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Journal articles on the topic 'Lead crystals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Nguyen-Tran, Thuat, Mai Ngoc An, Trang Thu Luong, Hung Huy Nguyen, and Tu Thanh Truong. "Growth of single crystals of methylammonium lead mixedhalide perovskites." Communications in Physics 28, no. 3 (2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/28/3/12666.

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We report the growth and characterization of different bulk single crystals of organo lead mixed halide perovskites CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx by two different crystal growth approaches: (i)anti-solvent diffusion, and (ii) inverse temperature crystallization. In order to control the size and the shape of crystals, we have investigated different experimental growth parameters such as temperature and precursor concentration. The morphology of obtained crystals was observed by optical microscope, whereas their intrinsic crystalline properties were characterized by single crystal as well as powder X-ray diff

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2

Liang, Zhenye, Chen Tian, Xiaoxi Li, et al. "Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystal: From Synthesis to Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (2022): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234235.

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Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite is widely used in the photoelectric field due to its excellent photoelectric characteristics. Among them, perovskite single crystals have attracted much attention due to its lower trap density and better carrier transport capacity than their corresponding polycrystalline materials. Owing to these characteristics, perovskite single crystals have been widely used in solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diode (LED), and so on, which have greater potential than polycrystals in a series of optoelectronic applications. However, the fabrication of singl

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3

Rawat, Aanchal, and Trilok Chandra Upadhyay. "Study of ferroelectric lead monohydrogen phosphate type crystals." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 32 (2017): 1750260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217502605.

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In this paper, the ferroelectric transition and dielectric properties of the lead monohydrogen phosphate (PbHPO4) crystal are theoretically investigated. By using Green’s function method and modified two sublattice pseudospin–lattice coupled mode model, formulae for PbHPO4 type crystals are derived. Temperature variations of ferroelectric mode frequency, dielectric constant and loss tangent are calculated for the PbHPO4 crystal. Our results agree well with the experimental data.

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4

Kabakov, Peter, Christopher Dean, Valsala Kurusingal, Zhenxiang Cheng, Ho-Yong Lee, and Shujun Zhang. "Solid-state crystal growth of lead-free ferroelectrics." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 23 (2020): 7606–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc01220c.

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5

Zekria, D., A. M. Glazer, V. Shuvaeva, J. Dec, and S. Miga. "Birefringence of lead titanate (PbTiO3)." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 4 (2004): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889804008921.

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Since lead titanate was first grown in single-crystal form in the 1930s, several independent reports of its linear birefringence have been published. Whilst there is overall qualitative agreement on its behaviour with temperature, the absolute values show some degree of variation. At 298 K they range from −0.009 to −0.013, a relative spread of 40%, whilst at 673 K the discrepancy is even greater. This paper reports unexpected results obtained from independent measurements of a selection of crystals that have been grown recently, in which the birefringence is some four times greater than hither

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6

Koide, Seiji, and Kenichi Kakimoto. "Crystallographic Orientation of (Li,Na,K)NbO₃ Lead-Free Piezoelectric Crystal." Key Engineering Materials 566 (July 2013): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.566.68.

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Li,Na,K)NbO3 (LNKN) crystals were grown by an infrared convergence-type floating zone (FZ) method using SrTiO3 seed crystals to control the crystallographic orientation. The crystals were grown along the [10 direction of SrTiO3 seed crystal. It was a critical condition for the crystal growth that the descending speed of an upper shaft in the FZ furnace was faster than that of the lower shaft. The grown crystal sizes were about 10 mm in length and 5 mm in diameter. A relation between the Li content and Tc was investigated, and the result was compared with the case of polycrystalline ceramic sam

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7

KIRUBAVATHI, K., K. SELVARAJU, and S. KUMARARAMAN. "STUDIES ON GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIS THIOUREA LEAD CHLORIDE: A NOVEL NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTAL." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 01 (2009): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004531.

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Single crystals of the metal-organic nonlinear optical material bis thiourea lead chloride were grown from solution growth technique for the first time. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm the crystal structure. The presence of various functional groups and the coordination of metal ions to thiourea were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis. UV-Vis. spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals. The second order nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal was examined by Kurtz powder techn

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8

Saisa-ard, Oratai, Weenawan Somphon, Winya Dungkaew, and Kenneth J. Haller. "Evidence of a Lead Metathesis Product from Calcium Hydroxyapatite Dissolution in Lead Nitrate Solution." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/273632.

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Calcium hydroxyapatite, CaHAp, synthesized by the precipitation method, was utilized to study the calcium-lead metathesis reaction on dissolution in a lead nitrate solution under reflux conditions to prepare larger lead hydroxyapatite, PbHAp, crystals from CaHAp. SEM images show development of crystalline PbHAp on the surfaces of CaHAp. The needle-like crystal morphology observed for PbHAp after 24 h reaction time developed into hexagonal-rod crystal morphology within 48 h reaction time. The largest PbHAp crystals obtained from 48 h reaction time have approximate size of 10 × 10 × 40 μm. Powde

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9

King, Steven, Dillon Rajoo, Alexander Norori-McCormac, and Alberto Striolo. "Characterization of Kinetics-Controlled Morphologies in the Growth of Silver Crystals from a Primary Lead Melt." Minerals 14, no. 1 (2024): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010056.

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Silver, a precious metal, can be recovered as a by-product of the processing of non-ferrous metals such as lead. In this work, silver crystals grown from the controlled cooling of a 10% silver–90% lead melt have been examined to quantify crystal morphologies developed under industrial conditions. X-ray tomography (XCT) is adapted to quantify the size and morphology of silver crystal structures grown from the Ag-Pb melt. The examination utilized high X-ray energies and small sample sizes to mitigate attenuation and enhance image quality. Examination of single crystal dendrites under high magnif

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10

Biegańska, Jolanta. "The Effect of the Reaction pH on Properties of Lead(II) Azide." Materials 14, no. 11 (2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112818.

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Lead(II) azide is an initiating explosive; even a small amount can trigger an explosion caused by simple external stimuli, such as sparks, flames, friction or pinpricks, and is able to initiate the explosive reaction of rock-crushing explosives. Due to the fact that this initiating explosive triggers further reactions, the effect of priming detonators depends on the properties of its material. Its sensitivity is associated with the size of its crystals. For instance, it is used for mining detonators in the form of fine crystals. The quality of the crystals is also correlated to the safety of t

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11

Setasuwon, Paisan, and S. Kijamnajsak. "Effects of Starting Materials on Molten Salt Synthesis of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.165.

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Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 is one of the potential candidates for non-lead piezoelectric materials to replace existing lead-based ones. Properties of BNT could be enhanced by reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) technique through induction of grain orientation with crystals of Bi4Ti3O12. Controlling the size of Bi4Ti3O12 crystals during the synthesis with molten salt is a major factor in optimizing RTGG. It was found that molten salt synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 crystals with NaCl-KCl yielded larger particles, compared with Na2SO4-3K2SO4. Varying the proportion of chloride salt did not produce noticeable chan

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12

Maffei, N., and G. A. Rossetti. "Float-Zone Growth and Properties of Ferroelectric Lead Titanate." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 3 (2004): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.3.827.

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Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is a ferroelectric/piezoelectric material widely used in medical ultrasound transducers and infrared detectors. It is also important as an end member of morphotropic solid-solution systems such as Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)–PbTiO3 (PZN–PT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)–PT (PMN–PT) that exhibit exceptional electromechanical properties as oriented single crystals. The float-zone technique has been used to grow pure crystals of lead titanate. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that the growth of this compound by the float-zone technique has been reported. The principal

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13

Pfannenschmidt, Ulrike, and Rainer Pöttgen. "Lead-flux Growth of Eu4Ir8As7 Crystals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 11 (2013): 1185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-3228.

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Single crystals of the new arsenide Eu4Ir8As7 were grown from a lead flux. The structure was refined on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Ca4Ir8P7 type, P21=m, a=1311.3(1), b = 408:4(1), c = 1360:3(1) pm, β = 98:45(1)°, wR2=0.0640, 1985 F2 values, 95 variables. The iridium and arsenic atoms in the Eu4Ir8As7 structure build up a complex three-dimensional, covalently bonded [Ir8As7] network with Ir-As distances ranging from 239 to 260 pm. Each iridium atom has three or four arsenic neighbors in slightly distorted trigonal-planar or tetrahedral coordination. The four crystall

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14

Kazys, Rymantas Jonas, Reimondas Sliteris, Justina Sestoke, and Marius Zienius. "Investigation of High Frequency Mechanical Vibrations in PMN-32%PT Crystals by Laser Interferometry." Solid State Phenomena 251 (July 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.251.83.

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Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) single crystal has first been successfully grown in 1990 by the Bridgman method using PbO as a flux. These single crystals have excellent piezoelectric properties. The PMN-PT crystals with different vibration modes may be used for development of novel high efficiency ultrasonic transducers due to high piezoelectric properties.

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15

Žáček, Stanislav, and Jaroslav Nývlt. "Continuous Precipitation of Lead Iodide." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 7 (1994): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941503.

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Lead iodide was precipitated from aqueous solutions of 0.015 - 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 0.03 - 0.2 M KI in the equimolar ratio using a laboratory model of a stirred continuous crystallizer at 22 °C. After reaching the steady state, the PbI2 crystal size distribution was measured sedimentometrically and the crystallization kinetics was evaluated based on the mean particle size. Both the linear crystal growth rate and the nucleation rate depend on the specific output of the crystallizer. The system crystallization constant either points to a significant effect of secondary nucleation by the mechanism

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16

Hu, Chengpeng, Xiangda Meng, Mao-Hua Zhang, et al. "Ultra-large electric field–induced strain in potassium sodium niobate crystals." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (2020): eaay5979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5979.

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Electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric materials allows direct conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Here, we demonstrate lead-free (KxNa1−x)NbO3 single crystals with an ultrahigh large-signal piezoelectric coefficient d33* of 9000 pm V−1, which is superior to the highest value reported in state-of-the-art lead-based single crystals (~2500 pm V−1). The enhanced electromechanical properties in our crystals are realized by an engineered compositional gradient in the as-grown crystal, allowing notable reversible non-180° domain wall motion. Moreover, our crys

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17

Chladil, Ladislav, Hana Hálová, and Ondřej Čech. "In-situ Confocal Laser Microscopy Study of Lead Sulfate Crystal Growth on Negative Electrode of Lead-acid Batteries." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0159ecst.

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Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a widely used technique mainly in fields of biology or multidisciplinary material sciences. Although CLSM has the ability to monitor also electrochemical processes like lead sulfate-crystal growth, nobody used CLSM for such application. We performed operando observation of the pasted active mass of negative electrode for lead-acid batteries during deep cycling. Electrode with pasted negative active mass was optimized for cycling in ECC-opto-std electrochemical cell by EL-CELL. Lead sulfate crystal growth and changes of electrode surface during cycli

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18

Kajewski, Dariusz. "Defects and Lattice Instability in Doped Lead-Based Perovskite Antiferroelectrics: Revisited." Crystals 10, no. 6 (2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060501.

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This paper is a summary of earlier results that have been completed with recent investigations on the nature and sequence of phase transitions evolving in the antiferroelectric PbZrO3 single crystals doped with niobium and Pb(Zr0.70Ti0.30)O3 ceramics doped with different concentration of Bi2O3. It was found that these crystals undergo new phase transitions never observed before. To investigate all phase transitions, different experimental methods were used to characterize the crystal properties. Temperature and time dependencies have been tentatively measured in a wide range, including a regio

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19

Nývlt, Jaroslav, and Stanislav Žáček. "Batch Precipitation of Lead Iodide." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 6 (1994): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941301.

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Lead iodide was precipitated by a procedure in which an aqueous solution of potassium iodide at a concentration of 0.03, 0.10 or 0.20 mol l-1 was stirred while an aqueous solution of lead nitrate at one-half concentration was added at a constant rate. The mean size of the PbI2 crystals was determined by evaluating the particle size distribution, which was measured sedimentometrically. The dependence of the mean crystal size on the duration of the experiment exhibited a minimum for any of the concentrations applied. The reason for this is discussed.

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20

Bochkova, T. M., A. Yu Krivchenko, M. P. Trubitsyn, M. D. Volnianskii, and D. M. Volnyanskii. "Effect of lattice disorder on charge transfer in lead molybdate crystals." Journal of Physics and Electronics 31, no. 1 (2023): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/332305.

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*e-mail: tbochkova@meta.uaElectrical properties of PbMoO4 crystals, grown from the stoichiometric charge and non-stoichiometric charge with an excess of MoO3, are studied and compared in this work. The crystals are grown by Czochralski method in the direction at an angle of 30° to [100] axis in (001) plane. The single crystals are free from gas bubbles, cracks and have a weak yellowish color. It is found that the addition ofMoO3 excess (0.5 mol.%) to the stoichiometric charge notably increases the crystal lattice disorder. It is assumed that the appearance of lead ion vacancies plays the main

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21

Ryu, Sun Young, In Hwan Oh, Sang Jin Cho, Shin Ae Kim, and Hyun Kyu Song. "Enhancing Protein Crystallization under a Magnetic Field." Crystals 10, no. 9 (2020): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090821.

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High-quality crystals are essential to ensure high-resolution structural information. Protein crystals are controlled by many factors, such as pH, temperature, and the ion concentration of crystalline solutions. We previously reported the development of a device dedicated to protein crystallization. In the current study, we have further modified and improved our device. Exposure to external magnetic field leads to alignment of the crystal toward a preferred direction depending on the magnetization energy. Each material has different magnetic susceptibilities depending on the individual directi

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22

Tsvetkova, Olga Yu, Sergey N. Shtykov, Tatiana D. Smirnova, and Nikolay D. Zhukov. "Effect of sulfur solvent on the properties of lead sulfide quantum dots." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 21, no. 2 (2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2021-21-2-145-151.

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Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) of lead sulfide have been synthesized and investigated using octadecene and white spirit as a solvent for sulfur, varying the concentration of precursors and the temperature of the process. A method has been proposed for the synthesis of these QDs using anhydrous white spirit as a solvent at a temperature of 200° C, which made it possible to obtain polygonal nanoparticles with an average diameter of 2 to 3.2 nm with a minimum spread in size (± 10%). Solvent white spirit, which has a low limiting solubility for sulfur and creates specific conditions for the reaction

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23

Sooksaen, P., I. M. Reaney, and D. C. Sinclair. "Lead titanate glass-ceramics derived from a silicate-based melt." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 5 (2005): 1316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0166.

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Glass composition 39PbO–1BaO–25TiO2–9.8Al2O3–24.2SiO2–1B2O3 (mol%) crystallized on heat treatment at ≥600 °C to form glass-ceramics whose majority phase was PbTiO3 (PT). At 600 °C, nano-size PT crystals (∼20–50 nm) with a c/a ratio of 1.000(1) were observed, but as heat-treatment temperature increased to 1000 °C, the crystal size and c/a ratio increased to ∼1.2 μm and 1.056(4), respectively. Permittivity measurements as a function of temperature revealed a broad peak at ∼400 °C associated with the nanocrystalline PT crystals, but it sharpened and increased in temperature as heat treatment temp

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24

Peterson, I. "Hot Solids: Superheating Lead Crystals." Science News 142, no. 11 (1992): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3976720.

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25

Métois, J. J., and J. C. Heyraud. "The overheating of lead crystals." Journal de Physique 50, no. 21 (1989): 3175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:0198900500210317500.

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26

Qu, Xiangdong, Liyuan Zhang, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Jingying Liao, Dingzhong Shen, and Zhiwen Yin. "Yttrium-doped lead tungstate crystals." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 486, no. 1-2 (2002): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00683-6.

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27

Cohen, Samuel M. "Crystalluria and Chronic Kidney Disease." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 8 (2018): 949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318800711.

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Crystalluria can involve the kidney and lower urinary tract, can produce acute and chronic effects, and occurs in all mammalian species. Most commonly urinary crystals contain calcium. Numerous other endogenous and exogenous substances can produce crystalluria. Crystals are identified in kidneys of many species, up to 100% in certain rat strains. More severe renal disease (acute tubular necrosis and chronic renal disease) can be secondary to crystal accumulation, such as observed with melamine–cyanuric acid in cats and dogs. Aggregation of crystals leads to calculi that act as urothelial abras

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28

Yamashita, Yohachi, and Kouichi Harada. "Crystal Growth and Electrical Properties of Lead Scandium Niobate-Lead Titanate Binary Single Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 1, No. 9B (1997): 6039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.6039.

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29

Volochanska, B. P. "Thermodynamic Parameters of Lead Sulfide Crystals in the Cubic Phase." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 4 (2015): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.4.649-653.

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Geometric and thermodynamic parameters of cubic PbS crystals were obtained using the computer calculations of the thermodynamic parameters within density functional theory method DFT. Cluster models for the calculation were based on the analysis of the crystal and electronic structure. Temperature dependence of energy ΔE and ΔH enthalpy, Gibbs free energy ΔG, heat capacity at constant pressure CP and volume CV, entropy ΔS were determined on the basis of ab initio calculations of the crystal structure of molecular clusters. Analytical expressions of temperature dependences of thermodynamic para

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30

Wei, Wang, Yangguang Li, Ningning Tian, et al. "Effects of Dipentaerythritol and Cellulose as Additives on the Morphology of Pentaerythritol Crystals." Crystals 14, no. 3 (2024): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14030219.

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The crystal habit of pentaerythritol (PE) crystals is usually rod-shaped, which may lead to low bulk density and bad flowability compared with low aspect ratio crystals. In this study, dipentaerythritol (DPE), methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were selected as additives to modify the morphology of PE crystals. In the presence of DPE, the bulk density of PE crystals was improved, and the aspect ratio was decreased. The modified attachment energy (AE) model was conducted to analyze changes in PE crystal habits in the presence of DPE, which characterizes the intensity

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31

Soundararajan, Raji, Rabindra Nath Das, Russ Tjossem, et al. "Growth and characterization of single-crystal lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate via high-pressure vertical Bridgman method." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 2 (2004): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.2.609.

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We have grown lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMN–PT) single crystals, using the high-pressure vertical Bridgman (HPVB) technique, around the stoichiometric composition of 0.7 PMN–0.3PT [0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 + 0.3(PbTiO3)]. The final ingot (about 50-mm diameter, 25-mm long) was machinable using an inner diameter saw. The room-temperature x-ray diffraction on the starting powders and the final single crystal revealed a desirable perovskite structure. The natural growth direction in most of the crystals, as determined using orientation image microscopy, was (110). Examination of the final m

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BLOCH, P. "THE CMS ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER: CRYSTALS AND APD PRODUCTIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 13 (2010): 1027–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310032998.

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Laguta, Valentin, Martin Nikl, and Svetlana Zazubovich. "Lead-vacancy-related hole centers in lead tungstate crystals." physica status solidi (b) 249, no. 11 (2012): 2161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201248214.

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Weil, Matthias. "Crystal structure of lead(II) tartrate: a redetermination." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 1 (2015): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989014027376.

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Single crystals of poly[μ4-tartrato-κ6O1,O3:O1′:O2,O4:O4′-lead], [Pb(C4H4O6)]n, were grown in a gel medium. In comparison with the previous structure determination of this compound from laboratory powder X-ray diffraction data [De Ridderet al.(2002).Acta Cryst.C58, m596–m598], the redetermination on the basis of single-crystal data reveals the absolute structure, all atoms with anisotropic displacement parameters and a much higher accuracy in terms of bond lengths and angles. It could be shown that a different space group or incorporation of water as reported for similarly gel-grown lead tartr

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35

PODDER, JIBAN, RICHARD WILLIAM EVITTS, and ROBERT WILLIAM BESANT. "EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON THE GROWTH AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 04 (2014): 1450044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500449.

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Pure potassium chloride ( KCl ) and lead chloride ( PbCl 2)-doped KCl crystals were grown from saturated aqueous solutions by a solvent evaporation process. The effects of Pb 2+ on the surface morphology, structural and mechanical properties of KCl crystal were investigated. The surface morphology of the cubic structured crystals was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and the elemental mappings at the microstructural level were determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The mass growth rate was found to decrease when the Pb 2+ ions were present and

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Cemmi, A., A. Colangeli, B. D'orsi, et al. "Radiation study of Lead Fluoride crystals." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (2022): T05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/t05015.

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Abstract Lead fluoride (PbF2) crystals represent an excellent and relatively innovative choice for high resolution electromagnetic calorimeters with high granularity and fast timing for high intensity environments. For this reason two PbF2 crystals, sized 5× 5 × 40 mm3, were irradiated with 60Co photons up to ∼ 4 Mrad and with 14 MeV neutrons up to a 1013 n/cm2 total fluence. Their loss in transmittance was evaluated at different steps of the photon and neutron irradiation campaign, resulting in a total of 30% loss above 350 nm. With crystals always kept in dark conditions, natural and thermal

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Nan, Weina, Chao Li, Boru Zhou, et al. "Purification and Improved Photoelectric Properties of Lead-Free Perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 Crystals." Crystals 13, no. 6 (2023): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060871.

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The lead-free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 is a promising semiconductor material for room-temperature X-ray detection due to its excellent properties. However, material purity and crystal quality still limit the use of Cs3Bi2Br9 crystals as detectors. In this work, we present a highly efficient purification method using continuous vacuum extraction to sublimate BiBr3 precursors for Cs3Bi2Br9. Impurity analysis via inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy showed that the purification method successfully removed most of the impurities in BiBr3 precursors and improved the purity by at least on

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38

Sugiyama, Shigeru, Takuya Terai, Hiroyoshi Matsumura, et al. "Agarose Hydrogel Protects Protein Crystals From Osmotic Shock." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408841x.

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High-throughput protein X-ray crystallography offers an unprecedented opportunity to facilitate drug discovery. The most reliable approach is to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the protein-ligand complex by soaking the ligand in apo-crystals, but many lead compounds are not readily water-soluble. Such lead compounds must be dissolved in concentrated organic solvents such as DMSO. Therefore, to date, it has been impossible to produce crystals of protein-ligand complexes by soaking in apo-crystals, because protein crystals dissolve immediately upon soaking in concentrated organ

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Yamane, Junji, Naoki Ohyabu, Min Yao, Hiroshi Takemoto, and Isao Tanaka. "In-crystal chemical ligation for lead compound generation." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 6 (2010): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810037222.

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A new fragment-based growth strategy for lead compound generation is proposed, which is based onin situchemical ligation and is operable in X-ray-based fragment screening format. The method involves two classes of bifunctional molecules, referred to as anchor molecules and tuning molecules. The anchor molecules are designed to form stable complexes with target proteins and to connect with the tuning molecules. The procedure begins with the introduction of the anchor molecule into the target protein, to which the tuning molecule is linked in the crystal. Proof-of-concept experiments using tryps

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Liu, Jing, and Yu Zhang. "Numerical Simulations and Experimental Investigations on Lead Iodide Single Crystals Growth." Materials Science Forum 873 (September 2016): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.873.58.

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Lead iodide (PbI2) single crystal for room temperature radiation detectors are mainly produced by Vertical Bridgman (VB) method. Computer simulations of the VB method could be an effective tool to optimize the growth process and reduce the production costs. In the present study, we applied the general Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to solute the quasi-static two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric model of the VB ampoule filled with PbI2 melt and direct the growth of high quality PbI2 single crystals with a diameter of 15 mm. The thermal conductivity and latent heat generation during the cr

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Mao, Rihua, Liyuan Zhang, and Ren-Yuan Zhu. "A Search for Scintillation in Doped Cubic Lead Fluoride Crystals." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 57, no. 6 (2010): 3841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2010.2076372.

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An effort was made to introduce scintillation light in lead fluoride crystals by selective doping. It was found that some rare earth ions doped in the lead fluoride crystal may serve as luminescence centers. The photo- and X- luminescence spectra, the decay time constants and the light outputs were measured for these doped samples. The decay time was found to be at a few milliseconds for these rare earth doped lead fluoride samples, which is too long to be useful for the homogeneous hadronic calorimeter detector concept with dual readout for future high energy physics experiments. Work to intr

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Bochkova, T. M., M. D. Volnyanskii, D. M. Volnyanskii, and V. S. Shchetinkin. "Color centers in lead molybdate crystals." Physics of the Solid State 45, no. 2 (2003): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1553525.

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Hofer, H., P. Lecomte, and F. Nessi-Tedaldi. "Afterglow measurements of lead tungstate crystals." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 433, no. 3 (1999): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00398-8.

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Chen, Hongbing, Congxin Ge, Rongsheng Li, and Jinhao Wang. "Bridgman growth of lead molybdate crystals." Journal of Materials Science 41, no. 16 (2006): 5383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0175-8.

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Pavlovska, A., D. Dobrev, and E. Bauer. "Facet growth of spherical lead crystals." Surface Science 326, no. 1-2 (1995): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(94)00770-5.

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D'Acapito, F., P. Pochet, F. Somma, et al. "Lead incorporation mechanism in LiF crystals." Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 8 (2013): 081107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4793751.

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Lecomte, P. "Large lead tungstate crystals for calorimetry." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 49, no. 2 (2002): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2002.1003678.

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Tabakova, Veneta. "Emission of Lead Doped SrCl2Single Crystals." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 178, Part_2 (1992): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1992.178.part_2.199.

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Appuhn, R. D., F. Brasse, T. Deckers, et al. "Electromagnetic calorimetry with lead fluoride crystals." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 350, no. 1-2 (1994): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91166-5.

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Agamalyan, N. R., E. S. Vartanyan, and R. K. Hovsepyan. "Photoelectric properties of lead molybdate crystals." Physica Status Solidi (a) 157, no. 2 (1996): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211570226.

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