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Journal articles on the topic 'Leaf concentrate'
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1
Nwokoro, S. O., O. W. Agbonghae, N. C. Akaeze, and E. E. Onojeta. "Chemical Compositions of Leaf Protein Concentrate and Bagasse of Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) Leaves obtained from three Different Locations in Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 5 (2022): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i5.10.
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To optimize food and feed production in Nigeria and meet protein demands, viable options need to be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition of Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrate and bagasse. Freshly harvested Pride of Barbados leaves were obtained from three different locations in Benin City and processed for its leaf protein concentrate and bagasse using heat coagulated method. Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrate and bagasse were analysed for proximate and mineral compositions using standard analytical procedures. Proximate analysis revealed that the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, ash, and nitrogen free extract contents of Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrates were 91.17%, 31.12%, 8.33%, 7.92%, 8.2%, and 35.3%, respectively. Pride of Barbados bagasse had a lower crude protein (9.22%) but higher fibre content (10.72%) compared to those of Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrate. Na, K, Ca, and Mg were the most abundant minerals in Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrate and bagasse. Chromium was very low in the leaf protein concentrate and bagasse. Proximate compositions were significantly (p<0.05) affected by location. Pride of Barbados leaf protein concentrate and bagasse can be used as livestock feed ingredient.
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Marhaeniyanto, Eko, and Sri Susanti. "Fermentabilitas ruminal secara in vitro suplementasi tepung daun gamal, kelor, randu dan sengon dalam konsentrat hijau." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 28, no. 3 (2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2018.028.03.04.
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The aim of this research was to study the in vitro ruminal fermentability of supplementation of <em>Gliricidia sepium, Moringa oleifera</em>, Lamk (<em>MOL</em>), <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed to be tested on sheep.<strong> </strong>This research with the experimental methods was arranged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 3 groups. The treatment feed tested consisted of concentrate without leaves and concentrate with leaf meal supplementation. Crude protein content (CP) concentrates were prepared 16%, 18% and 20%. Supplementation uses a mixture of <em>Gliricidia sepium, MOL</em>, <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed (1: 1: 1: 1) as much as 10%, 20% and 30%. The measured variables were degradation of dry matter (DDM) and degradation of organic matter (DOM), gas production rate, microbial biomass and NH<sub>3</sub> concentration. The use of mixed leaf meal in concentrate feed resulted in in vitro DDM as well as concentrate feed without leaf meal supplementation. Supplementation of leaf meal in concentrate feed as much as 30% with CP 20% resulted in a decrease in the value of fermentability. The supplementation of leaf meal in concentrate feed as much as 20% in concentrate feed with CP 18% produced the best fermentability value. Suggested for in-vivo trials on sheep using 18% protein concentrate feed by utilizing <em>Gliricidia sepium, MOL</em>, <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Paraserianthes falcataria </em>leaf meal in concentrate feed as cheap protein sources.
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Jamarun, N., Z. Ikhlas, and RWW Sari. "The effect of mangrove leaf (Rhizophora apiculata) based diet and fermented tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) on the metabolite status of kacang goats." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1341, no. 1 (2024): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012067.
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Abstract Mangrove leaves are coastal plants that can be utilized as livestock feed. To enhance their nutritional content and shelf life, appropriate technologies such as hay production are employed. Fermented Tithonia is used as a protein source in the diet of Kacang goats. This study aimed to optimize the performance of Kacang goats through a combination of mangrove leaf hay and fermented Tithonia. The formulation was designed to minimize the use of concentrates in the diet. A total of 16 male Kacang goats, aged 1 year, the following were used in this research. A Replicated Complete Goup Design was employed, with four diet treatments and four groups based on goats weight. The treatments consisted of : (T1; 35% mangrove leaf + 5% Tithonia diversifolia + 60% Concentrate, T2; 30% mangrove leaf + 10% Tithonia diversifolia + 60% concentrate, T3; 25% mangrove leaf + 15% Tithonia diversifolia + 60% Concentrate, T4; 20% mangrove leaf + 20% Tithonia diversifolia + 60% Concentrate). Parameters measured included blood cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Results indicated that treatment P4 provided the best blood metabolite profile, with a cholesterol value of 61.95 mg/dl, HDL value of 54.27 mg/dl, and LDL value of 32.44 mg/dl. This proves that treatment T4 combination of 20% mangrove leaves, 20% Tithonia and 60% concentrate produces low cholesterol kacang goats that are good for human consumption.
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Enawati, L. S., Markus M. Kleden, and Marfandi M. Robo. "THE EFFECT OF GIVING CONCENTRATES CONTAINING KELOR LEAF FLOURS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS ON NITROGEN UTILISATION OF LOCAL GOAT." Journal of Tropical Animal Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jtast.v1i1.294.
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The study aimed to determine the effect of the use of feed concentrates containing Moringa leaf flour on protein consumption, protein digestibility and rumen ammonia concentration. Data were analyzed using a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, and continued with the Duncan test. The treatments in this study include: K1: Concentrate without the use of Moringa leaf flour; Concentrate with the addition of 10% Moringa leaf flour; K3: Concentrate with the use of Moringa leaf flour 20%; and K4: Concentrate with the use of 30% Moringa leaf flour. The variables determined were Rough Protein Consumption and Digestion and rumen NH3 Concentration. The results showed that protein (g / tail / day) consumption and crude protein digestibility (%) were highest in the treatment of K4: 36.37 and 72.01, then followed by K3: 35.81 da. 71.93; K2: 35.06 and 69.85 and K1: 31.99 and 59.91. The highest rumen NH3 (mM) concentration is also occupied by K4: 19.77 followed; K3: 18.24; K2: 16.48 and K1: 11.16. The results of statistical analysis showed that the treatment had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on consumption and had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the digestibility coefficient of crude protein and rumen NH3. It was concluded that the use of Moringa leaf flour as a constituent component to the level of 30% can be used for animal feed to increase consumption and nutrient digestibility of livestock as well as the provision of rumen NH3.
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Sodamade, A. "Proximate Analysis, Mineral Content, Amino Acid Composition and Functional Properties of Vernonia amygdalina Vegetable Leaf Protein Concentrates." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 3 (2013): 204–10. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.3.011613386.
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Freshly harvested Vernonia amygdalina green vegetable was authenticated and processed for its vegetable leaf protein concentrates with a view to evaluate its proximate constituents, amino acid content and mineral composition. Proximate analysis was determined using standard analytical technique. The nutrient composition of the protein concentrates revealed the moisture content (66.45±0.07), Crude fat (9.20 ±0.85), Crude fibre (10.46±1.05), Crude protein (44.28 ±2.43), ash (12.48± 0.24) and Carbohydrate (23.58±3.4). The mineral content of the sample indicated that Ca, Mg, K, and Na are the most abundant minerals with the following values Na;57.5±0.34,Ca;151.6±1.40, K; 61.5±0.38, Mg; 96.5±0.96, other minerals that were present in the sample in trace concentration are Fe(2.3 ± 0.42), Zn (1.11± 0.11), Mn (0.1± 0.14), Cu (0.1 ± 0.73), Pb (0.1± 0.63),while Selenium were not detected in the sample indicating that the leaf concentrate is fit for dietary consumption. The amino acid profile reveals favourable nutritional balance with the presence of essential and non-essential amino acid except that tryptophan which was believed to be predominant in animal protein was not detected.
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Moore, Brandon D., Maurice S. B. Ku, and Gerald e> Edwards. "C4 Photosynthesis and Light-dependent Accumulation of Inorganic Carbon in Leaves of C3-C4 Flaveria Species." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 6 (1987): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870657.
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Various C3,C3-C4 Flaveria Species were examined for their light-dependent ability to concentrate inorganic carbon (CO2 plus HCO3-) within leaf discs. The five C4 species concentrated 14-32 nmol of inorganic carbon per mg Chl (after reaching saturation with 14CO2). Among the 10 C3-C4 species examined, six species showed a considerable capacity to concentrate inorganic carbon (8-31 nmol per mg Chl).
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Artanti, Okni Winda, Muhammad Ridla, and Lilis Khotijah. "PENGGUNAAN DAUN UBI KAYU (Manihot esculenta) DENGAN PENGOLAHAN BERBEDA TERHADAP PERFORMA KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWA JANTAN." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 7, no. 2 (2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v7i2.p223-229.
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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of fresh, dried or silage cassava leaf to the performances of male Etawa Crossbreed (EC) goats. Fourteen male EC goats (grouping based on body weight with a weight range K1: 19-20 kg; K2: 20-21 kg; K3: 21-22 kg; K4: 22 kg) were allocated in housed individually throughout 90-day trial duration (14 days for animal's adaptation to the experimental diets and 7 days of faeces collection). Experimental design was randomized complete block design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications: concentrate + fresh cassava leaf (T0); concentrate + dried cassava leaf (T1); and concentrate + silage cassava leaf (T2). Concentrat was given at level of 50% (3% BW) and forage was given ad libitum respectively for each treatments. Variables observed were feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain, and feed efficiency. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there were significant effect of treatments were continued using Duncan multiple range test. The results of this experiment showed that the processing of cassava leaf increased on dry matter intake, crude protein, total digestible nutrient (TDN), digestibility, body weight gain, and feed efficiency. The conclusions were processing of cassava leaves improved the consumption and digestibility of male EC goats and the treatment of cassava leaf silage had the best feed efficiency. Keywords: Cassava Leaf, Performance, Digestibility, Male Etawa Crossbreed Goat.
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Tesfay, Gebrekidan, Berhan Tamir, and Gebreyohannse Berhane. "Carcass and non-carcass characteristics of Tigray highland lambs fed mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal at different supplementation levels." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 6, no. 3 (2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2017.6304.
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The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tigray highland lambs. The experiment consisted of five treatments; and conducted in a randomized complete block design using thirty intact yearlings Tigray highland male lambs. The experimental diets were 300g concentrate mix alone, 225g concentrate mix + 86.55g mulberry leaf, 150g concentrate mix + 173.1g mulberry leaf, 75g concentrate mix + 259.7g mulberry leaf and 346.2g mulberry leaf alone with barley straw ad libitum to all treatments. The mix was prepared from Noug seed cake and wheat bran at ratio of 1:2, respectively. Higher weights of total edible offal component, empty body weight, rib eye muscle area and slaughter weight were observed as a result of high level of mulberry leaf meal supplementation than the sole concentrate mix treatment. On the other hand, the dressing percentage on slaughter weight base as well as empty body weight base and hot carcass weight showed less difference (p>0.05) between sole mulberry leaf meal and sole concentrate mix treatments. The result of the present study indicated that substitution of mulberry leaf meal for concentrate mix can be used effectively without affecting the results of growth parameters as well as edible or non edible offal components that can be achieved by sole concentrate supplementation. Hence, the finding revealed that feeding mulberry leaf meal alone to Tigray highland lambs could substitute the costly and even less accessible commercial concentrate mix to resource poor farmers and could result in reasonably better performance of lambs.
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Tesfay, Gebrekidan, Berhan Tamir, and G. Berhane. "Substitution of mulberry leaf meal on feed intake, body weight and carcass characteristics of Tigray highland lambs." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 23, no. 1 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v23i1.1634.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of partial or full substitution of mulberry leaf meal for concentrate mix on performances of Tigray highland lambs. Thirty intact yearlings Tigray highland male lambs (average initial body weights of 17.8±0.95 kg) were separated into 6 groups based on their live weight with each groups assigned 5 treatment diets (RCBD), that are: T1: 300 g concentrate mix alone, T2: 225 g concentrate mix + 86.55 g mulberry leaf, T3: 150 g concentrate mix + 173.1 g mulberry leaf, T4: 75 g concentrate mix + 259.7 g mulberry leaf and T5: 346.2 g mulberry leaf alone. The treatments diets were designed in such a way that concentrate mix was progressively replaced by mulberry leaf meal from 0% to 100% at iso-nitrogenous level. Lambs were adapted to experimental diets for 15 days, and after adaptation period, feeding trial was conducted. Results reveal that complete substitution of concentrate mix by mulberry leaf meal showed in higher (P&lt;0.05) total dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF intake than the sole concentrate mix. The growth performance parameters resulted comparable across all the treatment diets. The slaughter weight and empty weight resulted higher (P&lt;0.05) in sole mulberry leaf meal as compared to the whole concentrate mix supplemented lambs. On the other hand, the dressing percentage on empty body weight base and hot carcass weight showed less difference (P&gt;0.05) across the different treatments. Therefore, mulberry foliage could potentially be used to replace concentrate mix as a feed supplement for the small holder farmers in Ethiopia.
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Dr, Sharjeel Hassan Dr Shaista Qasim Dr Tanzeelah Shamshad. "TREATMENT OF SKIN CONTAMINATIONS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING THROUGH ALOE VERA LEAF GEL AND RIND." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 08 (2019): 14811–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3370322.
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<em>Butyric corrosive was recognized by GC/MSD examination from ether concentrate of the gel ageing juices, expecting various gainful impacts of butyric corrosive at the intestinal and additional intestinal dimension. Aloe Vera concentrates have antimicrobial and against parasitic exercises, which might almost certainly treat minor skin contaminations. Present examination displays that day by day admission of the butyric corrosive ageing concentrate from Aloe Vera inward gel with endophytic microbes may give the conceivable potential preventive and helpful jobs in human wellbeing. Regardless of antimicrobial exercises, the internal leaf gel containing acemannan: non-edible polysaccharide, prompts maturation with endophytic microorganisms and results in bacterial development advancement. No short chain unsaturated fats were recognized in the ether concentrates of the ageing stock with the skin.</em> <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Endophytic bacteria fermentation; Aloe Vera inner gel; Short-chain fatty acids; Butyric acid.</em>
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Sumantri, Ika, Gloria Rida Hadian, Muhammad Rizal, TriSatya Mastuti Widi, and Sigit Prastowo. "Utilization of water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) leaf meal in concentrate feed to improve the growth of Kalimantan swamp buffalo calves." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.20527/twj.v9i1.119.
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Swamp buffalo on Kalimantan island is reared under an extensive production system. Minimum farmer input and decreasing swamp grass availability during the wet season lead to lower buffalo morphometrics, lower reproductive performances, and a higher calf mortality rate. This participatory study was conducted to evaluate the calf's performance after receiving a concentrate feed formulated using water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea) leaf meal as a protein source. Results of the study showed that water mimosa leaf meal has high crude protein content (>30%). After 4 months of observation, feeding concentrate feed formulated with water mimosa leaf meal as a protein source improved the growth of swamp buffalo calves. The calves in concentrate feed group showed body weight gain of 14.84 kg/month, growths of chest girth 13.6 cm, and height at wither 5.6 cm those improved compared to those in the group that did not offer concentrate feed that had the growths in chest girth 9.2 cm and height at wither 5.2 cm. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of using water mimosa leaf meals as a protein source for concentrate feed, which can enhance the growth of buffalo calves while resolving the issue of water mimosa invasion in the swamp area.
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Coldebella, Priscila F., Simone D. Gomes, Janete A. Evarini, Marney P. Cereda, Sílvia R. M. Coelho, and Anderson Coldebella. "Evaluation of protein extraction methods to obtain protein concentrate from cassava leaf." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 6 (2013): 1223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000600015.
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The cassava leaf, waste generated in the harvest of the roots, is characterized by high content of protein, vitamins and minerals; however, its use is limited due to the high fiber content and antinutritional substances, which can be removed by obtaining protein concentrates. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate protein extraction processes, aiming the use of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an alternative protein. Four methods were tested: 1) Coagulation of Proteins by Lowering the Temperature, 2) Extraction by Isoelectric Precipitation, 3) Solubilization of Proteins and 4) Fermentation of Filter Leaf Juice. To obtain the concentrates, the use of fresh or dried leaves and extraction in one or two steps were also evaluated. The solubilization of proteins (method 3) showed a higher extraction yield; however, with concentrate of low quality. The fermentation of the juice (method 4) produced concentrates with higher quality and lower costs and the isoelectric precipitation (method 2) promoted the obtention of concentrates in less time, both with good prospects for use. The use of two extraction steps was not advantageous to the process and there was no difference between the use of fresh or dried leaf, and the use of fresh leaves is presented as a good option for the simplicity of the method.
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Jhena, Kristina, Markus M. Kleden, and Imanuel Benu. "KECERNAAN NUTRIEN DAN PARAMETER RUMEN PAKAN KONSENTRAT YANG MENGANDUNG TEPUNG DAUN KERSEN SEBAGAI PENGGANTI JAGUNG SECARA IN VITRO (In vitro nutrient digestibility and rumen parameter of concentrate feed base chery leaf meal as corn substitution)." JURNAL NUKLEUS PETERNAKAN 7, no. 2 (2020): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v7i2.3018.
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The present study aimed to determine the effect of concentrate base cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L) substituting corn meal on in vitro nutrient digestibility and rumen parameter. This study was conducted in the laboratory of feed chemistry Faculty of animals Husbandry University of Nusa Cendana. The experiment was subjected to a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The tested treatments were: MC0 = concentrate containing 100% corn meal without cherry leaf meal; MC20 = concentrate containing 80% corn meal + 20% cherry leaf meal; MC40 = concentrate containing 60% corn meal + 40% cherry leaf meal; MC60 = concentrate containing 40% corn meal + 60% cherry leaf meal. The result showed that corn replacement by muntingia calabura leaves meal in concentrate feed decrease nutrient digestibility. In contrary the rumen parameter had increase value. Statistical analysis showed that the the parameter measured was very high depend on the Muntingia leaves meal utilization. As a conclusion that Muntingia calabura leaves can be used as corn substitution up to 20%.
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Razanov, S., S. Tkachyk, and A. Razanova. "The intensity of heavy metals accumulation by the milk thistle leaf mass under its fertilization with the latest fertilizers." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(161) (November 24, 2020): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-161-2-160-167.
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The aim of the research is to study the intensity of heavy metals accumulation in milk thistle leaf mass under fertilization with the latest types of fertilizers and to assess the environmental safety of such raw materials. Two experiments were laid in the research: the effect of fertilizing milk thistle with organo-mineral fertilizer Growth-concentrate on the intensity heavy metals accumulation by its leaf mass; the effect of fertilizing milk thistle with chelated fertilizers Phosphorus-chelate and Potassium-chelate on the intensity on heavy metals accumulation by the leaf mass. The use of a chelated Phosphorus chelate fertilizer for the fertilization of milk thistle crops leads to a 1.1 times decrease in the contamination of its leaf mass with cadmium and copper in comparison with the option without fertilizing its crops, and the increase in the concentration of lead and zinc compared to the control is insignificant and is within the range errors of experience. The use of fertilization of crops of milk thistle chelated fertilizer Potassium-chelate helps to reduce the contamination of its leaf mass with cadmium compared to the control, and the change in its contamination with copper is within the margin of error. At the same time, replacing the Growth-concentrate fertilizer with Phosphorus-chelate or Potassium-chelate when fertilizing milk thistle crops will lead to a decrease in the contamination of its leaf mass with lead, cadmium and copper, but will increase the contamination with zinc, compared to the control. The most environmentally safe leaf raw material of milk thistle in terms of lead, cadmium and copper content will be observed when fertilizing its crops with chelated fertilizers Phosphorus-chelate, and in terms of zinc content – when fertilizing with organo-mineral fertilizer Growth-concentrate. It is advisable to use Phosphorus-chelate fertilizer for the plant fertilization to reduce the contamination of the leaf mass of the medicinal raw material of milk thistle with heavy metals, in particular cadmium – by 9 % and copper – by 11 %,. To reduce contamination of the leaf mass with zinc by 81 %, it is recommended to use the organic-mineral fertilizer Growth-concentrate. Key words: milk thistle, medicinal raw materials, environmental safety, heavy metals, pollution, fertilizers.
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Winda Artanti, Okni, and Silvia Andriani. "Penggunaan Daun Ubi Kayu (Manihot esculenta) dengan Pengolahan Berbeda terhadap Blood Urea Nitrogen Kambing Peranakan Etawa Jantan." wahana peternakan 4, no. 2 (2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/jwp.v4i2.213.
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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of fresh, dried or silage cassava leaf to the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of male Etawa Crossbreed (EC) goats. Twelve EC goats (grouping based on body weight with a weight range K1: 19-20 kg; K2: 20-21 kg; K3: 21-22 kg; K4: 22 kg) were allocated in housed individually throughout 90-day trial duration (14 days for animal's adaptation to the experimental diets and 7 days of faeces collection). Experimental design was randomized complete block design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications: concentrate + fresh cassava leaf (P0); concentrate + dried cassava leaf (P1); and concentrate + silage cassava leaf (P2). Concentrat was given at level of 50% (3% BW) and forage was given ad libitum respectively for each treatments. Variables observed were crude fiber intake, crude fiber digestibility, crude protein digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there were significant effect of treatments were continued using duncan multiple range test. The results of this experiment showed that the processing of cassava leaves increased on crude fiber intake, crude fiber and crude protein digestibibility, but did not effect on blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, processing of cassava leaves improved the consumption, digestibility but did not effect on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of EC goats. Keywords: Blood Urea Nitrogen, Cassava Leaf, Male Etawa Crossbreed Goat
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Khanna, Vibhu, Saurabh Singh, Kalvatala Sudhakar, et al. "GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES FROM ALOE VERA LEAF GEL CONCENTRATE AND ITS CHARACTERISATION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738801.
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Copper nanoparticles were synthesized from Aloe vera leaf gel extract concentrate from 0.1 Molar Copper sulphate pentahydrate solution. The Aloe vera gel concentrate and copper sulphate solution during the process were subjected to spectrophotometric absorption studies. Prepared nanoparticles were observed for size, zeta potential and polydispersity index, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results showed that the size of elemental copper synthesized with the help of Aloe vera leaf gel extract concentrate was 272nm. SEM analysis confirmed the morphology of synthesized nanoparticles (spherical shapes). EDX studies further confirmed the presence of 67.21% elemental copper in newly synthesized nanoparticles prepared from Aloe vera leaf gel concentrate. The process of green synthesis uses eco-friendly resources to increase biological safety. The Aloe vera leaf gel extract concentrate efficiently served as a reducing and a capping agent to reduce the size of copper particles to the nanoparticle range. The method is low in cost and saves energy.
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Perdana, Sigit, I. Gusti Lanang Oka Cakra, and I. Gede Mahardika. "The effect of concentrate replacement level with gamal leaf (gliricidia sepium) in ransum on rument metabolite products and blood goat profile." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 1 (2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n1.379.
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This study aims to determine the effect of replacing concentrates with Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) in the ration on the product and the performance of rumen metabolites and the blood profile of PE goats. The experimental design used was the Latin square design, 4 x 4 that is 4 treatments with four 4 replications each experiment unit consisted of 1 animal. One treatment period for 2 weeks. The first week was adapted and the second week the data collection process was carried out. The treatment given is as follows. The treatments are A (45% concentrate and 55% field grass); B (Gamal 15% with 30% concentrate and 55% field grass); C (Gamal 30% with 15% concentrate and 55% field grass); D (Gamal 45% and field grass 55%). The results of this study indicate that the effect of the rate of replacement of concentrates with Gamal leaves (Gliricidia sepium) in the ration on rumen metabolite products PE goat was significantly different (P <0.05) total VFA concentration and VFA Parcial. The concentration of N-NH3, protozoan population the acidity of pH, methane production showed results that were not significantly different.
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Famuwagun, A. A., K. A. Taiwo, S. O. Gbadamosi, D. J. Oyedele, R. E. Aluko, and O. C. Adebooye. "Extraction Optimization and Antioxidant Properties of African Eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon) Leaf Polyphenols." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2159183.
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Optimization of the yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant activities (TAA) of polyphenol concentrates extracted from Solanum macrocarpon leaves was studied using response surface methodology. The process variables investigated included extraction temperature (30, 50, and 70°C), extraction time (2, 4, and 6 h), and dried leaf powder : water ratio (1 : 10, 1 : 20, and 1 : 30 w/v). Box–Behnken design resulted in 15 experimental runs. The results showed the following optimum extraction conditions: temperature, 49.05°C; extraction time, 243 min; leaf powder : water ratio, 1 : 22 w/v. The optimized extraction conditions gave polyphenol concentrate yield, TPC, and TAA values of 24.94%, 421.09 mg GAE/g, and 23.81 mg AAE/g, respectively. Results of the in vitro antioxidant activities of the polyphenol concentrate showed 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, metal chelating ability, and ferric reducing ability values of 76.78%, 80.22%, and 56.46 mg AAE/g, respectively. The study concludes that the experimental values compared closely with the predicted values, which indicates suitability of the model employed for polyphenol extraction optimization from dried S. macrocarpon leaves.
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Wiranatha, I. Gede, Iriani Setyawati, and Ngurah Intan Wiratmini. "Histopatologi serta Aktivitas Hati Kelinci Lokal (Lepus sp.) yang Diberi Ransum Tepung Daun Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) dan Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L.)." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 2 (2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2019.v06.i02.p07.
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The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of feed containing various concentrations of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. leaf meal mixed with pineapple peels and concentrate feed on histopathology and the activity of liver of local rabbit (Lepus sp). This study used a Post-Test Only Control Group Design, using 24 local male rabbits divided into 4 groups of feed treatment namely P0 = concentrate feed as control; P1 = mixture of 15% of calliandra leaf meal (CLM), 30% of pineapple peels (PP) and 55% of commercial feed (CF); P2 = 30% of CLM, 30% of PP and 40% of CF; and P3 = 45% of CLM, 30% of PP and 25% of CF). The treatments were given for 60 days and used 6 replicates for each group. The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS program version 22. The research results showed the increase of calliandra leaf meal levels in concentrated feed which were added 30% of pineapple peels still caused liver damage namely fatty degeneration, necrosis and congestion. It increased the ALT level, but did not affect the AST level in local rabbit serum.
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Naveen B, Anil Kumar A, Abhilash G, Akila CR, and Raja Sheker K. "In-Vitro analysis of medicinal plant for anti-inflammatory properties." International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijntps.v10i3.1361.
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This examination demonstrations the in vitro mitigating impact of leaf concentrates of Polyalthia longifolia. These were investigated in various measures to decide their mitigating impacts. Protein denaturation and RBC film adjustment were measured. The outcomes were accounted for as % hindrance in triplicate assurance and were exposed to factual additionally, diclofenac Aspirin and sodium were utilized as norms. The consequence of the % restraint of protein denaturation demonstrated that at 1mg/ml diclofenac, ethanolic extricate, new leaf fluid concentrate and dry leaf watery concentrate. Because of dissecting the MS and UV information and in contrast with the legitimate norms, an aggregate of 10 polyphenols were recognized and measured, counting gallic corrosive, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and their subordinates. This is the primary investigation looking at the leaves, as opposed to the organic product or seeds reasonably collected yet underutilized by nearby indigenous people groups. The concoction outline of the leaf was thoroughly broke down and prompted the ID of 10 polyphenol mixes, counting phenolic corrosive and flavonoids. The individual polyphenols were effectively quantitated, utilizing UV recognition. Additional bioactivity examinations demonstrated that the concentrates of leaf display cancer prevention agent, antiproliferation, and calming exercises. The primary atomic component may mostly be donated by the hindrance of NF-κB enactment, a typical sign alleyway among multiplication and aggravation. Additional examinations are expected to investigate whether these polyphenol mixes could work synergistically to accomplish significantly better exercises than each solitary segment. The concoction bioactivities and profile decided to help its conventional usage and might assistance for its additional pharmacological investigations and nutraceutical requests.
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Pearce, Joshua M., Maryam Khaksari, and David Denkenberger. "Preliminary Automated Determination of Edibility of Alternative Foods: Non-Targeted Screening for Toxins in Red Maple Leaf Concentrate." Plants 8, no. 5 (2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8050110.
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Alternative food supplies could maintain humanity despite sun-blocking global catastrophic risks (GCRs) that eliminate conventional agriculture. A promising alternative food is making leaf concentrate. However, the edibility of tree leaves is largely uncertain. To overcome this challenge, this study provides the methods for obtaining rapid toxics screening of common leaf concentrates. The investigation begins with a non-targeted approach using an ultra-high-resolution hybrid ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to an ultra-high pressure two-dimensional liquid chromatograph system on the most common North American leaf: the red maple. Identified chemicals from this non-targeted approach are then cross-referenced with the OpenFoodTox database to identify toxic chemicals. Identified toxins are then screened for formula validation and evaluated for risk as a food. The results after screening show that red maple leaf concentrate contains at least eight toxic chemicals, which upon analysis do not present substantial risks unless consumed in abundance. This indicates that red maple leaf is still a potential alternative food. The results are discussed in the context of expanding the analysis with open science and using leaf extract from other plants that are not traditionally used as foods to offset current global hunger challenges, and move to a more sustainable food system while also preparing for GCRs.
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Wu, Wenbiao, and Yanling Sun. "Dietary safety evaluation of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 10 (2010): 1514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110392085.
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It has been shown that water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) is nutritionally and economically available for applications in food and feed, such as biscuits or seasonings industries, but, its dietary safety has never been studied. The dietary safety of WHLPC was therefore evaluated by analyzing the contents of total alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and heavy metals, followed by laboratory animal feeding test. The total alkaloid and phenolic contents of WHLPC were 18.7 mg/kg and 5.2 mg/kg, respectively. WHLPC contained non-detectable Cd, 0.04 mg/kg Cr, 0.001 mg/kg Pb, 0.002 mg/kg Pt, 0.001 mg/kg Pd, 0.003 mg/kg Sn, 0.002 mg/kg Hg, 0.01 mg/kg Ba, 0.001 mg/kg Ag, 0.006 mg/kg Sd, and 0.03 mg/kg Al. The LD50 of WHLPC in mice was more than 20.5 g/kg body weight (bw). After feeding mice for 7, 30, 60 or 90 days, either on diet containing WHLPC or a control diet of equivalent protein content, there were no significant differences in absolute body weight or weight gain of WHLPC-treated mice. The results of haematological analysis, histopathological evaluation, general dissection, and investigations of internal organs did not show any adverse effects from diet containing WHLPC. It was concluded that WHLPC is not acutely toxic and does not show sub-chronic in mice.
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Parameswaran, M., S. R. Parmar, K. S. Prajapati, and M. K. Chakraborty. "Nutritional and biological evaluation of tobacco leaf protein concentrate." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38, no. 4 (1988): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01091724.
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TSUJI, TOSHIFUMI, TAKAO MORI, MASAYUKI TANIGUCHI, KAZUYUKI SHIMIZU, and TAKESHI KOBAYASHI. "Solvent extraction of plant pigments from leaf protein concentrate." Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 18, no. 6 (1985): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.18.539.
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Widiana, A., R. M. Hasby, and U. Ukit. "Potency of Cajuput Leaf Waste as additional feed concentrate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 033029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/3/033029.
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Ndaru, Poespitasari Hazanah, Siti Chuzaemi, and Muhimmatu Mufidah. "In-vitro nutrient degradability of complete feed containing myristic acid and tannins addition." E3S Web of Conferences 335 (2022): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233500047.
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The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of Myristic acid and the source of condensed tannin on corn straw basedcomplete feed on nutrient content and in vitro digestibility. The method which was used in this experiment was randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of T0 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate), T1 complete feed (40% corn straw + 60% concentrate + myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T2 complete feed (40% corn straw + 50% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 10%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T3 complete feed (40% corn straw + 45% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM), T4 (40% corn straw + 40% concentrate + calliandra leaf meal 20%/Kg DM and myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM). Based on the result, it could be concluded that calliandra leaf meal 15%/Kg DM + Myristic acid 30 g/Kg DM on the complete feed (T3) was the best treatment based on nutrient content and increase of dry matter digestibility, but not an effect of organic matter digestibility
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MISHRA, VAIDEHI, JYOTI PALOD, D. V. SINGH, et al. "Effect of Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) Leaf Powder Feeding on Growth Performance and Economics of Feeding in Pantja Goats." Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 37, no. 2 (2023): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijapm.2023.37.2.12.
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The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaf powder feeding on growth performance and economics of feeding in Pantja goats at Goat Unit, Department of Livestock Production Management, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. The study was conducted on a total of sixteen, 6-8 months old kids, which were randomly divided into four groups (T0- Control, T1- 75% Concentrate + 25% ardu leaf powder, T2- 50% Concentrate + 50% ardu leaf powder and T3- 25% Concentrate + 75% ardu leaf powder). Growth parameters were studied by observation of body weight at different time periods viz. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. The results of the experiment revealed that treatment groups supplemented with ardu leaf powder had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weights than the control group. Maximum body weight during whole experimental period was noted in treatment group supplemented with 75% of ardu leaf powder. All the treatment groups fed with ardu leaf powder showed reduction in feed cost as compared to control with minimum feed cost noted in treatment group fed with 75% of ardu leaf powder.
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Park, Hyonam, Bohee Kim, Yuri Kang, and Woonjung Kim. "Study on Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 3 (2024): 2133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46030137.
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Guava (Psidium guajava) is a plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Its leaves contain a large amount of physiological molecules such as flavonoid, sesquiterpene, triterpenoid, coumarin, alkaloid, and tannin molecules with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the use of concentrated P. guajava leaf extract molecules as a functional natural material was evaluated by confirming the extract’s antioxidative, antibacterial, tyrosinase activity inhibition, and collagenase activity inhibition effects and its trans-2-nonenal removal ability. As a result of the analysis of the antioxidant and antibacterial components of concentrated P. guajava leaf extract molecules through GC-MS, a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbon molecules were detected. When different concentrations of ethanol were used for extraction, the leaf extract concentrated with 70% ethanol showed the most effective active molecules. As a result of measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity, a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was confirmed. The antioxidant activity tended to increase when the ethanol content used for extraction was increased. Molecules such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, caryophyllene oxide, and γ-muurolene in P. guajava leaf extract concentrate appeared to have antibacterial activities against S. aureus bacteria known to cause atopy. As ethanol content increased, the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was increased. In addition, when ethanol content was 50%, the concentrated leaf extract was able to remove trans-2-nonenal by 52.4%. As a result of determining the concentrated leaf extract’s collagenase inhibition activity, an inhibition rate close to that of ascorbic acid, a positive control, was confirmed. The concentrated guajava leaf extract molecules were confirmed to have whitening and wrinkle-improving functionality. Thus, the P. guajava leaf extract has high potential as a food and natural cosmetic material.
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Adeloye, A. A. "Intake And Nutrient Digestibilities Of All-concentrate Diet From Forage And Some Crop Wastes By Sheep And Goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 20 (January 5, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v20i.2097.
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A total of 20 animals comprising 10 ranis and 10 bucks were involved in a digestibility study to assess the nutritive value of a combination of yam peel, cocoa-seed testa and Leucaena leaf in an all-concentrate diet for the sheep and goat. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intakes, dry matter and nutrient digestibilities, total digestible nutrients and nutritive ratio. The dry matter intakes in the all-concentrate diet by the sheep and goat ( > 4% of body weight) were higher (p<0.05) than obtained for the conventional diet of grass hay and supplemental concentrates of dry matter, crude protein and energy were lower (P<0.05) while those of crude protein and ether extract were higher and significant when compared to the conventional diet. The nature of the crude fibre of all-concentrate feed could influence the dry matter and energy digestibilities, and the digestible energy. The nutritive ratio of the all-concentrate feed was narrow (P<0.05) and indicated a high nutritive value.
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Aoetpah, Aholiab, Jacobus Oematan, Manix Manfe, Wenbo Sun, Musa Banunaek, and I. Gusti Komang Wirawan. "Types of Tropical Legume Leaf Meal in Dietary Concentrate Increased the Production of Forage-finished Beef Bali Cattle." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 34, no. 1 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2024.034.01.01.
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The objective of this experiment was to assess the production responses of forage-finished beef Bali cattle fed concentrated feed containing different types of leaf meal tropical legumes. Sixteen forage-finished male beef Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) with an average body weight of 175.20±27.85 kg and aged 1.5-2.5 years were raised for 54 days for data collection. A randomized completely block design was used, which consisted of four dietary treatments and four replicates. The dietary treatments, which were formulated to be isonitrogenous to provide 120 g/kg dry matter (DM) crude protein, included Cipelang grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan) as a basal diet (Con) or a control supplemented with a dietary concentrate containing either leaf meal of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) 54.57% (Gliri), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) 55.59% (Leu) or Moringa (Moringa oleifera) 40.85% (Mor). The feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility and blood parameters were measured. The results showed that legume leaf meal supplementation significantly increased (P<0.05) feed intake, ADG, digestibility, haemoglobin and total leucocytes, while FCR was not affected (P>0.05). The highest ADG was recorded for Leu and Mor cattle, which was in line with the highest feed intake. In conclusion, forage-finished beef Bali cattle fed Cipelang grass as a basal diet grew faster when supplemented with dietary concentrate containing Moringa or Leucaena leaf meal.
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Rathore, Mala. "Leaf Protein Concentrate as Food Supplement from Arid Zone Plants." Journal of Dietary Supplements 7, no. 2 (2010): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19390211003766777.
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Adeyemi, Oyeyemi, and Chris C. Osubor. "Assessment of nutritional quality of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 42, no. 3 (2016): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.08.002.
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Ginting, Nurzainah. "THE EFFECT OF GIVING BANGUN- BANGUN LEAF BISCUITS (Coleus amboinicus Lour) AS SUPPLEMENTARY FEED ON THE QUALITY OF SAPERA GOAT MILK." Jurnal Peternakan Unggul 7, no. 1 (2024): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/jpu.v7i1.794.
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Abstract Bangun- Bangun leaf biscuits is a feed product that can be used as additional feed for Sapera goats in an effort to increase milk quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of milk of Sapera goats that were given Bangun-bangun leaf biscuits ( Coleus amboinicus Lour). This research was conducted at the Kanaya farm, Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra Province. This research lasted for 2 months from August until October 2022. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of P0 = 50% forage + 50% concentrate , P1 = 50% forage + 25% concentrate + 25% Bangun-bangun leaf biscuits , P2 = 50% forage + 50% Bangun-bangun leaf biscuits. Parameters observed is specific gravity, dry matter, protein, fat and acidity of milk. Results study show that there was no difference of all treatments of the parameters. However, there was an indication that treatment with provision of 50% forage + 25% concentrate + 25% Bangun-bangun leaf biscuits (Coleus amboinicus Lour) has better values on milk dry matter, and protein content.
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Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa, Indriyanto Indriyanto, and Melya Riniarti. "POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN KETAPANG, MAHONI, DAN KERAI PAYUNG SEBAGAI BIOHERBISIDA TERHADAP Cyperus rotundus L." EnviroScienteae 14, no. 2 (2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v14i2.5473.
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Bioherbicide is an alternative compound to control weeds which are environmentally friendly by utilizing parts of plant organs, like leaves that are applied in the form of extracts. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Terminalia catappa, Swietenia macrophylla, and Filicium decipiens leaf extract as bioherbicides against Cyperus rotundus and to find out which leaf extract has the most effective to prevent the Cyperus rotundus growth. The study was done by using maceration techniques of leaf extract with ethanol solvent applied to Cyperus rotundus. This study was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments, which are control, 50% of Terminalia catappa leaf extract concentrate, 50% of Swietenia macrophylla leaf extract concentrate, and 50% of Filicium decipiens leaf extract concentrate. The results of this research showed that ketapang, mahogany, and kerai payung leaf extract could be used as bioherbicides because it has a very significant effect on inhibiting the height growth, the number of leaves, and the length of the roots of Cyperus rotundus. Filicium decipiens extract was the most effective extract in inhibiting the number of Cyperus rotundus leaves. However, each leaf extract did not significantly affect the reduction of chlorophyll content and dry weight. Therefore, further research is needed regarding the potential of these three leaf extracts to other weeds.
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Hagan, A. K., and J. R. Arkidge. "Entomosporium Leaf Spot Control on Red-tip Photinia in the Landscape." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 1 (2011): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.1.25.
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Abstract In 2006, 2007, and 2008, efficacy of the soil-applied fungicide drench All-In-One Rose & Flower Care [All-In-One] (tebuconazole) was compared with the foliar-applied fungicides Daconil Weather Stik (chlorothalonil), Immunox Multipurpose Fungicide (myclobutanil), RosePride Disease Control Concentrate (triforine), and Disease Control for Roses, Flowers & Shrub Concentrate (tebuconazole) for the control of Entomosporium leaf spot on field-grown red-tip photinia (Photinia × fraseri ‘Birmingham’). While the label rate of All-In-One drench was poured over the soil surface around the base of each plant at monthly intervals, the foliar applied-fungicides were applied at label rates at 2-week intervals to runoff. Over the study period, drenches of All-In-One failed to protect photinia from Entomosporium leaf spot, while the foliar-applied fungicides significantly reduced disease levels. Defoliation on the non-fungicide treated controls was similar to the All-In-One drench and ranged over the study period from 25 to nearly 75%. In contrast, little if any leaf spotting and no defoliation occurred in any of the study years on the photinia treated with Daconil Weather Stik, Immunox Multi-purpose Fungicide, RosePride Disease Control Concentrate, and Disease Control for Roses, Flowers & Shrub Concentrate. Poor efficacy of the All-In-One was attributed to an inadequate concentration of the fungicide component tebuconazole when applied at the label drench rate.
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Purwanti, Ani, Mukasi Wahyu Kurniawati, and Siswandi Waluyo. "The Influence of Extraction Time and Solvent Concentration on the Production of Spinach Leaf Protein Concentrate with KOH Solvent." Jurnal Kimia dan Rekayasa 4, no. 1 (2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jkireka.v4i1.63.
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This research generated several qualitative data indicating the effects of temperature extraction and pH precipitation on spinach protein concentrates. The results shows that higher extraction temperature tend to increase protein yield. At an extraction temperature of 60°C, the spinach protein yield was 23%, while at 80°C, the protein yield increased to 28%. However, extraction temperatures above 80°C led to a decrease in protein yield due to significant protein denaturation. pH precipitation was observed to have significant influence on the quality of spinach protein. Precipitation at pH 4.5 resulted in a protein concentrate with higher brightness compared to precipitation at pH 5.5 and pH 6.5. This result indicates that acidic pH is more effective in spinach protein precipitation. Qualitative data indicated that spinach protein concentrate had good physicochemical characteristics. The protein concentrate had a greenish-yellow color and a distinctive aroma of spinach leaves. It had a neutral taste and a smooth texture. spinach protein concentrate consistency can be adjusted depends on user needs through the drying process. The results of this study demonstrated potential use of spinach protein concentrate in various food products. Spinach protein concentrate can be used as a manufacturing ingredient for a variety of food products such as pasta, cakes, and other processed products. Overall, this research provides evidence that protein extraction from spinach leaves with modified temperature extraction and pH precipitation can yield high-quality spinach protein concentrate. The results of this research will serve as a basis for the development of healthy and highly nutritious vegetable protein foods, and can contribute to the improvement of public health through the intake of highly nutritious foods.
 AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat konsentrat protein dari daun bayam dengan pelarut KOH untuk mendapatkan hasil maksimal dengan variabel suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi pelarut yang digunakan. Daun bayam terlebih dahulu dibersihkan, tulang daunnya dibuang, kemudian dipotong kecil-kecil dan ditimbang sebanyak 50 gram. Proses awal yang dilakukan adalah proses ekstraksi pada suhu ekstraksi 700C dengan variasi konsentrasi pelarut KOH antara 0,1 N – 0,5 N dengan interval 0,1 N dan waktu ekstraksi yaitu antara 30 – 150 menit. Hasil yang diambil berupa filtrat. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses penggumpalan protein dengan penambahan larutan HCI 10 N pada suhu 750C, waktu 10 menit dan pH penggumpalan 4. Kemudian larutan didiamkan sampai terbentuk endapan konsentrat, disaring, dan dikeringkan dalam oven dengan suhu 400C sampai berat konstan. Hasil analisa daun bayam segar adalah sebagai berikut: kadar air 78,68%, kadar abu 1,442%, dan kadar protein 6,46%. Dari penelitian diperoleh kondisi optimum yaitu proses dengan waktu ekstraksi 90 menit dengan berat konsentrat protein maksimal 6,326% dengan kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 6,99 % dan proses dengan konsentrasi pelarut KOH 0,4 N. dengan berat konsentrat protein maksimal sebanyak 5,956 % dengan kesalahan rata-rata 10,33 %.
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Fikar, Samsul, Fransisca Maria Suhartati, and Muhamad Bata. "Improvement of Adaptive Saanen Goat Milk Production and Reproduction Fed Diet Supplemented with Indigofera zollingeriana Leaf Meal." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 24, no. 2 (2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2022.24.2.54.
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The objective of this research was to examine the effect of the addition of Indigofera zollingeriana leaf meal (IZLM) in diets on milk production and fermentation products of adaptive Saanen goat. The research was conducted at Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul dan Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BBPTUHPT) or or the Center for Superior Animal Breeding and Forage Animal Feed, Baturraden, Central Java. A total of 18 first lactating adaptive Saanen goats with a body weight of 34.83±7.13 and aged 20-24 months were used in this study. The goats were kept in individual pens and grouped into 6 groups based on body weight and each group were randomized to receive three kinds of concentrate substitution with IZLM of 0%, 10% and 20 % of dry matter (DM) concentrates, for A, B and C treatments, respectively. Therefore, this research was designed according to randomized block design. Dry matter intake (DMI) of each goat was 4.5% of live weight with dry matter (DM) ratio of forage and concentrate were 60:40. The variables measured were DMI, partial volatile fatty acid (VFA), energy conversion efficiency of glucose into VFA (ECEVFA), methane gas, total protozoa, milk production and the first estrus after kidding. Analysis of variance showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on propionate, milk production and fat, but no significant effect (P> 0.05) on consumption of DM, acetate, butyrate, EKVFA, methane gas, lactose and protein milk. Increasing the IZLM substitution level enhanced linearly (P<0.05) on production of milk and milk fat, while the propionate concentrate responded to quadratic (P<0.05). Milk production increased at IZLM level of 20%, while goat in this group resulted only 16.70% estrous after birth compared to goat group received 10% IZLM level resulting 50% of estrus goat. The results of this study concluded that the recommended level of using IZLM as a concentrate substitute was only 10%.
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Puspani, E., DPMA Candrawati, and IGNG Bidura. "Performance, carcasses, cholesterol and beta-carotene of rabbit meat fed with concentrate and carrot (Daucus carota) leaves." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2020): 041–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4269359.
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This study aims to observe the effect of concentrated levels in carrot leaf based feeds to improve performance, carcass and β-carotene content in local rabbit meat at 8 weeks. This study used a feed experiment using 120 local 8-week-old male rabbits divided four group treatments and 6 replications. The four group treatments were rabbits fed on carrot leaf based rations with supplementation: 0% concentrate as a control (A), 10% (B); 20% (C); and 30% (D), respectively. Each treatment consisted of six replication cages with five rabbits per cage. The results showed that feed consumption, final body weight, weight gain, carcass weight, and percentage of carcasses in Groups B, C and D, were significantly (P<0.05) higher than Group A. The lowest cholesterol content was found in rabbits group A (P<0.05). In contrast, the highest beta-carotene levels of meat (P<0.05) were found in group A. It was concluded that supplementation of 10-20% concentrate in carrot leaf based rations could increase live weight gains, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and feed efficiency in local rabbits up to 8 weeks old. The highest content of β-carotene in rabbit meat was found in feeding 100% of carrot leaves.
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Taethaisong, Nittaya, Siwaporn Paengkoum, Walailuck Kaewwongsa, Narawich Onjai-uea, Sorasak Thongpea, and Pramote Paengkoum. "The Effect of Neem Leaf Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Microbial Population in Goats." Animals 13, no. 5 (2023): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13050890.
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This study aims to investigate the effect of neem leaf supplementation on the feed intake, digestibility, performance, fermentation characteristics, and ruminal microbes in goats. We included 24 Anglo-Nubian Thai native male goats with a body weight of 20 ± 2.0 kg, using 2 × 2 factorial in a completely randomized design for the following four treatments: (1) control, (2) control + 15% PEG in the concentrate, (3) 6% NL in concentrate, and (4) 6% NL + 15% PEG in concentrate. The results show that supplementation with 6% NL + 15% PEG in the concentrate had a higher (p < 0.05) feed intake gDM/d, % BW, g/kgBW0.75, nutrient intake, nutrient digestion, weight change, and ADG than did the goats that were fed with 0% NL + 0% PEG, 0% NL + 15% PEG, and 6% NL + 0% PEG in concentrate, respectively. The feeding with 6% NL + 15% PEG had a higher (p < 0.05) level of propionic acid at 2 and 4 h post feeding compared to the other treatments. Supplementation with 6% NL + 15% PEG in the concentrate had the lowest (p < 0.05) methanogen, protozoa, blood urea nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid, and butyric acid, as well as a lower ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid at 2 and 4 h post feeding than the other treatments. However, supplementation with 6% NL + 15% PEG in concentrate had the highest values of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Streptococcus gallolyticus at 2 and 4 h post feeding compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). Collectively, this study indicates that neem leaf supplements can increase growth performance and propionic acid and can modulate the abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Streptococcus gallolyticus. Thus, neem leaf could potentially be a good supplement for goat feed.
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RAJU, S., D. NAGALAKSHMI, N. NALINI KUMARI, N. RAJANNA, and B. SWATHI. "Effect of dietary inclusion of tree leaves on growth, antioxidant status and blood biochemical constituents in ram lambs during summer stress." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 94, no. 11 (2024): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v94i11.151029.
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A growth trial of 120 days was conducted during summer on 42 ram lambs (5-6 months age; 18.48±0.29 kg BW) to evaluate effect of 20% tree leaf inclusion in concentrate mixture on their performance. The concentrate mixture of control group contained maize, de-oiled rice bran, cotton seed cake and soyabean meal as major ingredients and in the five experimental concentrate mixtures, de-oiled rice bran and soyabean meal were partially replaced either with moringa (MOR20), subabul (SBL20), guava (GVL20), moringa and subabul mixture (60:40) (MS20) or moringa and guava mixture (40:60) (MG20). Animals were fed with respective concentrate mixtures to meet about 80% of protein requirements and sorghum stover was offered ad lib. Tree leaf inclusion did not affect fortnightly body weights, dry matter intake, average daily gain, or feed efficiency. However, combination groups (MS20 and MG20) showed higher apparent ADG and feed conversion ratio (13% and 11%, respectively) compared to the control. Blood analysis revealed higher HDL concentrations and lower cortisol levels in lambs fed with tree leaves. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased, while lipid peroxidation decreased in tree leaf fed groups. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of tree leaves at 20% in concentrate mixture improved antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased serum cortisol levels with no adverse effect on feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency in sheep.
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Baysinger, J. A., H. A. Melouk, and D. S. Murray. "Alterations of Leaf Epicuticular Wax of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by Applications of Herbicides and Adjuvants1." Peanut Science 27, no. 2 (2000): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-10.
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Abstract Leaf surface morphology of untreated peanut leaves and peanut leaves treated with herbicides and adjuvants were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed that the adaxial surface of untreated peanut leaves was covered with crystalline wax platelets above an amorphous layer of wax. Electron micrographs revealed that peanut leaves treated with acifluorfen plus nonionic surfactant, bentazon and lactofen with crop oil concentrate, and 2,4-DB, altered the leaf surface morphology when compared to nontreated peanut leaves. Alterations in the leaf epicuticular wax structures appeared amorphous-like rather than normal plate-like structures. Nonionic surfactant and crop oil concentrate applied alone to peanut leaves altered the epicuticular wax structures similarly to that of herbicides plus adjuvants.
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Rana, Vikas, R. K. Bachheti, Satyabrat Gogoi, P. K. Gupta, and Gyanesh Joshi. "Physicochemical, Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Diplazium esculentum Leaf Protein Concentrate." Current Traditional Medicine 1, no. 2 (2015): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/221508380102151029152654.
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Ghali,, Y., M. Kobeasy, M. Wasif, R. Wasif, and E. El-Hadidy. "NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND ISOLATE FROM SWEET POTATO." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 25, no. 2 (2000): 1109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2000.258611.
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Farinu, Gabriel O., Sunday O. Ajiboye, and Sakiru Ajao. "Chemical composition and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate fromleucaena leucocephala." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 59, no. 1 (1992): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740590119.
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Nur Rahmat, Aziz, Wardhana Suryapratama, and Fransisca Maria Suhartati. "Concentration of Partial VFA and Methane Production of Beef Cattle Rument Fluid which Red Dragon Fruit Skin (Hylocereus costaricensis) and Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava L.) in Ammoniated Rice Straw Based Ration." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 22, no. 3 (2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2020.22.3.21.
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The research aimed to examine the effect of red dragon fruit skin and guava leaves supplemented into beef cattle feed on the concentration of partial VFA and methane gas production. The in vitro study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments, namely P0: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammoniated straw (Control), P1: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammoniated straw + 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour, and P2: 50 % concentrate + 50 % ammonia straw + 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour + 2.5 % guava leaf flour. The concentrate consisted of 2 parts of rice bran and 1 part of coconut meal. The ratio of concentrat and ammoniated rice straw was 50:50. Each treatment was repeated 6 times. The results showed that the concentration of acetic acid, butyrate and methane gas decreased while the concentration of propionate increased with the addition of red dragon fruit and guava leaves. The research concluded that the addition of 5 % red dragon fruit skin flour combined with 2.5 % guava leaves flour in beef cattle feed could further reduce the concentration of acetic acid, butyric acid and the production of methane gas, but increase the concentration of propionic acid. It is suggested that defaunated agents of red dragon fruit skin and guava leaves could reduce the production of methane gas in the rumen of beef cattle.
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Muhammad, Syalahudin Abdullah, R. Noach Yakob, and Yunus Marthen. "Effects of Katuk Leaf (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) Meal Supplementation on Physiological and Hematological Status of Peranakan Etawah Goats." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 07, no. 08 (2024): 6441–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13319871.
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Abstract : The study aimed to determine the effect of supplementing katuk leaf meal in concentrate on physiological and haematological status of Etawah grade goats. The research took place at the Goat Breeding and Forage Production Installation Sumlili Village, West Kupang district of Kupang Regency, from March to August 2024. The materials used were 12 heifers of Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats with body weight of 21.5 – 25.3kg, mean 23.4 ± 1.85kg; rations were forage (lamtoro) and concentrate. The study used a 4 x 3 completely randomised design (CRD), with four treatments tried, namely: P<sub>0</sub> = farmer’s pattern ration of lamtoro leaves + 300g concentrate (70% fine bran: 30% ground yellow corn) without katuk leaf meal; P<sub>1</sub> = P<sub>0</sub> + 5% DM forage; P<sub>2</sub>: P<sub>0</sub> + 10% DM forage; P<sub>3</sub>= P<sub>0</sub> + 15% DM forage. The observed variables were respiration rate, pulsus rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin content, erythrocyte count, erythrocyte and haematocrit numbers. Data were analysed according to the variance analysis procedure. The results of statistical tests showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on all variables observed. The average results obtained were respiration rate 63.5 beats/minute; pulsus rate 81.08 beats/minute, rectal temperature 38.16°C, haemoglobin level 10.3 g/dL; erythrocyte count 11.12 x10<sup>6</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>; leucocytes 10.3 x 10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup> and haematocrit number 31.0%. It was concluded that supplementation of katuk leaf meal in concentrate did not interfere with metabolism in PE heifers under conditions with indications of physiological and haematological status within normal ranges.
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SANTRA, A., S. K. DAS, A. MANDAL, and T. K. DUTTA. "Influence of Kamela (Mallotus philippensis) leaves as herbal feed additive on nutrient utilization and performances in growing crossbred calves." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 10 (2021): 1402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i10.111416.
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This work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Kamela (Mallotus philippensis) leaf meal as herbal feed additive on nutrients utilization and growth performance of growing crossbred calves. Ten numbers of growing Jersey male cross-bred calves were divided in to two groups (G1 and G2) and were fed individually under stall feeding on a paddy straw based mixed ration (50% paddy straw and 50% concentrate mixture) for 140 days. Two types (C1 and C2) of iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures were prepared. Wheat bran in concentrate mixture (C2) of test group (G2) was partially replaced (4 parts w/w) with sun dried ground Mallotus philippensis leaf meal. Experimental calves of test group (G2) fed Mallotus philippensis leaf meal @ 2% of the diet. Daily dry matter intake (g/d) was similar among the calves of two experimental groups. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF and cellulose were higher in the Mallotus philippensis leaf meal fed calves (G2). DCP value of the ration was similar while, TDN value of the ration was higher in the calves of Mallotus philippensis leaf meal supplemented group (G2). However, plane of nutrition among the calves of both experimental groups was similar. Average finishing body weight, daily body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and blood glucose level were higher in Mallotus philippensis leaf fed calves (G2). The results of the study indicated that dietary supplementation Kamela (Mallotus philippensis) leaf meal as herbal feed additive @ 2% of total diet significantly improved the performance in growing male crossbred calves.
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SANTRA, A., P. JAMADAR, T. TAKU, S. TRIPURA, D. K. MANDAL, and S. K. DAS. "Ficus hookeri tree leaves as herbal feed additives to enhance ruminal fermentation and reduced protozoal population in growing crossbred cattle." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 94, no. 4 (2024): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v94i4.129358.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meal as herbal feed additive on rumen protozoal population, enzyme profile and fermentation characteristics in growing crossbred calves. Ten growing male crossbred (Jersey × Tharparker) calves with similar initial body weight of 91.8+1.37 kg, were randomly divided into two equal groups (T1 and T2) and fed individually under stall feeding for 140 days on a mixed ration containing rice straw and concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio. Two types (C1 and C2) of iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures were prepared. Wheat bran in concentrate mixture (C2) of test group (T2) was partially replaced (4 parts w/w) with Ficus hookeri leaf meal. Daily dry matter intake between two experimental groups was similar. Rumen pH, NH3-N concentration and total rumen protozoal population decreased while ruminal TVFA and propionic acid production increased due to dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meal as herbal feed additive. Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and b-glucosidase enzymes were significantly higher in the rumen liquor of calves fed Ficus hookeri leaf meal. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of Ficus hookeri leaf meals as herbal feed additive have a potential for reducing rumen protozoal population and ammonia nitrogen concentration with improving ruminal TVFA and propionate production in growing crossbred calves.
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Kiura, Joseph Ndwiga, James Ombiro Ondiek, Perminus Karubiu Migwi, and Abdi Yakub Guliye. "Optimizing Energy and Protein Contents in A Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala lam.) Leaf-Based Concentrate for Dairy Goats Fed Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum schumach) Basal Diet in Kenya." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (2024): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.7.2.2308.
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Dairy goats provide food and financial security through their milk and meat. The main basal diet for confined dairy goats in Kenya is Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach). However, optimal milk production is hampered by the high cost of protein and energy supplements that are required while feeding the grass. The protein supplement affordability is of greater limitation among farmers, therefore use of protein-rich forages in a supplement can lower the concentrate cost. Information on the optimal protein and energy inclusion levels in a forage-based concentrate for dairy goats is hardly available in Kenya. A study was therefore conducted whereby Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) leaf hay was used as the main protein source in four concentrates formulated with crude protein (CP) content (gkg-1) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels (MJkg-1), respectively, of: 135, 12; 160, 10; 185, 8; and 210, 6; respectively. A fifth supplement was formulated, representing the commonly used cattle dairy meal (160 g CPkg-1 DM and 10 MJ MEkg-1 DM, respectively), using commercial sunflower seedcake as a protein source. The concentrates were fed at 300 gday-1 to lactating Toggenburg dairy goats on Napier grass basal diet, in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The total dry matter intake by the goats was 1.059-1.128 kg DM/goat day-1, with a milk production of 221.3-285.5 mL/goat day-1. It was concluded that the appropriate CP and ME levels in the Leucaena-based concentrate are 135 gkg-1 DM and 12 MJkg-1 DM, respectively. It was recommended that other protein-rich forages be explored
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SODAMADE, A. "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT POTENTIAL, MINERAL CONTENT AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF Thaumatococcus daniellii LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 22, no. 22 (2014): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v22.n22.2014.64_revista2014.pdf.
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Freshly harvested Thaumatococcos daniellii, was plucked and processed for its vegetable leaf protein concentrates with a view to evaluate its proximate constituents, amino acid content and mineral composition. Proximate analysis was determined using standard analytical technique. The nutrient composition of the protein concentrates revealed; the moisture content (9.94±0.01), crude fat (6.69±0.23), crude fibre (13.06 ±_0.17), crude protein (52.07 ± 0.20), ash (15.10 ± 0.13) and Carbohydrate (1.12±0.43). The mineral content of the sample indicated that Ca, Mg, K, and Na are the most abundant minerals with the following values Na;70.6±0.42,Ca;19. 70±0.28, K; 90.3±0.42, Mg; 103.9±0. 76, other minerals that were presentin the sample in trace concentration are Fe(2.00 ± 0.46), Zn (2.90± 1.06), Mn (2.50± 0.12), Cu (0.2± 0.58), Pb (0.1± 0.44), while selenium were not detected in the sample indicating that the leaf concentrate is fit for dietary consumption. The amino acid profile reveals favourable nutritional balance with the presence of essential and nonessential amino acids except that tryptophan which was believed to be predominant in animal protein was not detected.