been observed after a lipid challenge in healthy men. First, in order to characterize more precisely the metabolic stress, the influence of a high-fat diet for a short period of time of 3 weeks has been explored in a mouse model. We have shown that this short time of high fat consumption was sufficient to establish metabolic disturbances (hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycæ mia). In parallel to these metabolic changes, regulation of expression of some key genes involved in lipid metabolism was studied in liver. Among them, overexpression of the gene coding for "serum amyloid A" and resulting increase of its plasma protein concentration, suggest the induction of inflammatory processes following the 3 weeks high-fat diet. After that, the transcriptomic analysis of mice aortas was performed. This study revealed a broad response of extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton genes, and suggests vascular tissue remodelling following high fat consumption. Secondly, the metabolic stress induced during the postprandial hyperlipæmic state was studied by a proteomic analysis of plasma withdrawn after a high-fat challenge in healthy men. The obtained results have underlined the importance of post-translational modifications during the postprandial period, especially in the case of complement (C3, C4 anf ficollin 3) and hemostatic system (fibrinogen) proteins. The postprandial dysfunction of vascular endothelium was then investigated in an ex vivo model, by a transcriptomic approach. This study reveals that postprandial hyperlipæmic serum has an antiproliferative effect on vascular endothelial cells and leads to genne expression variations in favour of cell cycle arrest and of induction of apoptosis in these cells. These results confirm a deleterious effect of the postprandial hyperlipæmic period on the vascular endothelium, and provide new data on the involved molecular mechanisms. In conclusion, our work provides new data for a better understanding of the biological processes involved in the metabolic stress induced after high-fat consumption leading to vascular dysfunction
Lemieux, Christian. "Effets et mécanismes d'action d'un modulateur sélectif des récepteurs des oestrogènes sur le métabolisme des lipides." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22502/22502.pdf.
Full textCara, Louis. "Effets des produits céréaliers riches en fibres sur la digestion des lipides et le métabolisme des lipoprotéines plasmatiques chez le rat et chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30014.
Full textMonier, Maëlle. "Modification du métabolisme énergétique et carboné au cours du cycle de Leishmania infantum." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES117.
Full textLeishmania spp. is a unicellular parasite of the Trypanosomatidae family, responsible for leishmaniasis. Leishmania is transmitted to Vertebrate hosts by a sand-fly vector of the Psychodidae family. In the sand-fly, procyclic promastigotes (PP), the non-infectious form of the parasite, localize in the gut. By migrating to the vector's salivary glands, PP become metacyclic promastigotes (PM), the infectious form of the parasite. PM are then transmitted to the vertebrate host through a blood meal, where once in the host's macrophages, they differentiate into amastigote (A), the pathogenic stage of the parasite. The life cycle starts over by further transmission of A to other sand-flies through a new blood meal, where the parasite become PP in the sand fly gut. These environmental variations lead Leishmania to adapt its metabolism to survive. In a first part, this work aimed at studying central carbon metabolism changes and lipid peroxidation, which were characterized using transcriptomic and metabolomic in Leishmania infantum. The transcriptomic and metabolomic results demonstrated significant diversity in gene expression between PP, PM and A, focusing on lipid metabolism between PP and PM, but carbon metabolism between PM and A. In A, compared to PP and PM, glutaminolysis appeared to remain stable but TCA cycle and glycolysis enzymes were down-regulated while metabolites quantities were equal. Lipid peroxidation was decreased in A. β-oxidation was up-regulated however purine and pyrimidine synthesis were strongly down-regulated. These results demonstrate a reduced use of carbon metabolism except for β-oxidation in A compared to PP and PM, meaning that A seems to have a slower metabolism. In a second part of the present work, the investigation on the parasite life cycle focused on lipid metabolism, as part one of this work showed that hydroxylated lipids quantities in A are reduced compared to PP and PM. This decrease was reproduced in vitro in PM using a nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) treatment (Paloque et al., 2019). NDGA induced a morphologic transition of treated PM (PM NDGA), reversible and non-lethal for the parasite, suggesting a PM - A transition NDGA induced. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated (i) PM NDGA clustered with A, (ii) PM NDGA exhibited similar amastigotes-specific genes expression as A and (iii) TCA cycle, glycolysis and purine and pyrimidine synthesis expression in PM NDGA were close to A levels but different from PM results. These findings taken together showed a PM - A transition induced by NDGA, creating a potential target for modulating parasite infectivity
Lassalle, Marie-Christine. "Effets d'un régime hypocalorique, à court terme, sur les paramètres lipidiques et glucidiques dans l'obésité." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M061.
Full textHuynh, Van Biet. "Étude de l’architecture racinaire, du métabolisme des lipides membranaires et des gènes associés chez le riz Oryza sativa L. dans le cadre de la toxicité aluminique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1067.
Full textSoil acidity combined with the presence of Aluminium ions is a major environmental stress limiting rice (Oryza sativa) production. In this work, root growth and root morphology of nine vietnamese rice varieties and two IRRI reference varieties (one Al-resistant, one Al-sensitive) were studied in hydroponic conditions. Analysis of membrane lipid composition as well as the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was also performed. Results showed that Al toxicity influenced negatively the whole root system : Al inhibited the elongation rate of the principal root and the lateral roots ; it decreased the root volume and the number of lateral roots. Al accumulated in root and leaf tissues. Al accumulation was negatively correlated with the amounts of Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium in plant tissues. Membrane lipid contents also decreased in roots and shoots, and these decreases were more important in the sensitive varieties than in the tolerant ones. In the shoots, linolenic acid C18:3 content was mostly affected, and in the roots linoleic acid C18:2. Furthermore, in the leaves Al provoked a large decrease in the main lipid of thylakoid membranes monogalactosyl diacylglycerol MGDG. In the roots, it decreased the phosphatidylcholine PC content. Lipid and fatty acid changes were more pronounced in Al-susceptible varieties than in tolerant ones. The expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of the main m embrane lipids during Al treatment correlated well with the time-course of membrane lipid composition. Our results indicated that lipids could play an important role in the integrity and function of cell membranes, and that they could be implicated in the capacity of plants to tolerate the presence of aluminium toxic ions in the environment
Rakotomanga, Michaëlle. "Interaction de la miltéfosine avec les membranes et avec le métabolisme lipidique de Leishmania donovani." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114830.
Full textMiltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine [HePC]) is the first orally active antileishmanial drug. In this work, the Leishmania donovani lipid analysis showed that HePC acts upon the membrane composition and the lipid metabolism of parasites. A new HPLC technique allowing an one-step phospholipid analysis was developped, showing a decrease of phosphatidylcholine polar head group amount and an augmentation of phosphatidylethanolamine, after treatment of parasites with HePC. That suggests an inhibition of phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase by HePC whereas phospholipase D activity was no affected. HePC resistance affected fatty acid desaturases bringing about a fluidity diminution of resistant leishmania membranes, so HePC insertion became more difficult. This work was emphasized, using lipid monolayers, a strong affinity between HePC and sterols suggesting HePC with membrane lipids rafts