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Journal articles on the topic 'Leader discharge'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Rakov, V. A., M. D. Tran, Y. Zhu, et al. "New insights into the lightning discharge processes." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (2022): 104005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac9330.

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Abstract This review covers selected results of recent observations of lightning discharges performed across the entire electromagnetic spectrum (radiofrequency, optical, and energetic radiation) at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville, Florida. The most important results include (a) characterization of the preliminary-breakdown, stepped-leader, and return-stroke processes in high-intensity (⩾50 kA) negative lightning discharges, (b) the first high-speed video images of bidirectional leader that made contact with the ground and produced a return stroke, (c) discovery of negative stepped le

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2

Das, Sayantan, and Udaya Kumar. "Modeling of Bi-Polar Leader Inception and Propagation from Flying Aircraft Prior to a Lightning Strike." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060943.

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Lightning is one of the major environmental threats to aircraft. The lightning strikes during flying are mostly attributed to aircraft-triggered lightning. The first step toward designing suitable protective measures against lightning is identifying the attachment locations. For this purpose, oversimplified approaches are currently employed, which do not represent the associated discharge phenomena. Therefore, in this work, a suitable model is developed for simulating the inception and propagation of bi-polar leader discharge from the aircraft. Modeling of leader discharges requires field comp

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3

Ma, Xinyu, Chijie Zhuang, Zezhong Wang, and Rong Zeng. "Positive Leader Velocity and Discharge Current Considering Leader Branching Under Different Air Pressures." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 47, no. 5 (2019): 1939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2018.2886570.

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4

Belosheev, V. P. "Discharge leader self-organization on the water surface." Technical Physics 45, no. 7 (2000): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259749.

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5

Xie, Yaoheng, Yue Yishi, Huisheng Ye, Liu Yun, Yongheng Zhong, and Xiangeng Zhao. "The development characteristics of the discontinuous leader under the positive switching impulse with low rate of voltage rising." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 83, no. 2 (2018): 20802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018180103.

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Discontinuous leader development is the most important discharge process under the application of the switching impulse voltage with the low rate of voltage rising, which is of great significance to study the external insulation characteristics of ultra-high voltage (UHV) large scale air gap. Based on the CMOS high-speed camera, a discharge test with different operating impulse voltage is carried out by constructing a comprehensive observation platform of rod-plate air gap discharge, and a clear discontinuous leader development process picture is captured. Moreover, the leader current, injecti

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6

Qie, X., Y. Yu, C. Guo, P. Laroche, G. Zhang, and Q. Zhang. "Some features of stepped and dart-stepped leaders near the ground in natural negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 6 (2002): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-863-2002.

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Abstract. Characteristics of the electric fields produced by stepped and dart-stepped leaders 200 µs just prior to the return strokes during natural negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges have been analyzed by using data from a broad-band slow antenna system with 0.08 µs time resolution in southeastern China. It has been found that the electric field changes between the last stepped leader and the first return stroke could be classified in three categories. The first type is characterized by a small pulse superimposed on the abrupt beginning of the return stroke, and accounts for 4

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7

Cooray, Vernon, Hasupama Jayasinghe, Marcos Rubinstein, and Farhad Rachidi. "The Geometry and Charge of the Streamer Bursts Generated by Lightning Rods under the Influence of High Electric Fields." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122028.

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The streamer bursts generated during the initiation and propagation of leaders play an important role in the creation and maintenance of hot discharge channels in air. The most important parameters related to streamer bursts in this respect are the length of the streamer bursts, their lateral extent and the charge associated with them. The lateral extent of the streamer bursts may play a significant role in deciding the path and the tortuosity of the discharge channels of laboratory discharges and lightning. The charges associated with the streamer bursts are needed in understanding the physic

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8

Keffer, C. W. "Waste Discharge Reduction Program Overview – Monsanto Agricultural Company." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (1991): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0367.

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Monsanto is committed to being a leader in reducing waste discharges to the environment. The Company announced in June 1988 a commitment to reduce air emissions of hazardous materials by 90% by the end of 1992. In addition, Monsanto Agricultural Company established a further goal to reduce the discharge of organic and hazardous inorganic materials to all environmental media. Projects have been identified for the Agricultural Company to achieve the 90% air emission reduction goal and to reduce projected 1995 waste discharges from 150 million pounds to 50 million pounds.

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9

Pei, Zhehao, Weijiang Chen, Xing Fan, et al. "The contribution of femtosecond laser filaments to positive and negative breakdown discharge in a long air gap." Physics of Plasmas 30, no. 4 (2023): 043511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138646.

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Discharges of different polarities develop in different modes, resulting in different guiding effects by femtosecond laser filaments. Knowledge of the contribution of laser filaments to positive and negative discharges is the basis of the laser-guided long-air-gap discharge technique. This study presents a direct comparison of the inception, propagation, and breakdown characteristics of discharges of both polarities. Long-air-gap discharge experiments under the switching impulses of both polarities are carried out under the same experimental conditions. Discharge modes and phases are also cons

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10

Molas, Michał, and Marcin Szewczyk. "Experimental Evaluation of 3D Tortuosity of Long Laboratory Spark Trajectory for Sphere-Sphere and Sphere-Plane Discharges under Lightning and Switching Impulse Voltages." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217409.

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Evaluation of attractive areas of high- and ultra-high voltage power transmission lines to direct lightning strokes is based on modeling of propagating progress of the lightning leader approaching the transmission line. The aim of the modeling is to determine the effectiveness of lightning protection for a given line design. The statistical models are currently being developed to extend the conventional deterministic models by embracing the randomness of the discharge channel in space and hence to reproduce the statistical distribution of the striking points. These models require experimental

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11

Cui, Yingzhe, Chijie Zhuang, Rong Zeng, and Xuan Zhou. "Shock wave in a long-air-gap leader discharge." AIP Advances 9, no. 6 (2019): 065011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5100519.

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12

Bogatov N. A., Syssoev V.S., Sukharevsky D. I., and Naumova M. Yu. "Microwave diagnostics of electrical discharges in an artificial cloud of charged water drops." Technical Physics 92, no. 3 (2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.03.53260.284-21.

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The microwave diagnostics of discharges occurring in an artificial cloud of charged water droplets created in an open air simulating the environment of thunderclouds is implemented. An artificial cloud with a droplet size of about 1 microns is opaque in the visible range, so intra-cloud discharges are not available for investigation by traditional methods in the spark discharge physics based on the registration of visible discharge radiation. Microwaves pass through such a cloud without noticeable attenuation, they interact only with the plasma of discharges occurring in the cloud. The probing

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13

Setia, Nina, and Christine Meade. "Bundling the Value of Discharge Telephone Calls and Leader Rounding." JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 39, no. 3 (2009): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nna.0b013e31819894f1.

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14

Lehtinen, Nikolai G., and Robert Marskar. "What Determines the Parameters of a Propagating Streamer: A Comparison of Outputs of the Streamer Parameter Model and of Hydrodynamic Simulations." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121664.

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Electric streamer discharges (streamers) in the air are a very important stage of lightning, taking place before formation of the leader discharge, and with which an electric discharge starts from conducting objects which enhance the background electric field, such as airplanes. Despite years of research, it is still not well understood what mechanism determines the values of a streamer’s parameters, such as its radius and propagation velocity. The novel Streamer Parameter Model (SPM) was made to explain this mechanism, and to provide a way to efficiently calculate streamer parameters. Previou

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15

Du, Tang, Li, et al. "Thermal Characteristics of Positive Leaders under Different Electrode Terminals in a Long Air Gap." Energies 12, no. 21 (2019): 4024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214024.

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The thermal characteristics of the positive leader discharges occurring under the different electrode terminals in a 1 m rod-plate air gap were studied quantitatively using Mach–Zehnder interferometry and a high-speed video camera. When disturbed by the discharge channel, the interference fringes are distorted because of the change in the refractive index of air, which is related to the gas density. Therefore, the gas temperature and gas density distribution in the leader channel can be retrieved from the offset of the interference fringes. Based on these results, the thermal characteristics o

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16

Deng, Junbo, Haibao Mu, Guanjun Zhang, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Residual Charge Distribution of Surface Leader Discharge Under Positive Impulse Voltage." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 41, no. 4 (2013): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2013.2251670.

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17

Belosheev, V. P. "Leader discharge over a water surface in a Lichtenberg figure geometry." Technical Physics 43, no. 11 (1998): 1329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259193.

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18

Dul’zon, A. A., V. V. Lopatin, M. D. Noskov, and O. I. Pleshkov. "Modeling the development of the stepped leader of a lightning discharge." Technical Physics 44, no. 4 (1999): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259308.

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19

Yu, Wanshui, Qingmin Li, Jiyao Zhao, and Wah Hoon Siew. "Numerical Simulation of the Lightning Leader Development and Upward Leader Initiation for Rotating Wind Turbine." Machines 10, no. 2 (2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020115.

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Lightning accidents seriously threaten safe operation of wind turbines because the influence mechanisms of wind turbine rotation on corona and upward leader initiation are, so far, not clear. A three-dimensional stochastic evolution model of the lightning downward leader was established by combining the dielectric breakdown model and the lightning current shunt method, according to which the charge density distribution of leader branches was determined. The corona and leader initiation mechanisms of rotating wind turbine were studied based on the 3D drift and diffusion model of ion flow in the

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20

G. V. Podporkin, E. S. Kalakutsky, V.E. Pilshikov, and A. D. Sivaev. "Lightning Protection of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines by Long-Flashover Arresters in Russia." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4269.

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A simple and effective method for lightning protection of power overhead distribution lines by long flashover arresters (LFAs) is presented. Even large lightning currents do not pose any threat to these arresters because the discharge develops in the air and not inside the device. LFAs, which are based on the creeping discharge effect, increase the lightning flashover length significantly and thus eliminate Power Arc Follow (PAF). To protect a line against induced overvoltages, a single arrester should be mounted on a pole. To protect a line against direct lightning strokes, LFA-M arresters sh

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21

Matsui, Daisuke, Ariadi Hazmi, Teiji Watanabe, Nobuyuki Takagi, and Daohong Wang. "Discharge characteristics obtained with an impulse voltage simulating the lightning stepped leader." Journal of Atmospheric Electricity 28, no. 2 (2008): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/jae.28.63.

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22

Hayakawa, N., K. Hatta, S. Okabe, and H. Okubo. "Streamer and leader discharge propagation characteristics leading to breakdown in electronegative gases." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 13, no. 4 (2006): 842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2006.1667744.

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23

Yaoheng Xie, Hengxin He, Junjia He, and Chuanqi Wu. "The Effect of Corona Discharge on Leader Initiation in Long Air Gaps." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 4 (2014): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2305446.

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24

Belosheev, V. P. "Study of the leader of a spark discharge over a water surface." Technical Physics 43, no. 7 (1998): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1259074.

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25

Shah, Wahab Ali, Hengxin He, Junjia He, and Yongchao Yang. "Continuous and Discontinuous Streamer Leader Propagation Phenomena under Slow Front Impulse Voltages in a 10-meter Rod-Plane Air Gap." Energies 11, no. 10 (2018): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102636.

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Investigation of positive streamer-leader propagation under slow front impulse voltages can play an important role in the quantitative research of positive upward lightning. In this work, we performed a large-scale investigation into leader development in a 10-m rod–plane gap under a long front positive impulse. To describe the leader propagation under slow front impulse voltages, we recorded the leader propagation with a high-speed charge coupled device (CCD) camera. It is important to figure out this phenomenon to deepen our understanding of leader discharge. The observation results showed t

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26

Diaz, Oscar, Liliana Arevalo, and Vernon Cooray. "Parameter variation in leader channel models used in long air gap discharge simulation." Electric Power Systems Research 139 (October 2016): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.033.

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27

Tan, M., and D. Lang. "Effectiveness of nurse leader rounding and post-discharge telephone calls on patient satisfaction." International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 14, no. 4 (2016): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.xeb.0000511338.43833.68.

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28

Chen, Junhong, Peng Sun, Jinshu Li, et al. "Surface discharge pattern of C₄F₇N/CO₂ mixture under negative impulse voltages." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 17 (2022): 171602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0117535.

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Due to the excellent properties, C4F7N/CO2 mixture is the most concerned eco-friendly SF6 alternative gas. For a better understanding of the surface discharge characteristics, the surface discharge pattern of C4F7N/CO2 mixture under negative impulse voltages is investigated in this work. The morphology of the surface discharge is obtained by an optical method and a dust figure method. The structure of the surface discharge is established, which from the outside to the inside consists of electron cloud, streamer, streamer stem, and leader. The propagation pattern of the surface discharge in C4F

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29

Zhao, Shixin, Chengxun Yuan, А. А. Кудрявцев, О. М. Жеребцов та Г. Д. Шабанов. "Исследование динамики формирования плазмоидов в гатчинском разряде". Журнал технической физики 91, № 7 (2021): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.07.50952.342-20.

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The results of studies of the Gatchina discharge carried out at the Harbin Technological University (China) are presented. The Gatchina discharge is mainly used to create an analogue of ball lightning in the ordinary atmosphere of a laboratory. Most of the research on this discharge by various groups of scientists is devoted to the study of the first phase of the discharge, when an electric discharge is galvanically coupled to an electrode. This is due to the fact that many researchers consider this phase of the discharge to be decisive for the subsequent long-term existence of an autonomous l

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30

Sasaki, Akira, Susumu Kato, Eiichi Takahashii, Yasuaki Kishimoto, Takashi Fujii, and Seiji Kanazawa. "Simulation of discharge in insulating gas from initial partial discharge to growth of a stepped leader using the percolation model." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 55, no. 2 (2016): 026101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.026101.

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31

Wang, Yanhui, Yingchang Min, Yali Liu, and Guo Zhao. "A New Approach of 3D Lightning Location Based on Pearson Correlation Combined with Empirical Mode Decomposition." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (2021): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193883.

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To improve the accuracy of pulse matching and the mapping quality of lightning discharges, the Pearson correlation method combined with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is introduced for discharge electric field pulse matching. This paper uses the new method to locate the lightning channels of an intra-cloud (IC) lightning flash and a cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash and analyzes the location results for the two lightning flashes. The results show that this method has a good performance in lightning location. Compared with the pulse-peak feature matching method, the positioning results o

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32

Yue, Yishi, Yanhui Zou, Haiyue Wang, Fuyong Huang, and Cheng Wang. "Research on observation method of leader discharge thermal expansion based on quantitative schlieren technique." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 310 (September 5, 2019): 032059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/310/3/032059.

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33

Zhao, Xiangen, Lipeng Liu, Yishi Yue, Hengxin He, Lei Liu, and Junjia He. "On the use of quantitative Schlieren techniques in temperature measurement of leader discharge channels." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (2019): 075012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ab1c3e.

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34

Akita, Manabu, Satoru Yoshida, Yoshitaka Nakamura, et al. "Effects of Charge Distribution in Thunderstorms on Lightning Propagation Paths in Darwin, Australia." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 4 (2011): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3597.1.

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Abstract The charge distributions in a thundercloud play an important role in the initiation and propagation of lightning discharges. To further understand the effects of charge distributions on lightning discharge, the authors conducted a very high-frequency (VHF) lightning observation campaign during the 2006/07 monsoon in Darwin, Australia, using a VHF broadband digital interferometer (DITF). A C-band polarimetric weather radar to estimate the precipitation profiles such as hydrometeor classification was operated by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) Research Centre. Cloud-to-ground (CG) and i

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35

Shi, Tao, Gaopeng Lu, Yanfeng Fan, Xiao Li, and Yang Zhang. "A Comprehensive Study on the Improved Radio-Frequency Magnetic Field Measurement for the Initial Upward Leader of a Negative Rocket-Triggered Lightning Flash." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (2021): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081533.

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The spectrum analysis of the lightning current in the experiment campaign of 2019 reveals that the lightning current waveform contains rich medium-frequency (MF) radiation signals in the initial stage. However, there is a lack of resolution for MF signals by using conventional magnetic sensors. The bandwidth of radio-frequency magnetic field measurement is improved by extending to 20 kHz–1.2 MHz in the Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge (GCOELD). During the previously noticed “quiet period” that can only maintain the upward propagation with relatively small-s

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36

Guo, Xiufeng, Qilin Zhang, and Jinbo Zhang. "Improvement of Corona Discharge Model and Its Application on Simulating Corona Discharge in the Presence of Wind." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9853439.

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To evaluate the effect of wind on corona discharges occurring on the tip of a grounded rod during a negative charging process of thundercloud, a two-dimensional numerical model has been improved by considering the wind velocity as a driving force for the movement of the corona charges. It was found that not only wind speed but also wind direction have a significant effect on the distribution of corona charges, the local electric field around the rod, and the corona current. (1) Under the same wind speed, a larger horizontal wind can result in less accumulation of corona charges, a larger elect

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37

Li, Zhijun, Weijiang Chen, Chengrong Li, et al. "Influence of rate of voltage rise on positive leader inception in long-air-gap discharge." AIP Advances 12, no. 2 (2022): 025119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0072072.

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38

Li, Zhijun, Shengxin Huang, Jianwei Gu, and Tianyu He. "A Contribution to the Investigation of Leader Tortuosity in Positive Long Rod-Plane Air Discharge." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 170442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2949646.

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39

Currie, Graeme, Tina Kiefer, and Dimitrios Spyridonidis. "From what we know to what we do: enhancing absorptive capacity in translational health research." BMJ Leader 4, no. 1 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/leader-2019-000166.

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BackgroundGlobally, evidence about what works is slow to translate into frontline healthcare delivery. As a response, government policy has focused on translational health initiatives, such as the National Institute for Health Research funded Applied Research Collaborations in England. Concepts from organisation science prove useful to support such translational initiatives. We critique the application of two organisation science concepts linked to the broad domain of what is commonly termed ‘knowledge mobilisation’ in healthcare settings, specifically ‘knowledge brokers’ and ‘absorptive capac

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40

Villa-Roel, C., S. R. Majumdar, R. Leigh, et al. "LO64: Emergency department directed multifaceted interventions to improve outcomes after asthma exacerbations: a 3-armed randomized controlled trial." CJEM 19, S1 (2017): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.126.

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Introduction: Approximately 20% of Canadians who present to emergency departments (EDs) with acute asthma relapse within 4 weeks of discharge. The reasons are likely multi-factorial; however, the lack of timely primary care provider (PCP) follow-up and inadequate patient self-management are thought to be important variables. Therefore, we tested the effectiveness of ED-directed multifaceted interventions that targeted PCPs and enhanced patient self-management to reduce asthma relapse following ED discharge. Methods: Adults with acute asthma discharged from 6 Alberta EDs were randomly allocated

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41

Zhang, Yalin, Yunzhong Song, and Shumin Fei. "Consensus Design for Heterogeneous Battery Energy Storage Systems with Droop Control Considering Geographical Factor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020726.

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This paper proposes a hierarchical control strategy to coordinate battery energy storage devices based on a multi-agent system. The heterogeneous nature of the battery volume is paid much more attention in designing the proportional protocol of the consensus controller. Besides that, a cluster algorithm based on Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is suggested to represent geographical factor, and on account of that, each Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is classified into its specific cluster zone. Further, an active leader is assigned to be in charge of information from the external side in ever

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42

Ohtsuka, Shinya, Yuta Nakayama, and Yuta Suzuki. "Optical Measurement of Partial Discharge Propagation Phenomena including Leader Transition in SF₆ Gas." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 141, no. 2 (2021): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.141.196.

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43

Tan, Mary, and Dora Lang. "Effectiveness of nurse leader rounding and post-discharge telephone calls in patient satisfaction: a systematic review." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 13, no. 7 (2015): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/01938924-201513070-00015.

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44

Tan, Mary, and Dora Lang. "Effectiveness of nurse leader rounding and post-discharge telephone calls in patient satisfaction: a systematic review." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports 13, no. 7 (2015): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2013.

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45

Juwita, Helmi, Elly L.Sjattar, Abdul Majid, and Sartika Lukman. "Kolaborasi Multidisiplin Pelaksanaan Discharge Planning." Aksiologiya: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 4 (2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/aks.v5i4.5079.

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Discharge planning adalah suatu proses multidisplin yang melibatkan Profesioanal Pemberi Asuhan (PPA) dan Manajer Pelayanan Pasien (MPP) yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi lama tinggal atau perawatan di rumah sakit, mencegah terjadinya readmisi dan meningkatkan kordinasi layanan setelah keluar dari rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kolaborasi multidisiplin pelaksanaan discharge planning di RSUD Haji Makassar dengan menggunakan pendekatan observasional pre-post implementasi pendokumentasian discharge planning dan metode wawancara dalam bentuk focus group discussion (FGD) ter

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46

Huang, Xin, Ping Yuan, Ruibin Wan, et al. "Conduction characteristics of lightning dart leader channel and its influence on the corresponding return stroke discharge intensity." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 12 (2021): 123512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0064417.

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47

Chen, She, Rong Zeng, Chijie Zhuang, Xuan Zhou, and Yujian Ding. "Experimental Study on Branch and Diffuse Type of Streamers in Leader Restrike of Long Air Gap Discharge." Plasma Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (2016): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/18/3/15.

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48

Akishev, Y., V. Karalnik, M. Medvedev, A. Petryakov, N. Trushkin, and A. Shafikov. "Gas flow influence on streamer-to-leader transition in surface barrier discharge in air at atmospheric pressure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 789 (January 2017): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/789/1/012001.

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49

Biagi, Christopher J., M. A. Uman, J. D. Hill, and D. M. Jordan. "Observations of the initial, upward-propagating, positive leader steps in a rocket-and-wire triggered lightning discharge." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 24 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049944.

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Sasamoto, Ryo, Takao Matsumoto, Yasuji Izawa, and Kiyoto Nishijima. "Gas Heating and Streamer-to-Leader Transition of Impulse Surface Discharge on Quartz Glass in Atmospheric Air." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 43, no. 12 (2015): 4210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2015.2494628.

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