Relevant bibliographies by topics / Leaf mulches

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Leaf mulches'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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LIAKATAS, A. "Maize growth and development thermally Affected by plastic mulches." MAUSAM 42, no. 1 (2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i1.2806.

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. The mulch effect on maize development and growth is examined and the relevance of temperature to vegetative and reproductive stages is examined. Warming mulches accelerate and cooling mulches slow seedling emergence and leaf appearance and growth. Seedling establishment is more successful, leaf area is greater and yield is generally earlier and higher over warm mulched soil.
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Iles, Jeffery K., and Michael S. Dosmann. "Effect of Organic and Mineral Mulches on Soil Properties and Growth of Red Maple." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 449a—449. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.449a.

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Five mineral mulches (crushed red brick, pea gravel, lava rock, carmel rock, and river rock) and three organic mulches (finely screened pine bark, wood chips, and shredded hardwood bark) were evaluated over 2 years to determine their influence on soil temperature, moisture, and pH, and to quantify their effect on growth of Fairview Flame® red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Mulch treatments (2.3-m2 plots of eight mulches and a non-mulched control) were randomly applied to trees in five blocks. Organic mulches were placed directly on bare ground, while mineral mulches were underlaid with a woven polypropylene fabric. Soil temperature was highest and soil moisture lowest under the mineral mulches and non-mulched control. Soil pH was highest under shredded bark (6.82) and wood chips (6.81), and lowest in the non-mulched control (6.03). Despite such differences in the root-zone environments, there were no significant differences in stem caliper or tree height, but leaf dry mass was greatest for trees treated with mineral mulches.
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Cregg, Bert M., and Robert Schutzki. "Weed Control and Organic Mulches Affect Physiology and Growth of Landscape Shrubs." HortScience 44, no. 5 (2009): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1419.

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Landscape mulches are widely promoted to improve soil moisture retention, suppress weeds, and improve the growth of landscape plants. The objective of this project was to determine the effect of common landscape mulches (pine bark, hardwood fines, cypress mulch, color-enhanced ground pallets) on soil moisture, soil pH, weed control, and physiology and growth of landscape shrubs. Two additional treatments were not mulched: no mulch + no weed control and no mulch + weed control. Growth was measured on eight taxa (Euonymus alatus ‘Compactus’, Spiraea ×bumalda ‘Goldflame’, Weigela florida ‘Java red’, Taxus ×media ‘Runyan’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Golden Globe’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Tardiva’, Viburnum dentatum ‘Synnestvedt’, Viburnum trilobum ‘Compactum’). Leaf gas exchange [net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (g s)] were measured on Hydrangea paniculata, V. dentatum, and V. trilobum only. All mulches increased soil moisture compared with no mulch + weed control. There was no difference in soil pH or foliar nitrogen among treatments. All mulches, except cypress mulch, increased plant growth of most shrub taxa compared with no mulch without weed control. Mulches increased g S relative to no mulch without weed control. Photosynthetic rates of plants mulched with cypress mulch were less than the other mulches and not different from no mulch. Overall, the result suggests that, except for cypress mulch, the organic mulches tested are equally effective in improving growth of landscape plants. Reduced photosynthetic efficiency and growth of shrubs with cypress mulch suggest potential allelopathic effects.
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Haque, M. M., S. Begum, M. S. Rahman, A. B. M. S. Alam, M. A. A. Zhuma, and M. M. H. Manik. "Effect of different types of mulches on growth and yield of turmeric." Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Agriculture 38, no. 2 (2025): 161–67. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjnag.v38i2.79586.

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The experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) sub-station Khagrachari during 2020-2021 to compare the effect of different mulches on the growth and yield of Binahalud-1. Experiment was conducted with different organic mulches vizs., bamboo leaf, paddy straw, water hyacinths, and silver color plastic. A treatment without mulching was also kept as a control. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that the plants mulched with bamboo leaves recorded maximum average plant height of 150 cm, number of leaves 71.333, number of tillers 11, leaf length and leaf width 80 cm, 16.66 cm, leaf weight 29.33 gm, petiole length 40 cm and petiole weight 17.33 gm as compared to other mulches. In case of the yield of turmeric, the bamboo leaf mulch gave maximum fresh rhizome yield of 33.2 t ha-1 . From this study it is revealed that among the treatments bamboo leaf is the best mulch material for turmeric production. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(2): 161-167, 2024
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Brault, D., K. A. Stewart, and S. Jenni. "Optical Properties of Paper and Polyethylene Mulches Used for Weed Control in Lettuce." HortScience 37, no. 1 (2002): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.87.

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Optical properties of paper and plastic mulches were determined in experiments on mulched head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in organic soil in 1997-98. Mulches used in 1997 were a coextruded white/black polyethylene, a beige paper coated with latex on both sides and a black paper coated with latex on both sides. Three supplementary mulches were added in the 1998 experiment: beige paper coated with a biodegradable polymer either coated on the underside, on the top side or on both sides. Optical properties of the polyethylene mulch remained stable over the course of the experiment. As the paper mulches aged, they changed structurally, spectrally, or both, but remained in place until harvest. The black paper was the only mulch that offered complete weed control, although the weeds under the other mulches did not develop beyond the cotyledonary or two-true-leaf stage.
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Palada, M. C., S. M. A. Crossman, and C. D. Collingwood. "EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC MULCHES ON YIELD OF BASIL UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 587c—587. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.587c.

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Small-scale herb growers in the U.S. Virgin Islands traditionally water their crops with sprinkler cans and garden hoses. This method is inefficient and consumes large amounts of water, a scarce resource in the islands. Introduction of drip irrigation has reduced water use in vegetable production. Integrating this system with mulches may further cut water use, making herb production more profitable. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) was grown in plots with organic (compost or straw) and synthetic (black plastic or weed barrier) mulches. A no mulch control plot was also included. All plots were drip irrigated to maintain soil moisture at -30 kPa. Total plant fresh weight and leaf fresh and dry weights were highest in the compost mulch treatment. Fresh and dry basil yields in black plastic mulched plots were almost identical with those in compost mulch, but did not differ from other treatments. Black plastic mulch reduced water use 46% compared with 27% for compost or straw mulch. All mulch treatments resulted in increased water use efficiency. Organic mulches reduced surface soil temperature, while synthetic mulches increased soil temperature 2-5°C.
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Gheshm, Rahmatallah, and Rebecca Nelson Brown. "Compost and Black Polyethylene Mulches Improve Spring Production of Romaine Lettuce in Southern New England." HortTechnology 30, no. 4 (2020): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04594-20.

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Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the most popular leafy vegetable in the United States. Organic and synthetic mulch materials are applied by farmers to reduce their weeding expenditures, manage soil temperatures, and increase the yield and quality of their crops. This study examined the impacts of using black polyethylene, compost, and shredded leaves as surface mulches in spring open field romaine lettuce by using data regarding the soil temperature, lettuce growth, and yield parameters. Mulch treatments were compared to determine effects on soil temperature, lettuce growth rates, leaf area index (LAI), yield, and plant size. Experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2019. Soil temperatures were slightly (but significantly) warmer in 2019, the plants grew more rapidly, and LAI, yield, and plant size were all significantly greater than they were in 2017. Mean soil temperatures were 18.0 and 18.9 °C in black polyethylene mulched plots, 17.7 and 18.5 °C in compost, 17.5 and 17.0 °C in bare ground, and 16.9 and 17.3 °C in shredded leaf plots in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Changes in canopy size presented a similar trend over the growing season for all treatments; shredded leaf and bare ground treatments on all measuring dates had the smallest canopy size, and compost and black polyethylene mulches had the largest canopy sizes. Black polyethylene and compost mulches had the highest LAI and yields in both years. In 2017, the bare ground treatment was similar to black polyethylene and compost mulch treatments for both parameters, and all three treatments were significantly greater than the shredded leaf mulch treatment. In 2019, the bare ground treatment was similar to the shredded leaf mulch treatment and significantly lower than the black polyethylene and compost mulch treatments. In 2017, black polyethylene and compost mulches had LAI of 7.67 and 7.37 and yields of 6.38 and 6.68 kg·m−2, respectively. Bare ground had an LAI of 7.16 and yielded 5.94 kg·m−2. Shredded leaf mulch plots had the lowest LAI (5.94) and yield (4.96 kg·m−2). In 2019, the bare ground treatment had an LAI of 7.5 and yielded 7.6 kg·m−2. Black polyethylene and compost mulches increased LAI by 1.7. Yield increased by 2.8 kg·m−2 with black polyethylene mulch and by 2.4 kg·m−2 with compost mulch. Shredded leaf mulch produced LAI and yield similar to but slightly lower than bare ground. Dry weight, plant height, and head diameter in bare ground and shredded leaf mulch treatments were significantly smaller than in black polyethylene and compost mulch treatments. The cultivar rank order was consistent across treatments in both years; ‘Ridgeline’ grew significantly faster than ‘Coastal Star’, and plants were significantly larger at harvest. Black polyethylene suppresses weeds and increases soil temperatures, thereby enhancing yields of spring-to-summer romaine lettuce under southern New England conditions. Compost mulch has similar effects on yields. Shredded leaf mulch is effective at suppressing weeds but decreases soil temperatures and yields.
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Holloway, Patricia S. "Aspen Wood Chip and Stone Mulches for Landscape Plantings in Interior, Alaska." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10, no. 1 (1992): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.1.23.

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Abstract Five woody landscape plants were grown on five mulch treatments: 2.5 or 5 cm (1 or 2 in) crushed basaltic rock, 5 or 10 cm (2 or 4 in) of aspen wood chips and a non-mulched control, to determine the usefulness of these mulches in subarctic landscape plantings. Weed control was best, but growth and plant nutrition poorest on the wood chip mulches. White spruce, Siberian crabapple, Peking cotoneaster, and rugosa rose had low levels of leaf nitrogen on the wood chip plots, and all species except cotoneaster and lodgepole pine showed significant N deficiency symptoms after 2 years. With the exception of the roses, all species grew best on the stone mulch plots. Roses grew vigorously on the stone mulches and the unmulched soil, but were subject to winter dieback. After 3 years, their total biomass did not exceed the recumbent, spindly and nitrogen deficient roses that were growing on the wood chip mulches. Plant growth, nutrition, and weed control were best achieved on the 5 cm (2 in) stone mulch plots.
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Percival, G. C. "Influence of Pure Mulches on Suppressing Phytophthora Root Rot Pathogens." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 31, no. 4 (2013): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.31.4.221.

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Mulching as a means of controlling Phytophthora root rot pathogens has become recognised as a potential cultural management system within the arboricultural, nursery and landscape industry. The influence of a pure mulch, i.e., mulch derived solely from one tree species, on reducing Phytophthora root rot severity has received little study. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine if a range of pure mulches derived from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna JACQ), silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH.), common cherry (Prunus avium L.), evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) and English oak (Q. robur L.) could reduce the development and impact of pathogen severity caused by Phytophthora cactorum and P. criticola on containerised horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Irrespective of Phytophthora pathogen, leaf area, leaf, shoot, root and total plant dry weight following application of a pure mulch was higher than non-mulched controls. Likewise, leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratios, photosynthetic rates and root carbohydrate concentration as measures of tree vitality were higher in pure mulched compared to non-mulched control trees. Application of a pure mulch had a significant influence on Phytophthora root rot lesion severity. In the case of P. cactorum root rot lesion severity was reduced by 39–63%. In the case of P. criticola root rot lesion severity was reduced by 33–61%. In conclusion, pure mulches offer positive benefits for those involved in the care and maintenance of urban trees as well as nursery, forestry, orchard and horticultural crop production where Phytophthora pathogens are problematic.
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Loy, J. Brent, and Otho S. Wells. "PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL OF SOLAR INFRARED TRANSMITTING MULCHES." HortScience 25, no. 6 (1990): 625f—625. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.625f.

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Experimental mulches which transmit high levels of solar infrared radiation and low levels of photosynthetically active radiation were compared to clear and black polyethylene mulches. Increases in soil temperature under infrared transmitting (IRT) mulches were intermediate between those under black and clear mulch. The IRT mulch with the highest solar transmittance (50%) produced soil temperatures close to those under clear mulch (T = 87%). Early leaf canopy development in muskmelon was enhanced more by both IRT and clear mulches than with black mulch. Minimal weed growth occurred under IRT mulches, but there was severe weed pressure from purslane under clear mulch with no herbicide.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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Chen, Meng-Sung, and 陳盟松. "Effect of Leaf Number and Tyvek® Mulch on Inflorescence Formation of ‘Irwin’ Mango (Mangifera indica L.)." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98427867969551294278.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝學研究所<br>94<br>Abstract The shoot flushing and leaf development of ‘Irwin’ mango are occurred from July to October in Taiwan. During this period of time shoots are often suffered from typhoon attack, which lead to defoliation and thus resulted in a decrease of inflorescence formation percentage of that year. Therefore, the presented study was first to understand the relationship between leaf number and inflorescence formation in ‘Irwin’ mango, and then to evaluate the effect on inflorescence formation in ‘Irwin’ mango by modifying the microclimate in the field by Tyvek®, a rainproof ground coverage. All the shoots selected were fully matured and flushed twice, and leaf number was controlled by removing leaves and girdling at the position about 30 to 40 cm away from the shoot apex. Result of the first experiment on Dec. 27, 2003, indicated that all the treatment (20, 15, 10, 5, and 1 leaf retained) showed no significant difference in the percentage of inflorescence formation in the next spring (all > 75%). Considering the timing of floral initiation, four sets of similar experiment (15, 10, 5, and 0 leaf retained) were conducted in 2004 according to the timing of treatment; i.e. Oct. 9, Nov. 6, Nov. 20, and Dec. 5. On the leafless shoots, no any inflorescence formation was observed while treated before Nov. 20, whereas those of other treatments were 100%. All leaf-retaining treatments treated on Dec. 5 showed 100% inflorescence formation. In experiment of Oct., Nov., and mid-December in 2005, the leaf-retaining was 10, 5 (in second flush), 5 (in first flush), 3, 1, or 0 leaves conducted at two locations, Fang-Shan and Yu-Jing. In the treatments of retaining one or more leaves, the percentage of inflorescence formation was 56-100%; whereas, 0% of inflorescence formation was observed as no leaf retained. The length and quality of inflorescence tended to be decreased in decrement with leaf number. Moreover, shoot flushing closed to the timing of inflorescence initiation were disadvantageous to inflorescence formation. Upon the continuous three years’ study, the effect of leaf on inflorescence formation has been concluded that one matured leaf may sufficient for inflorescence initiation and the development and quality of inflorescence may depends on leaf number and shoot maturity. Covering furrow surface with Tyvek® could reduce the surface soil temperature and its diurnal fluctuation. A decrease of chlorophyll content and an increase of chlorophyll a/b ratio were observed in the leaves of the outward canopy. In Yu-Jing, Tyvek® also lowered the leaf water potential in the midday. However, Tyvek® had no effects on photosynthetic ability, blossom timing, and the percentage of inflorescence formation in ‘Irwin’ mango.
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Van, Le Thi Huong, and 黎香云. "Effect of Plastic Mulch Color on Growth of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Pak-choi (Brassica campestris L.)." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14966360617578411294.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>園藝學系<br>92<br>Abstract Effects of plastic mulch color on root temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) reflection and growth of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. ‘No. 3’ and pak-choi (Brassica campestris L.) cv. 'Feng Jing' and cv. 'Brisk Green' were investigated in greenhouse at different climates in three croppings of plants transplanted in September, 2003, November, 2003 and January, 2004. Five plastic mulches including aluminum polyethylene, clear plastic, green plastic, red plastic, and yellow plastic were compared to the nonmulch control. The significant difference in PPFD between control and mulched treatments was shown in Sept. crop but not in Nov. and Jan. crops. The PPFD tended to increase on mulch surfaces, except red plastic, during three croppings. The highest PPFD were measured on aluminum polyethylene and yellow plastic which were 6-21% higher than in control. Root temperature under mulches was higher than in control during three croppings. The highest root temperature was shown under aluminum polyethylene and clear plastic which was 2.6 to 3.1oC higher than the control at midday. Green, red and yellow plastics had similar effect on root temperature. Plant growth and yield as well as physiology parameters of leaf lettuce and pak-choi were affected by color mulching. The effect of mulch varied during croppings. Yields decreased in mulched treatments compared to control by 17-28% in Sept. crop but increased in clear and yellow plastics by 27-71% in Nov. and Jan. crops except pak-choi cv. 'Feng Jing' in Nov. crop which was not influenced by the color mulching. Aluminum polyethylene enhanced root growth in Nov. and Jan. crops but did not affect plant fresh weight and yield. Aluminum polyethylene increased chlorophyll contents of leaf lettuce and pak-choi cv. 'Brisk Green' grown in Sept. crop but not in Nov. and Jan. crops. Although the significant difference was not constant, the highest chlorophyll contents were shown in green plastic and the lowest contents was in red and yellow plastics. Photosynthetic rate of the three crops decreased in aluminum polyethylene and clear plastic by 15-40% or 18-43%, respectively, as compared to control in Sept. crop but it responded less to color mulching in Nov. and Jan. crops. Yellow plastic increased carbohydrate levels in leaves and roots of plants grown in Nov. and Jan. crops while aluminum polyethylene increased carbohydrate level in roots. The lowest nitrate content in leaves of the three crops were shown in control and yellow plastic in Sept. or Jan. crop, respectively. In Nov. crop, nitrate content in leaves of pak-choi cv. 'Feng Jing' grown in green plastic was higher than in yellow plastic but there were no differences among treatments in leaf lettuce and pak-choi cv. 'Brisk Green'. Percentage of pak-choi leaves injured by diamond-back moth (Putella xylostella L.) generally decreased in mulched treatments during the three crops, however, yellow plastic was the most efficient mulch to reduce the leaf injury.
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Cattanio, José Henrique. "Soil N mineralization dynamics as affected by pure and mixed application of leafy material from leguminous trees used in planted fallow in Brazil." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AEB0-7.

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Books on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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Haehnel, Robert B. Dusting river ice with leaf mulch to aid in ice deterioration. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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Gerasko, Tatyana, Lyudmila Velcheva, Liudmyla Todorova, Lyubov Pokoptseva, and Iryna Ivanova. "Effect of Living Mulch on Chlorophyll Index, Leaf Moisture Content and Leaf Area of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.)." In Modern Development Paths of Agricultural Production. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14918-5_66.

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Evans, Julian, and John W. Turnbull. "High pruning." In Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529941.003.0017.

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Abstract In tropical tree plantations pruning is mainly carried out in two very different situations: to improve stem and wood quality in some industrial crops and as a tool in agroforestry and social forestry plantings, both to manipulate the trees to favour food crops, for example, in alley cropping, and to provide fodder, leaf mulch, fuel wood, smooth, snag-free poles, etc. Note that pruning in arboriculture and horticulture is to improve crown shape, stimulate flowering and fruiting, train branches, and sometimes simply for aesthetic purposes. This chapter primarily concerns high pruning in industrial plantations; Chapters 18, 20–21, and 23 make further reference to pruning practices in agroforestry and rural development forestry including pollarding.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Management: An Overview." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0013.

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The term “soil management” refers to the human manipulation of chemical, physical, and biological conditions of the soil for the production of agricultural plants. Good soil management helps maintain and improve soil fertility while sustaining optimum crop yield over time, whereas inappropriate soil management practices can lead to the degradation of soil fertility and a declining crop yield within a relatively short period of time. In a cropped field, where pests and disease are not limiting factors, the decline in crop yield over time may be attributed to several soil-related factors, namely, deterioration of soil physical conditions, such as surface crusting and subsurface compaction, depletion of available nutrients in the soil and soil acidification, soil moisture stress (drought or waterlogging), and the decline in soil organic matter and soil biological activity. Thus, major tasks of soil management for crop production include the following: • tillage and seedbed preparation • replenishment of soil nutrients • soil moisture management • maintenance of soil organic matter The main purposes of tillage are to loosen a compacted surface soil to facilitate seed emergence and root growth through improved soil aeration and water storage, and to eradicate weeds before planting and control subsequent weed growth during the cropping season. Common tillage practices used in tropical agriculture are as follows: • Slash-and-burn, followed by sowing seeds into holes made by punching a wooden stick into the porous surface soil. • Slash-and-burn, followed by heaping or ridging the compacted surface soil using a hand hoe. • Plowing, harrowing, and puddling in irrigated rice paddies using water buffalo or a two-wheel power-tiller. • Ridge tillage using a hand hoe, animal traction or an engine-powered tractor on crusted or compacted soils and poorly drained clayey soils. • Minimum or strip tillage with a crop-residue mulch on coarse-textured soils and on sloping land. • Conventional tillage involving plowing and harrowing on fine-textured soils and compacted soils on flatland. • Minimum tillage with a plant-residue mulch or cover crop in annual and tree crop mixed systems (agroforestry).
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Keefer, Robert F. "Diagnosing Plant Disorders." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0019.

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Tools to use for diagnosing plant disorders include overall plant appearance, plant tissue testing, total plant analysis, soil testing and analysis, and soil and root abnormalities. Plant appearance will show animal damage, weather-induced problems, chemical injuries, mechanical damage, biotic-associated problems, and plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms. Many plant growth problems can be correctly diagnosed by skillfully examining the outward appearance of a plant. By knowing the appearance of a healthy plant, one can know what would be different to cause a plant disorder. Animals can damage plants in a variety of ways. Large animals, such as deer, squirrels, gophers, moles, mice, often graze on plant tops, may break off stems, or pull the plants out of the ground. These animals can be discouraged by electric or regular fencing or by placing some repellents close to the plants. Deer can be repelled by hanging small bars of odiferous deodorant soap on the plants; or by spraying the plants with a mixture of an egg in a bucket of water. They also do not like baler twine soaked in spent soil from automobiles. Rodents often live in mulch near trees and shrubs and feed on the roots or tender shoots sometimes killing the plants. Prevention of this kind of damage can be accomplished by placing a ring of gravel or hardware cloth around the shrubs or trees to discourage this feeding. Birds also can be a problem. Woodpeckers and sapsuckers may dig holes in trees looking for insects. By keeping your trees healthy, these birds are discouraged. Other birds are often attracted to new seedings. If shrubs or small trees are damaged by birds, netting can be used to cover the plants as a final resort. Dogs also can damage plantings, usually by urinating on them. There are repellants that can be used to discourage this. Man can cause damage to plants through accidents, neglect, or ignorance as to proper care. There are a number of ways that plants can be damaged mechanically, such as root damage, trunk damage, or leaf damage, usually resulting from accidents.
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"of control. The state of Queensland has generous expertise in this area, with the CSIRO Division of Entomology – Lands Department group in Brisbane boasting spectacular success against Salvinia and Eichhornia, and near the reservoir at James Cook University a USDA unit was involved in successes with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (see Chapter 12) using a range of stem-boring and leaf-mining insects (Balciunas et al. 1993). One might consider the herbivorous grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, originally from China, more as a harvester than a biological control agent. This fish grazes on submerged weeds such as Hydrilla, Myriophyllum, Chara, Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum, and at stocking rates of 75 fish/ha control is rapidly achieved. Some introductions in the USA have resulted in removal of all vegetation (Leslie et al. 1987), and in the Australian context the use of sterile (triploid) fish (Cassani and Canton 1985) could be the only consideration. However, in view of the damage already done by grass carp to some inland waterways in Australia, it is suspected that this option would be greeted with horror. Mechanical control involves the physical removal of weeds from a problem area and is useful in situations where the use of herbicides is not practical or poses risks to human health or the environment. Mobile harvesters sever, lift and carry plants to the shore. Most are intended for harvesting submerged plants, though some have been designed or adapted to harvest floating plants. Handling the harvested weed is a problem because of their enormous water content, therefore choppers are often incorporated into harvesting machinery design. However, many mechanical harvesters have a small capacity and the process of disposing of harvested plant material is time-consuming. Any material that remains may affect water quality during the decay process by depleting the water of oxygen. Furthermore, nutrients released by decay may cause algal blooms (Mitchell 1978). Another disadvantage of mechanical removal is that disturbance often promotes rapid new growth and germination of seed, and encourages the spread of weed by fragmentation. Some direct uses of macrophytes include the following: livestock food; protein extraction; manufacture of yeast; production of alcohol and other by-products; the formation of composts, mulches and fertilizers; and use for methane generation (Williams 1977). Herbicides either kill on contact, or after translocation through the plant. Some are residual and retain their toxicity for a period of time. Where herbicides are used for control of plants, some contamination of the water is inevitable (Bill 1977). The degree of contamination depends on the toxicity of the material, its fate and persistence in the water, the concentration used and the main purpose served by the water. After chemical defoliation of aquatic vegetation, the masses of decaying organic debris produced can interfere with fish production. Several factors must be taken into account when selecting and adapting herbicides for aquatic purposes, including: type of water use; toxicity of the herbicide to humans, fish, stock, and wildlife; rate of disappearance of residues, species affected and duration of control; concentration of herbicide; and cost (Bill 1977). The TVA has successfully used EPA-approved herbicides such as Endothall, Diquat, Fluridone and Komeen against Hydrilla (Burns et al. 1992), and a list of approved." In Water Resources. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-40.

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Conference papers on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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Szabo, Veronika, Dora Judit Kukk, and Ildiko Kohut. "SOME ECOLOGICAL SERVICES OF THE FIRST, 4-YEARS OLD, HUNGARIAN MIYAWAKI-FOREST IN TABAN, BUDAPEST." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s18.30.

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Miyawaki-forest is a well-known method to create small forest quickly in urban conditions. It works with native woody species that are densely (4-5 pcs/m2) planted together after topsoil changing in a quite small area. The first Hungarian Miyawaki-forest was introduced in Taban, 2021. It planted with 9 native species (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Euonymus europaeus, Pyrus pyraster, Ulmus laevis, Sorbus torminalis and Quercus robur). The area is 40 m2. Soil was changed up to 50 centimeters before planting. 120 individuals were planted and the surface was mulched with straw about 20 cm thick to retain water in the soil. This planting arrangement provides an excellent opportunity to study the ecological services of Miyawaki forests, including the capabilities of species under low maintenance conditions. We examined some ecological services such as CO2-fixation (daily maximum photosynthetic activity), evaporation (water vapor emission) and dust deposition (mg/m2 leaf area) for more or less 4 years. Daily maximum photosynthetic activity (g CO2/m2 leaf area) and water vapor emission (l/m2 leaf area) were measured on trees twice a year in 2021, from 2022 to 2024 mostly monthly from May to October with a portable infrared gas analyzer. The data were recorded between 11 and 13 h. From 2022, dust deposition is also measured on each species. Leaf samples were collected, washed with distilled water and scanned for leaf area. The CO2-fixation and evaporation show seasonal and species changes. Dust deposition mostly influenced by weather.
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Stojanović, Lazar, Miloš Simonović, Damjan Rangelov, Marko Perić, Natalija Miljković, and Ivan Radojković. "Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Agricultural Mulchers: A Review of Fuzzy Control System." In XVII International Conference on Systems, Automatic Control and Measurements. University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Niš, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46793/saum24.149s.

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This paper explores the use of fuzzy controller to enhance energy efficiency and reduce the likelihood of overloading in agricultural tools, specifically focusing on mulchers. By integrating fuzzy logic techniques, the study aims to outline how optimizing the operational parameters of the mulcher could lead to smoother performance and minimized energy consumption. MATLAB is proposed as a suitable platform for future simulations and analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of the fuzzy control strategy. The AgAR robotic platform is highlighted as a potential power source for the agricultural tool, enabling real-time adjustments and monitoring. The review discusses the possible benefits and challenges of implementing fuzzy control systems in modern agriculture, contributing to ongoing efforts to improve the performance of agricultural machinery and promote more sustainable farming practices.
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Rose Mary Seymour and Michael Bourdon. "Hydrology and Nutrient Movement of a Windrow of Dairy Bedding/Leaf Mulch Compost." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.14957.

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Reports on the topic "Leaf mulches"

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Honegger, Wijewickreme, and Monroy. L52325 Assessment of Geosynthetic Fabrics to Reduce Soil Loads on Buried Pipelines - Phase I and II. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010398.

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High soil loads on buried pipelines can lead to unacceptably high pipeline strains developed in response to permanent ground displacement. Common causes of permanent ground displacement are related to slope instability as a result of heavy precipitation or ground subsidence. In addition, several permanent ground displacement hazards are related to earthquakes including surface fault displacement, triggered landslide movement, surface ground settlement related to liquefaction, and lateral spread displacement. Result: Four specific areas of investigation were completed: 1.Performed baseline tests in moist sand to confirm minimal difference in horizontal soil restraint between moist and dry sand. 2.Performed tests to gauge the variation in horizontal load reduction with separation between the pipe and an inclined trench wall lined with two layers of geotextile. 3.Performed tests in compacted 19 mm (0.75 in) minus sand and crushed limestone (referred to locally in British Columbia as road mulch) to attempt to provide larger difference between horizontal forces developed with and without lining a trench wall with geotextile. 4.Performed tests to attempt to confirm oblique horizontal-axial soil restraint behavior reported in small-scale tests and centrifuge tests. Benefit: Rather than undertake further physical testing to better understand how the presence of single or dual layers of geotextile fabric changes the mechanisms by which soil restraint develops for horizontal ground displacement, future efforts should focus on numerical simulation preferably using discrete element methods. Until full-scale test data are available to confirm consistent prediction of oblique horizontal-axial soil restraint, the practice of treating horizontal and axial soil springs independently in the analysis of buried pipeline response to ground displacement, as is the current practice, should be maintained.
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