Relevant bibliographies by topics / Leaf Folder

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Academic literature on the topic 'Leaf Folder'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Leaf Folder"

1

Hatwar, Nikhil Khemrajji, Vinayak Narayan Jalgaonkar, Priti Sunil Shigwan, Kumud Vitthal Naik, and Aaditya Jadhav. "Deciphering Abiotic Influences on the Seasonal Dynamics of Leaf Folder and Caseworm Infesting Rice in the Konkan Region of Maharashtra." International Journal of Economic Plants 12, Jan, 1 (2025): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.23910/2/2025.5785.

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Rice is an essential cereal crop and serves as the primary food source for the majority of people worldwide. It faces significant challenges from various abiotic and biotic stress factors, with insect pests being a major concern. An experiment was conducted during kharif (June–October), 2019 at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Karjat, Maharashtra, to study how abiotic factors affect the prevalence of leaf folders and caseworms in rice ecosystems. The results showed that the initial detection of rice leaf folders and caseworms occurred during the 31st Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). The highest incidence of rice leaf folders (1.04%) and caseworms (0.69%) was recorded in the 34th SMW. The minimum leaf folder infestation (0.11±0.38%) was recorded in the 40th SMW, while the minimum case worm infestation (0.09±0.25%) occurred during the 37th SMW. Correlation analysis revealed that minimum temperature significantly influenced the population of both the pests. Regression analysis demonstrated that maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours accounted for R2=0.865 of the variability in the leaf folder population and R2=0.798 of the variability in the caseworm population due to maximum temperature. The findings of this study hold significant implications, providing a valuable foundation for predicting pest populations and aiding in the formulation of management strategies in the Konkan region of Maharashtra.
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2

SAMUI, R. P., N. CHATTOPADHYAY, J. P. SABALE, P. B. GOPINATHAN, ABRA HAM, and P. JAYPRAKESH. "Weather based forewarning of leaf folder attack on kharif rice and operational crop protection at Pattambi, Kerala." MAUSAM 58, no. 4 (2021): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i4.1436.

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Kharif and Rabi rice grown extensively over Kerala is mainly infested by gall midge, leaf folder and green jassid in kharif season. Under favourable weather conditions leaf folder become the dreaded pest and cause considerable damage to the crop. The study revealed that maximum and minimum temperature, morning and afternoon relative humidity and weekly total of rainfall have profound effect on the development of leaf folder at their successive generations on kharif rice crop. Weather based multiple regression models for the peak infestation period for each of the generations of the pest were developed using data for the period 1987-99 and validated using observed meteorological as well as pest data for 2000-2001. Based on the findings of this study pest weather calendar for leaf folder of kharif rice was prepared. This calendar would be useful for early warning and operational rice crop protection from leaf folder attack.
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Chatterjee, Sitesh, Chirasree Gangopadhyay, Indrani Dana, Santosh Kumar Roy, and Palash Mondal. "Host plant resistance against yellow stem borer and rice leaf folder through varietal screening of rice." Plants and Environment 3, no. 1 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/2582-3744.2021.mar.23.

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Rice plant is attacked by many insect-pests of which yellow stem borer (dead heart at vegetative stage and white ear head at reproductive stage) and leaf folder are considered as prime devastator, responsible for major economic loss. To combat this problem, resistant varieties of rice are required for better production as well as better productivity. Host plant resistance is very much effective in integrated pest management (IPM) system, where negligible pesticidal hazard is present as well as environmental safety, low cost farming by without or minimum pesticide application and proper identification of resistant varieties for selection as parent in crossing programme to develop resistant varieties in future. The 78 rice varieties were screened out against Scirpophaga incertulas (yellow stem borer) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (rice leaf folder) of rice during Kharif, 2010-2012 at Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly, under Government of West Bengal. The experiment was carried out to determine the level of resistance in early, mid-early, medium and late duration rice varieties, and shallow and semi-deep rice varieties. The pest infestation level was determined by counting dead heart, white ear head and damaged/folded leaves. The experimental results revealed that the early duration variety viz. Narendra 97 and IR 50, the mid-early duration variety i.e. IR 64 and IET 17904 proved resistant against both yellow stem borer (dead heart) and leaf folder. The medium duration variety, Ranjit was highly resistant against both yellow stem borer (dead heart) and leaf folder, and the variety, Pratiksha showed a fair degree of resistance against both yellow stem borer and leaf folder; while Jarava, the late duration variety exhibited high degree resistance against yellow stem borer (dead heart and white ear head). Besides, the varieties, Sashi and Giri recorded very low level of infestation of both lepidopteran pests while shallow and semi-deep variety such as Sashi was also considered resistant against the noxious pests.
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Chheang, Chhouk, and Socheat Ngy. "Efficacy of insecticides on rice leaf folder (Cnaphaloceocis medinalis Guenee) in rice in Tuek Thla commune, Serei Saophoan city, Banteay Meanchey province." Cambodian Journal of Education and STEM 1, no. 2 (2023): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62219/cjes.2023124.

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Rice leaf folders are the major insect pests of rice crops. Insecticides are used by farmers to reduce the yield loss caused by rice leaf folders, but there are hundreds of insecticides available on the Cambodian market, which makes choosing the right insecticide difficult. This experiment was conducted (1) to determine the variation of a population of rice leaf folders in six treatments: control and using insecticide treatments, and (2) to determine the type of insecticide that is effective. The treatments were tested on field plots (5m x 4m). There are six treatments, and each treatment was replicated three times in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments were T0 = Control, T1 = Emamictin-benzoate 50WDG, T2 = Cypermethrin 10EC, T3 = Thiacloprid + Isoprocarb 450WP, T4 = Diazinon 50EC, and T5 = Thiamethoxam 350SC. The data was collected by counting the number of rice folder larval populations from 100 hills of rice which is equal to one square meter before and after applying the insecticides. The rice yield per square meter in each plot was also collected. The results showed that the rice leaf folder had severe damage in the tillering stage (about 14 days after transplanting). The most effective insecticide in killing rice leaf folders was Emamictin-benzoate 50WDG (T1) at 87.68%, followed by Diazinon 50EC (T4) at 83.04% and Cypermethrin 10EC (T2) at 81.51%. There was a significant difference if compared with Thiamethoxam 350SC (T5) and Thiacloprid + Isoprocarb 450WP (T3) at 80.95% (p <0.05). As a result, we can conclude that Emamictin-benzoate 50WDG is highly effective and yields the highest yield when used to control rice leaf folders.
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I. Paramasiva, T. Murali Krishna, Ch Sreelaksmi, U. Vineetha, and P. Madhusudan. "Increased efficacy of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), incidence on silica enriched rice crop." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 01 (2023): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.057.

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A possible synergistic effect between biological control agent Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and potassium silicate (K2Sio) for control of leaf folder on rice was investigated at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore (ANGRAU, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) under field conditions. Three sequential Silicon application in the form of potassium silicate (KSil) was given as foliar spray @ 80 mg/l, when leaf folder population density reached to ETL, B. bassiana @ 1.3x106 conidia/ml application was carried out. Two sequential applications of potassium silicate (two weeks after transplantation and at active tillering stage) + B. bassiana caused leaf folder population reduction of 42.80 per cent over control at 8 days after spraying. This reduction was significantly higher than the mortalities caused by the two single treatments alone (B. bassiana: 17.55 %; Ksil @ 2sprayes: 8.83). This study providing strong evidence of a synergistic effect of the combination treatment on leaf folder mortality. Similarly, three sequential applications of potassium silicate (two weeks after transplantation, at active tillering stage and PI stage) + B. bassiana caused 41.88 % reduction in leaf older population over control at 8 days after spraying, whereas three sequential applications of potassium silicate and application of B. bassiana alone caused 20.57 and 17.55 % reduction in leaf folder incidence, respectively. Indicates application of potassium silicate and B. bassiana alone did not gave as satisfactory results as used in combinations. In the present study the sequential applications of Potassium silicate + B. bassiana gave more promising control of rice leaf folder compared to the application of B. bassiana alone, proving the synergistic effect of the potassium silicate + B. bassiana combination on leaf folder incidence.
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Ahmad, Mohammad Abbas, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, Rishu Babu, et al. "Effect of Planting Dates and Weather-Dependent Methods on Incidence of Rice Yellow Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) and Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) in Bihar, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 15, no. 4 (2025): 240–53. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2025/v15i44807.

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The incidence of rice pests like the rice yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) and the rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) can be influenced by a variety of factors, including planting dates, planting methods, and weather parameters. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of planting dates and methods associated with weather parameters on the incidence of the rice yellow stem borer and leaf folder. The experiment was conducted at the Rice research farm of RPCAU, Pusa, in Randomized Block Design during the years 2019 and 2020 with rice variety ‘Rajendra Mahsuri 1.’ The planting dates were categorized as early planting (15th June), timely planting (5th July) and late planting (25th July) at 20-day intervals. The influence of weather parameters was correlated with the stem borer and leaf folder damage, and they were analysed using the SPSS Package. The results revealed that the early transplanted rice crops had the lower pest incidence recording, 12.39 per cent, dead hearts/white ear due to yellow stem borer and 7.49 percent leaf damage due to incidence of rice leaf folder as compared to late transplanted rice crop which recorded 21.75 per cent DH/WE (Dead Heart/White Ear) due to incidence of yellow stem borer and 13.91 percent DL (Damaged Leaves) due to rice leaf folder. Mean percentage of tiller damage was significantly higher in puddled direct seeding (14.67%) as compared to direct seeding (11.77%) followed by timely transplanting (4.40%) whereas the incidence of leaf folder in different planting methods mean percentage leave damage was significantly higher in timely transplanting (15.39%) as compared to direct seeding (12.83%) followed by puddled direct seeding (11.72%). Maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed and morning relative humidity had a negative effect on stem borer per cent dead heart and white ear head and leaf folder concerned, maximum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and rainfall had positive correlation at different planting dates whereas, maximum and minimum temperature, evening relative humidity had a positive effect on stem borer per cent dead heart and white ear head and leaf folder concerned, maximum temperature and morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity had positive correlation at different planting methods.. The findings of the study revealed that the planting dates and methods greatly influenced the magnitude of pest incidence in rice crops. The study further revealed that early and normal transplanting can reduce the insect pest incidence in the rice crop, particularly rice stem borer and rice leaf folder and farmers can harvest a good yield. It is obvious that delayed transplanting and other methods of transplanting would have more severe pest incidence and, thereby, the huge grain yield losses. Among the parameters, relative humidity and rainfall played a major role, which explained the maximum variability on yellow stem borer and leaf folder incidence at different methods and planting dates.
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Islam, Kazi Nazrul, Md Mahbubul Islam, and Dr Md Mohasin Hussain Khan. "WEATHER PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LEAF FOLDER AND POD BORERS ON MUNGBEAN." Acta Scientifica Malaysia 5, no. 1 (2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/asm.01.2021.36.40.

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The experiment was conducted to know the abundance of major insect pests on 15 mungbean varieties viz., BARI Mung-1, BARI Mung-2, BARI Mung-3, BARI Mung-4, BARI Mung-5, BARI Mung-6, BINA Moog-4, BINA Moog-5, BINA Moog-6, BINA Moog-7, BINA Moog-8, BU Mug-1, BU Mug-2, BU Mug-4 and Patuakhali local Mung and the role of weather parameters on the population mobility of insects at the farmer’s field of sadar upazila of Patuakhali district, Bangladesh during late Robi season 2016. Variety BARI Mung-4 had the lowest number of leaf folder while variety BARI Mung-6 had the highest number of leaf folder indicating higher susceptibility to leaf folder. Variety BARI Mung-4 had the lowest number of gram pod borer and BARI Mung- 6 had the highest abundance of gram pod borer followed by BINA Moog-7. Variety BINA Moog-4 had the lowest number of legume pod borer and BARI Mung-6 had the highest abundance of legume pod borer followed by BINA Moog-7. Population of leaf folder showed a negative correlation (R2= -0.020) with temperature. Similarly, gram pod borer (R2= -0.317) and legume pod borer (R2= -0.014) showed a negative correlation with temperature. In case of relative humidity, population of leaf folder (R2= -0.175) showed a negative correlation while gram pod borer showed a positive correlation (R2= 0.031) but legume pod borer (R2= -0.086) showed a negative correlation.
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Meena, R., and K. Kumar. "Efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole in Combination with Lambdacyhalothrin (Ampligo 150 ZC) Against the Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in Rice Field." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 5 (2024): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i53940.

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Rice is a cereal grain and a member of the grass family (Poaceae). One of the challenges faced by rice farmers is the infestation of pests, including the leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). A field experiment was conducted to assess the bio-efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC against the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis during the kharif season of 2020 and rabi season of 2021. The treatments included Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at rates of 150, 200, and 250 ml per ha, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 ml per ha, Lambda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS at 250 ml per ha, and Fipronil 5 SC at 1500 ml per ha. Analysis of pooled data revealed that all treatments were effective in controlling leaf folder damage, leading to a significant increase in yield. Among the tested chemicals, Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at 250 and 200 ml per ha exhibited the highest reduction in leaf folder population, followed by Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at 150 ml per ha and Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 ml per ha.
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S, SRIDHARAN, VENUGOPAL M S, SUBRAMANIAN M, and RAMANATHAN S. "Effective seed oil mixtures for managing rice leaf folder." Madras Agricultural Journal 89, june (2002): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00225.

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The rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Guen. is one of the major pests affecting rice. The use of neem products viz. neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% and neem oil (NO) 3% is the available non-chemical method for the management of this pest. A study was carried out at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai during 199395 to enhance the effectiveness of this product. Combinations of seed oil viz. pungam (Karanj), illuppai, sesame, castor and mustard at 1% with NSKE 4% and NO 2% were tested for their efficacy against leaf folder under laboratory, glass house and field conditions. Among the seed oil mixtures, NSKE 4% + pungam oil 1% and NO 2% + pungam oil 1% was found superior in effectiveness against leaf folder as compared to recommended dose of NSKE 5% and NO 3%. These effective treatments also registered higher grain yield and showed no adverse effect on the spider predators.
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Belbase, Poonam, Archana Aryal, and Ashim Aryal. "EVALUATION OF RICE GENOTYPE AGAINST LEAF FOLDER, CASE WORM AND GRASSHOPPER DESECRATION UNDER FIELD CONDITION." Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 5, no. 1 (2020): 06–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjsa.01.2021.06.09.

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The research on varietal screening of rice against leaf folder, caseworm and grasshopper damage was conducted during 2019 in Rampur, Chitwan to study the host plant resistant of different varieties of rice under field condition. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications and seven treatments namely i) Makawanpur -1 ii) Mansuli iii) Radha-4 iv) Ramdhan v) Sabitri vi) Sama Mansuli sub-1 and vii) sukkha-3. The experiment revealed that lowest population of leaf folder, caseworm and grasshopper was recorded in variety Radha-4 followed by Ramdhan. The experiment showed the yield loss was significantly lower in Radha-4 followed by Sabitri and Ramdhan due to leaf folder, caseworm and grasshopper. So Radha-4 and sabitri would be good option in rice production for reducing insect pest damage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leaf Folder"

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Brasileiro, Juliana Castelo Branco. "Morfologia foliar comparada de Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-29092014-111046/.

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A família Passifloraceae é conhecida mundialmente por suas flores exuberantes, frutos comestíveis e pelo uso na medicina. Composta por duas tribos, com apenas Passifloreae ocorrendo abundantemente no Brasil, principalmente espécies pertencentes ao gênero Passiflora. Este gênero compreende quatro subgêneros, Astrophea, Decaloba, Deidamioides e Passiflora. Destes Decaloba e Passiflora são grupos monofiléticos e os mais numerosos em espécies. É ainda o gênero que mais apresenta diversidade morfológica das folhas e estípulas. Apesar do elevado número de espécies, os estudos sobre anatomia foliar em Passifloraceae ainda são escassos, embora muitas revisões taxonômicas utilizem amplamente a morfologia foliar para classificar as espécies. Dessa forma este trabalho teve como objetivo auxiliar na identificação das espécies e contribuir com futuros estudos filogenéticos, a partir das descrições morfológicas e anatômicas das folhas de Passiflora. Técnicas usuais de anatomia vegetal foram utilizadas para análise em microscopia óptica. Como principais resultados foram descritos caracteres anatômicos que corroboram a classificação infrasubgenérica já existente, além de acrescentar características particulares ao nível de espécie. O padrão de venação mostrou-se o caráter anatômico bastante seguro. Dentre as superseções analisadas, a superseção Dacaloba mostrou-se mais sólida quanto aos caracteres anatômicos estudados. No entanto, na superseção Stipulata, outro grupo com boa representação, as características anatômicas não foram constantes entre as espécies<br>Passifloraceae family is worldwide known for its exuberant flowers, edible fruits and for their use in medicine. Composed of two tribes, with only Passifloreae largely distributed in Brazil, especially species belonging to the genera Passiflora. This genera comprises four subgenera, .Astrophea, Decaloba, Deidamioides and Passiflora. Within these, Decaloba and Passiflora are monophyletic groups and the most representative in number of species. Besides, these are the subgenera with the greatest morphological diversity in leaves and stipules. Even with the large number of species, the studies about leaf anatomy in Passifloraceae are still scarce. Several taxonomic reviews widely use leaf morphology to classify the species and group them in taxa. Thus, this study aimed to support the species identification and contribute with future phylogenetic studies, based on the morphological and anatomical descriptions of Passiflora leaves. Usual techniques of plant anatomy laboratory were used in optical microscopy. As main results, the anatomical characters described corroborated the infrasugnenera classification already existent, besides adding particular characteristics to the level of species. The venation pattern demonstrated to be a safe anatomical character. Within the analyzed supersections, the supersection Decaloba was found to be solid regarding to the anatomical characters studied. Although, in Stipulata supersection, another group with good representation, the anatomical characteristics were not persistent within the species
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Cook, John William. "The effect of foliar applied fertilisers on leaf diseases of cereals." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57740/.

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The effects of foliar applied urea and potassium chloride on the severity of leaf diseases of cereals were investigated in the laboratory, glasshouse and field between 1992 and 1995. Field studies with urea gave inconsistent results with respect to severity of Erysiphe graminis and consistently increased the leaf area affected by Septaria tritici. However, potassium chloride applied as a foliar spray consistently decreased the leaf area of wheat affected by E. graminis and S. trifid compared with equivalent applications of soil applied fertiliser. Disease control was achieved at early stem extension and after flag leaf emergence but yield responses were not detected. Laboratory investigations were undertaken to determine the mechanism by which foliar applied potassium chloride reduced the leaf area affected by E. graminis. The timing of application, within seven days pre or post inoculation, had no consistent effect on the efficacy of the fertiliser. Investigations using polyethylene glycol as a control showed that the percentage leaf area affected declined linearly as the osmotic potential of the solutions were increased. Light microscopy revealed that the germination of spores in solution and on treated leaves was reduced as the osmotic potential of the solutions were increased. Spores which did germinate developed normally but those on leaves treated with solutions of high osmotic potential rarely formed haustoria. This suggested a second mechanism acting inside the leaf. Multiple regression analysis of experimental data indicated that the inhibition of spore germination was the major response reducing the area of the leaf affected. Although the data were not conclusive it appeared that the increase in leaf water potential, following the foliar application of potassium chloride, was involved in the control of E. graminis.
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Bao, Yijia. "The ecological significance of leaf movements in Rhododendron maximum." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91156.

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Although leaf movements have been documented for over a century, there are few studies focused on the adaptive significance of leaf movements, especially with experiments under controlled conditions. The major objective in this study is to determine the ecological significance of leaf movements in Rhododendron maximum, which is a subcanopy, evergreen species distributed in seasonally cold environments. Leaf movements could be necessary for maintaining a favorable energy balance and/or avoiding photoinhibition and photooxidation. A series of leaf manipulation treatments were established to verify these potential explanations. These leaf treatments were designed to separate the influence of leaf curling and leaf angle on leaf energy budget, gas-exchange characteristics, chlorophyll contents and leaf longevity. Leaf movements were found to have a significant influence on leaf physiology and longevity of R. maximum. Without changes in leaf angle, chlorophyll contents decreased, and permanent photoinhibition occurred due to excess irradiance absorption in the winter. Leaf angle also influenced leaf temperature although the changes in leaf temperature were within the physiological tolerances of R. maximum leaves. Leaf curing had little or no effect on the parameters measured in the study.<br>M.S.
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Mann, Ruth Louise. "Suppression of Septoria tritici by foliar applied potassium chloride on winter wheat." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322183.

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The effect of foliar applied potassium chloride on Septoria tritici on winter wheat was quantified and possible modes of action investigated by in vitro, glasshouse, controlled environment and field experiments between 1996 and 1999. In vitro experiments showed that as the concentration of potassium chloride increased, mycelial growth and germination of conidia decreased (EO sos of 1.36M and 0.7M, respectively). One glasshouse and two field experiments showed a significant reduction in the leaf area affected by S. trttict after foliar application of potassium chloride compared to untreated controls. In general, application of potassium chloride reduced the leaf area affected by S. tritici by 20 -.40%. However, a significant yield increase was not observed. Potassium chloride applied to the lower leaves of winter wheat did not confer systemic acquired resistance against S. tritici on the upper leaves. Inhibition of conidial germination, on leaf surfaces by potassium chloride was observed. Similar inhibition was observed when polyethylene glycol, an inert osmoticum, was applied at the same calculated osmotic potential. During field experiments there was no significant difference in the leaf area affected by S. tritici in plots treated with potassium chloride or polyethylene glycol, although both significantly reduced the leaf area affected compared to untreated control plots. Therefore, the principal mode of action of potassium chloride was proposed to be as a result of adverse osmotic conditions caused by the salt on leaf surfaces. However, the addition of a range of adjuvants to potassium chloride did not increase the efficacy of S. tritici control in glasshouse studies. The results from this study show that potassium chloride, when applied to foliage of winter wheat can reduce the leaf area affected by S. tritici and it is proposed that this reduction was by adverse osmotic conditions caused by the salt on leaf surfaces.
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Barros, Ileane Oliveira. "Anatomia ecológica foliar de espécies da caatinga." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17142.

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BARROS, Ileane Oliveira. Anatomia ecológica foliar de espécies da caatinga. 2010. 70 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010.<br>Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T17:51:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_iobarros.pdf: 14293895 bytes, checksum: 6e22eb1d62c6976a3e75933ef5769b61 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T20:14:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_iobarros.pdf: 14293895 bytes, checksum: 6e22eb1d62c6976a3e75933ef5769b61 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T20:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_iobarros.pdf: 14293895 bytes, checksum: 6e22eb1d62c6976a3e75933ef5769b61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>In semiarid environments water availability is a main limiting factor for plants. A combination of characteristics can contribute to saving water, including the anatomical ones. The anatomical attributes often associated with environments of water restriction are called xeromorphic. The leaves are organs commonly exposed to sunlight which have large areas of transpiration. It is assumed that the leaves of species in the caatinga exhibit some morphological and anatomical attributes that enable them to withstand the conditions of semiarid environment in which they live. Thus, we performed anatomical collection and processing according to standard techniques in thirteen leaves of species common in the caatinga. Xeromorphic characteristics observed are possibly related to water economy. Three functional groups were distinguished with respect to such attributes. The first (G1), consists of deciduous species with dense indument. The second (G2), consists mainly deciduous, and a distinctive feature is mucilage in the epidermal cells. In the third (G3) are two deciduous and three evergreen with tougher leaves and thick cuticle. These groups have phylogenetic influence, though some close relationships can not be attributed just to kinship, indicating other similarities, probably functional, with respect to the use of the main limiting factor in semiarid environments: water. The various ways of exploiting the same resource suggest niche differentiation, resulting in the different groups, while sharing characteristics may reflect the limited number of adaptive solutions that direct possible convergences responsible for characteristics shared within a group phylogenetically distant.<br>Em ambientes semiáridos a disponibilidade hídrica é o principal fator limitante para as espécies vegetais. Uma associação de características pode contribuir para a economia hídrica, entre elas as anatômicas. Os atributos anatômicos frequentemente relacionados com ambientes de restrição hídrica são denominados xeromorfos. As folhas são órgãos comumente expostos à incidência solar que apresentam grandes áreas de transpiração. Presume-se que as folhas das espécies da caatinga apresentem atributos morfológicos e anatômicos que lhes permitam suportar as condições de semiaridez do ambiente em que vivem. Desta maneira, foi realizada a coleta e processamento anatômico de acordo com técnicas usuais de folhas em treze espécies comuns na caatinga. As características xeromorfas observadas são possivelmente relacionadas com a economia hídrica. Foram distinguidos três grupos funcionais com relação a tais atributos. O primeiro (G1) composto por espécies caducifólias tardias com indumento denso. O segundo (G2) agrupa principalmente as caducifólias, e um elemento marcante foi a presença de mucilagem nas células epidérmicas. No terceiro (G3) estão as perenifólias e duas caducifólias tardias com folhas mais resistentes e cutícula espessa. Estes agrupamentos tiveram influência filogenética, entretanto algumas relações de proximidade não podem ser atribuídas unicamente ao parentesco. Isso pode indicar outras similaridades, provavelmente funcionais, com relação ao uso do principal fator limitante do semiárido nordestino: a água. As diversas maneiras de explorar um mesmo recurso sugerem diferenciação de nicho que origina os diferentes grupos, enquanto o compartilhamento de características pode refletir o número limitado de soluções adaptativas que direcionariam possíveis convergências responsáveis pelas características compartilhadas dentro de um grupo filogeneticamente distante.
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Nunes, Aline Siqueira. "Desenvolvimento foliar em Ruschioideae (Aizoaceae), com ênfase na formação e estrutura dos feixes vasculares periféricos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-19032014-093900/.

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Popularmente conhecidas como flowering stones ou ice plants, as plantas da família Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) caracterizam-se por suas folhas suculentas morfologicamente diversas. Com centro de origem no sul da África, a maior parte das espécies pertence a subfamília Ruschioidaeae, com plantas de folhas dorsiventrais, cilíndricas e trígonas, sendo marcante a ocorrência de conação entre as bases de folhas opostas, e a presença de feixes vasculares periféricos, com xilema endoscópico. Nosso estudo mostra que a formação dos feixes vasculares periféricos é posterior ao estabelecimento da blastozona marginal, e que tecidos da face abaxial diferenciam-se no domínio adaxial da folha durante a histogênese da lâmina. Sugerimos que um mecanismo de abaxialização foliar esteja vinculado à formação da margem foliar de Aizoaceae. O xilema dos feixes vasculares periféricos é formado wide band tracheids - \"wbts\", um tipo especializado de elemento traqueal com acentuado espessamento da parede secundária. \"Wbts\" vinculam-se a órgãos suculentos e ocorrem somente em Aizoaceae, Anacampserotaceae e Cactaceae, tendo despertado interesse dos pesquisadores quanto à sua origem e função. A partir de análises comparativas de anatomia, ultraestrutura e de imunomarcação de pectina, concluímos que a definição de \"wbts\" deve ser mantida nas famílias, no entanto, destacamos a possível ocorrência de idioblastos traqueoidais na região de medular de algumas espécies. Este trabalho contribui no conhecimento da anatomia e ontogênese foliar de Aizoaceae, abrindo oportunidades de estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no estabelecimento da dorsiventralidade em folhas de simetria radial. A análise comparativa de wide-band tracheids \"wbts\" em Aizoaceae, Anacampserotaceae e Cactaceae traz contribuições ao conhecimento sobre sua distribuição e características nos diferentes órgãos<br>Popularly known as flowering stones or ice plants, the species of Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) are characterized by morphologically diverse succulent leaves. With center of origin in Southern Africa, most species are classified in the subfamily Ruschioidaeae, which present dorsiventral, cylindrical and three-angled leaved plants, being remarkable the occurrence of conation between the bases of opposite leaves, and the presence of peripheral vascular bundles with endoscopyc xylem. Our study shows that the formation of peripheral vascular bundles occurs after the marginal blastozone establishment, and abaxial tissues differentiate in the adaxial domain of the leaf, during blade histogenesis. We suggest that an abaxialization mechanism is involved in the formation of leaf margins in Aizoaceae. The xylem of peripheral vascular bundles is composed by wide band tracheids - wbts, a specialized type of cell that occurs only in Aizoaceae, Cactaceae Anacampserotaceae. The origin and function of this cell type has been the subject of study by some researchers. By means of comparative analysis of anatomy, ultrastructure and pectin immunolabeling, we conclude that the definition of \"wbts\" should be kept in the three families; however, we highlight the possibility of idioblasts tracheids in the some cases. This work contributes to the knowledge of leaf anatomy and ontogenesis in Aizoaceae, opening opportunities for studies on the mechanisms involved in the establishment of dorsiventrality in leaves with radial symmetry. A comparative analysis of wbts in Aizoaceae, Cactaceae Anacampserotaceae brings contributions to knowledge about their distribution and characteristics in different organs
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Corrêa, Marcos Melo. "Morfoanatomia foliar de Chrysobalanaceae R. Br. da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3620.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Melo Correa.pdf: 3085652 bytes, checksum: ad02fd98038c54ac33211ab40d13e32c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-23<br>FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas<br>The internal taxonomical organization of the Chrysobalanaceae is problematical and studies are needed with large numbers of taxa. This work is an anatomical and morphological description of 20 species of Chrysobalanaceae from the genera Couepia, Licania and Parinari occurring in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus AM. Morphological observations were made using a stereomicroscope. In addition, leaves were cleared with sodium hydroxide to see details of venation pattern. We characterized the epidermis frontal view using the method of dissociation with Franklin solution and paradermal cuts. The petiole, midrib and mesophyll were analyzed by cross sections from the middle third. The species analyzed herein have the basic morphological pattern described for the family, with simple, alternate, distichous, petiolate leaves with stipules usually present in younger branches. Macroscopic characters such as the shape of the blade, stipule type and the presence or position of glands vary between species. The most recurrent venation pattern among the species studied is the eucamptodromous with the occurrence in some cases of mixed eucamptodromous / broquidodromous venation. The petiole vascularization in all species is formed by continuous or discontinuous rings, or two or three arcs. The vascular bundles of the midrib are organized into arcs formed by two or three collateral bundles or forming a closed ring which may present an inner phloematic arc. The predominant type of anticlinal contour in the upper surface of the leaves is straight, with varying forms in the lower surface. The species have paracytic stomata, some occurring in stomatal crypts. The mesophyll of all species is dorsiventral, with both sides lined by a thick cuticle in several species. The epidermal cells on the adaxial surface are tabular, cubic or rectangular in shape. Palisade tissue occurs in one to three layers of elongated cells and spongy parenchyma compression varies according to the species. Sheath extensions and columnar sclereids occur in various species. An identification key was developed, as well as standardized descriptions using morphological and anatomical features. The following anatomical characters contributed more to the diagnosis, showing greater variation per feature, and were of most use in the key: position of glands, position of stomata in the epidermal line, shape of the stipules, number of layers of the upper epidermis, number of accessory vascular bundles in the petiole and development of areoles. The character set is effective in differentiating between species.<br>Chrysobalanaceae apresenta organização taxonômica interna problemática e estudos são necessários contendo grande número de táxons. Este trabalho apresenta a descrição morfológica e anatômica de 20 espécies de Chrysobalanaceae dos gêneros Couepia, Licania e Parinari ocorrentes na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus AM. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada com observação em estereomicroscópio, além de diafanização com hidróxido de sódio para detalhamento do padrão de venação. A epiderme foi caracterizada em vista frontal com uso do método de dissociação com solução de Franklin e cortes paradérmicos. O pecíolo, a nervura central e o mesofilo foram analisados a partir de cortes transversais no terço médio. As espécies possuem o padrão morfológico básico descrito para a família, com folhas simples, alternas, dísticas, pecioladas, com estípulas presentes geralmente nos ramos mais jovens. Caracteres macroscópicos como o formato do limbo, tipo de estípulas e a presença ou posição das glândulas variam entre espécies. O padrão de venação mais recorrente entre as espécies é o eucamptódromo, com a ocorrência em alguns casos de venação mista eucamptódroma/broquidódroma. A vascularização do pecíolo em todas as espécies é formada por anéis contínuos ou descontínuos, ou ainda arcos variando de dois a três. O feixe vascular da nervura central organiza-se em arcos formados por feixes colaterais que estão dispostos em número de dois ou três, ou formando um anel fechado no qual pode estar presente um arco floemático. O tipo de contorno anticlinal predominante na face adaxial das folhas é reto, com formas variáveis na face abaxial. Os estômatos são paracíticos, alguns ocorrendo em criptas estomáticas. O mesofilo de todas as espécies é dorsiventral, com ambas as faces revestidas por cutícula espessa. As células epidérmicas da face adaxial apresentam formato tabular, cúbico ou retangular. Ocorrem no parênquima paliçádico de uma a três camadas de células alongadas e o parênquima lacunoso apresenta compactação variável de acordo com a espécie. Extensões de bainha e esclereides colunares são de ocorrência comum. As espécies apresentam características escleromórficas, como a cutícula espessa, extensões de bainhas de feixes vasculares e criptas estomáticas. Esses caracteres indicam adaptação ao ambiente florestal de solo pobre, bem como aos fatores que interferem na utilização adequada dos recursos hídricos. Estômatos acima da linha epidérmica foram a única característica que ocorreu exclusivamente em espécies de Licania. Foi elaborada uma chave de identificação, assim como descrições padronizadas utilizando os caracteres morfoanatômicos. Os caracteres anatômicos deram maior contribuição para a diagnose, pois apresentaram maior variação entre as espécies, sendo os principais utilizados na chave: posição das glândulas, posição dos estômatos na linha epidérmica, forma das estípulas, número de camadas da epiderme adaxial, número de feixes acessórios no pecíolo e desenvolvimento das aréolas. O conjunto de caracteres é eficaz na diferenciação entre espécies.
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Santos, Ana Cristina Rocha de Figueiredo. "Morfoanatomia foliar de onze cultivares de videira (Vitis vinifera L.subsp. vinifera)." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8287.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>This work describes the leaf morphoanatomy of 11 grapevine cultivars, grown at Tapada Ajuda, Lisbon. The white cultivars studied were ‘Alvarinho’, ‘Arinto’, ‘Encruzado’, ‘Macabeu’, ‘Moscatel Galego’, ‘Moscatel de Setúbal’ and ‘Viosinho’. The red ones were ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Touriga Nacional’ and ‘Trindadeira’. The leaf area was determined by scanning and under Light Microscopy the thickness of the cuticule, epidermis, total mesophyll as well as palisade and spongy parenchyma. Under Scanning Electron Microscopy, stomata type, their length and width and density were observed, as the existence of indumentum. Significant differences were observed among the white and red cultivars for all the parameters studied. In general, leaves with lower specific weight showed ticker spongy parenchyma. In all cultivars, three types of stomata were observed – at the same level, raised above and sunken regarding the other epidermal cells, showing differences among their relative proportions. ‘Moscatel de Setúbal’ and ‘Moscatel Galego’ showed the highest stomata density value, for the white cultivars. Among the red ones, differences in the sunken and raised above stomata were observed, but not for the same level stomata. ‘Trincadeira’ presented the highest value for the leaf area, the greater stomata density and the highest sunken stomata percentage, with 38.1%.
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Van, de Weg Martine Janet. "Leaf traits and foliar CO2 exchange in a Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5300.

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Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are one of the most fascinating, but least understood ecosystems in the world, and the interest in the carbon (C) cycle of TMCFs with regard to carbon sequestration and storage practices has increased rapidly in recent years. One feature that prevails in all TMCFs is a decrease in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and standing biomass and leaf area index (LAI) with increasing altitude, together with the stunted growth form of the trees. This thesis focuses on the input part of the TMCF C-cycle, and investigates the controlling factors on photosynthesis on a leaf, canopy, and ecosystem level in the Kosñipata valley in south east Peru, on the eastern slope of the Andes (13º11’28’’S / 71º35’24’’W). Leaf traits are known to relate to foliar C-exchange, and compared with other altitudinal transect studies of TMCFs, the studied sites had similar altitudinal trends for foliar nitrogen (N) content (though not for phosphorus) and leaf mass per area (LMA), with N content decreasing and LMA increasing with altitude. N concentrations were relatively high and LMA values relatively low, but this observed relationship was consistent with those found in global leaf trait surveys. Examining plant stoichiometry (i.e. N:P ratios), the data suggests that unlike the general hypothesis, the Kosñipata forests are not N limited, except for the study site at 2990 m a.s.l. At the 2990 m a.s.l. site, which is the focal study site of the thesis, photosynthetic parameters Vcmax (the carboxylation efficiency of the Rubisco protein) and Jmax (the electron transport efficiency) proved to be similar to those found in lowland tropical rainforest leaves when expressed on an area basis and standardised to 25 °C (55.6 ± 2.6 and 106.5 ± 5.2 mmol m-2 s-1, for Vcmax and Jmax, respectively). However, when standardised to the mean ambient TMCF temperature of 12.5 °C, both photosynthetic parameters were much lower than ambient tropical rainforest Vcmax and Jmax values. The TMCF Jmax -Vcmax relationships were steeper than found in other tropical biomes, indicating a possible adaptation to the lower light availability in TMCFs because of frequent cloud cover, or a consequence of little atmospheric evaporative demand, which is also due to the humid conditions in this forest type. Although N-Vcmax relationships were significant (P<0.05), the fit was not very strong and the relationship between nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and Vcmax indicates that TMCF species can be regarded as a different plant functional type compared with other tropical forest types. Diurnal measurements of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Yleaf) showed that different TMCF species experienced non-contrasting diurnal patterns of Yleaf and gs in the dry season. The observed patterns suggest that some TMCF species can be classified as isohydric species, while others behave anisohydrically. Additionally, in situ gs was not very responsive to these to the range of experienced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) or soil water content (SWC), leading to the conclusion that in the studied TMCF, drought stress does not play a role in C-uptake. When using the measured photosynthetic parameters for up-scaling C-uptake to stand scale with a Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model, simulated annual gross primary productivity (GPP) was 16.24 ±1.6 T C ha-1 yr-1, which is about half the GPP observed in neotropical lowland rainforests. Analyses of the modelled results showed that GPP in this TMCF is mostly controlled by temperature, PAR and leaf area index (LAI) and when increasing these three factors to values found in tropical lowland forest, GPP increased up to 75%. In addition, the modelled results indicate that hydraulic limitations on TMCF C-uptake are very unlikely under current climatic conditions. The modelled results also showed that increases in radiation as a result of less cloud cover do not translate to straightforward increases of GPP. The cloudy conditions of TMCFs, which reduced incident PAR in TMCFs, should therefore not be regarded simply as a negative control on TMCF GPP. Instead, the increase in fraction of diffuse radiation partially offsets the decrease in GPP following the reduction in PAR. Overall, the results of this study show that leaves of Andean TMCF forests have similar C-uptake capacity to tropical lowland rainforests when standardized to similar temperatures, but that for in situ C-uptake temperature, radiation and LAI are the key controls.
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Hector, Andrew. "Insect herbivory on herbaceous legumes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243564.

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Books on the topic "Leaf Folder"

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Kokaly, Raymond F. Investigating a physical basis for spectroscopic estimates of leaf nitrogen concentration. U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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M, Neumann Peter, ed. Plant growth and leaf-applied chemicals. CRC Press, 1988.

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Stebbins, Robert L. Using leaf analysis to diagnose nutrient disorders in tree fruits and small fruits. Oregon State University Extension Service, 1988.

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Day, Walter. Twin Galaxies' Official Video Game & Pinball Book Of World Records; Second Edition, Arcade Volume. Edited by Walter Day and Mr Kelly R. Flewin. 1st World Publishing, 2007.

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Folded Leaf. David R Godine, 1988.

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Folded Leaf. Penguin Random House, 2012.

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Maxwell, William. Folded Leaf. Harvill Pr, 1999.

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Maxwell, William. Folded Leaf. Penguin Random House, 2010.

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Maxwell, William. Folded Leaf. Penguin Random House, 2010.

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Maxwell, William. Folded Leaf. Harvill Pr, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leaf Folder"

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Kumar, Mahesh, Juhi, Nagateja Natra, Tushar Ranjan, and Ravi Ranjan Kumar. "Molecular Tools for Controlling Rice Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis)." In Biotic Stress Management in Rice. Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365534-9.

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Liu, Zhanyu, Jia-an Cheng, Wenjiang Huang, et al. "Hyperspectral Discrimination and Response Characteristics of Stressed Rice Leaves Caused by Rice Leaf Folder." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture V. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27278-3_54.

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Veegala, Ramesh Babu, and Shashi Vemuri. "Carboxylesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Quantification Mediating Resistance in Populations of Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)." In New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management. Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2089-3_10.

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Kikuzawa, Kihachiro, and Martin J. Lechowicz. "Foliar Habit and Leaf Longevity." In Ecological Research Monographs. Springer Tokyo, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53918-6_1.

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Gärtner-Banfalvi, Agota. "Action of Plant-Specific Leaf-Fertilizer in Winter Wheat in Field Trials." In Foliar Fertilization. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4386-5_28.

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Kikuzawa, Kihachiro, and Martin J. Lechowicz. "Biogeography of Leaf Longevity and Foliar Habit." In Ecological Research Monographs. Springer Tokyo, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53918-6_9.

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Raddi, Paolo, Salvatore Moricca, and Elena Paoletti. "Effects of Acid Rain and Surfactant Pollution on the Foliar Structure of Some Tree Species." In Air Pollutants and the Leaf Cuticle. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79081-2_17.

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Hadley, Julian L., and William K. Smith. "Effect of Elevation and Foliar Age on Maximum Leaf Resistance to Water Vapor Diffusion in Conifers of the Central Rocky Mountains, U.S.A." In Air Pollutants and the Leaf Cuticle. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79081-2_22.

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Bael, Sunshine Van, Catalina Estrada, and A. Elizabeth Arnold. "Chapter 6 Foliar Endophyte Communities and Leaf Traits in Tropical Trees." In Mycology. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119496-7.

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Boyce, Richard L. "The Effect of Age, Canopy Position and Elevation on Foliar Wettability of Picea rubens and Abies balsamea: Implications for Pollutant-Induced Epicuticular Wax Degradation." In Air Pollutants and the Leaf Cuticle. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79081-2_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Leaf Folder"

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Kumar, Satish, Rakesh Kumar, Meenu Gupta, and Ahmed J. Obaid. "EEDL-based Detection and Classification of Apple Foliar Leaf Disease." In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10726006.

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Jain, Eshika, and Ravi Kumar. "Automated Strawberry Leaf Disease Detection Using ResNet-50 with K-Fold Cross-Validation: A Novel Approach." In 2024 9th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icces63552.2024.10859740.

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Ferguson, Robert J. "Modeling Lead and Copper Corrosion and Solubility in Municipal Water Distribution Systems." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09104.

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Abstract Lead and copper in municipal water systems present a major health hazard in addition to the infrastructure loss associated with corrosion releasing them into the distribution system. Soluble lead and copper became a legal as well as economic concern with the implementation of the Lead and Copper rule in the United States in 1991 and its subsequent expansion. Similar regulations where implemented in Canada during the same time period. The regulations set action limits for the metals at 15 μg/L for Pb and 1.3 mg/L for Cu. Lead and copper in municipal systems can result from soluble lead in copper in the water source, corrosion releasing soluble ions into the water, and the dissolution of corrosion product and other lead and/or copper deposits. The dissolution process can be increased, or limited, by changes in water chemistry due to seasonal variations, changing water sources, or changes in treatment. In some cases, treatment directed towards minimizing corrosion as a source of lead and copper, can actually increase the solubility of the ions. This paper describes a two fold approach to computer modeling of lead and copper corrosion, and the maximum solubility of lead and copper in the municipal water. The methods outlined can be used to: Model lead and copper corrosion in a distribution system.Model the maximum solubility of lead and copper as an indicator of the waters ability to dissolve deposits, and transport soluble Pb and Cu ions through the system.Predict the impact of changing water sources upon lead and copper levels in the system.Predict the impact of treatments, including pH adjustment upon lead and copper in the system. Examples are provided based upon a recent, well publicized, water change that resulted in high lead levels in a municipal water system. The method outlined was used to evaluate a municipal water, and compare traditional indices, maximum lead and copper solubility, and predicted corrosion rates, to the river water that replaced it.
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Benedict, Risque L. "Statistics of a Large Corrosion Control Program in Lake Maracaibo." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88026.

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Abstract The statistics generated in Lake Maracaibo are unique in a number of respects; one of the world's highest corrosion rates; documentation of 111,000 leak clamps in 20 years; first computerization of a major corrosion control program; documentation of coated pipe without cathodic protection having a longer life than bare pipe; and one of the largest capacity pipeline cathodic protection systems. Collection of statistics preceded analysis and formulation of corrosion control in Lake Maracaibo. Corrosion control on a 5,000 mile (8,000 km) gathering system was analyzed by the reduction in leak clamps per 100,000 feet (30 km) of pipeline. Coated pipe without cathodic protection outlasted bare pipe 16 years to five years. Cathodic protection cut the coated pipe leak rate in half as an average and up to 90% when the available cathodic protection current was not squandered on abandoned pipe or copper weld armor on submarine electrical cables. Optimizing pipe replacement resulted in a reduction of line replacement by over 20 fold. In 1988 dollars, a total of more than one billion dollars was realized in savings from the corrosion control program enacted over a twenty year period.
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Rogers, Michael E., Thomas M. Rogers, and R. C. May. "Responding to Copper-Induced Corrosion During H2S Leaks in Syncrude Canada LTD's Process Cooling Tower." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87151.

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Abstract Syncrude Canada Ltd.'s process cooling tower water is subjected to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) leaks. The substantial surface area (80,000m2) of Admiralty brass heat exchanger tubing in the circuit, when exposed to H2S, contributes copper ions which stimulate corrosion of carbon steel. The resultant broad area tubercles create under-deposit pitting corrosion. Several techniques have been introduced to detect when an H2S leak has occurred, to trace its source and to alleviate the resultant corrosion and fouling. The application of the recognized treatment chemical, tolyl triazole (TTA) has failed to prevent the five fold increase in copper levels, and system conditions take over 30 days to return to normal. The application of a sequestrant now makes it possible to recover from system upsets in 10 days.
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Grimes, William D., Marc E. Wilms, Brian D. Chambers, and Sytze Huizinga. "Conservatism in Sour Testing with Hydrogen Sulfide Partial Pressure Exposures – towards a More Consistent Approach." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-06050.

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Abstract Sour stress cracking - either sulfide stress cracking (SSC) or environmental stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - has long been recognized to result from a combination of three principal elements – a susceptible material, stress, and a sour exposure. Generally, industry testing using the standard test methods1,2,3,4 has been successful in qualifying both carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloy (CRAs) materials for field exposures by using equivalent partial pressures in lab tests. Yet the materials tested are rarely of the combination of the “hardest”, most “lean” alloy, and least “susceptible” microstructure one may encounter compared to the broader range of materials delivered to the field. Likewise, stress, while generally higher in controlled test exposures compared to “typical” average field exposures, are only slightly, if at all conservative compared to a multitude of local stress riser conditions one may encounter in field equipment. So this raises the question – why the good correlation between lab qualification of materials and field experience? An examination of the actual, non-ideal behavior of sour gas suggests that practical low pressure laboratory testing may be inherently several-fold more severe than the field exposure when equivalent partial pressures are used for material qualification – an degree of conservatism implied by ISO 151561 when partial pressures are used. For room temperature tests simulating a well exposure, this conservatism may be 3 to 4 fold above the field exposure assuming, e.g., fugacity, a true gas property, is controlling. However this exposure conservatism becomes less at typical pressures employed in surface facilities or when simulating hotter, high pressure well environments for CRAs, identifying that the industry approach is inconsistent in the degree of conservatism it employs considering actual physical aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) behavior. This in turn suggests that the reality of testing and qualification of materials using partial pressure likely represents a widely varying degree of conservatism, and is in need of a more consistent approach. This paper examines the impact of material, stress and exposure factors on sour corrosion cracking testing and suggests a semi-quantitative approach to achieve adequate conservatism.
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Thodla, Ramgopal, Colum Holtam, Brandon Gerst, and Feng Gui. "Role of Crack Tip Strain Rate on the Fatigue and Fracture of Line Pipe Steels in Sour Environments." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09203.

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Abstract Fatigue and fracture of line pipe steels in a sour inhibited environment is presented. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) was investigated as a function of frequency at several different ΔK values at a pH of 3.5 and 0.21psia (0.00144MPa) H2S. The role of rise time and hold time were explored in a limited set of conditions. A plateau in the FCGR behavior at low frequency was observed and the value of FCGR was about 10 times higher than the in-air value. At low frequencies, introduction of hold times to the low frequency cycling did not lead to any appreciable change in the crack growth rate (CGR). Transitioning the crack to a constant K of 44MPa√m (i.e. no cycling) led to a steady sustained crack growth rate of 1.1×10-7mm/s. Changing the pH of the test solution from 3.5 to 7.8, by switching from a sour gas purge to pure N2 purge resulted in an eight fold decrease in the CGR. There was no significant variation in the CGR with changing K in the range of 41.25 to 48.4MPa√m. The above results suggest that under carefully controlled experimental conditions, it is possible to transition from an environmentally assisted fatigue crack growth to sustained low static crack growth behavior in C-Mn line pipe steels in low pH environments.
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Wang, Jing, Kun Yu, Xianmin Zhu, Feng Zhu, Miao Tian, and Zhiming Wang. "Monitoring of Rice Leaf Folder Damage Based on Remote Sensing Methods." In 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2018.8476138.

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Feng, Jing, Yiqun Wang, and Wenbai Chen. "A deep learning-based model for forecasting rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis." In 2023 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligent Systems (CCIS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263067.

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Prabhakar, Mathyam. "Assessing damage severity of plant hopper and leaf folder in rice using hyperspectral remote sensing and multinomial logistic regression models." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93420.

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Reports on the topic "Leaf Folder"

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Robertson, Alison, Dan Schaben, and John Beckman. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timingon Gray Leaf Spot on Hybrid Corn. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1911.

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Robertson, Alison, and Myron Rees. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timingon Gray Leaf Spot on Hybrid Corn. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1931.

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Robertson, Alison, and Matt Schnabel. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timingon Northern Leaf Blight on Hybrid Corn in Northern Iowa. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1660.

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Robertson, Alison, and Ken Pecinovsky. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight on Hybrid Corn in Northeast Iowa. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1402.

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Robertson, Alison, Chad Huffman, and Josh Sievers. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight and Common Rust on Hybrid Corn. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1472.

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Robertson, Alison, and Matt Schnabel. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight on Hybrid Corn in Northern Iowa. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1486.

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Robertson, Alison, and Ken Pecinovsky. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight on Hybrid Corn in Northeast Iowa. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1635.

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Robertson, Alison, Chad Huffman, and Josh Sievers. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight and Common Rust on Hybrid Corn. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1680.

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Robertson, Alison, Josh Sievers, and Chad Huffman. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight and Common Rust on Hybrid Corn. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1772.

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Robertson, Alison, and Kenneth Pecinovsky. Effectiveness of Foliar Fungicides by Timing on Northern Leaf Blight on Hybrid Corn in Northeast Iowa. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2170.

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