Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Shelkovnikov, Vladimir V., Mikhail V. Anishchenko, Yuliya V. Anishchenko, and Konstantin M. Minaev. "Metal-Polymer Sensors for Voltammetric Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 670 (October 2015): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.670.264.

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The way of the graphite electrodes production, modified by polymeric composition, containing nanoparticles of gold or mercury, for determination of metals’ ions by the method of stripping voltammetry is offered. The influence of copolymer’s structure, nature of solvent, concentration of metal-modifier, viscosity of composition, film’s thickness and conditions of its formation on electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of sensor systems was studied. The approbation of electrodes was carried out using the certified techniques with help of the method of stripping voltammetry during determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, mercury, arsenic, selenium.
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ZHAO, HUI-XIN, WEI CAI, DA HA, HAO WAN, and PING WANG. "THE STUDY ON NOVEL MICROELECTRODE ARRAY CHIPS FOR THE DETECTION OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER POLLUTION." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 05, no. 01 (2012): 1150002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545811500027.

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace heavy metals in aqueous environment are rapidly assuming significance along with the rapid development of industry. In this paper, gold microelectrode array (MEA) plated with mercury film was used for simultaneous voltammetric detection of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper ions in water. The electrochemical behavior and the actual surface area of the MEA were investigated by cyclic voltammetry in K3[Fe(CN)6] . Electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) was utilized to examine the deposition of mercury on the electrode surface. Based on anodic stripping voltammetry, mercury film– Au MEA was applied to the detection of heavy metals in artificial analyte, where good calibrate linearity was obtained for cadmium, lead and copper ions, but with zinc exhibiting poor linearity.
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Yantasee, Wassana, Glen E. Fryxell, Marianne M. Conner, and Yuehe Lin. "Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensors Based on Functionalized Nanoporous Silica for Voltammetric Analysis of Lead, Mercury, and Copper." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5, no. 9 (2005): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.324.

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Kalicanin, Biljana, Nikola Marjanovic, and Zvonimir Suturovic. "Application of potentiometric stripping analysis with constant inverse current in the analytic step for determining lead in glassware." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 3 (2002): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0203205k.

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The trace amounts of lead in extraction glassware products were determined by potentiometric stripping analysis with constant inverse current in the analytic step (PSA-iR), an electrochemical technique of high sensitivity and selectivity. This paper deals with an investigation which was directed to the effect of a great number of factors on the results of PSA-iR, of lead in glassware, such as the mercury time electrodeposition, the electrolysis potential, the solution stirring rate and the constant inverse current. Linearity of the lead analytical signal was achieved within the range of mass concentrations from 2.5 ?g/dm3 to 4.5 ?g/dm3.Adetection limit of 0.64 ?g/dm3 was obtained, with a reproducibility of 4.14 % expressed as the coefficient of variation. The analyses were carried out using a computerized stripping analyzer of domestic design and manufacture (Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad and "Elektrouniverzal", Leskovac). The accuracy of the method was confirmed by parallel analyses using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry as the reference method.
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Patella, Bernardo, Carmelo Sunseri, and Rosalinda Inguanta. "Nanostructured Based Electrochemical Sensors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 6 (2019): 3459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16110.

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In this work, we present some results concerning the electrochemical behavior of nanostructured-based electrochemical sensors. In particular, the attention has been focused on Pd and Cu nanowires for detection of hydrogen peroxide and NiO thin film or Ni@NiO core–shell nanowires for detection of mercury ions. Ordered array of Pd and Cu nanowires was obtained through displacement deposition reaction in a commercial polycarbonate membrane acting as a template. The method leads to stable nanostructured electrodes of Pd and Cu with high surface area. For the detection of mercury ions, we have fabricated a Ni/NiO electrochemical sensor, obtained by mild thermal oxidation of Ni-foil. Some results on Ni@NiO core–shell nanowires were also reported. The effect of oxidation time and temperature was studied in order to compare performances of the Ni@NiO nanowire array with those of NiO thin film. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS analysis. Electrochemical tests have been conducted in order to characterize specific electrode performance such as sensibility, selectivity, and accuracy. Highly satisfying results have been obtained.
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Economou, Anastasios, and Anastasios Voulgaropoulos. "LabVIEW-based sequential-injection analysis system for the determination of trace metals by square-wave anodic and adsorptive stripping voltammetry on mercury-film electrodes." Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry 25, no. 6 (2003): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924603000233.

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The development of a dedicated automated sequential-injection analysis apparatus for anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) is reported. The instrument comprised a peristaltic pump, a multiposition selector valve and a home-made potentiostat and used a mercury-film electrode as the working electrodes in a thin-layer electrochemical detector. Programming of the experimental sequence was performed in LabVIEW 5.1. The sequence of operations included formation of the mercury film, electrolytic or adsorptive accumulation of the analyte on the electrode surface, recording of the voltammetric current-potential response, and cleaning of the electrode. The stripping step was carried out by applying a square-wave (SW) potential-time excitation signal to the working electrode. The instrument allowed unattended operation since multiple-step sequences could be readily implemented through the purpose-built software. The utility of the analyser was tested for the determination of copper(II), cadmium(II), lead(II) and zinc(II) by SWASV and of nickel(II), cobalt(II) and uranium(VI) by SWAdSV.
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Ziemnicka, Marta, Bogusław Baś, Mateusz Jeż, and Ludosław Stobierski. "Determination of Lead Traces by Stripping Voltammetry Using Ti(N,C) Working Electrodes." Advances in Science and Technology 65 (October 2010): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.65.168.

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Electrochemical stripping techniques still attract considerable attention for trace metal analysis and for measuring several important organic compounds, due to their unique capabilities of pre-concentrating the analytes at the electrode surface and associated favourable low limits of detection. In this work it is reported for the first time that the Ti(N0,1C0,9), Ti(N0,4C0,6) and Ti(N0,5C0,5) working disc electrodes, a „mercury-free” sensors, offers surprisingly good analytical performance and some valuable properties. The analytical applicability of the Ti(N,C) electrode was confirmed in determination of lead(II) traces in synthetic solutions both with and without surfactants, in certified reference material and in natural water samples. The effects of dissolved oxygen, acids, anions and metal ions were investigated for the Ti(N,C) electrode. Newly prepared and not activated electrode usually cannot be polarized. Therefore, to use the electrode as a voltammetric sensor, its electrochemical activation is required. Composition of conditioning electrolyte and procedures of the electrodes activation were optimized. The fabrication and the response performance of the investigated electrodes were described in the paper. The voltammetric data were associated with the structural characterization of the electrode surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmition electron microscopy (TEM).
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Shaik, Laharshitha Kajol. "A Review of Heavy Metal Toxicity, Effects and Methods for Estimating Heavy Metal Concentration in Water." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36370.

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Heavy metals are metal ions which acts as carcinogens and causes serious health issues as they produce free radicals and these free radicals cause damage to DNA which eventually leads to cancer. They are non-degradable in nature and responsible for contamination of various natural resources in environment mainly water contamination has become a major problem. Many metal ions such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury are considered as toxic metals. The analysis of these metal ions is necessary and to detect these metal ions, several detection methods such as electrochemical biosensors, CNT’s, silver nanoparticles have been developed. In this paper, the toxicity and health effects of several heavy metals and their role in causing of oxidative stress have been summarized. Also, various heavy metal detection methods have been listed.
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Mínguez-Alarcón, Lidia, Jaime Mendiola, Manuela Roca, et al. "Correlations between Different Heavy Metals in Diverse Body Fluids: Studies of Human Semen Quality." Advances in Urology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/420893.

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It has been hypothesized that exposure to heavy metals may impair male reproduction. To measure the effect produced by low doses of heavy metals on semen parameters, it is necessary to clarify in which body fluids those measurements must be performed. Sixty-one men attending infertility clinics participated in our study. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were measured in whole blood, blood plasma, and seminal plasma using spectroanalytical and electrochemical methods. Semen analyses were performed according to World Health Organization criteria. For statistical analysis, Spearman's rank correlations, mean comparison tests, and discriminant analysis were calculated. Significant correlations between the measured concentrations of the three heavy metals in the same biological fluids were observed. However, no similar relationship was seen when comparing the concentrations in different body fluids of the same metal. According to our results and previous publications, seminal plasma might be the best body fluid for assessing impairment of human semen parameters.
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Hackel, Laetitia, Elise Rotureau, Aoife Morrin, and José Paulo Pinheiro. "Developing On-Site Trace Level Speciation of Lead, Cadmium and Zinc by Stripping Chronopotentiometry (SCP): Fast Screening and Quantification of Total Metal Concentrations." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185502.

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Electrochemical stripping techniques are interesting candidates for carrying out onsite speciation of environmentally relevant trace metals due to the existing low-cost portable instrumentation available and the low detection limits that can be achieved. In this work, we describe the initial analyticaltechnique method development by quantifying the total metal concentrations using Stripping Chronopotentiometry (SCP). Carbon paste screen-printed electrodes were modified with thin films of mercury and used to quantify sub-nanomolar concentrations of lead and cadmium and sub-micromolar concentrations of zinc in river water. Low detection limits of 0.06 nM for Pb(II) and 0.04 nM for Cd(II) were obtained by the standard addition method using a SCP deposition time of 180 s. The SCP results obtained for Pb(II) and Cd(II) agreed with those of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The coupling of SCP with screen-printed electrodes opens up excellent potential for the development of onsite speciation of trace metals. Due to the low analysis throughput obtained for the standard addition method, we also propose a new, more rapid screening Cd(II) internal standard methodology to significantly increase the number of samples that can be analyzed per day.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Watson, Charles Martin. "Surface Interactions of Mercury on Gold Foil Electrodes in Electrodeposition and Stripping and ; An Investigation of Free Thiolate Ions from Metal-Thiolate Chalcogenides." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/WatsonCM2003.pdf.

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Nolan, Melissa A. "Microfabricated iridium arrays : failure mechanisms, investigation of the Hg-Ir interface and their use in Cu or Hg determination /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 1999.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 1999.<br>Adviser: Samuel P. Kaunaves. Submitted to the Dept. of Chemistry. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Shrum, Peggy Lynne. "Analysis of mercury and lead in birds of prey from gold-mining areas of the Peruvian Amazon." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1263410316/.

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Gao, Yang 1966. "Solderability Study of Tin/Lead Alloy Under Steam-Aging Treatment by Electrochemical Reduction Analysis and Wetting Balance Tests." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501051/.

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Two types of solder samples, pins and through-holes were tested by SERA™ (Sequential Electrochemical Reduction Analysis) and Wetting Balance after various length of steamaging treatment. It was shown that after steam-aging, both types of specimen gave a similar electrochemical reduction curve, and solderabilty predictions made from SERA™ test agree with results obtained from Wetting Balance test on a qualitative base. Wetting balance test of pin samples after SERA™ test confirmed that SERA™ is a non-destructive testing method -- it even restored solderability. Comparison of electrochemical reduction behavior of samples under different treatment indicates that steam-aging can not reproduce exactly the effect of naturally atmospheric aging, and may not be the best artificial accelerating environment adopted.
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Liao, Anna. "Part A. Development, evaluation and application of a rotating mercury pool electrode based on the electrochemical centrifugal analyzer ; Part B. Development and application of a microcarbon fiber electrode... ; Part C. Development and application... /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148725825402032.

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SEMMLER, MARILIA G. M. C. "Biomonitoração de Hg, Cd, Pb e outros elementos em áreas costeiras do estado de São Paulo por meio de mexilhão transplantado Perna Perna (LINNAEUS, 1758)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11569.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Zvonimir, Suturović. "Povećanje osetljivosti potencijometrijske striping analize." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 1992. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=71414&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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<strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong>Razvojem novih tehnika, odnosno metoda potenciometrijske striping analize (PSA), značajno je povećana osetljivost određivanja osnovne modifikacije PSA sa kiseonikom kao oksidansom. Definisane su metode za određivanje olova i kadmijuma u standardnoj elektrohemijskoj ćeliji, tankoslojnoj protočnoj ćeliji i tubulamom protočnom sistemu.Ostvarena je granica osetljivosti od 50 ng/dm<sup>3</sup>, uz reproduktivnost od oko 15%, izraženom kao koeficijent varijacije. Tačnost novih tehnika je potvrđena dobrim slaganjem rezultata analiza uzoraka pijaće vode sa rezultatima uporednih analiza izvedenih primenom osnovne modifikacije PSA, kao referentne metode.Sve analize su izvedene uz primenu kompjuterizovanog striping analizatora domaće konstrukcije i proizvodnje (Tehnolo&scaron;ki fakultet, Novi Sad &mdash; &rdquo;Elektrouniverzal&rdquo;, Leskovac).<br><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong>А new and high sensitive techniques (methods) of the potentiometric stripping analysis аге developed. Methods for lead and cadmium determination in conventional electrochemical cell, are defined. The detection limit of 50 ng/dm3 is obtanied, by the reproducibility about 15% (CV). The ассuracу of the new techniques is confirmed by good agreements of the results of the tap water analyses, with the results obtanied from the same samples analysed by conventional PSA, as reference method. All analyses аге carried by a computerized stripping analyzer constructed and made by the Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad and &rdquo;Elektrouniverzal&rdquo;, Leskovac.
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Martin, Tayla. "Determination of Thallium and Indium with an Electrochemically-reduced Graphene Oxide-Carbon Paste Electrode by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6433.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Chemistry)<br>In this study, graphene oxide was synthesized by oxidizing graphite using the modified Hummer's method. The graphene oxide was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction for structural and morphological properties. The graphene oxide was electrochemically reduced on a carbon paste electrode followed by the in situ deposition of mercury thin films to achieve electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste metal film electrodes (ERGO-CP-MEs). The experimental parameters (amplitude, deposition time, deposition potential, frequency and rotation speed) were optimized, and the applicability of the modified electrode was investigated towards the simultaneous and individual determination of TI1+ and In3+ at the low concentration levels (?g L-1) in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The detection limit values for individual analysis at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste mercury film electrode (ERGO-CP-HgE ) was 2.4 and 1.1 ?g L-1 for TI1+ and In3+, respectively. The detection limit values for simultaneous analysis at ERGO-CPE was 1.32 and 1.33 ?g L-1 and individual analysis was 0.975 and 1.04 ?g L-1 for TI1+ and In3+, respectively.<br>2021-12-31
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Reichstädter, Marek. "Využití techniky difúzího gradientu v tenkém filmu v analýze potravin a v environmentální analýze." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433012.

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Tato dizertační práce zkoumá vývoj techniky difúzního gradientu v tenkém filmu (DGT) pro stanovení rtuti (Hg) a dalších stopových kovů a dále rozšířené možnosti použití této techniky. Technika DGT je v této práci vyvinuta pro stanovení Hg a dalších stopových prvků v různých kapalných médiích. Dvě rozdílná sorpční média specifická pro rtuť byla testována pro použití v technice DGT – Purolite S924 a cysteinem modifikovaná aminopropyl silika (CAPS). Purolite S924 je komerčně dostupný chelatační iontoměnič, CAPS byla připravena v laboratorních podmínkách imobilizací cysteinu na 3-aminopropyl funkcionalizovanou siliku pomocí glutaraladehydu. Obě testovaná sorpční média ukázala slibný aplikační potenciál pro užití v technice DGT díky funkčnosti v roztocích o širokém rozsahu pH i iontové síly. Funkčnost DGT s novými sorpčními médii byla porovnána s technikami DGT s běžně používanými sorbenty Chelex-100 a 3-merkaptopropylfunkcionalizovanou silikou. Hlavní výhodou sorpčních médií Purolite S924 a CAPS je schopnost současného stanovení Hg a dalších stopových kovů (Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu). Vzhledem k odlišným požadavkům na sorpční média používaná v technice DGT nebylo dosud současné kvantitativní stanovení Hg a dalších stopových kovů možné. Doposud byly zapotřebí dvě samostatné techniky DGT – jedna pro Hg a druhá pro další stopové kovy, což zvyšuje množství vzorků pro analýzu a množství použitého spotřebního materiálu. Technika DGT s CAPS byla použita pro stanovení koncentrací kovů v námořních přístavech v Oostende a Zeebrugge na belgickém pobřeží Severního moře. Přestože byla technika DGT původně představena pro použití v analytické chemii životního prostředí, byla v této práci zkoumáno i použití této techniky v analýze potravin. V prostředí rybí omáčky byla ověřena funkčnost techniky DGT a stanoveny difúzní koeficienty Hg a dalších stopových prvků. Technika DGT byla následně použita pro stanovení koncentrace rtuti a dalších stopových kovů v různých komerčně dostupných vzorcích rybí omáčky. Výsledky nově navrhnutého analytického postupu s použitím techniky DGT byly porovnány s výsledky přímé analýzy atomovou absorpční spektroskopií s termální dekompozicí a amalgamací zlatem (TD-AAS) a po mikrovlnném rozkladu vzorků omáčky také s výsledky sektorové hmotnostní spektrometrie s indukčně vázanou plazmou (SF-ICP-MS). Díky předkoncentrační schopnosti techniky DGT byly dosaženy nižší detekční limity ve srovnání s TD-AAS nebo SF-ICP-MS. Technika DGT díky schopnosti oddělení analytů z komplexní matrice rybí omáčky rovněž snížila opotřebení a koroze kovových částí použitých instrumentálních technik.
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Fokkema, Maaike. "Spårämnestillsatsers påverkan på biogasproduktionen vid anaerob rötning av avloppsslam : Behovet av spårämnen vid slamrötning på Karlstads reningsverk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68462.

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Sverige har som mål att endast använda fossilfria bränslen inom fordonsflottan till år 2030. Ett av dessa fossilfria bränslen är biogas som bland annat produceras på Karlstads reningsverk, Sjöstadsverket. Sjöstadsverket planerar att bygga ut sin slammottagningsstation för att kunna ta emot mer slam. I samband med detta finns det ett intresse av att undersöka effektiviseringsmöjligheter inom biogasproduktionen. Ett vanligt förekommande sätt att öka biogasproduktionen är genom tillsatser av olika spårämnen. I detta arbete har därför tillsatser av spårämnena järn, kobolt, nickel och magnesium undersökts genom termofila småskaliga rötningsförsök i satsreaktorer. Tillsatserna har även undersökts i kombination med det komplexbildande ämnet EDTA för att undersöka om den biologiska tillgängligheten påverkar vid rötning av avloppsslam. Förutom rötningsförsök har även en korrelationsanalys genomförts där olika faktorer som kan påverka biogasproduktionen undersökts för år 2017. Resultaten av rötningsförsöken visar att inga tillsatser av järn, magnesium, nickel eller kobolt kommer öka biogasproduktionen vid Sjöstadsverket. Istället har biogasproduktionen hämmats vid två av tre rötningsförsök. Dessa resultat indikerar att organismerna i rötningsanläggningen på Sjöstadsverket inte har någon brist på spårämnen. Inte heller tillsatser av EDTA ökade biogasproduktionen vilket visar att det inte heller finns brist på biologiskt tillgängliga spårämnen. Resultaten från rötningsförsöken styrks av korrelationsanalysen eftersom det inte heller finns några tecken på korrelation mellan biogasproduktion och de nämnda spårämnena. Resultaten av korrelationsanalysen visar att pH ut ur rötningsanläggningen kan ha en negativ inverkan på biogasproduktionen vid Sjöstadsverket. Resultaten indikerar att pH blir för högt i anläggningen, något som även påvisats vid rötningsförsöken. Ett högre flöde in i anläggningen kan sänka pH-värdet enligt vidare korrelationsstudier. Detta har även kunnat påvisas vid rötningsförsöken där pH blev lägre vid en kortare uppehållstid. Eftersom Sjöstadsverket baserar sin uppehållstid på en stabil volym i rötkamrarna bör det alltså vara möjligt att öka biogasproduktionen genom att öka flödet in i rötningsanläggningen, vilket kommer ske när den nya slammottagningsstationen sätts i bruk. Eftersom dessa slutsatser främst är baserade på korrelationer rekommenderas vidare studier där pH-värdets och uppehållstidens inverkan på biogasproduktionen vid Sjöstadsverket undersöks närmare.<br>The Swedish government has set a national goal to have no vehicles running on fossil fuels in year 2030. One of the fuels that can replace the fossil fuels of today is biogas. The biggest wastewater treatment plant in Karlstad, called Sjöstadsverket, is already producing biogas and is expanding to receive more sludge in the future. Because of this, Sjöstadsverket wants to investigate the possibility of a more effective biogas production. A common way to improve biogas production is trace element additives. Therefor the addition of cobalt, nickel, iron and magnesium has been investigated through small scale thermophilic anaerobic digestion trials in batch reactors. The trace elements have also been added in combination with EDTA to investigate the bioavailability of the trace elements. In addition to these experiments a correlation analysis was performed where different factors that might influence the biogas production were investigated for year 2017. The results from the digestion trials prove that no addition of iron, magnesium, cobalt or nickel will increase the biogas production. Instead, the biogas production was inhibited during two out of three experiments. These results indicate that the organisms in the digester at Sjöstadsverket already have a sufficient amount of trace elements. The addition of EDTA did not increase the biogas production either which indicates that the trace elements also are bioavailable to a sufficient extent. The results from the digestion trials are validated by the correlation analysis because no correlation could be found between the biogas production and the investigated trace elements. The results from the correlation analysis show that the pH-level affects the biogas production negatively. The results indicate that the pH-level is to high, something that was also observed during the digestion trials. A higher flow rate into the digesters could lower the pH-levels according to further correlation studies. This has also been observed during the digestion trials where a shorter retention time lowered the pH-levels. Because Sjöstadsverket bases their retention time on a stable volume in the digesters, it could be possible for them to increase the biogas production by increasing the flow rates, which will happen when they start receiving more sludge. Because these conclusions are mainly based on correlations, further studies of the influence of pH-levels and retention times on the biogas production at Sjöstadsverket are recommended.
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Books on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Fuhrer, Gregory J. Extractable cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, and zinc in the Lower Columbia River estuary, Oregon and Washington. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Gregory, M. Brian. Ecological characterization of streams, and fish-tissue analysis for mercury and lead at selected locations, Fort Gordon, Georgia, June 1999 to May 2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Korytowski, W., and A. W. Girotti. "Lipid hydroperoxide analysis by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mercury cathode electrochemical detection." In Analysis of Free Radicals in Biological Systems. Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9074-8_12.

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Merkoçi, Arben, Ulku Anik-Kirkoz, and Salvador Alegret. "Procedure 7 Determination of lead and cadmium in tap water and soils by stripping analysis using mercury-free graphite–epoxy composite electrodes." In Electrochemical Sensor Analysis. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49050-4.

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Mirsky, Vladimir M., and Majlinda Vasjari. "Chapter 12 Chemical sensors for mercury vapour." In Electrochemical Sensor Analysis. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49012-7.

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Vasjari, Majlinda, and Vladimir M. Mirsky. "Procedure 15 Chemoresistor for determination of mercury vapor." In Electrochemical Sensor Analysis. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49058-9.

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Amine, Aziz, and Hasna Mohammadi. "Procedure 20 Determination of methyl mercury in fish tissue using electrochemical glucose oxidase biosensors based on invertase inhibition." In Electrochemical Sensor Analysis. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49063-2.

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Kouass, Salah, Amor Fadhalaoui, Hassouna Dhaouadi, and Fathi Touati. "Designing and Synthesis of (Cd2+, Li+), Cr3+, Bi3+ Doped CePO4 Materials Optical, Electrochemical, Ionic Conductivity Analysis." In Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91330.

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Most of the work has been done on the optical properties of the rare earth doped CePO4, so there are few studies on the effect of metal ion doping on CePO4. The doping improves the properties of the compounds and can lead to new properties. It is the first time, that multi- ionic doping process is used in the CePO4matrix, in order to improve the ionic conductivity and the electrochemical stability. The low percentage of (Cd2+, Li+), Cr3+, Bi3+ dopant affect the structure showing a weak decrease in the lattice parameters compared to the CePO4. Impedance spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the electrical behavior of samples as a function of frequency at different temperatures. The total electrical conductivity plots obtained from impedance spectra shows an increase of the total conductivity as Li, Cr-content increases. The determined energy gap values decrease with increasingly Li+, Cr3+ and Bi3+ doping content. Electrochemical tests showed an improved capacity when increasing the Li+, Cr3+ and Bi3+ content and a stable cycling performance.
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Korytowski, Witold, Peter G. Geiger, and Albert W. Girotti. "Lipid hydroperoxide analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with mercury cathode electrochemical detection." In Methods in Enzymology. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(99)00109-3.

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Devaramani, Samrat, Banuprakash G., Doreswamy B.H., and Jayadev. "Electrochemical and Optical Methods for the Quantification of Lead and Other Heavy Metal Ions in Liquid Samples." In Heavy Metals - Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95085.

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Minerals and elementary compounds of heavy metals are part of the ecosystem. Because of their high density and property to accumulate in stable forms, they are considered to be highly toxic to animals, plants and humans. Continuous mining activities and industrial effluents are the major sources which are adding toxic heavy metal ions into ecosystem and biota. Hence it is of utmost importance to quantify the levels of heavy metal ions in environmental and biological samples. On the other hand, it is equally important to remove the heavy metal ions and their compounds from the environmental and biological samples. That facilitates the environmental samples to be fit for using, consumption. In this regard, promising quantification methods such as electrochemical, spectrophotometric, naked eye sensing, test strips for spot analysis of heavy metal ions are considered for discussion. The main objective of this chapter is to give the overview of the most practiced quantification approaches available in the literature. Please note that reader cannot find the pin to pin publications regarding the same and that is not the aim of this book chapter.
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Bose, Goutam Kumar, and Pritam Pain. "Surface Response Methodology Approach for Multi-Objective Optimization During Electrochemical Grinding of Al2O3/Al Interpenetrating Phase Composite." In Handbook of Research on Manufacturing Process Modeling and Optimization Strategies. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2440-3.ch008.

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Now a day the advances in the material science lead to the development of advanced engineering materials like super alloys. The current research work focus on the selection of significant machining parameters initially depending on single objective and then multi objective responses, while machining alumina-aluminum interpenetrating phase composites during electrochemical grinding. Control parameters such electrolyte concentration (C), voltage (V), depth of cut (D) and electrolyte flow rate (F) have been considered for experimentation. Initially single objective optimal parametric setting is generated from Taguchi Methodology and Regression analysis. Further it is optimize using Response Surface Methodology. The contradictory responses like higher material removal rate (MRR), lower surface roughness (Ra), lower overcut (OC) and lower cutting force (Fc) are ensured by using Overlaid contour plots and Desirability functions. These soft computing techniques corroborates well during the parametric optimization of electrochemical grinding process.
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"about chemical bonding and molecular structure. This information can be used to detect th e types of organic materials present on the surface. 4.3.2.2. Raman spectroscopy (RS) [7, 8] It is used to examine the energy levels of molecules that cannot be well character-ized via infrared spectroscopy. Th e two techniques, however, are complimentary. In the RS, a sample is irradiated with a strong monochromatic light source (usu-ally a laser). Most of the radiation will scatter or "reflect off' the sample at the same energy as the incoming laser radiation. However, a small amount will scat-ter from the sample at a wavelength slightly shifted from the original wavelength. It is possible to study the molecular structure or determine the chemical identity of the sample. It is quite straightforward to identify compounds by spectral library search. Due to extensive library spectral information, the unique spectral finger-print of every compound, and the ease with which such analyses can be per-formed, the RS is a very useful technique for various applications. An important application of the RS is the rapid, nondestructive characterization of diamond, diamond-like, and amorphous-carbon films. 4.3.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) / energy dispersive X-ra y analysis (EDX) [7, 8] The SEM produce s detailed photographs that provide important information about the surface structure and morphology of almost any kind of sample. Image analy-sis is often the first and most important step in problem solving and failure analy-sis. With SEM, a focused beam of high-energy electrons is scanned over the sur-face of a material, causing a variety of signals, secondary electrons, X-rays, photons, etc. - each of which may be used to characterize the material with re-spect to specific properties . The signals are used to modulate the brightness on a CRT display, thereb y providing a high-resolution map of the selected material property. It is a surface imaging technique, but with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) it can identify elements in the near-surface region. This technique is most useful for imaging particles. 4.3.2.4. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [7, 8] Incident X-rays are used to excite surface atoms. The atoms relax through the emission of an X-ray with energy characteristic of the parent atoms and the inten-sity proportional to the amount of the element present. It is a bulk or "total mate-rials" characterization technique for rapid, simultaneous, and nondestructive analysis of elements having an atomic number higher than that of boron. Tradi-tional bulk analysis applications include identifying metals and alloys, detecting trace elements in liquids, and identifying residues and deposits. 4.3.2.5. Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) [7, 8] It is a special XRF technique that provides extremely sensitive measures of the elements present in a material's outer surface. Applications include searching for metal contamination in thin films on silicon wafers and detecting picogram-levels o f arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium on hazardous, chemical fume hoods." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Pei, X., W. Kang, W. Yue, A. Bange, W. R. Heineman, and I. Papautsky. "Disposable copper-based electrochemical microsensor for analysis of lead in environmental samples." In 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXVII). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2013.6626748.

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Timchalk, C., T. Poet, Y. Lin, K. Weitz, and K. Thrall. "171. Development of Microfluidics/Electrochemical Systems for Real-Time Analysis of Lead from Saliva." In AIHce 2000. AIHA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763501.

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DeLauder, Nathan P., Arthur E. Ruggles, Bernard W. Riemer, and Thomas W. Burgess. "Transient Analysis of an Experimental Mercury Flow Loop for SNS Validation." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82634.

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A transient fluid acoustic model is compared with experimental data obtained from induced pump trips in a mercury loop. The facility consists of a stainless steel loop filled with 19,000 kg (21 tons) of mercury that is motivated by a 41 KW (55 hp) centrifugal pump through 37 m of piping in a full transit. At nominal operation, the volumetric flow rate from the pump discharge is 1400 LPM and velocities throughout the loop range from 0.3 to 3 m/s. A computer model of the mercury loop was made using the fluid transient code from Applied Flow Technology Impulse™. Loss of power to the mercury centrifugal pump may lead to fluidhammer, in which a cavity formed in low pressure regions created downstream of the pump outlet after the pump power is lost, collapses and gives rise to a pressure pulse. Fluidhammer has been created experimentally through a series of induced trips of the mercury centrifugal pump. Pump speed, volumetric flow rates, and dynamic pressures were gathered during the transient events. This data has provided information about the initialization, magnitude, and propagation of the pressure pulses associated with fluidhammer. The data gathered from these tests is presented and compared to simulation results gained from the computer model. Pressure magnitudes found in trip simulations at normal operating conditions nearly match those found in experiments, and other trends of the time traces show reasonable agreement.
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Dang, Zheng, Hua Zhao, and Guang Xi. "Conceptual Design and Performance Analysis of SOFC/MGT Hybrid Distributed Energy System." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46137.

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A numerical model has been developed for the performance analysis of SOFC/MGT hybrid systems with pre-reforming of natural gas, in which a quasi-2 dimensional model has been built up to simulate the cell electrochemical reaction, heat and mass transfer within tubular SOFC. The developed model can be used not only to predict the overall performance of the SOFC/MGT hybrid system but also to reveal the nonuniform temperature distribution within SOFC unit. The effects of turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and pressure ratio (PR) to the performance of the hybrid system have been investigated. The results show that selecting smaller TIT or PR value will lead to relative higher system efficiency and lower CO2 emission ratio; however this will raise the risk to destroy SOFC beyond the limitation temperature of electrolyte.
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Ramos-Alvarado, Bladimir, Abel Hernandez-Guerrero, Daniel Juarez-Robles, Cuauhtemoc Rubio-Arana, and Francisco Vital-Flores. "CFD Analysis of a Constructal Flow Distributor as a Bipolar Plate for PEMFC’s." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11113.

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A plate-type constructal flow distributor is implemented as a gas distributor for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A 3D complete model is simulated using CFD techniques. The fuel cell model includes the gas flow channels, the gas diffusion layers and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The governing equations for the mass and momentum transfer are solved including the pertinent source terms due to the electrochemical reactions in the different zones of the fuel cell. Similar configurations have been already presented in previous studies but using the flow distributor as a heat remover; however, the similarity between heat transfer and mass transfer phenomena has lead to investigate the performance of such distributors in fuel cells. In terms of flow analysis, it was found that the constructal flow distributor presents a low pressure drop for a wide range of Reynolds number conditions at the inlet, as well as an excellent uniformity of flow distribution. Some of the advantages of the constructal model, over traditional flow patterns, are the uniformity of current density distribution, the adequate consumption of species and the possibility to increase the bifurcation levels to cover a larger reaction area.
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Chien, Chi-Hui, Yi-San Shih, Shou-Shing Hsieh, et al. "Reliability Analysis of the Cracked Ag-SU8 Interface on the Channel Wall in a Micro-PEMFC." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97046.

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The efficiency of the fuel cell depends on both the kinetics of the electrochemical process and performance of the components. The main aim of this research is to analysis the reliability of the cracked Ag-SU8 interface on the channel wall in a micro-PEMFC. An existed surface crack on the channel wall subjected to the flow induced compressive stresses and shear stresses will propagate and lead to the spall formation. In this paper, at first, the flow induced compressive and shear stresses are obtained through simulation of stress state and flow-field in the micro-channel by commercial package software ANSYS® 8.0. Then, the stresses arising at the crack tip due to flow induced compressive and shear stresses can be calculated and characterized by the mode I and II stress intensity factors (SIF), KI and KII, respectively. Finally, the KI and KII stress intensity factors at the crack tip are computed for the different crack sizes and loadings. The results show that the inlet pressure and crack length affect the stress intensity factors more than the inlet velocity does. Also, the results show that as the crack length increases, the value of KI will increase, but the value of KII decreases slightly.
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Yuan, Jinliang, and Bengt Sunde´n. "Effects of Various Reactions on the Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in an Anode Duct of ITSOFCs." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74012.

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Recently, there has been considerable interest in the internal reforming reactions of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) using methane or natural gas via. The internal reforming and electrochemical reactions appear in the porous anode layer, and may lead to inhomogeneous temperature and gas species distributions according to the reaction kinetics. A three-dimensional calculation method has been further developed to simulate and analyze the internal reforming and the electrochemical reactions, and the effects on various transport processes in a thick anode duct. In this study, the composite duct consists of a porous anode, fuel flow duct and solid current connector. Momentum, heat transport and gas species equations have been solved by coupled source terms and variable physical properties (density, viscosity, specific heat, etc.) of the fuel gas mixture. The combined thermal boundary conditions on solid walls, mass balances (generation and consumption) associated with the various reactions and gas permeation to/from the porous electrode are applied in the analysis. Simulation results show that the internal reforming and the electrochemical reactions, and operating conditions are significant for fuel gas transport and heat transfer in the anode.
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Kathikeyan, J., C. C. Berndt, A. Ristorucci, and H. Herman. "Ceramic Impregnation of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0477.

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Abstract Reducing the pore size and pore volume can lead to improved mechanical properties and enhanced corrosion resistance of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings. In this work, plasma sprayed 8 wt.% yttria stabilized zirconia coatings were removed from the substrate and machined to obtain 25x5x1 mm test specimens. These specimens were vacuum impregnated with alumina sol, calcined at 873 K for an hour and then heat treated at 1273 K for an hour to produce ceramic impregnated specimens. As-sprayed and impregnated specimens were investigated using optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, mercury intrusion porosimetry and electron microprobe analysis. This technique can impregnate the entire thickness of the specimens. Pores in the as-sprayed specimens were impregnated with α alumina grains, resulting in microstructural variations and reduction of the size and volume of the specimen pores.
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Durn, Goran, Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec, Ivan Meandzˇija, Boris Veronek, and Sanja Mesic´. "Geochemical and Mineralogical Assessment of Lime Stabilized Waste From Petroleum Industry in Croatia." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29135.

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The aim of this study was geochemical and mineralogical assessment of materials from two already closed pits. Total testing and leachate testing (Equilibrium Leach Test and Sequential Leach Test) of topsoil, waste stabilized with lime and underlying rock was performed on composite samples. Analysis of underground water from underlying rock was also accomplished. Major pollutants in stabilized waste from investigated locations differ. High total values of some heavy metals in stabilized waste from one of the investigated locations can probably be attributed to high barite content (mercury, zinc and cadmium) and pipe dope (lead). Mercury, zinc and cadmium are enriched in the organic-sulfide fraction that might indicate they are tied up as sulfide impurities in barite. In distilled water lecheate of stabilized waste from this location higher concentrations of Pb, Hg and TOC were observed. In the stabilized waste from the second location high total values of TPH, PAH and BTEX were detected, while distilled water lecheate is enriched in Hg, AOX, TOC and TPH. This investigation shows that stabilization with lime is not always suitable method for treatment of wastes from petroleum industry, particularly those that are contaminated with both organic and inorganic contaminants. Proper characterization of the waste material to be processed is needed in order to select the most appropriate method of treatment. Our ongoing research study uses different pretreatment techniques and different absorbents (organophilic clay, zeolite, calcined siliceous earth, etc.) to preferentially absorb organic contaminants that can be used before stabilization/solidification.
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Aristizábal Ceballos, Jaime Hernán, Elquier Enrique Sarmiento, Julián Fernando Chaves, and Fredy Alberto Rodríguez. "Determining the Corrosivity Index of the Electrolyte From the Management of the Weather-Related and Outside Force Threat." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8554.

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With regard to hydrocarbon transmission lines, the analysis of susceptibility to external corrosion constitutes a fundamental tool in formulating management plans for the purpose of mitigating such threat by establishing protection barriers that are appropriate for the environmental characteristics identified. This document presents a perspective from the management of the Weather-related and Outside Force Threat as a contribution to the determination of the corrosivity index for the electrolyte by relating the lithological units of soils with their potential for generating electrochemical oxidation-reduction processes that can lead to the corrosion of buried pipelines.
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Reports on the topic "Lead. Mercury. Electrochemical analysis"

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Adamse, P., H. J. van der Fels-Klerx, and J. de Jong. Arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury in animal feed and feed materials : Trend analysis of monitoring result collected in the Netherlands. RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/416680.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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