Journal articles: 'Leaf economic spectrum'

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de la Riva, Enrique G., Iván Prieto, and Rafael Villar. "The leaf economic spectrum drives leaf litter decomposition in Mediterranean forests." Plant and Soil 435, no. 1-2 (2018): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3883-3.

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Sack, Lawren, Christine Scoffoni, Grace P. John, et al. "How do leaf veins influence the worldwide leaf economic spectrum? Review and synthesis." Journal of Experimental Botany 64, no. 13 (2013): 4053–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert316.

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Jin, Ying, Chuankuan Wang, Zhenghu Zhou, and Zhimin Li. "Co-ordinated performance of leaf hydraulics and economics in 10 Chinese temperate tree species." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 11 (2016): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16097.

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Exploring relationships between leaf hydraulics and economic traits is important in understanding the carbon–water coupling and in extending the leaf economics spectrum. In this study, leaf hydraulics, photosynthesis, structural and nutrient traits and photosynthetic resource use efficiency were measured for 10 temperate tree species in the north-eastern China. Leaf hydraulic conductance was positively correlated with photosynthetic traits, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentration, photosynthetic water and nitrogen use efficiencies, suggesting co-ordination between leaf hydraulics and economic traits. Principal component analysis revealed that significant correlations existed among leaf hydraulic, photosynthetic and resource use traits (axis 1), and axis 2 was strongly associated with leaf structural and nutrient traits. The 10 species were distributed along the diagonal line between axis 1 and axis 2. Species displaying the ‘fast’ strategy tended to have higher photosynthetic rates, leaf hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic water and nutrient use efficiencies; however, they also had lower carbon investment and faced a greater risk of embolism. These findings indicate that leaf hydraulics, economics and resource uses together play an important role in determining species ecological strategies, and provide supports for the ‘fast–slow’ leaf economics spectrum.

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Edwards, Erika J., David S. Chatelet, Lawren Sack, and Michael J. Donoghue. "Leaf life span and the leaf economic spectrum in the context of whole plant architecture." Journal of Ecology 102, no. 2 (2014): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12209.

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Somavilla, Nádia Sílvia, Rosana Marta Kolb, and Davi Rodrigo Rossatto. "Leaf anatomical traits corroborate the leaf economic spectrum: a case study with deciduous forest tree species." Brazilian Journal of Botany 37, no. 1 (2013): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40415-013-0038-x.

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Shi, Zhaoyong, Ke Li, Xiaoyue Zhu, and Fayuan Wang. "The worldwide leaf economic spectrum traits are closely linked with mycorrhizal traits." Fungal Ecology 43 (February 2020): 100877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100877.

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Xu, Jin Hong, and Jin Ting Yu. "Air Dustfall Impact on Spectrum of Ficus Microcarpa’s Leaf." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 813–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.813.

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This article has studied the correlation relationship between the spectral features of polluted leaf surface of Ficus microcarpa and air dustfall in Guangzhou City. The results show that the spectral reflectance of leaves in the industrial area and large traffic area is 3-5.5% higher than that of leaves in cleaning area in the visible band, but is 10-15% lower in the near infrared band. Compared to the spectral reflectance of the cleaned leaf, the spectral reflectance of leaf on nature dirty is 6.6％ higher in the visible band and 25.6% lower in the infrared band. The spectral reflectance difference between dirty leaf and cleaned leaf in the infrared band has a strong correlation with air dustfall in Guangzhou city. The correlation coefficient is 0.821. It is simple and convenient, fast, economic method to monitor the air dustfall using the spectral characteristic of Ficus microcarpa’s leaf.

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Thomson, Eleanor, Yadvinder Malhi, Harm Bartholomeus, et al. "Mapping the Leaf Economic Spectrum across West African Tropical Forests Using UAV-Acquired Hyperspectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (2018): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101532.

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The leaf economic spectrum (LES) describes a set of universal trade-offs between leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen (N), leaf phosphorus (P) and leaf photosynthesis that influence patterns of primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Many questions regarding vegetation-climate feedbacks can be addressed with a better understanding of LES traits and their controls. Remote sensing offers enormous potential for generating large-scale LES trait data. Yet so far, canopy studies have been limited to imaging spectrometers onboard aircraft, which are rare, expensive to deploy and lack fine-scale resolution. In this study, we measured VNIR (visible-near infrared (400–1050 nm)) reflectance of individual sun and shade leaves in 7 one-ha tropical forest plots located along a 1200–2000 mm precipitation gradient in West Africa. We collected hyperspectral imaging data from 3 of the 7 plots, using an octocopter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), mounted with a hyperspectral mapping system (450–950 nm, 9 nm FWHM). Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), we found that the spectra of individual sun leaves demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) correlations with LMA and leaf chemical traits: r2 = 0.42 (LMA), r2 = 0.43 (N), r2 = 0.21 (P), r2 = 0.20 (leaf potassium (K)), r2 = 0.23 (leaf calcium (Ca)) and r2 = 0.14 (leaf magnesium (Mg)). Shade leaf spectra displayed stronger relationships with all leaf traits. At the airborne level, four of the six leaf traits demonstrated weak (p < 0.10) correlations with the UAV-collected spectra of 58 tree crowns: r2 = 0.25 (LMA), r2 = 0.22 (N), r2 = 0.22 (P), and r2 = 0.25 (Ca). From the airborne imaging data, we used LMA, N and P values to map the LES across the three plots, revealing precipitation and substrate as co-dominant drivers of trait distributions and relationships. Positive N-P correlations and LMA-P anticorrelations followed typical LES theory, but we found no classic trade-offs between LMA and N. Overall, this study demonstrates the application of UAVs to generating LES information and advancing the study and monitoring tropical forest functional diversity.

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Lubbe, F. Curtis, Adam Klimeš, Jiří Doležal, et al. "Carbohydrate storage in herbs: the forgotten functional dimension of the plant economic spectrum." Annals of Botany 127, no. 6 (2021): 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab014.

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Abstract Background and Aims Although the plant economic spectrum seeks to explain resource allocation strategies, carbohydrate storage is often omitted. Belowground storage organs are the centre of herb perennation, yet little is known about the role of their turnover, anatomy and carbohydrate storage in relation to the aboveground economic spectrum. Methods We collected aboveground traits associated with the economic spectrum, storage organ turnover traits, storage organ inner structure traits and storage carbohydrate concentrations for ~80 temperate meadow species. Key Results The suites of belowground traits were largely independent of one another, but there was significant correlation of the aboveground traits with both inner structure and storage carbohydrates. Anatomical traits diverged according to leaf nitrogen concentration on the one hand and vessel area and dry matter content on the other; carbohydrates separated along gradients of leaf nitrogen concentration and plant height. Conclusions Contrary to our expectations, aboveground traits and not storage organ turnover were correlated with anatomy and storage carbohydrates. Belowground traits associated with the aboveground economic spectrum also did not fall clearly within the fast–slow economic continuum, thus indicating the presence of a more complicated economic space. Our study implies that the generally overlooked role of storage within the plant economic spectrum represents an important dimension of plant strategy.

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Bergmann, Joana, Alexandra Weigelt, Fons van der Plas, et al. "The fungal collaboration gradient dominates the root economics space in plants." Science Advances 6, no. 27 (2020): eaba3756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba3756.

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Plant economics run on carbon and nutrients instead of money. Leaf strategies aboveground span an economic spectrum from “live fast and die young” to “slow and steady,” but the economy defined by root strategies belowground remains unclear. Here, we take a holistic view of the belowground economy and show that root-mycorrhizal collaboration can short circuit a one-dimensional economic spectrum, providing an entire space of economic possibilities. Root trait data from 1810 species across the globe confirm a classical fast-slow “conservation” gradient but show that most variation is explained by an orthogonal “collaboration” gradient, ranging from “do-it-yourself” resource uptake to “outsourcing” of resource uptake to mycorrhizal fungi. This broadened “root economics space” provides a solid foundation for predictive understanding of belowground responses to changing environmental conditions.

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Wright, Justin P., and Ariana Sutton-Grier. "Does the leaf economic spectrum hold within local species pools across varying environmental conditions?" Functional Ecology 26, no. 6 (2012): 1390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12001.

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Poorter, Hendrik, Hans Lambers, and John R. Evans. "Trait correlation networks: a whole-plant perspective on the recently criticized leaf economic spectrum." New Phytologist 201, no. 2 (2013): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12547.

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Armani, Mohammed, Uromi M. Goodale, Tristan Charles‐Dominique, Kasey E. Barton, Xin Yao, and Kyle W. Tomlinson. "Structural defence is coupled with the leaf economic spectrum across saplings of spiny species." Oikos 129, no. 5 (2020): 740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.06960.

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Messier, Julie, Brian J. McGill, Brian J. Enquist, and Martin J. Lechowicz. "Trait variation and integration across scales: is the leaf economic spectrum present at local scales?" Ecography 40, no. 6 (2016): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02006.

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Jackson, Benjamin G., Duane A. Peltzer, and David A. Wardle. "The within-species leaf economic spectrum does not predict leaf litter decomposability at either the within-species or whole community levels." Journal of Ecology 101, no. 6 (2013): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12155.

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Yan, Yu-Mei, Ze-Xin Fan, Pei-Li Fu, Hui Chen, and Lu-Xiang Lin. "Size dependent associations between tree diameter growth rates and functional traits in an Asian tropical seasonal rainforest." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 2 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp20226.

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Many studies focus on the relationships between plant functional traits and tree growth performances. However, little is known about the ontogenetic shifts of the relationships between functional traits and tree growth. This study examined associations between stem and leaf functional traits and growth rates and their ontogenetic shifts across 20 tropical tree species in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. For each species, physiological active branches of individual trees belonged to three size classes (i.e. small, diameter at breast height (DBH) 5–10 cm; middle, DBH 10–20 cm; big, DBH &gt;20 cm) were sampled respectively. We measured 18 morphological and structural traits, which characterised plant hydraulic properties or leaf economic spectrum. Associations between diameter growth rates and functional traits were analysed across three size classes. Our results revealed that diameter growth rates of big-sized trees were mainly related to traits related to plant hydraulic efficiency (i.e. theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Ktheo) and leaf vein density (Dvein)), which suggests that the growth of large trees is limited mainly by their xylem water transport capacity. For middle-sized trees, growth rates were significantly related to traits representing leaf economic spectrum (i.e. specific leaf area (SLA), individual leaf mass (ILM), palisade thickness (PT) and spongy thickness (SP)). Diameter growth rates of small-sized trees were not correlated with hydraulic or leaf economic traits. Thus, the associations between tree growth rates and functional traits are size dependent. Our results suggest ontogenetic shift of functional traits which could potential contribute to different growth response to climate change.

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Lusk, Christopher H. "Leaf functional trait variation in a humid temperate forest, and relationships with juvenile tree light requirements." PeerJ 7 (May 8, 2019): e6855. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6855.

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The species-rich arborescent assemblages of humid tropical forests encompass much of the known range of the leaf economics spectrum, often including >20-fold variation in leaf lifespan. This suite of traits underpins a life-history continuum from fast-growing pioneers to slow-growing shade-tolerant species. Less is known about the range of leaf traits in humid temperate forests, and there are conflicting reports about relationships of these traits with the light requirements of temperate evergreen angiosperms. Here I quantify the range of leaf functional traits in a New Zealand temperate evergreen forest, and relationships of these traits with light requirements of juvenile trees and shrubs. Foliage turnover of saplings of 19 evergreen angiosperms growing beneath gaps (12–29% canopy openness) and in understories (1.2–2.9%) was measured over 12 months. Dry mass per area (LMA), dry matter content, thickness, density and nitrogen content (N) of leaves were also measured. Species minimum light requirements were indexed as the 10th percentile of the distribution of saplings in relation to canopy openness. Interspecific variation of leaf lifespan was ∼6-fold in gaps (0.6 to 3.8 yrs), and ∼11-fold in the understorey (0.7 to 7.7 yrs). Six small tree and shrub species are effectively leaf-exchangers, with leaf lifespans of c.1 year in gaps—albeit usually longer in the shade. Interspecific variation in other leaf traits was 2.5 to 4-fold. Lifespans and LMA of both sun and shade leaves were negatively correlated with species light requirements i.e., positively correlated with shade tolerance. However, light environment (gap vs shade) explained about the same amount of variation in LMA as species’ identity did. Species light requirements were not significantly correlated with leaf N, dry matter content, density or thickness—except for a marginally significant correlation with dry matter content of shade leaves. Species light requirements were thus less consistently related to leaf structural traits than appears to be the case in humid tropical forests. Whereas the wide interspecific variation in leaf economic traits of tropical rainforest species outweighs plastic response to light availability, temperate evergreen woody angiosperms appear to occupy a narrower range of the leaf economic spectrum. Standardization of the light environments in which LMA is measured is vital in comparative studies of humid temperate forest evergreens, because of countergradient responses of this trait to light, and because of the relative magnitudes of plastic and interspecific variation in LMA in these forests.

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Hanum, Laila, and Rina S. Kasiamdari. "Tumbuhan Duku: Senyawa Bioaktif, Aktivitas Farmaklogis dan Prospeknya dalam Bidang Kesehatan." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 5, no. 2 (2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.528.

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Lansium domesticum Corr. (Meliaceae) is the popular tropical plant producing economic edible fruits found mainly in Southeast Asia. Seed, leaf, bark, stalks and fruit skin extracts of this plant are potential sources for compounds with broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anticancer, antimalaria, antimelanogenesis, antibacteria and it may lead to the discovery of a new compouds used for antimutagenic and antioxidative stress. Bioactive compounds, pharmacological activities and prospect this plant in medical application will be discussed in this paper. Key words: Lansium domesticum, bioactive compounds, pharmacological activities, medical application.

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Wang, Mao, Pengcheng Wan, Jiangchao Guo, Jinshi Xu, Yongfu Chai, and Ming Yue. "Relationships among Leaf, Stem and Root Traits of the Dominant Shrubs from Four Vegetation Zones in Shaanxi Province, China." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 63, no. 2 (2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06301005.

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Leaves, stems and roots as the main plant organs have specific functions and together modulate survival, growth and reproduction. The relationships between these organs are high research priority, and there have been many hypotheses about the trade-offs between them. However, the results of these hypotheses are inconsistent and confusing. In this study, we examined 15 core traits of leaves, stems and woody roots of 27 dominant shrub species and further tested the hypotheses about the relationships between these organs. Measurements were made for shrubs across 9 sites including desert, steppe, temperate forest and subtropical forest in Shaanxi Province of China. Many significant correlations of different organ traits were found, e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus content showed a significant positive correlation, either within or across organs. Also, representatives of structural traits (carbon content and dry matter content) and mineral nutrient traits (nitrogen and phosphorus content) showed significant positive correlations among the leaves, stems and roots. The results of this study supported the hypotheses that there were significant correlations between leaf and root and between stem and root. Similarly, we found that trade-off between leaf and stem-plus-root showed a significant correlation. Thus, root traits, which are difficult to measure, are coordinated with those of the leaf and stem. We conclude that the leaf component of shrubs is a good proxy for the whole-plant in studying trade-offs and it could provide a convenient way to understand the whole-plant economic spectrum by focusing on the leaf economic spectrum.

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Werden, Leland K., Bonnie G. Waring, Christina M. Smith-Martin, and Jennifer S. Powers. "Tropical dry forest trees and lianas differ in leaf economic spectrum traits but have overlapping water-use strategies." Tree Physiology 38, no. 4 (2017): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx135.

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Mao, Wei, Yu-Lin Li, Xue-Yong Zhao, Tong-Hui Zhang, and Xin-Ping Liu. "Variations of Leaf Economic Spectrum of Eight Dominant Plant Species in Two Successional Stages Under Contrasting Nutrient Supply." Polish Journal of Ecology 64, no. 1 (2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.1.002.

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Wang, Jing, Xuefa Wen, Sidan Lyu, and Qingjun Guo. "Soil properties mediate ecosystem intrinsic water use efficiency and stomatal conductance via taxonomic diversity and leaf economic spectrum." Science of The Total Environment 783 (August 2021): 146968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146968.

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Thapliyal, Manisha, Anjali Bisht, and Ajeet Singh. "ISOLATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PROTEIN/PEPTIDE FROM FICUS GLOMERATA LEAF." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 8, no. 4 (2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15271.

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Objective: To isolate the antibacterial proteins/peptides from Ficus glomerata leaf.Methods: Present study was designed to investigate antibacterial activity of proteins/peptides isolated from Ficus glomerata leaf. The isolated proteins/peptides were further checked for antibacterial activity against, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella entrica bacterial pathogens.Results: The results indicates that a 35kDa of protein were identified and exhibit good antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogen among all strains, Salmonella entrica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit good results with a clear zone of inhibition.Conclusion: Ficus glomerata is popular for its medicinal properties against therapeutic potential. In the present study a novel protein with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Microbes cause severe damage to plants which results in a large economic loss so; this protein can be use as an active agent in agriculture for plant protection and also in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

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Blonder, Benjamin, Cyrille Violle, Lisa Patrick Bentley, and Brian J. Enquist. "Inclusion of vein traits improves predictive power for the leaf economic spectrum: a response to Sack et al. (2013)." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 18 (2014): 5109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru143.

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Sardans, Jordi, Joan Llusià, Ülo Niinemets, Sue Owen, and Josep Peñuelas. "Foliar Mono- and Sesquiterpene Contents in Relation to Leaf Economic Spectrum in Native and Alien Species in Oahu (Hawai’i)." Journal of Chemical Ecology 36, no. 2 (2010): 210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-010-9744-z.

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Ma, Jian, Cailin Lei, Xingtao Xu, et al. "Pi64, Encoding a Novel CC-NBS-LRR Protein, Confers Resistance to Leaf and Neck Blast in Rice." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 5 (2015): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-14-0367-r.

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Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae poses a major threat to rice production worldwide. The utilization of host resistance (R) genes is considered to be the most effective and economic means to control rice blast. Here, we show that the japonica landrace Yangmaogu (YMG) displays a broader spectrum of resistance to blast isolates than other previously reported broad-spectrum resistant (BSR) cultivars. Genetic analysis suggested that YMG contains at least three major R genes. One gene, Pi64, which exhibits resistance to indica-sourced isolate CH43 and several other isolates, was mapped to a 43-kb interval on chromosome 1 of YMG. Two open reading frames (NBS-1 and NBS-2) encoding nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat proteins were short-listed as candidate genes for Pi64. Constructs containing each candidate gene were transformed into three susceptible japonica cultivars. Only transformants with NBS-2 conferred resistance to leaf and neck blast, validating the idea that NBS-2 represents the functional Pi64 gene. Pi64 is constitutively expressed at all development stages and in all tissues examined. Pi64 protein is localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, introgression of Pi64 into susceptible cultivars via gene transformation and marker-assisted selection conferred high-level and broad-spectrum leaf and neck blast resistance to indica-sourced isolates, demonstrating its potential utility in breeding BSR rice cultivars.

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Temme, Andries A., Jin Chun Liu, Jurgen van Hal, Will K. Cornwell, Johannes (Hans) H. C. Cornelissen, and Rien Aerts. "Increases in CO 2 from past low to future high levels result in “slower” strategies on the leaf economic spectrum." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 29 (December 2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2017.11.003.

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Marler, Thomas E., and John H. Lawrence. "Leaf and Soil Nutrient Relations of Elaeocarpus joga Merr. in Oceanic Island Calcareous Soils." HortScience 50, no. 11 (2015): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.11.1644.

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The leaf nutrient status and stoichiometry of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were determined for Elaeocarpus joga trees in Guam’s dominant calcareous soils to understand nutrient limitations in limestone soils of Oceania and contribute to global databases on leaf economic spectrum studies. Supplemental N, P, or K was added to soils to determine plant growth and nutrient concentration responses. Leaf and soil quantifications of nutrients enabled multiple trait comparisons. Supplemental N stimulated growth of young cultivated plants without affecting leaf N concentrations. Supplemental K increased leaf K concentration but did not generate a growth response. Supplemental P did not affect growth or leaf P concentration. N:P, N:K, and K:P were most influenced by K additions. Leaf N and P concentrations of mature trees in unmanaged settings were similar to unfertilized young plants in the controlled study, but leaf K concentration was greater in the mature trees. Leaf nutrient relations were not overtly related to soil nutrient relations for mature trees. Results indicate that N and K are the limiting factors in calcareous soils of the Mariana Islands for this endemic tree species, age and size of trees do not greatly influence leaf nutrient content, and leaf stoichiometry is constrained and less variable than soil stoichiometry.

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Patiño, S., N. M. Fyllas, T. R. Baker, et al. "Coordination of physiological and structural traits in Amazon forest trees." Biogeosciences 9, no. 2 (2012): 775–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-775-2012.

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Abstract. Many plant traits covary in a non-random manner reflecting interdependencies associated with "ecological strategy" dimensions. To understand how plants integrate their structural and physiological investments, data on leaf and leaflet size and the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area (ΦLS) obtained for 1020 individual trees (encompassing 661 species) located in 52 tropical forest plots across the Amazon Basin were incorporated into an analysis utilising existing data on species maximum height (Hmax), seed size, leaf mass per unit area (MA), foliar nutrients and δ13C, and branch xylem density (ρx). Utilising a common principal components approach allowing eigenvalues to vary between two soil fertility dependent species groups, five taxonomically controlled trait dimensions were identified. The first involves primarily cations, foliar carbon and MA and is associated with differences in foliar construction costs. The second relates to some components of the classic "leaf economic spectrum", but with increased individual leaf areas and a higher ΦLS newly identified components for tropical tree species. The third relates primarily to increasing Hmax and hence variations in light acquisition strategy involving greater MA, reductions in ΦLS and less negative δ13C. Although these first three dimensions were more important for species from high fertility sites the final two dimensions were more important for low fertility species and were associated with variations linked to reproductive and shade tolerance strategies. Environmental conditions influenced structural traits with ρx of individual species decreasing with increased soil fertility and higher temperatures. This soil fertility response appears to be synchronised with increases in foliar nutrient concentrations and reductions in foliar [C]. Leaf and leaflet area and ΦLS were less responsive to the environment than ρx. Thus, although genetically determined foliar traits such as those associated with leaf construction costs coordinate independently of structural characteristics such as maximum height, others such as the classical "leaf economic spectrum" covary with structural traits such as leaf size and ΦLS. Coordinated structural and physiological adaptions are also associated with light acquisition/shade tolerance strategies with several traits such as MA and [C] being significant components of more than one ecological strategy dimension. This is argued to be a consequence of a range of different potential underlying causes for any observed variation in such "ambiguous" traits. Environmental effects on structural and physiological characteristics are also coordinated but in a different way to the gamut of linkages associated with genotypic differences.

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Marler, Thomas E. "Perennial Trees Associating with Nitrogen-Fixing Symbionts Differ in Leaf After-Life Nitrogen and Carbon Release." Nitrogen 1, no. 2 (2020): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen1020010.

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Plants that enter symbiotic relationships with nitrogen (N)-fixing microbes contribute some of their N to the community through leaf litter decomposition and mineralization processes. The speed of these processes varies greatly among tree species. Mesocosm methods were used to determine the speed of N and carbon (C) release from Cycas micronesica, Intsia bijuga, and Serianthes nelsonii leaf litter. Microcosm methods were used to determine soil respiration traits in soils containing the leaf litter. The speed of leaf litter N and C release during decomposition occurred in the order C. micronesica < I. bijuga < S. nelsonii. Soil carbon dioxide efflux was increased by adding leaf litter to incubation soils, and the increase was greatest for S. nelsonii and least for C. micronesica litter. Ammonium, nitrate, total N, organic C, and total C were increased by adding litter to incubation soils, and the differences among the species converged with incubation duration. The rate of increases in available N and decreases in organic C were greatest for S. nelsonii and least for C. micronesica litter. These findings indicate that S. nelsonii litter released N and C rapidly, C. micronesica litter released N and C slowly, and the leaf economic spectrum accurately predicted the differences.

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Khadka, Bhagawati, Moni Mahato, Reshma Tuladhar, and Anjana Singh. "Effect of Psidium guajava L on Biofi lm Forming Multidrug Resistant Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 6 (December 6, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26574.

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Objectives: In order to investigate the relative efficacy of Psidium guajava L (guava) leave, in vitro antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract and leaf tea of guava against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out. Methods: This study was carried out at Microbiology laboratory of KIST medical college and teaching hospital, Lalitpur. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from different clinical samples. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was detected by microtitre culture plate method and ESBL production by combine disk methods. Antimicrobial activity of guava leaf tea and ethanol extract of leaf were determined by agar well diffusion method. Results: Ethanol extract of fresh guava leaves exhibited higher antibacterial activity than dry and fresh leaves tea, but significantly less than the standard antibiotics. In this study, 7% of the total bacterial isolates were P. aeruginosa with 65.30% of these isolates being MDR. Similary, significant number of these MDR strains ie. 83.67% of these P. aeruginosa isolates produced biofilm. While as 6.12% of the isolated were ESBL producer. Conclusion: The leaves extract of guava have shown effective result against P. aeruginosa and could serve as good source of antibacterial agents. Guava leaves extract can be an economic alternative to antibiotics. However, active compound of this extract need to be purified and pharmacologically tested before its application.

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Levionnois, Sébastien, Sabrina Coste, Eric Nicolini, Clément Stahl, Hélène Morel, and Patrick Heuret. "Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae)." Tree Physiology 40, no. 2 (2020): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz136.

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Abstract Although the leaf economic spectrum has deepened our understanding of leaf trait variability, little is known about how leaf traits scale with leaf area. This uncertainty has resulted in the assumption that leaf traits should vary by keeping the same pace of variation with increases in leaf area across the leaf size range. We evaluated the scaling of morphological, tissue-surface and vascular traits with overall leaf area, and the functional significance of such scaling. We examined 1,271 leaves for morphological traits, and 124 leaves for anatomical and hydraulic traits, from 38 trees of Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) in French Guiana. Cecropia is a Neotropical genus of pioneer trees that can exhibit large laminas (0.4 m2 for C. obtusa), with leaf size ranging by two orders of magnitude. We measured (i) tissue fractions within petioles and their second moment of area, (ii) theoretical xylem hydraulic efficiency of petioles and (iii) the extent of leaf vessel widening within the hydraulic path. We found that different scaling of morphological trait variability allows for optimisation of lamina display among larger leaves, especially the positive allometric relationship between lamina area and petiole cross-sectional area. Increasing the fraction of pith is a key factor that increases the geometrical effect of supportive tissues on mechanical rigidity and thereby increases carbon-use efficiency. We found that increasing xylem hydraulic efficiency with vessel size results in lower leaf lamina area: xylem ratios, which also results in potential carbon savings for large leaves. We found that the vessel widening is consistent with hydraulic optimisation models. Leaf size variability modifies scaling of leaf traits in this large-leaved species.

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Giraldo-Betancourt, Cristhian, Edisson Andrés Velandia-Sánchez, Gerhard Fischer, Sandra Gómez-Caro, and Luís Joel Martínez. "Hyperspectral response of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali for vascular wilt detection." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 14, no. 3 (2020): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2020v14i3.10938.

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This study used greenhouse conditions to determine the hyperspectral responses of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants inoculated with different Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali densities because the causal agent of vascular wilt generates great economic losses for farmers. A completely randomized design with four replicates was established. The evaluated treatments were inoculum densities 0.0, 1.0·103 and 1.0·106 conidia/mL of the pathogen. The inoculation was done with immersion of roots in conidia suspensions. The spectral response was directly measured on the plant leaves with a spectroradiometer. Non-invasive detection in the P. peruviana - F. oxysporum pathosystem with reflectance values was used with different spectral indices related to the visible and Red Edge, which were calculated and correlated with the disease variables. The treatments showed significant differences in the visible spectrum starting 14 days after inoculation with higher reflectance values. The chlorophyll index at the red edge (ChRE), the modified chlorophyll absorption index (MCARI), the simple ratio index (SR) and the Zarco & Miller index (ZM) showed highly significant correlations with the area under the disease progress curve for leaves (AUDPCL), leaf area and fresh weight of the aerial part of the plants. This study showed the potential of spectral patterns for the detection and study of Fusarium wilt in P. peruviana.

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Kumar, Ravinder, and Jawala Jindal. "Economic evaluation of biorational and conventional insecticides for the control of maize stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in Zea mays." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (2015): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.659.

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Maize borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is the chief limiting factor for higher corn production. Field trials to assess the efficacy of different insecticides against C. partellus were carried in district Ropar, Punjab. It was observed that significantly lesser leaf injury incidence was recorded in biorational treatment T1: chlorantriniliprole 18.5 SC (3.43 & 4.23) in comparison to broad spectrum conventional insecticide treatment T3: Deltamethrin 2.8 EC (4.63& 5.36) and T4 :Farmer’s practice 4.43 and 6.93. Whereas in plots with parasitoid application (T2), the leaf injury incidence was recorded to be 6.56 & 7.86 during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Though T2 was statistically superior to control, however it was not at par with insecticide treatments. Furthermore similar trend was observed for dead hearts reduction in different treatments. It was recorded to be 3.16 and 3.90, 3.33 and 3.96, 3.53 and 3.96 in insecticide treatment plots T1, T3 and T4 respectively. The economic returns on the basis of marketable grain yield in insecticide treated plots was more in T1 followed by T3 and T4 (51.99, 49.58 and 48.51) in comparison to control (40.44) and biological control plots (46.75). Therefore experimental data revealed overall superiority of biorational pesticide in comparison to conventional insecticides for reduction in pest damage and economic returns. Hence the option of biorational for the control of maize stem borer not only justify safety to environment but also offers effective control of borer population in maize ecosystem due to its distinct chemical class and unique mode of action.

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Yan, Zhe, Anne-Marie A. Wolters, Jesús Navas-Castillo, and Yuling Bai. "The Global Dimension of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease: Current Status and Breeding Perspectives." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (2021): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040740.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and a group of related begomoviruses is an important disease which in recent years has caused serious economic problems in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide. Spreading of the vectors, whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex, has been responsible for many TYLCD outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of TYLCV and TYLV-like begomoviruses and the driving forces of the increasing global significance through rapid evolution of begomovirus variants, mixed infection in the field, association with betasatellites and host range expansion. Breeding for host plant resistance is considered as one of the most promising and sustainable methods in controlling TYLCD. Resistance to TYLCD was found in several wild relatives of tomato from which six TYLCV resistance genes (Ty-1 to Ty-6) have been identified. Currently, Ty-1 and Ty-3 are the primary resistance genes widely used in tomato breeding programs. Ty-2 is also exploited commercially either alone or in combination with other Ty-genes (i.e., Ty-1, Ty-3 or ty-5). Additionally, screening of a large collection of wild tomato species has resulted in the identification of novel TYLCD resistance sources. In this review, we focus on genetic resources used to date in breeding for TYLCVD resistance. For future breeding strategies, we discuss several leads in order to make full use of the naturally occurring and engineered resistance to mount a broad-spectrum and sustainable begomovirus resistance.

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Happonen, Konsta, Juha Aalto, Julia Kemppinen, Pekka Niittynen, Anna-Maria Virkkala, and Miska Luoto. "Snow is an important control of plant community functional composition in oroarctic tundra." Oecologia 191, no. 3 (2019): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04508-8.

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Abstract The functional composition of plant communities is a critical modulator of climate change impacts on ecosystems, but it is not a simple function of regional climate. In the Arctic tundra, where climate change is proceeding the most rapidly, communities have not shifted their trait composition as predicted by spatial temperature–trait relationships. Important causal pathways are thus missing from models of trait composition change. Here, we study causes of plant community functional variation in an oroarctic tundra landscape in Kilpisjärvi, Finland. We consider the community-weighted means of plant vegetative height, as well as two traits related to the leaf economic spectrum. Specifically, we model their responses to locally measured summer air temperature, snow conditions, and soil resource levels. For each of the traits, we also quantify the importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) for between-community functional differences and trait–environment matching. Our study shows that in a tundra landscape (1) snow is the most influential abiotic variable affecting functional composition, (2) vegetation height is under weak local environmental control, whereas leaf economics is under strong local environmental control, (3) the relative magnitude of ITV differs between traits, and (4) ITV is not very consequential for community-level trait–environment relationships. Our analyses highlight the importance of winter conditions for community functional composition in seasonal areas. We show that winter climate change can either amplify or counter the effects summer warming, depending on the trait.

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Hanif, Md Abu, Qingshui Yu, Xingquan Rao, and Weijun Shen. "Disentangling the Contributions of Plant Taxonomic and Functional Diversities in Shaping Aboveground Biomass of a Restored Forest Landscape in Southern China." Plants 8, no. 12 (2019): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120612.

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Restoration is essential for supporting key ecosystem functions such as aboveground biomass production. However, the relative importance of functional versus taxonomic diversity in predicting aboveground biomass during restoration is poorly studied. Here, we used a trait-based approach to test for the importance of multiple plant diversity attributes in regulating aboveground biomass in a 30-years-old restored subtropical forest in southern China. We show that both taxonomic and functional diversities are significant and positive regulators of aboveground biomass; however, functional diversity (FD) was more important than taxonomic diversity (species richness) in controlling aboveground biomass. FD had the strongest direct effect on aboveground biomass compared with species richness, soil nutrients, and community weighted mean (CWM) traits. Our results further indicate that leaf and root morphological traits and traits related to the nutrient content in plant tissues represent the existence of a leaf and root economic spectrum, and the acquisitive resource use strategy influenced aboveground biomass. Our results suggest that both taxonomic and FD play a role in shaping aboveground biomass, but FD is more important in supporting aboveground biomass in this type of environments. These results imply that enhancing FD is important to restoring and managing degraded forest landscapes.

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Pękala-Safińska, Agnieszka, Halyna Tkachenko, Natalia Kurhaluk, et al. "Studies on the inhibitory properties of leaf ethanolic extracts obtained from Ficus (Moraceae) species against Aeromonas spp. strains." Journal of Veterinary Research 65, no. 1 (2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0007.

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Abstract Introduction The most frequently isolated bacteria in Polish aquaculture are of the Aeromonas genus; also pathogenic to human fish consumers, they cause substantial economic losses, and require antibiotic therapy to treat. Antibiotic residues in animal-derived food provoke concern. The aim of the study was to appraise the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Ficus plant species against Aeromonas strains. Material and Methods Leaves of 41 Ficus species were collected from two Ukrainian botanic gardens. They were crushed, washed, homogenized in ethanol and centrifuged, and the supernatants were applied in the Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method to assess the susceptibility to them of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, and A. salmonicia subsp. salmonicida isolates confirmed as K886, K825, and St30 strains. Analogous assessment was also made of these bacteria’s susceptibility to sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and one amphenicol. Data were analysed statistically. Results The majority of the extracts considerably inhibited bacterial growth, A. sobria being susceptible to 14 Ficus species, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida to 13, and A. hydrophila to 10. Conclusion Treatment with plant extracts has promise as an alternative to antibiotic therapy. Botanic gardens may offer new sources of plant-derived agents with a broad spectrum of biological and antimicrobial action. Further research will be useful to broaden knowledge of Ficus’ therapeutic potential.

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Arenas-Navarro, Maribel, Felipe García-Oliva, Teresa Terrazas, Andrés Torres-Miranda, and Ken Oyama. "Leaf Habit and Stem Hydraulic Traits Determine Functional Segregation of Multiple Oak Species along a Water Availability Gradient." Forests 11, no. 8 (2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080894.

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Oaks are a dominant woody plant genus in the northern hemisphere that occupy a wide range of habitats and are ecologically diverse. We implemented a functional trait approach that included nine functional traits related to leaves and stems in order to explain the species coexistence of 21 oak species along a water availability gradient in a temperate forest in Mexico. This particular forest is characterized as a biodiversity hotspot, with many oak species including some endemics. Our main aim was to investigate whether the different oak species had specific trait associations that allow them to coexist along an environmental gradient at regional scale. First, we explored trait covariation and determined the main functional dimensions in which oaks were segregated. Second, we explored how environmental variation has selected for restricted functional dimensions that shape oak distributions along the gradient, regardless of their leaf life span or phylogeny (section level). Third, we quantified the niche overlap between the oak functional spaces at different levels. The analyzed species showed three functional dimensions of trait variation: a primary axis related to the leaf economic spectrum, which corresponds to the segregation of the species according to leaf habit; a second axis that reflects the stem hydraulic properties and corresponds to species segregation followed by phylogenetic segregation, reflecting some degree of trait conservatism, and a third axis, represented mainly by leaf area and plant height, that corresponds to species segregation. Finally, our findings indicated that the functional space measured with leaf traits and stem traits such as hydraulic capacity was integrally linked to niche differentiation. This linkage suggests that the earliest mechanism of species segregation was related to habitat suitability and that the stem hydraulic trade-off reflects differences between phylogenetic sections; these traits may promote coexistence between distantly related oak species.

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Patiño, S., N. M. Fyllas, T. R. Baker, et al. "Coordination of physiological and structural traits in Amazon forest trees." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (2011): 5083–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-5083-2011.

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Abstract. Many plant traits covary in a non-random manner reflecting interdependencies associated with "ecological strategy" dimensions. To understand how plants modulate their structural investments to best maintain and utilise their physiological capabilities, data on leaf and leaflet size and the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area (ΦLS) obtained for 1040 tree species located in 53 tropical forest plots across the Amazon Basin were incorporated into an analysis utilising existing data on species maximum height (Hmax), seed size, leaf mass per unit area (MA), foliar nutrients and δ13C and branch xylem density (ρx). Utilising a common principal components approach allowing eigenvalues to vary between two soil fertility dependent species groups, five genetically controlled trait dimensions were identified. The first involves primarily cations, foliar carbon and MA and is associated with differences in foliar construction costs. The second relates to the classic "leaf economic spectrum", but with increased individual leaf areas and a higher ΦLS newly identified components. The third relates primarily to increasing Hmax and hence variations in light acquisition strategy involving greater MA, reductions in ΦLS and less negative δ13C. Although these first three dimensions were more important for species from high fertility sites the final two dimensions were more important for low fertility species and were associated with variations linked to reproductive and shade tolerance strategies. Environmental conditions also influenced structural traits with ρx decreasing with increased soil fertility and decreasing with increased temperatures. This soil fertility response appears to be synchronised with increases in foliar nutrient concentrations and reductions in foliar [C]. Leaf and leaflet area and ΦLS were less responsive to the environment than ρx. Thus although genetically determined foliar traits such as those associated with leaf construction costs coordinate independently of structural characteristics, others tend to covary with leaf size, ΦLS, S tolerance strategies. Several traits such as MA and [C] are important components of more than one dimension with their ambiguous nature reflecting different underlying causes of variation. Environmental effects on structural and physiological characteristics are also coordinated but in a different way to the gamut of linkages associated with genotypic differences.

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Erdogan, Pervin, Aysegul Yildirim, and Betul Sever. "Investigations on the Effects of Five Different Plant Extracts on the Two-Spotted MiteTetranychus urticaeKoch (Arachnida: Tetranychidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/125284.

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Two-spotted mite,Tetranychus urticaeKoch (Arac.: Tetranychidae), is an economic pest worldwide including Turkey, causing serious damage to vegetables, flowers, and fruit crops. In recent years, broad-spectrum insecticides/miticides have been used to control this pest in Turkey. Control is difficult mainly due to resistance to conventional pesticides. This study was conducted to determine efficacy of pesticides extracted from five different plants [i.e.,Allium sativumL. (Amaryllidaceae),Rhododendron luteumS. (Ericaceae),Helichrysum arenariumL. (Asteraceae),Veratrum albumL. (Liliaceae), andTanacetum partheniumL. (Asteraceae)] against this mite. Bioassays were tested by two different methods to determine the effects of varying concentrations. Experiments were performed using 3 cm diameter leaf disk from unsprayed bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). In addition, the effects of the extracts on reproduction and oviposition were investigated. The extract yielded high mortality. In the lowest-concentration bioassays, the adult mites laid lower numbers of eggs compared to the untreated control. No ovicidal effect was observed.

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Wright, Ian J., Peter B. Reich, Mark Westoby, et al. "The worldwide leaf economics spectrum." Nature 428, no. 6985 (2004): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02403.

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Karar, H., M. Shahid, and S. Ahamad. "Evaluation of Innovative Cotton Genotypes Against Insect Pest Prevalence, Fiber Trait, Economic Yield and Virus Incidence in Pakistan." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 1 (2016): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0003.

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Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is known as important commodity globally. The experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Multan, Punjab-Pakistan, to evaluate resistance of nine innovative cotton cultivars against insect pest complex were used along with their fiber traits, economic yield and virus incidence. Population of jassid, whitefly and thrips was recorded by using leaf turn method, bollworms by counting whole fruiting parts (buds, flowers and bolls), virus by counting healthy and virus effected plants per plot, yield of seed cotton was determined by hand harvesting method, while qualitative fiber properties were measured through HVI spectrum-1 (high volume instrumentation) method. Cotton genotype NIAB-Bt-2 is resistant to jassid, whitefly and thrips with maximum GOT, staple length. In case of bollworms, all genotypes are resistant to spotted and american bollworm, except FH-142 and MNH-988. No genotype is resistant to pink bollworm in leftover bolls. Best yield performance was recorded on FH-142 (2041.54 kg/ha) with minimum CLCuV incidence. Further our research should recognize the share of one pest species on the yield and fiber quality of cotton by managing other pest species to define better management strategies. Our studies concluded that the genotype NIAB-Bt-2 has less insect attack i.e., sucking pest as well as bollworms, virus and other fiber characteristics like GOT, staple length as compared with other cotton genotypes should be recommended for general cultivation and being a resistant germplasm it should be included in breeding program for the development of new cotton strains.

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Zhu, Jiyou, Qing Xu, Jiangming Yao, Xinna Zhang, and Chengyang Xu. "The Changes of Leaf Reflectance Spectrum and Leaf Functional Traits of Osmanthus fragrans Are Related to the Parasitism of Cuscuta japonica." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041937.

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Studies on the influence of parasitism on plants based on hyperspectral analysis have not been reported so far. To fully understand the variation characteristics and laws of leaf reflectance spectrum and functional traits after the urban plant parasitized by Cuscuta japonica Choisy. Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. was taken as the research object to analyze the spectral reflectance and functional traits characteristics at different parasitical stages. Results showed that the spectral reflectance was higher than those being parasitized in the visible and near-infrared range. The spectral reflectance in 750~1400 nm was the sensitive range of spectral response of host plant to parasitic infection, which is universal at different parasitic stages. We established a chlorophyll inversion model (y = −65913.323x + 9.783, R2 = 0.6888) based on the reflectance of red valley, which can be used for chlorophyll content of the parasitic Osmanthus fragrans. There was a significant correlation between spectral parameters and chlorophyll content index. Through the change of spectral parameters, we can predict the chlorophyll content of Osmanthus fragrans under different parasitic degrees. After being parasitized, the leaf functional traits of host plant were generally characterized by large leaf thickness, small leaf area, small specific leaf area, low relative chlorophyll content, high leaf dry matter content and high leaf tissue density. These findings indicate that the host plant have adopted a certain trade-off strategy to maintain their growth in the invasion environment of parasitic plants. Therefore, we suspect that the leaf economics spectrum may also exist in the parasitic environment, and there was a general trend toward the “slow investment-return” type in the global leaf economics spectrum.

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Osnas, J. L. D., J. W. Lichstein, P. B. Reich, and S. W. Pacala. "Global Leaf Trait Relationships: Mass, Area, and the Leaf Economics Spectrum." Science 340, no. 6133 (2013): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231574.

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Donovan, Lisa A., Hafiz Maherali, Christina M. Caruso, Heidrun Huber, and Hans de Kroon. "The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, no. 2 (2011): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.011.

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Al-Husnan, Latifa, Muneera Al-Kahtani, and Randa Farag. "Molecular Characterization of Fumonisin Mycotoxin Genes of Fusarium sp Isolated from Corn and Rice Grains." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 24, no. 2 (2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol24iss2pp78-87.

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Fungi mycotoxins can be a serious risk to health and lead to substantial economic loss. The environmental conditions of Saudi Arabia, with its mostly warm temperatures, are conducive to the growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. The current study elucidates the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production in grains in Saudi Arabia. Samples of white rice and corn (yellow, red) grains were collected from different local markets and houses. Three fungal isolates were obtained from the corn and rice grains and examined using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Carnation Leaf Agar (CLA) media. Fusarium spp. were the most prominent fungi in yellow corn, red corn and white rice grains. Three isolated F. moniliforme strains were identified using molecular characterization of the trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101) toxin gene. The DNA genome of the three Fusarium moniliforme isolates (namely, F. moniliforme_1, F. moniliforme_2 and F. moniliforme_3, which correspond to isolates from yellow corn, red corn and white rice, respectively) were used as a template for PCR to amplify trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101). Partially sequenced fragments amplified using a specific primer set were used to confirm the identification of, and to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among the three isolates as well as to identify the corresponding antigenic determinants. The epitope prediction analysis demonstrated that there were four epitopes with scores equal to 1 in F. moniliforme_1, F. moniliforme_2 and F. moniliforme_3, respectively. Interestingly, there were great dissimilarities in the epitope sequences among the three isolates except in NSTPRACASEQEVS, STSSRADSSSLSTD and CTLCPRSLMASSVR. This indicates that the unique antigenic determinants predicted in the trichothecene 3-O acetyltransferase (TRI101) toxin gene could be used for designing a broad spectrum antibody for rapid detection of Fusarium spp. in foods.

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Shipley, Bill, Martin J. Lechowicz, Ian Wright, and Peter B. Reich. "FUNDAMENTAL TRADE-OFFS GENERATING THE WORLDWIDE LEAF ECONOMICS SPECTRUM." Ecology 87, no. 3 (2006): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/05-1051.

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Onoda, Yusuke, Ian J. Wright, John R. Evans, et al. "Physiological and structural tradeoffs underlying the leaf economics spectrum." New Phytologist 214, no. 4 (2017): 1447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14496.

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Reich, Peter B., and Habacuc Flores-Moreno. "Peeking beneath the hood of the leaf economics spectrum." New Phytologist 214, no. 4 (2017): 1395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14594.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leaf economic spectrum'

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