Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lead – Metallurgy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lead – Metallurgy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lead – Metallurgy"

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Gregurek, Dean, Zhiwei Peng, and Christine Wenzl. "Lead and Zinc Metallurgy." JOM 67, no. 9 (July 31, 2015): 1986–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1556-8.

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Swinbourne, Doug. "The extractive metallurgy of lead." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 119, no. 3 (September 2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037195510x12804985731362.

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Ettler, Vojtěch, Zdenek Johan, Petr Bezdička, Milan Dráek, and Ondřej Šebek. "Crystallization sequences in matte and speiss from primary lead metallurgy." European Journal of Mineralogy 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2009): 837–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1942.

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David Prengaman, R. "Metallurgy of recycled lead for recombinant batteries." Journal of Power Sources 42, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80134-b.

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Costa, Virginia, and Françoise Urban. "Lead and its alloys: metallurgy, deterioration and conservation." Studies in Conservation 50, sup1 (June 2005): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2005.50.supplement-1.48.

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Subramanian, K. N., and J. G. Lee. "Physical metallurgy in lead-free electronic solder development." JOM 55, no. 5 (May 2003): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0242-4.

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Ettler, Vojtěch, Aleš Vaněk, Martin Mihaljevič, and Petr Bezdička. "Contrasting lead speciation in forest and tilled soils heavily polluted by lead metallurgy." Chemosphere 58, no. 10 (March 2005): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.084.

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Gillian, W. F. "Trends in lead/acid battery alloy use and metallurgy." Journal of Power Sources 19, no. 2-3 (February 1987): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(87)80020-4.

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Heil, Nikolas, Andreas Hauptmann, Gian Maria Di Nocera, and Thomas Stöllner. "The Dawn of Metallurgy at Chalcolithic Arslantepe: Metal Finds and Other Metallurgical Remains from Level VII." METALLA 26, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i2.87-112.

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This paper deals with archaeometallurgical remains from period VII (Late Chalcolithic 3-4, 3900-3400 BC) of the settlement of Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey). It aims at compiling early metallurgy (metallurgical artefacts, slags) by means of interdisciplinary scientific analysis. In contrast to later periods, the metallurgy of the Late Chalcolithic has as yet only been investigated to a limited degree. Trace elements and lead isotope analysis of metal artefacts and slags allowed for a reconstruction of provenances of raw materials in order to deal with trade networks. Lead and copper slags were analysed for texture and phase content to reconstruct metallurgical operations. Late Chalcolithic activities from Arslantepe level VII are compared with the metallurgy of the previous level, VIII, as well as of later periods (levels VI A, VI B). Various metal groups could be identified at Arslantepe VII, most notably copper, arsenic copper and arsenic-nickel copper. The slag samples show the smelting and processing of copper and lead within the settlement, while the lead slags may also indicate the extraction of silver. The differing compositions indicate the use of differentraw material sources, which is also supported by the lead isotope analysis data.
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Roberts, Benjamin W., Christopher P. Thornton, and Vincent C. Pigott. "Development of metallurgy in Eurasia." Antiquity 83, no. 322 (December 1, 2009): 1012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099312.

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The authors reconsider the origins of metallurgy in the Old World and offer us a new model in which metallurgy began inc. eleventh/ninth millennium BC in Southwest Asia due to a desire to adorn the human body in life and death using colourful ores and naturally-occurring metals. In the early sixth millennium BC the techniques of smelting were developed to produce lead, copper, copper alloys and eventually silver. The authors come down firmly on the side of single invention, seeing the subsequent cultural transmission of the technology as led by groups of metalworkers following in the wake of exotic objects in metal.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lead – Metallurgy"

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Vineberg, Daryl Geoffrey. "A study of lead softening /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80149.

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Softening represents one of the stages in the pyrometallurgical refining of lead, in which oxygen is top-blown into a bath of impure bullion through a group of lances in order to preferentially oxidize arsenic, antimony and tin dissolved in the melt. The oxides of these species float to the melt surface, where they are removed as dross.
It has been observed at Teck Cominco Lead Operations in Trail, BC that there is an "ignition temperature" in the range of 600°C, below which the softening reactions are reported to occur very slowly, if at all. Currently, disproportionately large efforts are made to initiate and sustain the softening process. This research was motivated by Teck Cominco's wish to have a clearer understanding of the ignition temperature phenomena, and a more robust and reliable process control.
Experimental trials were performed using a homemade thermogravimetric analyzer with a data acquisition system. The unit was constructed in such a way as to allow for simultaneous video recording of the sample surface, for future examination and reference.
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Firoozi, Sadegh. "Thermodynamics and mechanisms of lead softening." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100362.

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Visualization and quantitative oxidation kinetic experiments on 100 g samples of Pb-As at 600°C; thermal analysis and phase-equilibrium measurements of Pb-PbO-As2O3 samples under argon over the temperature range of 420°C to 875°C; computational thermodynamic solution modeling; and phase diagram and equilibrium calculations using FACTSage(TM) were performed to elaborate the poorly documented thermodynamics of the slags in the lead softening stage in the pyrometallurgical refining of lead. In the softening stage, the minor element impurities: arsenic, antimony and tin are removed from lead bullion by oxidation and are transferred to a skimmable oxide slag phase.
It was found that optimizing an ionic molten oxide solution model that was conceptualized to contain Pb2+ and O2- with AsO3-4 and AsO3-3 ions, or with SbO3-4 and SbO3-3 ions in the respective PbO rich regions of the Pb-As-O and the Pb-Sb-O systems, was able to accurately reproduce the measured and published thermodynamic data. It was also found that the subsystems in the PbO-As2O 3-As2O5 and PbO-Sb2O3-Sb 2O5 systems showed small deviation from the ideal ionic solution model and small magnitude excess Gibbs energy parameters were sufficient to fit the predicted liquidus curves to the experimental measurements.
Arsenic in the +3 and +5 oxidation states was measured in the PbO rich region of the Pb-As-O liquid solution in the temperature range of 420°C to 875°C. The variability in the ratio of trivalent arsenic to the total arsenic content, as well as the complex variation of arsenic distribution between metal and oxide phases found strong interaction between the lead, arsenic and oxygen atoms at the 3PbO to 1AS2O3 molar ratio thus suggesting a short range ordering corresponding to the formation of AsO3-3 groupings, and indicating that the Pb3(AsO3) 2(l) species was likely to be present in the PbO rich region of the Pb-As-O system and contributing to an understanding of the Pb-As-O liquid oxide structure. Also, two new compounds (Pb3(AsO3) 2(s), Pb2AsO4(s)) were identified in the Pb-PbO-As 2O3 quenched samples via wavelength-dispersive spectrometry using the electron microprobe. The present work has application in commercial oxygen partial lead softening (OPLS), as uniquely practiced at Teck Cominco Ltd., British Columbia. There, pure oxygen gas is injected into the bath of impure bullion through a number of submerged lances in order to oxidize only part of the arsenic, antimony and tin into a slag phase. For such an operating practice, it was concluded from the visualization and quantitative oxidation experiments that the formation of solid oxides as the product of oxidation produced a physical barrier to the progress of oxidation and resulted in the commercially observed, highly-problematic, process initiation issues. When the product was liquid, there was much less of a barrier to rapid oxygen mass transfer to the minor element impurities and the softening reactions were easy to initiate. Such a change in the physical state of the products of oxidation was correlated to the optimized ternary Pb-As-O and Pb-Sb-O phase diagrams.
A current point of interest in partial lead softening is to increase the arsenic content of the slag phase. Arsenic distribution between lead bullion and slag calculated by the optimized solution model of the Pb-As-O system suggests that this can be achieved in a counter-current contacting of the slag and bullion.
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Weller, Sean David Tomey. "Lead-free solder technology." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5575/.

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Aerospace applications typically require electronic products with not only higher levels of reliability than the consumer electronics industry but also longer service lives within demanding working environments. The transition will inevitably mean changes to design and manufacturing procedures, which is likely to incur a significant cost to the business. For example, the best candidate Pb-free solder alloys have been shown to require higher soldering temperatures and have higher surface tensions. Moreover, a reduction in product safety and reliability is not acceptable to the industry. This present work is divided into three sections. Firstly, the effect of increased component soldering temperatures on the integrity of the epoxy laminate material used for manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCB) has been assessed. Secondly, the required changes in soldering process parameters have been investigated for a range of solders and PCB finishes, largely due to the different wetting characteristics brought about by the increased surface tension of the Pb-free solders. Thirdly, the reliability of SnAgCu solder is assessed in comparison to the currently utilised SnPbAg solder alloy. This has been achieved firstly by accelerated thermal cycling, as the dominant mode of failure in a solder joint is typically thermo-mechanical fatigue and as such is already well researched. In addition, the mechanical fatigue properties have been assessed using a novel accelerated vibration test method and then finally, the two individual accelerated environmental tests of thermal cycling and vibration have been combined in a novel way to assess whether the combination is especially dangerous for SnAgCu solder reliability. A secondary objective of the combined environment test was to see if the well established thermal cycling test method for demonstration of product reliability can be further accelerated while still producing solder joint failure representative of those in-service. The present work shows that SnAgCu solder has inferior thermo-mechanical and mechanical fatigue life to SnPbAg solder. A combined environment test has been developed which effectively combines the single environments of thermal and vibration. The combination of thermal cycling with superimposed vibration is especially dangerous for SnAgCu solder, where an 89% reduction in the characteristic life is observed when compared to the equivalent thermal cycling characteristic life. It is suspected that a large reduction in life will be observed in SnPbAg solder, but not as pronounced as SnAgCu due to SnPbAg solders ability to better withstand plastic deformation that is induced by thermal cycling.
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De, Santis Donato. "Hydrogen reduction of lead from Kelex 100." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66077.

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Khan, M. M. "Selective flocculation of lead-zinc concentrate." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355440.

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Williams, C. P. "Synthesis of lead zirconate titanate powders." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268127.

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Stålnacke, Emil. "Microstructure-corrosion interrelations in new low-lead and lead-free brass alloys." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217355.

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In new low-lead and lead-free brass alloys, it is not understood how the corrosion properties,such as dezincification, are related to material composition as well as annealing temperatureand duration. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by mapping sixteen annealingconditions and three different brass alloy compositions to their respective microstructure anddezincification performance. It was found that high dezincification depth was a result ofannealing temperatures at 300°C – 400°C, which promoted precipitation of intermetallicAlAs-particles along grain boundaries, twins and lead particles as well as precipitation of β-phase along grain boundaries. Their presence was correlated to high micro additions ofaluminium or iron in the material composition. An additional compositional factorcontributing to precipitation of high amount of β-phase was low copper/zinc-ratio.
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Rohde, Michael D. "Recovery of silver from lead/zinc flotation tailings /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18254.pdf.

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Neiström, Linda. "Characterisation of Used Lead-Acid Batteries for Feed Optimisation in Secondary Lead Production." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70740.

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Used lead-acid batteries are the main raw material in secondary lead production. Technologicalprogress in the car industry, have raised concerns regarding the lead-acid battery’s leading positionas electrochemical storage system in the future. However, the lead-acid battery industry isadvancing with innovations, such as hybrid and micro-hybrid vehicles, and is believed to have acontinued important role in the rechargeable battery market. Lead is one of the most investigatedmetal due to concerns from society regarding the negative effect on human health and theenvironment. Consequently, that has led to tighter controls and regulations of the lead processingindustry which, in turn, has led to technological improvement concerning design and operation ofthe lead processing plants. Used lead-acid batteries have a complex composition with a variety ofcomponents made of lead (i.e., metallic, oxide or sulphate) and non-lead materials (plastics andelectrolyte). Traditionally, battery recycling is done without separating those components.However, to optimise the use of resources and decrease the environmental impact of secondarylead production, a pre-treatment step to the batteries recycling is desired. The pre-treatment iscomprised of breaking the batteries and separation of the battery components. The aim of the present thesis, was to study the components of a used lead-acid battery, which willbe the outgoing material of a future plastic separation plant at Boliden Bergsöe, and their effect onthe process. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating the possibilities to adjust the feedcomposition for further process optimisation and improvement of the process quality in terms ofenergy usages and environmental impact. This was done by characterise, through qualitative andquantitative composition and mass distribution, the fractions in a used lead-acid car battery. Four lead-acid car batteries were provided for dismantling to study mass distribution, and toliberate the components for further analysis. The analytical techniques used in this study werequalitative and quantitative (Rietveld) XRD analysis, SEM-EDS and TGA. The result showed thatoverestimated amount of battery separators (PE) has been used at production planning in energyandemission calculations, which can cause financial losses due to overpaid emission tax. The pastefraction showed a large variation in mass between the studied batteries and consists mostly ofPbSO4. Large variation in the paste mass may cause uneven sulphur emission from smelter.Consequently, this reinforces the need for implementation of the separation of the battery feed fora better control of the paste addition to the smelter. When PE decomposes in the shaft furnace the remaining ash will mainly consist of silica, whichwill affect the sulphur uptake in the shaft furnace. The large content of silica leads to a lower energycontribution to the process; however, a lower content of hydrocarbons leads to lower CO2emissions. If a desulphurisation of the pastes would be implemented, it is believed to affect theprocess through a decreased need of coke and iron. A reduced usage of coke and iron would lowerthe production costs and lead to decreased CO2 emissions. A desulphurisation will also decreasethe lead sulphate content in the feed, thus lead to better control of the sulphur emissions. This study provides additional support and further insight into composition and mass distributionof the components in a lead-acid battery. Furthermore, the study indicates possible impact of thefuture separation on the new feed properties and on the subsequent processing.
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Ward, Andrew. "Development of a lead-free aluminium bearing alloy using powder metallurgy manufacturing techniques." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6418/.

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This study, completed with the University of Birmingham, was sponsored by Controls and Data Services (CDS) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). A range of materials and processes were evaluated with the aim of producing a lead-free, monolithic, machinable plain bearing to replace the leaded bronze gear pump bearings currently used. The primary alloys investigated in this thesis were Al-20Sn-7Si-1Cu and an Al-20Sn-7Si- 1Cu-1Mg wt% composition; with the latter achieved by the controlled addition of Al- 50Mg wt% master alloy. The project identified an aluminium-tin-silicon based alloy that could be sintered to near 100% of theoretical density in the manufacture of a ¾ scale rod form. The process and material produced should be capable of replacing the bearing alloys typically used in aerospace pump applications. The addition of magnesium, with controlled morphology and size, and the parallel use of a nitrogen sintering atmosphere, significantly improved the heat treated density of these materials. Successful sintering, typically completed at 500°C, could be significantly reduced in time by the use of pressurised nitrogen from 20 hours to 5 hours. The sintered microstructure generated was a heat treatable aluminium / copper matrix with desirable, discrete regions of silicon (typically 3 – 4 microns in size) and reticular tin.
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Books on the topic "Lead – Metallurgy"

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Kozin, L. F. Fiziko-khimii͡a︡ i metallurgii͡a︡ vysokochistogo svint͡s︡a. Moskva: "Metallurgii͡a︡", 1991.

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International, Symposium on Zinc and Lead Processing (1998 Calgary Alta ). Zinc and lead processing: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Zinc and Lead Processing, Calgary, Canada, August 16-19 1998. Montréal: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 1998.

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International, Symposium on Zinc and Lead Metallurgy (2008 Winnipeg Man ). Zinc and lead metallurgy: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Conference of Metallurgists August 24-27, 2008, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Montréal: METSOC, 2008.

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Non Ferrous Smelting Symposium (1989 Port Pirie, S. Aust.). Non-Ferrous Smelting Symposium, September 1989, Port Pirie, SA: 100 years of lead smelting and refining in Port Pirie. Parkville: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1989.

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Lead-Zinc 2000 Symposium (2000 Pittsburgh, Pa.). Lead-zinc 2000: Proceedings of the Lead-Zinc 2000 Symposium which was part of the TMS Fall Extraction & Process Metallurgy Meeting, Pittsburgh, U.S.A., October 22-25, 2000. Warrendale, Pa: TMS, 2000.

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International, Symposium on Primary and Secondary Lead Processing (1989 Halifax N. S. ). Primary and secondary lead processing: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Primary and Secondary Lead Processing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 20-24, 1989. Elmsford, N.Y: Pergamon Press, 1989.

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Murphy, Samuel. Grey gold: Men, mining & metallurgy at the Greenside Lead Mine in Cumbria, England 1825 to 1962. Tanworth-in-Arden: Moiety, 1996.

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Cornell, W. L. Continuous flotation testing to recover a bulk sulfide concentrate from Missouri lead ore tailings. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1989.

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Cornell, W. L. Continuous flotation testing to recover a bulk sulfide concentrate from Missouri lead ore tailings. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1989.

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Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lead and Zinc Processing (2005 Kyoto, Japan). Zinc & Lead '05: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lead and Zinc : Kyoto, Japan, October 17-1924, 2005. Japan: Mining & Materials Processing Institute of Japan, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lead – Metallurgy"

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Taylor, Patrick R. "Lead and Zinc Extractive Metallurgy Research in the Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 419–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37070-1_36.

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Madelin, B., S. Ferquel, and J. L. Martin. "Lead blast-furnace evolution: a new approach." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 27–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_4.

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Hedlund, Lennart. "Lead and copper recycling in the Boliden Kaldo." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 293–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_31.

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Panayotov, V. "Design of non-cyanide technology for flotation of lead—zinc ores: energy prerequisites, implementation and results." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 3–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_1.

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Pedlík, M., and J. Jandová. "Limitation of lead jarosite formation in the leaching of calcine from high-iron Zn—Pb—Cu concentrates." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 127–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_13.

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Sohn, H. Y., and M. Olivas-Martinez. "Lead and Zinc Production." In Treatise on Process Metallurgy, 671–700. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-096988-6.00025-0.

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Weeks, Lloyd R. "Lead Isotope Analysis in Archaeology." In Early Metallurgy of the Persian Gulf, 129–43. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004495449_012.

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Tylecote, R. F. "Lead, silver, and antimony." In The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles, 54–80. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351199476-4.

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Weeks, L. R., and K. D. Collerson. "Lead Isotope Data from the Gulf." In Early Metallurgy of the Persian Gulf, 145–63. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004495449_013.

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Field, Samuel. "The Metallurgy of Complex Lead-Zinc-Copper Ores." In ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, 1928, 206–14. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ec1928.45187.0031.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lead – Metallurgy"

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Waluyo, Lud, Wahyu Prihanta, Zubaidi Bachtiar, and Tutut Indria Permana. "Potential bioremediation of lead (Pb) using marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0002441.

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Latifa, Roimil, Poncojari Wahyono, Leoreta Christina, Diani Fatmawati, and Ahmad Fauzi. "The lead content of jamu gendong in Malang traditional market: Is it safe to consume?" In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003211.

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Shih, R. L. H., D. Y. K. Lau, and R. W. M. Kwok. "Metallurgy and stability of the Sn/Cu interface for lead-free flip chip application." In ICEPT 2003. Fifth International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. Proceedings. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc.2003.1298743.

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Babaghorbani, P., S. M. L. Nai, and M. Gupta. "Development of Lead-Free Nanocomposite Solders Using Oxide Based Reinforcement." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66309.

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In this study, Sn.3.5Ag/SnO2 nanocomposite solders are developed. Composites with 0.7 and 1.0 volume percentage of tin oxide were synthesized through powder metallurgy route incorporating microwave assisted rapid sintering technique followed by hot extrusion. The extruded specimens were examined in terms of their physical and tensile properties. Tensile characterization studies revealed that 0.2% yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were increased significantly by addition of 0.7 volume percent of nano SnO2 particles. An attempt is made to correlate mechanical properties of Sn-3.5Ag with the presence of SnO2 particles at the nanometer length scale.
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Aji, Arif T., Taina Kalliomäki, Benjamin P. Wilson, Jari Aromaa, and Mari Lundström. "Modelling the physico-chemical effect of silver electrorefining as effect of temperature, free acid, silver, copper and lead concentrations." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL PROCESS METALLURGY CONFERENCE (IPMC 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974416.

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Bobba, Dhanooj, Seyed A. Tabei, Miguel Pando, and Harish P. Cherukuri. "DEM As a Tool for Optimizing Powder Metallurgy Processes." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8457.

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Abstract Powder metallurgy processes such as cold and hot isostatic pressing and powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing are being extensively used to produce metallic and ceramic parts due to several significant benefits these techniques provide, including reduction in wasted material, more precise handling of complicated shapes and requirement of fewer steps to achieve the final geometry and tolerance. Often the quality of the products obtained through these processes is greatly affected by the homogeneity of the feedstock powders used. But the presence of particles of different shapes and sizes in the powders may lead to inhomogeneous distribution which give rise to segregation of particles. In this study, discrete element method was used to investigate the degrees of segregation of a binary mixture in a cylindrical die with sharp stepped features. To study the effect of the composition of the binary mixture, three different mass ratios are considered in the study. In addition, vibrations are applied to the cylindrical die to increase the compaction of the particles in the stepped regions of the die. The effects of vibration amplitude and vibration frequency on the size segregation of the particles in the die are studied. At higher amplitude location dependent segregation patterns were observed.
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Adli, Nisrin, Nurul Razliana Abdul Razak, and Norainiza Saud. "Enhancement on wettability and intermetallic compound formation with an addition of Al on Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder fabricated via powder metallurgy method." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND METALLURGY (ICoFM 2016). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958777.

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8

Wong, W. L. E., and M. Gupta. "Development of Mg/Cu Nanocomposites Using Microwave Assisted Powder Metallurgy Technique." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79268.

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In the present study, magnesium composites containing different amount of nano-size copper particulates were successfully synthesized using powder metallurgy technique coupled with a novel microwave assisted rapid sintering. Mg/Cu nanocomposites were sintered using a hybrid heating method consisting of microwaves and radiant heat from external susceptors. The sintered specimens were hot extruded and characterized in terms of microstructural, physical and mechanical properties. Microstructural characterization revealed minimal porosity and the presence of a continuous network of nano-size Cu particulates decorating the particle boundaries of the metal matrix. Mechanical characterization revealed that the addition of nano-size Cu particulates lead to an increase in hardness, 0.2% yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the matrix. An attempt is made in the present study to correlate the effect of increasing presence of nano-size Cu reinforcement on the microstructural, physical and mechanical properties of monolithic magnesium.
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Pang, Mengzhi, Matt Kaufmann, Henry Sze, Reza Sharifi, Keith Tan, Chong Wei Neo, Ram Ramakrishna, Sam Karikalan, and Reza Khan. "Mechanically compliant lead-free solder metallurgy: The key element in enabling extreme low-k large-die flip chip devices." In 2012 IEEE 62nd Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2012.6248891.

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Nai, S. M. L., J. Wei, and M. Gupta. "Development of Advanced Lead-Free Solder Based Interconnect Materials Containing Nanosized Y2O3 Particulates." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79456.

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This study addresses the development of lead-free nanocomposite solders. Lead-free composite solders were successfully synthesized, with varying amount of nanosized Y2O3 particulates incorporated into 95.8 Sn - 3.5 Ag - 0.7 Cu solder. These composite materials were fabricated using the powder metallurgy technique involving blending, compaction, sintering and extrusion. The extruded materials were then characterized in terms of their physical properties, microstructural development, thermal and mechanical properties. Results revealed that with the incorporation of increasing amount of reinforcements, the density values of the composite solders decreased while their corresponding porosity levels increased. Thermomechanical analysis of the solder nanocomposites showed that the use of reinforcements lowered the average coefficient of thermal expansion of the solder materials. Moreover, the results of mechanical property characterizations revealed that the addition of reinforcements aids in improving the overall strength of the nanocomposite solder. Particular emphasis is placed in this study to correlate the effect of increasing presence of Y2O3 particulates with the properties of the resultant nanocomposite materials. These advanced interconnect materials will benefit industries like the microelectronics flip chip assembly and packaging, MEMS systems and NEMS systems.
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