Journal articles: 'Lead – Metallurgy'

1

Gregurek, Dean, Zhiwei Peng, and Christine Wenzl. "Lead and Zinc Metallurgy." JOM 67, no. 9 (July 31, 2015): 1986–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1556-8.

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Swinbourne, Doug. "The extractive metallurgy of lead." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 119, no. 3 (September 2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037195510x12804985731362.

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Ettler, Vojtěch, Zdenek Johan, Petr Bezdička, Milan Dráek, and Ondřej ebek. "Crystallization sequences in matte and speiss from primary lead metallurgy." European Journal of Mineralogy 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2009): 837–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1942.

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David Prengaman, R. "Metallurgy of recycled lead for recombinant batteries." Journal of Power Sources 42, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(93)80134-b.

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Costa, Virginia, and Françoise Urban. "Lead and its alloys: metallurgy, deterioration and conservation." Studies in Conservation 50, sup1 (June 2005): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2005.50.supplement-1.48.

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Subramanian, K. N., and J. G. Lee. "Physical metallurgy in lead-free electronic solder development." JOM 55, no. 5 (May 2003): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0242-4.

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Ettler, Vojtěch, Aleš Vaněk, Martin Mihaljevič, and Petr Bezdička. "Contrasting lead speciation in forest and tilled soils heavily polluted by lead metallurgy." Chemosphere 58, no. 10 (March 2005): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.084.

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Gillian, W. F. "Trends in lead/acid battery alloy use and metallurgy." Journal of Power Sources 19, no. 2-3 (February 1987): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(87)80020-4.

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Heil, Nikolas, Andreas Hauptmann, Gian Maria Di Nocera, and Thomas Stöllner. "The Dawn of Metallurgy at Chalcolithic Arslantepe: Metal Finds and Other Metallurgical Remains from Level VII." METALLA 26, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i2.87-112.

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This paper deals with archaeometallurgical remains from period VII (Late Chalcolithic 3-4, 3900-3400 BC) of the settlement of Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey). It aims at compiling early metallurgy (metallurgical artefacts, slags) by means of interdisciplinary scientific analysis. In contrast to later periods, the metallurgy of the Late Chalcolithic has as yet only been investigated to a limited degree. Trace elements and lead isotope analysis of metal artefacts and slags allowed for a reconstruction of provenances of raw materials in order to deal with trade networks. Lead and copper slags were analysed for texture and phase content to reconstruct metallurgical operations. Late Chalcolithic activities from Arslantepe level VII are compared with the metallurgy of the previous level, VIII, as well as of later periods (levels VI A, VI B). Various metal groups could be identified at Arslantepe VII, most notably copper, arsenic copper and arsenic-nickel copper. The slag samples show the smelting and processing of copper and lead within the settlement, while the lead slags may also indicate the extraction of silver. The differing compositions indicate the use of differentraw material sources, which is also supported by the lead isotope analysis data.

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Roberts, Benjamin W., Christopher P. Thornton, and Vincent C. Pigott. "Development of metallurgy in Eurasia." Antiquity 83, no. 322 (December 1, 2009): 1012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099312.

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The authors reconsider the origins of metallurgy in the Old World and offer us a new model in which metallurgy began inc. eleventh/ninth millennium BC in Southwest Asia due to a desire to adorn the human body in life and death using colourful ores and naturally-occurring metals. In the early sixth millennium BC the techniques of smelting were developed to produce lead, copper, copper alloys and eventually silver. The authors come down firmly on the side of single invention, seeing the subsequent cultural transmission of the technology as led by groups of metalworkers following in the wake of exotic objects in metal.

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Gallino, Isabella, and Ralf Busch. "Metallurgy Beyond Iron." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26, no. 3 (2009): iii—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as08073.

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AbstractMetallurgy is one of the oldest sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of Gold, and each new discovery — Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, Iron and Mercury — marked the beginning of a new era of civilization. Currently there are 86 known metals, but until the end of the 17th century, only 12 of these were known. Steel (Fe–C alloy) was discovered in the 11th century BCE; however, it took until 1709 CE before we mastered the smelting of pig-iron by using coke instead of charcoal and started the industrial revolution. The metallurgy of nowadays is mainly about discovering better materials with superior properties to fulfil the increasing demand of the global market. Promising are the Glassy Metals or Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) — discovered at first in the late 50s at the California Institute of Technology — which are several times stronger than the best industrial steels and 10-times springier. The unusual structure that lacks crystalline grains makes BMGs so promising. They have a liquid-like structure that means they melt at lower temperatures, can be moulded nearly as easily as plastics, and can be shaped into features just 10 nm across. The best BMG formers are based on Zr, Pd, Pt, Ca, Au and, recently discovered, also Fe. They have typically three to five components with large atomic size mismatch and a composition close to a deep eutectic. Packing in such liquids is very dense, with a low content of free volume, resulting in viscosities that are several orders of magnitude higher than in pure metal melts.

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Imai, Hisashi, Shu Feng Li, Yoshiharu Kousaka, Akimichi Kojima, Haruhiko Atsumi, and Katsuyoshi Kondoh. "High Strength and Lead-Free Machinable Brass by Powder Metallurgy Process." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2680.

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Copper-40mass%zinc (Cu-40Zn) brass alloy powder containing 1.0 mass% Cr was prepared by the water atomization. Graphite particles, having a mean particle size of 5 μm, were added to the as-atomized powders by the ball milling equipment for 4h under 120 rpm. Spark plasma sintering process was used to consolidate the above elemental mixed powders (sintered material). Sintered materials were heat-treated for the precipitation of much Cr (HT material). The machinability of Cu-40Zn brass alloys was evaluated by a drilling test using a drill tool under dry conditions. The matrix hardness of sintered material was higher than that of HT material. On the other hand, the machinability of sintering material was higher than that of HT material. There is no trade-off relationship between the matrix hardness and machinability of the brass alloys. SEM-EDS observation indicated that Cr content dissolved in the brass matrix of sintered material and HT one was 0.42 mass% and 0.19 mass%, respectively. As the reason why machinability of HT material lowered, the precipitation of the hard Cr particle or generation of Cr-C compound caused to inhibit the machinability.

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Czaplicka, Marianna, and Łucja Buzek. "Lead Speciation in the Dusts Emitted from Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Processes." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 218, no. 1-4 (September 23, 2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0631-6.

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14

Ray, H. S. "Some factors that lead to uncertainties in kinetic studies in metallurgy." Journal of Thermal Analysis 36, no. 2 (March 1990): 743–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914525.

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15

Sperl, Gerhard O. "Metallography for the European Copper Age: Research on the Axe-Blade of the Glacier- Mummy from the Ötztaler Alps in Tyrol." Microscopy Today 13, no. 6 (November 2005): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005392x.

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The beginning of metallurgy in the Old World is characterized by hammering native metals such as gold, copper and meteoric iron. Owing to the need of annealing the metal, for softening it after cold working, pyrometallurgy, the use of fire for producing metals from ores, could have been found by trial and error. Parallel to the rise of metallurgy is the use of a campfire (low temperature: max. 800°C) for baking clay-objects, which also seems to be an additional origin of metallurgy. The very first piece of molten copper-ore, dating back to the 7th millennium BC, was found in Catal Hoyiik, Turkey, together with hammered native copper and beads made of galena (PbS), initially mistakenly thought to be metallic lead.

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Z., Liangren, Jianli Ch., Yong L., Xien Ch., Guorui L., Rahman K., Esmayil M., Feng Ya., and Yingxia M. "Early Metallurgy of Eastern Xinjiang." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 3 (2021): 203–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(3).-12.

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This paper examines the form and chemical composition of metal artifacts of three successive cultures of the Hami region. The metal artifacts of the Tianshanbeilu culture are rather diverse in both type and material; body ornaments are dominant, whereas tools and weapons are quantitatively modest. The typological composition and the predominance of body ornaments made of tin bronze, pure copper, and arsenic copper are reminiscent of the Karasuk culture in the Minusinsk Basin and the Siba culture in the Hexi Corridor. Apart from the bulk metal types, there are gold, lead, and antimonial copper. The metal artifacts of the succeeding culture of Yanbulake are morphologically derived from Tianshanbeilu. In the subsequent Heigouliang culture, apart from old types of metal artifacts inherited from the Yanbulake culture, there are a number of new types of artifacts that are morphologically derived from nomadic cultures in the Eurasian steppe. In the cultures of Yanbulake and Heigouliang, the use of tin bronze, arsenic copper, and pure copper prevailed. The source of minerals, especially tin, which is used throughout the three successive cultures, awaits further investigation. Keywords: Xinjiang, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, metallurgy, Eurasia

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17

Mohd Salleh, Mohd Arif Anuar, Muhammad Hafiz Hazizi, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, Kamarudin Hussin, and Khairel Rafezi Ahmad. "Wettability, Electrical and Mechanical Properties of 99.3Sn-0.7Cu/Si₃N₄ Novel Lead-Free Nanocomposite Solder." Advanced Materials Research 277 (July 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.277.106.

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A nanocomposite solder alloy with 99.3Sn-0.7Cu base alloy was successfully fabricated using the powder metallurgy route which consists of blending, compaction and sintering. Varying amount of nano size silicon nitride particulates were introduced as reinforcements to obtain a novel lead-free nanocomposite solder alloy. Following fabrication, the sintered nanocomposite solder were cut into thin solder disc and were analyzed in terms of their wettability, electrical and mechanical properties. Wettability, electrical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite solder were compared to 99.3Sn-0.7Cu and 96.3Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder which were fabricated with the same method using powder metallurgy route. Wettability property of the nanocomposite solder was found to be in the accepted range with wettability angle below 45° similar to 99.3Sn-0.7Cu and 96.3Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder. Besides wettability, the results of electrical and mechanical properties analysis showed that additions of nano size Si3N4 had enhanced the strength and electrical conductivity of nanocomposite solder comparing to 99.3Sn-0.7Cu and 96.3Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder.

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18

Halasi, Tibor, Snezana Kalamkovic, and Stanko Cvjeticanin. "Academic roots of chemical engineering in XVIII and XIX century in middle Europe." Chemical Industry 64, no. 2 (2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind091120004h.

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Roots of chemical engineering in Middle Europe lead to the first mining and metallurgy academies, established in VIII century in Upper Hungaria and in Bohemian Kingdom. Chemical engineering skills originate from ancient Egyptian handicraft, alchemy, technical chemistry, pneumochemistry and phlogiston chemistry. Development of mining and metallurgy coincided with great scientific discoveries and industrial revolution. In Middle Europe, the first such academies were opened in St. Joachimstahl and in Schemnitz, and the first Serbian mining engineers Djordje Brankovic, Vasilije Bozic and Stevan Pavlovic studied, as well as the first chemistry professor of the High School in Belgrade, Mihajlo Raskovic. Eminent professors were employed by the Schemnitz academy, such as: Nicol Jacquin, Giovanni Scopoli, Ignaz von Born and Christian Doppler. It is important to emphasize that Shemnitz practiced the first modern, practical laboratory education. In VIII century, Schemnitz Mining and metallurgy academy was the most contemporary educational insistution for engineers. However, in XIX century, mining and metallurgy academies stagnated, due to the replacement of professional academies with polytechnic schools, technical universities and scientific research institutes.

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19

Voropaev, V. S., and G. Ya Kalutskii. "Properties of an aluminum-lead material produced by powder metallurgy methods processes." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 25, no. 7 (July 1986): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00792369.

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MARIN, Mihaela, and Florin-Bogdan MARIN. "Determination of Porosity in Fluidized-Bed Carburized P/M Compacts Using an Image Software Analysis." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.4.07.

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The aim of this research was to study the porosity in carburizing in fluidized-bed on sintered alloys produced by powder metallurgy route using an image analysis software and to compare the obtained results with the conventional method for porosity measurements. Porosity is a measure of the void fraction in a material. The total porosity is defined by the ratio of the volume of void space to the total bulk volume of the material, expressed as a percentage. Development of digital images and computer software lead to a new and suitable method to determine the porosity of powder metallurgy materials.

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Mohd Salleh, Mohd Arif Anuar, Muhammad Hafiz Hazizi, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, N. Z. Noriman, Ramani Mayapan, and Zainal A. Ahmad. "Research Advances of Composite Solder Material Fabricated via Powder Metallurgy Route." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.791.

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Researches and studies on composite solder have been done by many researchers in an effort to develop viable lead-free solders which can replace the conventional lead-based solders as lead is considered as toxic. Solder materials developed by composite approach showed improvement in their properties and importantly it improved their service performance when compared with solder materials developed by other methods. This paper reviews the solder properties of various types of composite lead-free solder that were fabricated via powder metallurgy route. The fabrication processes of the composite solder material by using powder metallurgy route which involved mixing the powder homogeneously, compaction of the mixed powder and sintering the green body were discussed in detail. The types of reinforcements used in order to enhance its properties and the roles of the reinforcement used were also discussed in detail. Properties of a desirable composite solder and the effects of the reinforcement addition to the composite solder microstructure, changes in its wettability and improvement of its mechanical properties were later discussed in this paper. In conclusion, by reviewing various research advances in composite solder material, a solder material with high solder joint reliability at elevated temperature have yet to be found. Thus, a novel composite solder material with higher solder joint reliability at room and elevated temperature was proposed.

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Shahbazi, Samson, and Mark Challingsworth. "How Silver Powder Metallurgy Affects the Physical Properties of Low Temperature Firing Silver Conductor." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-ta3-paper4.

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With the implementation of RoHS (the Restriction of Hazardous Substance) Directive banning the use of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Hexavalent Chromium, hybrid microelectronic manufacturers are globally embracing the lead free movement. These manufacturers must not only understand the implications of their material choice but must be aware of the interaction between lead free solder alloys and their RoHS compliant thick film materials. It is commonly known that lead free solder alloys process at much higher reflow temperatures than lead containing solder which can directly impact the fired film leach resistance and the loss of adhesion. There are also other concerns; lead free solders alloys generally require a different organic flux system to promote wetting and reflow, but this change may cause a fired film conductor to leach more easily than the flux used in the lead containing solders. The use of lead free solders such as SAC305, SAC405 or 95/5 on a low firing (550–570 °C) pure silver conductor has the tendency of leaching the fired film more readily than conductors containing small amounts of palladium or platinum. Many of these situations provide new challenges for the hybrid circuit manufacturer. There is little information available regarding the effects of the lead free solders on low firing silver thick film conductors. This paper discusses the results of a newly developed Pb and Cd free silver thick film conductor paste with a modified silver powder metallurgy to improve the leach resistance, solder acceptance and adhesion using lead free solder. In addition, the pure silver conductor was fired on top of a low temperature dielectric paste. This conductor was evaluated by comparing lead free solder alloys to traditional tin-lead-silver solder alloys. This study included evaluations based on SEM photos, solderability, leach resistance, and initial and long term adhesions. Results are published describing the difference in behavior between the different solder alloys in conjunction with the different silver powder metallurgy.

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Panayotova, Marinela, and Vladko Panayotov. "Studies on zinc recovery from technogenic waste." E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129503008.

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Results from laboratory experiments are presented on extraction of zinc available in waste from lead-zinc metallurgy, mixed with lead-zinc flotation tailings and some waste rock, by leaching it under atmospheric conditions with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions (5 and 10 wt. %) and 30 % hydrogen peroxide in the temperature range of 25 - 80 °C, at leaching time 30 - 120 min. Material leaching with 10 % H2SO4 solution at 70 °C for one hour brings into pregnant leach solution (PLS) around 80 % of zinc available. Imposing an electrochemical impact during the leaching process increases the quantity of leached zinc by around 5 %. Direct electrowinning from the PLS obtains zinc metal of grade 75-76 %. The suggested treatment removes metals-pollutants from accumulated mixed technogenic waste therefore rendering it more environmentally friendly. Experiments showed that old mixed waste from mining, mineral processing and metallurgy activities merits further studies as secondary source of metals.

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Jonczy, Iwona, and Michał Stawowiak. "The history of mining and metallurgy of metal ores in upper Silesia preserved in metallurgical waste dumps." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0040.

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Abstract The history of mining and metallurgy in Upper Silesia dates back to the early Middle Ages. Initially, appearing on the surface, calamine, i.e. oxidized zinc-lead ores, and limonite – iron ore were used. The development of mining technology allowed for exploitation of ore deposits at greater depths. It contributed to the intensive development of industry at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At that time, one of the most important industrial settlements was today's Ruda Śląska. In its area, apart from hard coal mines, there were several forges processing locally exploited zinc, lead and iron ore. The testimony of the former mining and metallurgy, among others, is the dump, which is a remnant of the Hugo zinc smelter (1812-1932). Mineralogical and chemical analyzes of waste material collected on the dumping ground provide a lot of interesting information about the processed raw material.

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Musa, Sayyidah Amnah, and Norainiza Saud. "Design of Experiment (DOE) of Powder Metallurgy Technique in Fabricating SnCu/Carbon Lead-Free Composite Solder with Different Mixing Parameters." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.269.

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Physical and mechanical properties of a solder joint will be improved by adding the high performance of reinforcement particulates in the monolithic lead-free solder. In this study, 0.1wt% of activated carbon (AC) was added into Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder which fabricated via powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. Various parameters used in PM technique such as mixing time, compacting load and sintering temperature has been carried out in fabricating the composite solder. In this study, the best mixing time has been optimized. The distribution of carbon in SnCu matrix for each mixing time was observed by using optical microscope. Microstructural observation showed that the increasing in mixing time has increased the number of AC particles to become agglomerated. It is found out that 1hour of mixing time is the best parameter to fabricate SnCu/AC composite solder via powder metallurgy route since the distribution of reinforcement particles has distributed uniformly at the grain boundaries without any agglomeration.

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Liang, Jin, Nader Dariavach, Paul Callahan, and Dongkai Shangguan. "Metallurgy and Kinetics of Liquid–Solid Interfacial Reaction during Lead-Free Soldering." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 47, no. 2 (2006): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.317.

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Yahya, Iziana, Noor Asikin Ab Ghani, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Hamidi Abd Hamid, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, and Ramani Mayappan. "Characterization of Sn-3.5Ag-1.0Cu Lead-Free Solder Prepared via Powder Metallurgy Method." Advanced Materials Research 501 (April 2012): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.501.160.

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The toxicity in the Sn-Pb solder has promoted the development of Pb-free solder in the electronics industries. Among the Pb-solders, the Sn-3.5Ag-1.0Cu solder is considered a potential replacement and being studied by many researchers. In the present study, the characteristics of Sn-3.5Ag-1.0Cu lead-free solder were studied. The raw materials were tin, silver and copper powders in micron size. The solder was prepared using powder metallurgy route which includes blending, compacting and sintering. Four blending times and two compacting pressures were used to investigate for optimum condition. The melting temperature of the samples were studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the presence of Sn Ag, Cu were confirmed using x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Finally the effect of variables on the hardness of the solders is reported.

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David Prengaman, R. "The metallurgy and performance of cast and rolled lead alloys for battery grids." Journal of Power Sources 67, no. 1-2 (July 1997): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02512-3.

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Young, Bi-Lian, Jenq-Gong Duh, and Bi-Shiou Chiou. "Wettability of electroless Ni in the under bump metallurgy with lead free solder." Journal of Electronic Materials 30, no. 5 (May 2001): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-001-0096-x.

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Tuboltsev, L. G., and N. І. Padoon. "Risks and challenges before the ukraine's black metallurgy." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 32 (2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-18-27.

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The aim of the study is to identify risks and challenges that may be a threat to the development of the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine (MMC). It is shown that the excess steel-making capacity in the world increases the risks of the steel producers, may lead to an excess of offers, trade disputes; low prices and low yield. It is noted that the Ukrainian ferrous metallurgy works in the harsh conditions of the world market, the hallmark of which is the uncontrolled and unpredictable growth of world prices. This leads to unstable operation of the MMC, especially in recent years. The factors that determine the potential risks in the metallurgical sector of Ukraine are given. The most influential risk factors include the following: threats to the impact of environmental factors on the future; threats of influence of the political situation in the world; the instability of the supply of raw materials and prices for finished products; change in existing trade flows of raw materials and finished products; global trade restrictions; the lag of the technical level of metallurgical production from the world; insufficient state influence on the industry; lack of industrial development strategy of Ukraine and the metallurgical industry. It is shown that the main direction of the target setting for the development of Ukrainian metallurgy in the medium term should be the development of a strategy that binds together raw materials, energy potential, steelmaking equipment, casting and rolling technologies, as well as the state and market prospects.

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Wen, Dongsheng, Ya Xiao, Guangyi Yao, Weiqiang Zhou, Yan Qi, and Shaojun Liu. "Cu-Sn-Pb Alloy Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy and Its Application for Standard Curve Establishment of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument for Alloy Analysis on Bronze Relics." MRS Advances 2, no. 39-40 (2017): 2095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.263.

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ABSTRACT One of the most important non-destructive methods for on-site analysis of bronze artifacts is portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). However, bronze artifacts are usually heterogeneous in composition due to, among other things, the segregation of lead, which is hard to be eliminated through annealing treatments. In the present work, Cu-Sn-Pb alloys with homogenous composition and microstructure is fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. The suitability of the standard curve using Cu-Sn-Pb alloys by powder metallurgy as the standard samples for XRF on the analysis of bronze artifacts is evaluated. It is shown that this proposed method can be transferred to portable XRF to acquire accurate on-site composition information of bronze artifacts.

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Mohd Salleh, M. A. A., Flora Somidin, N. Z. Noriman, Khairel Rafezi Ahmad, Ramani Mayappan, and Noor Farhani Mohd Alui. "Thermal Properties of Sn-0.7Cu/re-Al Composite Lead-Free Solder." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.451.

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Composite approach in lead-free solder development was perceived as an expectation in finding new robust solder. Accordingly, Sn-0.7Cu/re-Al composite lead-free solder with varying amount of recycled-Aluminum (0, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 wt.% re-Al) particulates produced from aluminum beverage cans were successfully fabricated via powder metallurgy techniques in this study. This paper focuses on the thermal properties focusing on the melting temperature of the new developed Sn-0.7Cu/re-Al lead-free composite solder. The melting temperature (Tm) of the new solders was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting temperature of the composite solders has showed comparable results with the monolithic solders of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder.

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Adli, Nisrin, Nurul Razliana Abdul Razak, and Norainiza Saud. "Physical and Mechanical Behaviors of SnCu-Based Lead-Free Solder Alloys with an Addition of Aluminium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.64.

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The effect of Al addition on the microstructure, melting point and microhardness of SnCu-Al lead-free solder alloys were investigated with two different compositions of Al which were 1 wt% and 5 wt%. These solder alloys were fabricated through powder metallurgy (PM) method. The results showed that the melting point and the microhardness value of the SnCu-Al lead-free solder alloy were increased as the Al content increased from 1 wt% to 5 wt%. The grain growth of SnCu-Al lead-free solder alloy also tends to be retarded due to the homogenous distribution of Al at the grain boundaries.

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Kleonovskii, М. V., O. Yu Sheshukov, M. A. Mikheenkov, and Е. Yu Lozovaya. "Thermodynamic modeling of zinc recovery from ferrous metallurgy sludge." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 3 (April 8, 2022): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-3-170-178.

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Ferrous metallurgy enterprises continuously fill dumps with steelmaking and blast furnace sludge with high zinc content. Sludge occupying significant territories of enterprises is not involved in production and harms the environment. Since zinc leads to the formation of deposits in the blast furnace, manufacturers cannot involve this sludge in sinter processing. In addition, working with sludge can lead to problems such as decrease in iron content in the sinter, decrease in productivity of sintering machines, and increase in fluctuations in the sinter chemical composition. At the same time, zinc-containing sludge can become a valuable secondary product. Zinc remains a scarce metal, which encourages the development of technologies for processing zinc-containing materials. Extraction of zinc from sludge is difficult because it is not in oxide, but in sulfate or sulfide forms. In this paper, the possibilities of zinc extraction from sludge using the FactSage software package are evaluated. The authors present results of thermodynamic calculations of the possibility of zinc extraction from four types of sludge from two Russian ferrous metallurgical plants – EVRAZ NTMK and MECHEL. The data of chemical and phase analyses of this sludge are considered, as well as simulated graphs of zinc extraction dependencies from them. The graphs were built on basis of the received data from FactSage package. Addition of the reducing agent to the sludge varied, as well as temperature of the process. In addition, the possibility of abandoning carbon as a reducing agent was evaluated. To save the reducing agent, an optimal mixture of the company’s sludge was selected, in which coke consumption can be minimized.

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Montes-Landa, Julia, Mercedes Murillo-Barroso, Ignacio Montero-Ruiz, Salvador Rovira-Llorens, and Marcos Martinón-Torres. "Interwoven traditions in Bell Beaker metallurgy: Approaching the social value of copper at Bauma del Serrat del Pont (Northeast Iberia)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): e0255818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255818.

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Debates on early metallurgy in Western Europe have frequently focused on the social value of copper (between utilitarian and symbolic) and its purported role in the emergence and consolidation of hierarchies. Recent research shows that generalisations are increasingly untenable and highlights the need for comparative regional studies. Given its location in an intermediate area, the early metallurgy of Northeast Iberia provides an interesting case in point to explore the interaction between the well-characterised traditions of southern Iberia and southern France during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Here the analytical study of seven Bell Beaker (decorated and undecorated) vessels reused as crucibles at Bauma del Serrrat del Pont (Tortellà, Girona) are presented. We employed pXRF, metallography, SEM-EDS and lead isotope analyses. The results show evidence for copper smelting employing a remarkable variety of ore sources, including Solana del Bepo, Turquesa and Les Ferreres mines, and an extra unknown area. The smelting vessels were manufactured using the same clay, which contained both mineral and organic inclusions. Our results are discussed with reference to all the evidence available for metals and metallurgy in the Northeast, and more broadly in comparison to southern Iberia and southern France, with special emphasis on issues of production organisation and social complexity. Taken together, our results support the notion that copper metallurgy played a predominantly utilitarian role in Bell Beaker societies and highlight idiosyncratic aspects of the metallurgical trajectory in the Northeast. Differences between territories challenge unilinear explanations of technological and social development after the introduction of metallurgy. Separate trajectories can only be explained in relation to area-specific socio-cultural and environmental factors.

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Bao, Chong Xi, Zhou Qiang Shen, and Zheng Ping Shu. "The Application of P/M Advanced Techniques to Sintered Gears." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.321.

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The processes of P/M affect the properties of sintered gears. The different techniques of P/M lead to the different properties of sintered gears. This paper summarizes new progress in powder metallurgy for sintered gears. These progresses include warm compaction, high velocity compaction, sinter hardening, high temperature sintering, infiltration, CNC powder press and surface densification etc.

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Mohamad Zaimi, Nur Syahirah, Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Jitrin Chaiprapa, and Mohd Shahrizal Abdul Aziz. "Synthesis of Kaolin Geopolymer as Ceramic Reinforcement in Lead-Free Solder." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2169/1/012019.

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Abstract This paper elucidates the fabrication of kaolin geopolymer as the ceramic material. The kaolin geopolymer ceramic (KGC) was used as a new potential reinforcement in the lead-free solder. The fabrication of KGC was started through combination of alkaline solution of NaOH and Na2SiO3 reaction with kaolin material. The mixture of kaolin geopolymer were prepared and the homogenised mixture were curing for 24 hours. The kaolin geopolymer is sintered at 1200°C and then crushed to produces a fine kaolin geopolymer. The KGC were then mixed with lead-free solder through powder metallurgy technique. The elemental distribution in the KGC was investigated by using Synchrotron Micro-XRF. Meanwhile, the phase analysis involved in KGC and composite solder with addition of KGC were investigated as well.

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Voropaev, V. S., G. Ya Kalutskii, and O. V. Ivashchenko. "Influence of forming conditions on the mechanical properties of aluminum-lead powder metallurgy material." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 27, no. 6 (June 1988): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00798851.

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Li, S., H. Imai, J. Umeda, Y. Fu, and K. Kondoh. "Investigation of High-strength Lead-free Machinable Cu40Zn Duplex Graphite Brasses by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science and Technology 32, no. 17 (October 31, 2016): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1246098.

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Li, Shufeng, Katsuyoshi Kondoh, Hisashi Imai, and Haruhiko Atsumi. "Fabrication and properties of lead-free machinable brass with Ti additive by powder metallurgy." Powder Technology 205, no. 1-3 (January 2011): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.09.020.

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Zivkovic, D., D. Minic, D. Manasijevic, J. Sestak, and Z. Zivkovic. "Thermal analysis and prediction of phase equilibria in ternary Pb-Zn-Ag system." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 47, no. 1 (2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb1101023z.

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Ternary Pb-Zn-Ag system is typical for some physicochemical processes going on in refining phase in the extractive metallurgy of lead. Therefore, investigation of mentioned system is important from both theoretical and practical research of the phenomena occurring during the lead desilverizing process. The results of experimental investigation using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in Pb-Zn-Ag system according to CALPHAD method, in the sections with Zn:Ag mass ratio equal to 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50, are presented in this paper.

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Ghandi, Arian, Mohsen Saboktakin Rizi, Hamid Reza Javadinejad, Ali Ghaheri, and Hamaneh Zarenezhad. "Microstructural Characterization and Properties of Microalloyed Powder Metallurgy Steels." Advanced Engineering Forum 17 (June 2016): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.17.7.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of alloying elements of nickel, molybdenum, carbon and copper on hardness, density and microstructure of low alloy steel produced by powder metallurgy method. The results showed that molybdenum addition could lead to increase the density and hardness. Also, an increase in carbon content up to 1 wt. % could result in an increase in density and hardness. Copper is mainly added to increase strength as a result of solid solution hardening effect. Molybdenum is a ferrite stabilizer while Nickel is a strong austenite stabilizer. Consequently, the nickel and copper rich regions are mainly surrounded by austenite or bainite. Regions with higher amounts of alloying elements appeared to be martensitic islands. Increasing martensite and bainite volume fraction led to increase hardness.

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Adli, Nisrin, Nurul Razliana Abdul Razak, and Norainiza Saud. "The Effects of Zinc Addition on the Microstructure, Melting Point and Microhardness of Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Solder Fabricated via Powder Metallurgy Method." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.13.

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The attempt to produce various types of lead-free solder has been actively investigated around the world in order to substitute the harmful SnPb solders. The effects of Zn addition on the microstructure, melting point and microhardness of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder were investigated with 1 wt% and 5 wt% of Zn additions. Powder metallurgy (PM) method was used to fabricate these Sn-0.7Cu-Zn lead-free solders. The results revealed that the addition of Zn was able to improve the solder properties. The melting point of Sn-0.7Cu-Zn lead-free solder was decreased drastically as the increasing of Zn additions. The Zn particles were distributed homogenously along the grain boundaries and produced refined dendrite β-Sn, which also lead to a superior microhardness values of solders.

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Ropars, Ludovic, Moukrane Dehmas, Elisabeth Aeby-Gautier, David Tricker, Dominique Schuster, and Sophie Gourdet. "Effect of Processing Route on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Ti-3Al-2.5V/TiB Composite." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1950.

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A Ti-3Al-2.5V matrix composite reinforced with 8.5 vol.% TiB was produced using a powder metallurgy route. Processing included the mechanical alloying of Ti-3Al-2.5V and TiB2 powders and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) of the resultant composite powders, to produce a dense billet. These billets were subsequently extruded and/or subjected to various Conversion Heat Treatments (CHT), to complete the transformation of the TiB2 particles into TiB needles. The CHT was performed either before or after extrusion. Microstructures and tensile properties of the materials at each stage of the processing routes were investigated and compared to those of a non-reinforced Ti-3Al-2.5V material, manufactured by the same powder metallurgy route. It has been demonstrated that the processing routes have a great impact on the mechanical properties, through modifications of the matrix and reinforcement characteristics. Well-chosen processing routes lead to more ductile composites, though this gain in ductility leads to slightly lower stiffness and strength values. This study clearly demonstrates the possibility to produce, at an industrial scale, a ductile version of a highly reinforced titanium matrix composite, showing important application potential.

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Petkovic, Sofija. "The traces of roman metallurgy in Eastern Serbia." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902187p.

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The archaeological traces of the Roman mining and metallurgy in eastern Serbia are rather frequent but insufficiently studied and published. Three mining-metallurgical regions abounding in gold, silver, copper, iron and lead could be distinguished there: 1. the upper course of the Pek river, metalla Pincensia, 2. the area between Bor, Zlot, Crna Reka and Rgotina and 3. the area in the river basin of Beli Timok, two latter ones had been organized as territoria metallorum. The archeometallurgical sites confirmed by investigations are: Kraku lu Jordan at the confluence of the Brodica river and the Pek river, Rudna Glava, Tilva Ros in Bor, Gamzigrad - Romuliana, Rgotina near Zajecar and Timacum Minus in the village Ravna near Knjazevac. Roman mining-metallurgical activities in eastern Serbia flourished from the end of the 3rd century, were interrupted by the invasion of Huns in AD 441. and restored in the time of emperors Anastasius and Justin I, in the end of the 5th - beginning of the 6th centuries. The Roman mining-metallurgical centers functioned in the 6th century until the Slav invasion in the beginning of the 7th century.

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Kwapisiński, Piotr. "Metallurgy at KGHM Polish Copper SA." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.299.

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Metallurgy of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. is one of the world leaders in the production of copper. It is the result of high volume and quality production of copper and silver, as well as the use of modern technology direct to copper process in flash smelting furnace in HMG II. Soon this will be also the case for HMG I. The intention is to modernise, and upgrade technological processes within all the smelters to increase effectiveness, also to decrease production costs, and improve contamination of environment. In the year 2014 production of electrolytic copper increased about 2% in respect to 2013, and reached the record value 577 thousands ton. Production of silver increased 8% attaining value of 1256 ton. These perfect results were obtained through optimisation of smelting processes from one side, and rising the content of own concentrates, and foreign batches with higher content of precious metals. Production of metallic gold in 2014 was equal to 2,5t. Moreover KGHM is the third world producer of rhenium. They produce also lead technical and refined, as well as selenium, nickel sulphate, and platinum-palladium concentrate. The KGHM is also substantial producer of sulphuric acid, what is the direct effect of very efficient technology of desulphurisation of exhausts in the used metallurgical processes. The challenge for future is to increase retrieving of elements associated with copper production on every phase of the production. Due to the use of new technologies one expects also to achieve improved retrieving of other metals. Since 20% of KGHM revenue comes from silver, this is an important position in the overall balance of corporation focused mainly on copper exploitation. This is also why KGHM develops co-operations with scientific centres on the level bigger than laboratory (i.e. demo and/or pilot scales). The corporation is directly involved in research and development (subsidised national and international projects), while the value of these projects exceeds 200 mln PLN. There were created several collaborations with academic institutions targeting improvement of retrieval of energy from exploration processes, increase automation, remote control mining, and others. All of them are state of the art, and very modern technologies. KGHM must stay innovative, to preserve its market advantage. Metallurgy itself using own implemented technologies, resumes extended efforts to explore fully the richness of elements associated with the main metals.

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Nasir, Norhayanti Mohd, Norainiza Saud, Mohd Nazree Derman, Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli, and Rita Mohd Said. "Effect of TiO₂ Reinforcement on Microstructure and Microhardness of Low-Silver SAC107 Lead-Free Solder Composite Solder." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.273.

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This research has investigated the physical performances of low-silver Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) lead-free composite solder reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO2). The SAC/TiO2 composite solder were fabricated via powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The five different composition chosen were 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0. The results showed that distribution of TiO2 along the grain boundaries has increased the hardness of the SAC/TiO2 composite solders compared to monolithic SAC solder alloy.

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Musa, Sayyidah Amnah, Norainiza Saud, Nurul Razliana Abdul Razak, and Kamarudin Hussin. "Mechanical Properties and Solderability of Robust Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Composite Solder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.556.

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A composite solder with Sn-0.7Cu based solder was successfully fabricated via powder metallurgy routes which consist of mixing, compacting and sintering. Varying amount of activated carbon (AC) was used as reinforcement to obtain a novel lead-free composite solder. Following fabrication, the sintered composite solder was analyzed in terms of their microstructure, microhardness and solderability properties. The distribution of the various percentages of AC particles along the grain boundaries was observed. The addition of AC particles into the Sn-0.7Cu solder matrix has increased the hardness values up to 22.9%, while reducing the contact angle of composite solder up to 12.9% for a good wettability performance. As overall, addition of AC into Sn-0.7Cu based solder has indicated an enhancement of reliability performance of Sn-0.7Cu/AC composite solder for electronic application.

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Vítková, M., V. Ettler, O. Šebek, and M. Mihaljevič. "Metal-contaminant leaching from lead smelter fly ash using pH-stat experiments." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.521.

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AbstractFly ash from secondary Pb metallurgy was submitted to the pH-static leaching procedure according to the PrEN 14997 European leaching standard. The 48 h pH-static leaching experiments were performed on (1) fresh untreated fly ash and (2) previously washed fly ash with a cumulative wash step of 60 l kg-1. Greater release ofmetallic contaminants (Pb, Cd, Zn) was observed in the acidic pH range for both ashes. Washing significantly reduced the release of Cd and Zn, but greater concentrations of Pb were observed in leachates from washed fly ash due to the more important leaching of anglesite (PbSO4). The PHREEQC-2 speciation-solubility calculations showed that anglesite, phosgenite (PbCl2·PbCO3) and laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl) are the most important solubility-controlling phases for Pb, which is the most important contaminant.

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Trajković, Slobodan, Branislav Nikolić, Željko Kamberović, and Sanja Bajić. "Development of the lead and zinc mining and metallurgy in the "Trepča" mine-Stari Trg." Bakar 47, no. 2 (2022): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bakar2202011t.

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After the migration of Serbs in 1690 and 1735, the exploitation of mines in the area of present-day Serbia ceased, and after a standstill of nearly 200 years, the mining and metallurgical activities in Serbia were activated in the second quarter of the 20th century. The first concessions were bought by England in 1926, then the mines in Stari Trg (1927), Kišnica (1927), Ajvalija (1930), Novo Brdo (1933) were activated, and the Flotation (1930) and Smelter with Lead Refinery began to operate (1939) in Zvečan. In Kosovska Mitrovica, the chemical industry began operating in 1961, the Zinc Metallurgy and Lead Battery Factory in 1967, and all production facilities were expanded and modernized several times. The most intensive production and investment period of the "Trepča" Combine was in the period 1965-1985, when "Trepča" was a well-known producer of lead, zinc, silver, gold, cadmium, bismuth and products made of these metals. After 1990, the production declined for several reasons and, in 1999, the international army stopped production in "Trepča". In the past twenty years, the production has not been completely renewed nor the status of the "Trepča" Combine has not been regulated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lead – Metallurgy'

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