Academic literature on the topic 'Le Nain'

This study investigates spelling variants of the name of the city where Jesus raises the only son of a widow, in Lk 7.11: Nain or Naim. The study develops along three lines: textual critic, Hebraic etymology, ancient geography. The investigation eventually raises the question of the theological significance of the miracle of Nain.

Single crystals of In2.24(NCN)3 and NaIn(N CN)2 can be synthesized from a reaction between InBr and NaCN at 400 °C, followed by chemical transport at 400-500 °C. The X-ray crystal structure determinations of In2.24(NCN)3 (rhombohedral R3̄c, a = 606.09(4), c = 2884.4(2) pm, Z = 6) and NaIn(NCN)2 (orthorhombic Cmcm, a = 961.30(6), b = 716.84(5), c = 603.65(4) pm, Z = 4) reveal ionic layer structures built from sheets of cationic and anionic (cyanamide) motifs. While NaIn(NCN)2 contains In3+ and Na+ ions, In2.24(NCN)3 is a mixedvalence compound, incorporating a monovalent In+ ion besides trivalent indium. The NCN2- units of both In2.24(NCN)3 and NaIn(NCN)2 reflect perfect D∞h point group symmetry within the limits of experimental accuracy. Furthermore, an evaluation of all presently available crystallographic data on metal cyanamide crystal structures manifests that there is no evidence for a non-centrosymmetric description of any of these. Likewise, we propose an alternative centrosymmetric structural model for lead cyanamide, PbNCN, and question the evidence of the unsymmetrical, non-D∞h shaped cyanamide anion in the latter structure.

Archean gneisses of the Nain Province in the Nain area, Labrador, comprise narrow septa between intrusions of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite. This region occupies a critical position between the northern (Saglek) and southern (Hopedale) blocks of the Nain Province, which experienced distinct thermotectonic histories until the late Archean. Field and geochronological evidence are indicative of a strong late Archean thermotectonic overprint that is absent from most of the remainder of the Nain Province. Archean gneisses were intruded by granites and mafic dykes at 2578 ± 3 and [Formula: see text], respectively, and subsequently subjected to amphibolite- to granulite-facies regional metamorphism and ductile shearing at ca. 2550 Ma; granite veins and dykes related to the Nain Plutonic Suite were emplaced at ca. 1310 Ma. The Archean events are interpreted to represent the juxtapositioning and final docking of Saglek and Hopedale blocks to form a single, stable cratonic mass during the late Archean. Corroborative evidence indicates that the collisional boundary zone could extend at least 200 km to the north and 150 km to the south of Nain. This late Archean junction may have subsequently been exploited by several Paleoproterozoic granitic intrusions and some members of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite.

ABSTRAKKajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa struktur komunitas dan keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Nain Kecamatan Wori, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Pulau Nain adalah salah satu pulau yang masuk dalam kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Bunaken dan memiliki kawasan budidaya rumput laut yang masih produktif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan primer. Data yang dibutuhkan dalam kajian ini meliputi data dimensi ekologi, sosial ekonomi, dan kelembagaan. Analisis yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah RAPMECS (Rapid Appraisal for Mangroves Ecosystem) dengan analisis multy dimensional scaling (MDS). Hasil yang diperoleh dari kajian ini adalah luasan mangrove Pulau Nain sebesar 4.40 ha, memiliki dua jenis mangrove yaitu Rhizophora apiculata dan Avicennia marinna masing-masing dari family Avicenniaceae dan Rhizophoraceae. Indeks nilai penting (INP) jenis tertinggi terlihat pada jenis Rhizophora apiculata (79.64%) sedangkan jenis Avicennia marinna (79.64%). Ekosistem mangrove Pulau Nain dalam kondisi yang baik, tapi secara kuantitas belum optimal sebagai buffer sistem lingkungan pesisir. Status keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove Pulau Nain menunjukkan angka 46,89 yang berarti status keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove pulau ini berada dalam kondisi cukup baik. Keterisolasian pulau, luasan mangrove yang kecil, luas pulau yang kecil dan rendahnya kualitas sumberdaya manusia membuat pulau ini memiliki nilai yang kurang baik untuk keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove Pulau Nain. Pemantauan secara berkala dan strategi pengelolaan yang baik dapat meningkatkan indeks keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove serta meningkatkan kapasitas lingkungan pesisir Pulau Nain.ABSTRACTThe aims of this study are to analyze the community structure and sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management in Nain Island, Wori District, North Minahasa, North Sulawesi Province. Nain Island is one of the islands rlocated in Bunaken National Park conservation area and has productive seaweed cultivation area. This study used secondary and primary data. Data required in this study are included dimension data of ecological, socio-economic, and institutional. The analysis that used in this study was RAPMECS (Rapid Appraisal for Mangroves Ecosystem) through multy dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. The results obtained from this study are mangroves area in Nain Island was 4.40 ha, has two types of mangroves Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marinna respectively belong to family Avicenniaceae and Rhizophoraceae. The highest species importance value index (INP) wasfound in Rhizophora apiculata (79.64%) while Avicennia marinna (79.64%). Mangrove ecosystem in Nain Island are in good condition, but in quantity not yet optimal as buffer for coastal environment system. The sustainability status of mangrove ecosystem management of Nain Island shows 46.89 which means that the sustainability status of mangrove ecosystem management of this island is in fair condition. Isolation of island small mangrove areas, small islands and low quality of human resources make this island has a poor value for the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management. Regular monitoring and good management strategies can improve the sustainability index of mangrove ecosystem management and increase the capacity of the coastal environment of Nain Island.Sitasi: Schaduw J.N.W. (2018). Struktur Komunitas Dan Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove Pulau-Pulau Kecil (Kasus Pada Pulau Nain Kabupaten Minahasa Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Utara). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(2), 120-129,doi:10.14710/jil.16.2.120-129

The Son of the Widow from Nain.By Kaj ThaningThis article intends to elucidate the distinctions that Grundtvig made in his world of ideas in the course of the years from 1824 to 1834, first between spirit and letter, church and church-school (1826-1830), and then between natural life and Christian life (in 1832). In His "Literary Testament" (1827), Grundtvig himself admits that there was a "Chaos" in his writings, due to the youthful fervour that pervaded his literary works and his sermons in the years 1822-1824. But not until 1832 does he acknowledge that "when I speak or write as a citizen, or a bard, or a scholar, it is not the time nor the place to either preach or confess, so when I have done so, it was a mistake which can only be excused with the all too familiar disorder pertaining to our church, our civic life, and our scholarship...", as it says in a passage omitted from the manuscript for "Norse Mythology”, 1832. (The passage is printed in its entirety in ”A Human first...”, p. 259f.)The point of departure for Thaning’s article is a sermon on the Son of the Widow from Nain, delivered in 1834, which the editor, Christian Thodberg also found "singularly personal”, since Grundtvig keeps using the pronoun ”1”. In this sermon Grundtvig says that those who have heard him preaching on this text before, would remember that he regarded the mourning widow as ”an image of the same broken heart at all times”, and her comforter, Jesus, not only as a great prophet in Israel, but ”as the living Being who sees us and is with us always until the end of the world”. Thodberg is of the opinion that Grundtvig refers to his sermon from 1823. Thaning, however, thinks that the reference is to the sermon from 1824. But Grundtvig adds that one may now rightly ask him whether he ’’still regards the gospel for the day with the same eyes, the same hope and fear as before.” He wants to discuss this, among other things ’’because the best thing we can do when we grow old is ... to develop and explain what in the days of our youth .. sprang up before our eyes and echoes in our innermost mind.” In other words, he speaks as if he had grown old. So Thaning asks: "What happened on the way from Our Saviour’s Church to Frederick’s Church?"Thaning’s answer is that there was a change in Grundtvig’s view of life. Already in his first sermon in 1832, he says that his final and truly real hour as a pastor has now arrived. Thaning’s explanation is that Grundtvig has now passed from the time of strong emotions to that of calm reflections. Not until now does he realize "what is essential and what is not". And in 1834 he says that our Christian views, too, must go through a purgatorial fire when we grow older. This is not only true of the lofty views of human life which, naturally, go through this purgatory and most often lose themselves in it. Here Grundtvig distinguishes between natural and Christian life which is something new in a sermon. Thaning adds that this purgatorial fire pervades Grundtvig’s drafts for the Introduction to "Norse Mythology" in 1832. But then, Grundtvig’s lofty views did not lose themselves in purgatory. He got through it. His view of life changed. (Here Thaning refers to his dissertation, "A Human First...", p. 306ff).This is vaguely perceptible throughout the sermon in question. But according to Thaning Grundtvig slightly distorts the picture of his old sermon. In the latter he did not mix up natural and Christian life. It is Thaning’s view that Grundtvig is thinking of the distinct mixture of Christianity and Danish national feeling in the poem "New Year’s Morning" (1824). But he also refers to Grundtvig’s sermon on Easter Monday, 1824, printed in Helge Toldberg’s dissertation, "Grundtvig’s World of Symbols" (1950), p. 233ff, showing that he has been captured by imagery in a novel manner. He seems to want to impose himself upon his audience. In 1834 he knows he has changed. But 1832 is the dividing year. In the passage omitted from the manuscript for "Norse Mythology", Grundtvig states explicitly that faith is "a free matter": "Faith is a matter of its own, and truly each man’s own matter". Grundtvig could not say this before 1832. Thaning is of the opinion that this new insight lies behind the distinction that he makes in the sermon in 1834, where he says that he used to mix up Christian life with "the natural life of our people", which involved the risk that his Christian view might be misinterpreted and doubted. Now it has been through purgatory. And in the process it has only lost its "absurdity and obscurity, which did not come from the Lord, but from myself”.Later in the sermon he says: "The view is no more obscured by my Danish national feeling; I certainly do not by any means fail to appreciate the particularly friendly relationship that has prevailed through centuries between the Christian faith and the life of this people, and nor do I by any means renounce my hope that the rebirth of Christianity here will become apparent to the world, too, as a good deed, but yet this is only a dream, and the prophet will by no means tell us such dreams, but he bids us separate them sharply from the word of God, like the straw from the grain...". This cannot be polemically directed against his own sermons from 1824. It must necessarily reflect a reaction against the fundamental view expressed in "New Year’s Morning" and its vision of Christianity and Danishness in one. (Note that in his dissertation for the Degree of Divinity, Bent Christensen calls the poem "a dream", as Thaning adds).In his "Literary Testament" (1827) Grundtvig speaks about the "Chaos" caused by "the spirits of the Bible, of history, and of the Nordic countries, whom I serve and confuse in turn." But there is not yet any recognition of the same need for a distinction between Danishness and Christianity, which in the sermon he calls "the straw and the grain". Here he speaks of the distinction between "church and church-school, Christianity and theology, the spirit of the Bible and the letter of the Bible", as a consequence of his discovery in 1825. He still identifies the spirit of human history with the spirit of the Bible: "Here is the explanation over my chaos", Grundtvig says. But it is this chaos that resolves itself, leading to the insight and understanding in the sermon from 1834.In the year after "The Literary Testament", 1828, Grundtvig publishes the second part of his "Sunday Book", in which the only sermon on the Son of the Widow in this work appears. It is the last sermon in this volume, and it is an elaboration of the sermon from 1824. What is particularly characteristic of it is its talk about hope. "When the heart sees its hope at death’s door, where is comfort to be found for it, save in a divine voice, intoning Weep not!" Here Grundtvig quotes St. John 3:16 and says that when this "word of Life" is heard, when hope revives and rises from its bier, is it not then, and not until then, that we feel that God has visited his people...?" In the edition of this sermon in the "Sunday Book" a note of doubt has slipped in which did not occur in the original sermon from 1824. The conclusion of the sermon bears evidence that penitential Christianity has not yet been overcome: "What death would be too hard a transition to eternal life?" - "Then, in the march of time, let it stand, that great hope which is created by the Word ... like the son of the great woman from Nain."It is a strange transition to go from this sermon to the next one about the son of the widow, the sermon from 1832, where Christ is no longer called "hope". The faith has been moved to the present: "... only in the Word do we find him, the Word was the sign of life when we rose from the dead, and if we fell silent, it was the sign of death." - "Therefore, as the Lord has visited us and has opened our mouths, we shall speak about him always, in the certain knowledge that it is as necessary and as pleasurable as to breathe..." The emphasis of faith is no longer in words like longing and hope.In a sense this and other sermons in the 1830s anticipate the hymn "The Lord has visited his people" ("Hymn Book" (Sangv.rk) I, no. 23): the night has turned into morning, the sorrow has been removed. The gospel has become the present. As before the Church is compared with the widow who cried herself blind at the foot of the cross. Therefore the Saviour lay in the black earth, nights and days long. But now the Word of life has risen from the dead and shall no more taste death. The dismissal of the traditional Christianity, handed down from the past, is extended to include the destructive teaching in schools. The young man on the bier has been compared with the dead Christianity which Grundtvig now rejects. At an early stage Grundtvig was aware of its effects, such as in the Easter sermon in 1830 ("Sunday Book" III, p. 263) where Grundtvig speaks as if he had experienced a breakthrough to his new view. So, the discovery of the Apostles’ Creed in 1825 must have been an enormous feeling of liberation for him – from the worship of the letter that so pervaded his age. Grundtvig speaks about the "living, certain, oral, audible" word in contrast to the "dead, uncertain, written, mute" sign in the book. However, there is as yet no mention of the "Word from the Mouth of our Lord", which belongs to a much later time. Only then does he acquire the calm confidence that enables him to preach on the background of what has happened that the Word has risen from the dead. The question to ask then is what gave him this conviction."Personally I think that it came to him at the same time as life became a present reality for him through the journeys to England," Thaning says. By the same token, Christianity also became a present reality. The discovery of 1825 was readily at hand to grant him a means of expression to convey this present reality and the address to him "from the Lord’s own mouth", on which he was to live. It is no longer enough for him to speak about "the living, solemn evidence at baptism of the whole congregation, the faith we are all to share and confess" as much more certain than everything that is written in all the books of the world. The "Sunday Book" is far from containing the serene insight which, in spite of everything, the Easter sermon, written incidentally on Easter Day, bears witness to. But in 1830 he was not yet ready to sing "The Lord has visited his people", says Thaning.In the sermon from 1834 one meets, as so often in Grundtvig, his emphasis on the continuity in his preaching. In the mourning widow he has always seen an image of the Church, as it appears for the first time in an addition to the sermon on the text in the year 1821 ("Pr.st. Sermons", vol I, p. 296). It ends with a clue: "The Church of Christ now is the Widow of Nain". He will probably have elaborated that idea and concluded his sermon with it. Nevertheless, as it has appeared, the sermon in 1834 is polemically directed against his former view, the mixture of Christian and natural life. He recognizes that there is an element of "something fantastic" sticking to the "view of our youth".Already in a draft for a sermon from March 4,1832, Grundtvig says:"... this was truly a great error among us that we contented ourselves with an obscure and indefinite idea of the Spirit as well as the Truth, for as a consequence of that we were so doubtful and despondent, and we so often mistook the letter for the spirit, or the spirit of phantasy and delusion for that of God..." (vol. V, p. 79f).The heart-searchings which this sermon draft and the sermon on the 16th Sunday after Trinity are evidence of, provide enough argument to point to 1832 as a year of breakthrough. We, his readers, would not have been able to indicate the difference between before and now with stronger expressions than Grundtvig’s own. "He must really have turned into a different kind of person", Thaning says. At the conclusion of the article attention is drawn to the fact that the image of the Son of the Widow also appears in an entirely different context than that of the sermon, viz. in the article about Popular Life and Christianity that Grundtvig wrote in 1847. "What still remains alive of Danish national feeling is exactly like the disconsolate widow at the gate of Nain who follows her only begotten son to the grave" (US DC, p. 86f). The dead youth should not be spoken to about the way to eternal life, but a "Rise!" should be pronounced, and that apparently means: become a living person! On this occasion Grundtvig found an opportunity to clarify his ideas. His "popular life first" is an extension of his "a human being first" from 1837. He had progressed over the last ten years. But the foundation was laid with the distinction between Christian and natural life at the beginning of the 1830s.

In this note we give a counterexample which shows that the µc-rule is not optimal in the second node of the tandem queue. This counterexample contradicts the interchange argument in Nain [1] and Nain et al. [2].

In this note we give a counterexample which shows that the µc-rule is not optimal in the second node of the tandem queue. This counterexample contradicts the interchange argument in Nain [1] and Nain et al. [2].

The Paleoproterozoic southeastern Churchill Province (SECP) is located in the northeastern Canadian Shield of Labrador and Quebec. The SECP formed through the oblique collisions of the Archean Nain and Superior cratons with a third intervening Archean block, the core zone. The belt has a tripartite structure, comprising the Torngat Orogen (TO) formed by Nain craton – core zone collision in the east, the core zone in the centre, and the New Quebec Orogen (NQO) formed by Superior craton – core zone collision in the west. The SECP thus records transpressional development on the flanks of the Superior and Nain cratons as they indented northwards to form the larger Trans-Hudson – Nagssugtoqidian orogenic belt to the north. Principal stages of tectonic development were (1) 2.2–2.1 Ga crustal rifting of Nain and Superior cratons; (2) ca. 1.9 Ga subduction under eastern Nain craton; (3) ca. 1.87–1.85 Ga collision of Nain craton and core zone to form the TO; (4) 1.845–1.820 Ga sinistral transpression in the TO, and subduction under the western core zone; and (5) 1.82–1.77 Ga collision of Superior craton and core zone to form the NQO, in association with dextral transpression. Crustal-scale cross sections of the SECP have been developed from reflection and refraction seismic data. The western part of the NQO is dominantly west-vergent and associated with an imbricate thick-skinned thrust stack that ramps from the base of the crust. The core zone is characterized by a 35–40 km thick crust and pervasive east-dipping fabrics related to westerly thrusting. The TO is a narrow, doubly vergent belt, associated with a 48 km thick crust that forms a crustal root with a Moho relief of 12 km. The root is interpreted to result from attempted subduction of the core zone under the Nain craton, possibly as a result of mid-crustal wedging by the Nain craton. The TO was the site of intense convergence that resulted in excision of juvenile crust, possibly including tectonic removal of the axial magmatic arc. As a result, the middle to lower levels of the SECP consist largely of refractory Archean lithosphere. This may account for the lack of widespread post-collisional plutonism in the SECP and the preservation of the TO root.

L’histoire et la transformation d’un paysage forestier d’une région côtière du centre-nord du Labrador (Canada) ont été étudiées dans cette recherche par l’entremise d’une approche multidisciplinaire intégrant des méthodes associées aux sciences naturelles et aux sciences sociales. Cette étude visait plus précisément à : 1) documenter l’histoire de la végétation durant l’Holocène moyen et récent en relation avec les changements climatiques et les activités humaines; 2) à déceler les impacts des activités humaines sur la composition et la structure de la forêt et 3) à mettre en évidence l’importance économique et culturelle de cette dernière pour une communauté inuite. Les résultats des analyses polliniques et macrofossiles ont permis de retracer les changements ayant affecté les communautés végétales sur une longue échelle temporelle. Ces résultats représentent une contribution importante à l’étude de la paléoécologie terrestre du Labrador, en détaillant l’histoire de la végétation sur près de 5000 ans et en la corrélant à un cadre climatique régional. En particulier, des changements dans les assemblages végétaux ont montré le déclin de l’épinette et l’abondance accrue du mélèze à la fin du 18e siècle, ainsi que la paludification du milieu. Ces changements écologiques sont survenus au moment de l’établissement des Européens sur la côte du Labrador, et seraient expliqués par l’augmentation de la demande locale pour le bois comme matériel de construction et de chauffage. Les résultats dendroécologiques ont, de leur côté, documenté l’historique et les impacts de la coupe de bois sur les forêts durant le 20e siècle. La récolte de bois a affecté la structure d’âge de la forêt, qui est caractérisée par l’absence de vieux arbres et de bois mort. Des épisodes de détentes de croissance ont été enregistrés par les arbres survivants, témoignant du caractère chronique de la coupe. Cette dernière s’est pratiquée de manière plus intensive près de la communauté, mais a aussi été effectuée autour d’anciens établissements en périphérie du village. Les activités de coupe ont été analysées dans leur contexte historique et culturel grâce au volet ethnographique de l’étude. Ainsi, des entrevues conduites avec des experts locaux (chasseurs, aînés, décideurs) ont permis de documenter les patrons d’utilisation du bois et la place de cette ressource dans l’économie de subsistance des Inuit de Nain. Le bois constitue encore aujourd’hui une ressource clé pour les résidents, qui le récoltent principalement durant l’hiver pour leurs besoins de chauffage. Cette recherche amène une perspective nouvelle sur l’écologie historique de la région de Nain, en faisant ressortir les liens entre les changements écologiques et les changements socio-économiques et la manière dont ils ont transformé le paysage forestier.
In this research, we used a multidisciplinary research approach that included methods from both the social and natural sciences to study the history and transformation of a forest landscape on the central-north coast of Labrador (Canada). This study aimed more precisely at: 1) documenting the history and vegetation during the middle and late Holocene in relation to climate change and human activities; 2) identifying the impacts of human land use on the composition and structure of the forest and 3) highlighting the economic and cultural importance of the forest for an Inuit community. The results obtained through pollen and plant remain analysis allowed for the reconstruction of plant community changes on a wide temporal scale. These results represent an important contribution to terrestrial paleoecology in Labrador, by providing a 5000 year record of vegetation history and correlating it with a regional climatic context. In particular, changes in plant assemblages showed the decline of spruce at the end of the 18th century, which was soon followed by the increased presence of larch. This pattern appears to be related to the paludification of the milieu. These ecological changes occurred at the time of European settlement on the Labrador coast and can be explained by the increase in the demand for local wood for fuel and lumber. Furthermore, dendroecological results documented the history and impacts of wood harvesting during the 20th century. Wood cutting altered the forest age structure, which is characterised by the absence of old and dead trees. Growth release events were recorded by surviving trees, testifying of the chronic nature of cutting activities. The latter were more intensive near the community, but were also taking place around former small establishments in the region. Wood harvesting practices were analysed in their historical and cultural context through the ethnographic component of the study. Thus, interviews conducted with local experts provided insight on wood use patterns and the place of this resource in the subsistence economy of the Inuit of Nain. Wood is still today a key resource for residents, who harvest it mainly during winter for their heating needs. This research contributes a new perspective to the historical ecology of the Nain region by emphasizing the connections between ecological and socio-economic changes and the way they transformed the forest landscape.

Les mutualismes sont omniprésents dans la nature, mais les conflits d'intérêts qui opposent les partenaires peuvent rendre ces interactions instables. Certaines études théoriques issues de la théorie des jeux ont souligné l'importance du processus de la rencontre des partenaires pour la stabilité évolutive des mutualismes. Le but de cette étude était de comprendre, par une approche expérimentale, comment les conflits d'intérêts entre partenaires et l'émission des signaux facilitant leur rencontre à chaque génération agissent sur la stabilité des mutualismes à transmission horizontale. Nous avons étudié le mutualisme entre le palmier Chamaerops humilis et son pollinisateur spécifique Derelomus chamaeropsis, qui se reproduit dans les inflorescences de sa plante hôte. Dans ce mutualisme, les plantes femelles sont « tricheuses» ; elles détruisent les oeufs des pollinisateurs, induisant ainsi un phénomène de pollinisation par tromperie, très coûteux pour le pollinisateur, et qui constitue une source d'instabilité pour l'interaction. L'étude du mode d'attraction des pollinisateurs chez C. Humilis a révélé un système inconnu jusqu'alors chez les angiospermes ; les pollinisateurs sont attirés par des composés volatils émis par les feuilles, et non par les fleurs. Une première étude comparée suggère que ce mode d'attraction pourrait avoir évolué dans des conditions écologiques particulières chez quelques espèces de palmiers. Par ailleurs, le signal olfactif présente un dimorphisme sexuel sur la quantité de composés volatils. Ce dimorphisme conduit les pollinisateurs à rencontrer plus fréquemment le signal émis par les plantes mâles et à les visiter plus souvent. Toutefois, nous avons montré que la composition chimique du signal était extrêmement variable entre individus. Cette variabilité élude toute possibilité de différencier qualitativement les signaux mâles des signaux femelles et empêche l'évolution d'un comportement de choix actif chez le pollinisateur. Notre étude empirique va à l'encontre des prédictions théoriques et montre que l'incapacité d'un partenaire à « punir» les « tricheurs» peut paradoxalement stabiliser un mutualisme. Ceci s'explique en partie par le fait qu'une espèce mutualiste n'est pas forcément un ensemble homogène d'individus. Ici, les divergences d'intérêts entre plantes mâles et femelles non seulement caractérisent les conflits d'intérêts avec le troisième partenaire (le pollinisateur), mais déterminent également la dynamique évolutive de l'interaction
Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature, but according to current theory the conflicts of interest between mutualists should make these interactions unstable. Studies based on game theory have underlined the importance of the process of partner encounter in determining the evolutionary stability of mutualisms. The aim of this study was to understand, using an experimental approach, how the conflicts of interest between partners in a horizontally transmitted mutualism, and the emission of signals facilitating partner encounter in each new generation, interact to affect the evolutionary stability of the mutualism. We studied the mutualism between the paIm Chamaerops humilis and its specifie pollinator Oere/omus chamaeropsis, which reproduces inside the inflorescences of its host plant. Ln this mutualism, female plants are "cheaters"; they kill the eggs of their pollinator, leading to a phenomenon of pollination by deceit, imposing high costs on the pollinator and constituting a potential source of instability for the interaction. Our study of the mode of pollinator attraction by C. Humilis has revealed a unique system, previously unknown in angiosperms. The pollinators are attracted by volatile compounds emitted by leaves, and not by flowers. A preliminary comparative study suggests that this mode of attraction may have evolved more than once in palms, under particular ecological conditions. Furthermore, the chemical signal released shows sexual dimorphism in the total quantities of volatile compounds emitted by plants. This difference leads the pollinator to encounter male plants more frequently and to visit them more often. However, we showed that the chemical composition of the signal was extremely variable among individuals, excluding any possibility of qualitative distinction between signals emitted by male and female plants and preventing the evolution of an active choice behaviour by the pollinator. Our results contradict predictions from theory and show that the inability of a partner to "punish cheaters" can paradoxically stabilise a mutualism. The paradox is partly explained by the fact that the population of a mutualist is not necessarily a homogeneous set of individuals. In this system, the divergence of interests between male and female plants not only conditions the conflict of interests with the third partner (the pollinator), but also determines the evolutionary dynamics of the interaction

La fin du 18e siècle était une période dynamique au Labrador. À cette époque, le phénomène climatique nommé le Petit Âge glaciaire affectait grandement l'étendue de la banquise côtière. L'arrivée des missionnaires et des objets européens enclencha une réorganisation des rôles sociaux chez les Inuits. L'établissement hivernal d'Ikkeghasarsuk, connu sous le code Borden HdCg-23 et le nom de site officiel Koliktalik-6, est composé principalement de deux maisons semi-souterraines construites avant 1776 sur un site dorsétien. La présente étude explore les stratégies d'occupation du territoire par l'analyse des restes fauniques de ces deux maisons. Les espèces de phoques chassées et leurs niches écologiques indiquent que les occupants du site exploitaient surtout les phoques présents dans les eaux libres de glace à l'automne, les phoques annelés au sina l'hiver et les phoques annelés sur la banquise côtière au printemps. Le site d'Ikkeghasarsuk, placé sur une île dénudée et balayée par le vent, aurait permis d'avoir un accès privilégié aux ressources marines diverses, peu importe les conditions climatiques.
The late 18th century was a particularly dynamic era on the northern Labrador coast. The climatic phenomenon known as the Little Ice Age created highly variable ice conditions. Missionaries settling on the northern coast and the influx of European goods set off a reorganisation of Inuit social roles. Ikkeghasarsuk, known as HdCg-23 and Koliktalik-6, is mainly composed of two sod houses built before 1776 over a Dorset site. This study focuses on regional occupation strategies through a zooarchaeological analysis of faunal materials sampled from middens associated to the two houses. This indicates that the hunters based at Ikkeghasarsuk exploited open water seals in the fall and ringed seals at the sina in the winter and on landfast ice in the spring. The site, while located on a barren and windy island, would have allowed easy access to marine resources regardless of climatic conditions.

A femoral intramedullary nail is a metal rod which is inserted into the femoral canal to stabilize fractures of the long bone. The retrograde femoral nail is a type of intramedullary nail which is inserted at the distal end of the long bone and is typically used for distal femur fractures. While the success rates are high, some complications still exist, including failure of the nail through the screw holes, failure or loosening of screws, and bone fracture [1]. There are many design variables that affect clinical performance including the implant material, nail and screw diameters, the number of screws, and the nail and screw position and orientation. To help determine the most suitable design for a given fracture the effect of the above variables on the stresses and displacements in the nail, screws, and bone may be important to consider.

Intramedullary nails are tube-like implantable medical devices that are commonly used to treat long bone fractures. Interlocking screws, that pass from one side of the bone to the other, through holes at either end of the nail, provide additional stability. Newer designs of intramedullary nails have screws placed more extremely. The aim of this study was to use mechanics to analytically investigate how extreme locking of intramedullary nails affects the overall biomechanics of intramedullary nail systems. The nail was modelled as a tube of various sizes. The deflection of the nail from axial compression, bending and torsion was determined as the working length of the nail was varied. The screw was modelled as a simple beam, built-in at both ends. The deflection of the screw was determined as the medullary width was varied. Placing interlocking screws more extremely in intramedullary nails increases the working length of the nail and leads to the use of longer screws, since at the bone extremities, the width of the medullary cavity increases. An increased working length leads to increased rotation of the nail. The use of longer screws leads to increased deflection of the screw and an increased bending moment that has to be resisted by the bone cortex. Extreme locking of intramedullary nails changes the biomechanics of the nail system, and may well have clinical implications in terms of fracture healing.

Internal short-circuiting is the most dangerous abuse scenario for lithium ion batteries. A nail penetration test simulates the internal short circuit process by penetrating a test cell/pack with an electrically conductive nail. Pass or failure of the cell and/or chemistry is determined by the presence of smoke or flame following penetration. To understand and eliminate the safety concerns arising from the internal shorts, it is important to fully understand the cell/pack dynamics during the shorting process. Gathering useful data at the point of penetration during nail penetration tests is very challenging due to the inherent destructive nature of the test. This paper presents an intelligent nail (iNail) design consisting of four parts where multiple sensors (thermo-couples, strain gauges, etc.) can be conveniently placed for reliable and efficient data collection. The time history of temperature distributions through the cell/pack thickness can be recorded with the iNail without position control of the nail penetration tester, greatly simplifying the test. A prototype stainless steel iNail is manufactured with three embedded thermocouples. Nail penetration tests are conducted on fully charged 4 Ah gr/NCM pouch cells. The iNail successfully recorded the temperature time history at the penetration point during the tests. Pack level nail penetration tests (three pouch cells in parallel) were also performed with iNail temperature measurements.