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Journal articles on the topic 'League of Nations. Treaties'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Jones, Dorothy V. "The League of Nations Experiment in International Protection." Ethics & International Affairs 8 (March 1994): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00159.x.

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Concerns beyond borders was not a new idea in 1919 when the League of Nations became the institutional guardian of such concerns. The freedom of action implied in the concept of sovereignty had always been subject, at least in theory, to the restraint of judgment by some external standard such as divine or natural law. In the system of international protection administered by the League, a number of standards external to the sovereign state were given explicit formulation and put on a contract basis in treaties and in the League Covenant itself. The standards were not universal in application.

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2

Quigley, John. "Leon Trotsky and the Prohibition against Secret Treaties." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 2 (2017): 246–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-19231017.

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A requirement was written into the Covenant of the League of Nations that treaties be communicated to the League for publication. This innovation is widely attributed to US President Woodrow Wilson, who drafted the language for the League Covenant on this issue. What is less remembered is that behind Wilson’s initiative lay an action by Leon Trotsky, Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the fledgling Soviet Russian government, who revealed treaties that had been concluded secretly on the Allied side during World War i in which various states were promised territorial gains upon the anticipated suc

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FAKHRI, MICHAEL. "The 1937 International Sugar Agreement: Neo-Colonial Cuba and Economic Aspects of the League of Nations." Leiden Journal of International Law 24, no. 4 (2011): 899–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156511000422.

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AbstractTo many in the West, the League of Nations was to establish political peace between nations. To the Cuban sugar-producing elite of the 1920s and 1930s, however, the League was an important socioeconomic institution used to augment many of Cuba's first modern state institutions. This article explores how and why Cuban delegates were the principals behind the 1937 International Sugar Agreement – one of the League's few operational economic treaties. This treaty sheds light onto how actors from the so-called industrial core and agricultural periphery used international law, institutions,

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4

Barton, Mary. "The British Empire and International Terrorism: India's Separate Path at the League of Nations, 1934–1937." Journal of British Studies 56, no. 2 (2017): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2017.5.

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AbstractIn October 1934, a Croatian terrorist organization assassinated King Alexander of Yugoslavia in the streets of Marseilles, France. His murder caused an international crisis because of the safe haven given to the group by the Italian and Hungarian governments. The assassination led the world's first peacekeeping body, the League of Nations, to intervene and to propose a legal solution for the political crisis. In November 1937, the league completed two antiterrorism treaties. Only the British colonial government of India ratified the terrorism convention, which was, by contrast, rejecte

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Cussó, Roser. "The League of Nations and Minorities: The Non-receivability of ‘Non-treaty’ Petitions." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 26, no. 1 (2019): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02504002.

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Minority protection under the League of Nations (LoN) generated an unprecedented level of activity and debate on the topic, which in turn contributed to the general advancement of human rights. Nevertheless, it is also important to note that the League’s Secretariat developed rather conservative practices regarding the receivability of minorities’ petitions as well as on some important related decisions. Our perspective here contrasts with what is commonly found in the associated historiography, i.e. that the part played by the Minorities Section was rather neutral. Without downplaying the imp

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White, Nigel D. "From Covenant to Charter: A Legacy Squandered?" International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (2020): 310–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341432.

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Abstract The “Covenant” embodied the idea of a contract for peace in 1919. The “Charter” of 1945 appeared more boldly to embody a world constitution for peace. This article analyses the United Nations and its predecessor organisation, the League of Nations, to demonstrate how each organisation was primarily a product of the conflict that preceded it and how each captured the post-war status quo. Despite this shared backward-looking aspect, both treaties were sufficiently broad to accommodate significant constitutional developments with the potential to shape the collective security systems to

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Fink, Carole. "Minority Rights as an International Question." Contemporary European History 9, no. 3 (2000): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003052.

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In response to the atrocities committed during and after the First World War and the need to create a stable east European settlement, the diplomats in Paris constructed the world's first system of international protection for minorities. The League of Nations, charged with the enforcement of the Minority Treaties, set up a cautious ‘political’ system, which failed either to shield minorities or pacify their governments. No international system was revived after the Second World War, but since the fall of communism, Europe – looking forward to the future as well as back to the past – has organ

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FINOHENOV, OLEH. "THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: CREATIONS, STATUTORY TASKS, THE FIRST STEPS IN THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-55-65.

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Geopolitical changes in international relations after the First World War, new accents in the foreign policy of the leading European countries, increasing the relevance of the "Ukrainian issue" were the main factors that stimulated the interest of Galicia's public figures in international policy. The Western Ukrainian Society of the League of Nations (ZUTLN), pursuing the idea of reviving Ukrainian statehood, tried to influence the solution of the "Ukrainian issue" in the format of the Union of Societies of the League of Nations (STLN). The author considers the program principles of activity,

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Griesser-Pečar, Tamara. "Prvo povojno leto v Evropi in svetu." Studia Historica Slovenica 20 (2020), no. 2 (2020): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32874/shs.2020-10.

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In 1919 Paris was the centre of the world. At the Peace Conference, which began on January 19, 1919 and ended with the signing of the last treaty with the Ottoman state in August 1920, representatives of the great powers and associated states negotiated not only treaties with the Axis powers but also a new order for Europe and the world in order to bring about world peace in the 20th century. Four empires have disappeared from the map of the world, and many new countries have emerged. At the forefront were Wilson's points, notably the establishment of the League of Nations and the self-determi

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10

Usner, Daniel H., and Francis Jennings. "The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League." Western Historical Quarterly 17, no. 4 (1986): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969039.

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11

Kent, Donald H., and Francis Jennings. "The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League." William and Mary Quarterly 42, no. 4 (1985): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1919038.

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Graymont, Barbara, and Francis Jennings. "The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League." American Indian Quarterly 9, no. 4 (1985): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1183563.

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13

Menger, Richard P., Christopher M. Storey, Bharat Guthikonda, Symeon Missios, Anil Nanda, and John M. Cooper. "Woodrow Wilson’s hidden stroke of 1919: the impact of patient-physician confidentiality on United States foreign policy." Neurosurgical Focus 39, no. 1 (2015): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.4.focus1587.

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World War I catapulted the United States from traditional isolationism to international involvement in a major European conflict. Woodrow Wilson envisaged a permanent American imprint on democracy in world affairs through participation in the League of Nations. Amid these defining events, Wilson suffered a major ischemic stroke on October 2, 1919, which left him incapacitated. What was probably his fourth and most devastating stroke was diagnosed and treated by his friend and personal physician, Admiral Cary Grayson. Grayson, who had tremendous personal and professional loyalty to Wilson, kept

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Goldblat, Jozef. "The Biological Weapons Convention: An overview." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 318 (1997): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400084679.

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Since ancient times, the use in war of poison and pathogenic agents has been considered a treacherous practice. It was condemned by international declarations and treaties, notably by the 1907 Hague Convention (IV) respecting the laws and customs of war on land. Efforts to strengthen this prohibition resulted in the conclusion, in 1925, of the Geneva Protocol which banned the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, usually referred to as chemical weapons, as well as the use of bacteriological methods of warfare. The latter are now understood to include not only bacteria, but also other

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15

Desai, Bharat H., and Jay B. Desai. "On the Century of Peacemaking at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles: Looking Back to Look Ahead." International Studies 57, no. 3 (2020): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881720932105.

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This study seeks to make a modest effort to look back at the marathon peacemaking ushered into by the Treaty of Versailles, during 1919–1922 periods, after Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, bringing to an end the First World War. It has sought to place under scanner the said arduous process of peacemaking, resulting in an imposing corpus of five treaties comprising 1914 articles with Germany and its four other allies (Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey). It presents an interesting role of the principal peacemakers therein along with the advent of the era of ‘organizing’ through the

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Ispolinov, Alexey. "The Evolution of Legal Status of Reservations: from the League of Nations Unanimity Rule to the International Law Commission 2011 Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties." Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 134–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2020.3.134.161.

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Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "REPUBLIC OF PARADOX: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS MINORITY PROTECTION REGIME AND THE NEW TURKEY'S STEP-CITIZENS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 4 (2014): 657–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814001007.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the years after World War I, especially the first decade following the 1923 establishment of the Republic of Turkey, in order to analyze the position of minorities in the developing “we” of the new nation as projected by its political elite. Situating the discussion in the context of the League of Nations interwar minority protection regime, I demonstrate that the Treaty of Lausanne, which the Ankara government and the Allies signed in July 1923, played an important role in the conflicting treatment that minorities have since received in Turkey. The treaty's min

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Park, Junghyun. "FRUSTRATED ALIGNMENT: THE PACIFIC PACT PROPOSALS FROM 1949 TO 1954 AND SOUTH KOREA–TAIWAN RELATIONS." International Journal of Asian Studies 12, no. 2 (2015): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591415000157.

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This research deals with South Korea–Taiwan relations from 1949, when the concept of a “Pacific Pact” was first introduced, to 1954, when the Asian People's Anti-Communist League (APACL) was formed. Thus far, studies on the regional order of East Asia during the early Cold War period have focused on U.S. policies toward East Asia and U.S. relations with individual East Asian states. In contrast, this present work examines the multilateral nature of the international relations in the region at the time. The extended cooperation, conflict, and competition between South Korea (ROK) and Taiwan (RO

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Brady, Michael Emmett. "On J M Keynes’s Rejection of the Moscow School of Probability’s Limiting Frequency Approach to Probability and Kolmogorov’s Axiom of Additivity (Countable Additivity ): Non –Additivity was the fundamental, basic axiom upon which all of the Economics of Ke." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 2, no. 11 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd021102.

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<p>J M Keynes was an acknowledged, world renown, and internationally recognized expert in probability and statistics in the 1930’s based on his A Treatise on Probability (1921). . Keynes had been selected by statistics journals to serve as a referee during the 1930’s. It is, therefore, no surprise that he was selected as the referee by the League of Nations to review Jan Tinbergen’s work on business cycles that used an econometrics approach based on The Law of Large Numbers, the Central Limit Theorem, and the Gaussian (Normal) Distribution .The fundamental axiom used by Tinbergen was add

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20

Anderson, Jennifer L. "Better Judges of the Situation: Environmental Realities & Problems of Imperial Authority in the Bay of Honduras." Itinerario 30, no. 3 (2006): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300013371.

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In 1786, Britain and Spain concluded the Convention of London, a treaty renewing permission for Anglo woodcutters to cut timber within a designated area in the Bay of Honduras. In exchange, Britain affirmed once again Spain's sovereignty over this valuable section of the Central American coast. As a revision of several earlier treaties, this new agreement differed in that, while allowing mahogany cutting for the first time, it attempted to strictly define and limit the boundaries within which the woodcutters (or Baymen as they called themselves) could operate, and took decisive steps to restri

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21

Davies, Thomas Richard. "The League of Nations." International History Review 34, no. 1 (2012): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.667635.

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22

Johnson, Rebecca. "The United Nations and Disarmament Treaties." UN Chronicle 51, no. 3 (2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/016340ae-en.

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23

Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "THE ARAB LEAGUE OF NATIONS." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 1, no. 1 (2004): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x00611.

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24

Kohona, Palitha T. B. "The United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet – Developments and Challenges." International Journal of Legal Information 30, no. 3 (2002): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500010118.

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The United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet (UNTC) now contains, in addition to the major documents, the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) and the Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, the texts of treaties recently deposited with the Secretary-General in the authentic languages, the titles of all treaties deposited with Secretary-General in the six official languages, depositary notifications issued by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary of multilateral treaties, documentation compiled in connection with three special treaty events held in 2000

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25

Kantrowitz, David E., Ajay S. Padaki, Christopher S. Ahmad, and T. Sean Lynch. "Defining Platelet-Rich Plasma Usage by Team Physicians in Elite Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 4 (2018): 232596711876707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118767077.

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Background: The indications for the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are vaguely defined despite the frequency of its use as a treatment for athletes. While select studies have advocated for its efficacy, the majority of orthopaedic research conducted on the topic has been equivocal. Purpose: To define the use of PRP in elite athletes by team physicians from professional sports leagues. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A survey assessing treatment timing, usage patterns, indications, and complications was generated by fellowship-trained sports medicine orthopaedic surgeons. The s

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Shany, Yuval. "Legal Entitlements, Changing Circumstances and Intertemporality: A Comment on the Creation of Israel and the Status of Palestine." Israel Law Review 49, no. 3 (2016): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223716000224.

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The events surrounding the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and the ensuing Palestinian naqba (disaster) have generated an abundance of legal literature. It is beyond the ambitions of this article to revisit all or most of the existing literature, or to strive and comprehensively discuss the various legal propositions they consider. Instead, it offers a critical assessment of some of the legal conclusions offered by one of the most influential experts in the field – Professor James Crawford – who, in the second edition of his seminal treatise The Creation of States in International

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Gatensby, Anthony. "Regional Disparity in Modern First Nations’ Treaty-Making." SURG Journal 5, no. 1 (2011): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i1.1442.

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First Nations’ self-government treaties have arisen solely in British Columbia, to the exclusion of every other Canadian province. At first glance, the amount of historical treaties enacted in what is now Ontario prevents new claims from being pursued. Therefore, the assumption exists that because the majority of British Columbia’s land mass was never formally ceded to the Crown, the opportunity to do so has now presented itself. However, identifying the amount of historical treaties as the sole influence over the contemporary process of land claims is an assumption that excludes the importanc

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Jaestadt, Mathias. "La liga constitucional europea : el encanto teórico constitucional y la insuficiencia teórica del principio de incertidumbre = European Constitucional League : constitutional theorical charming and the theory failure of uncertainty principle." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional 1, no. 33 (2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.33.2014.13040.

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Desde que a partir de los años ochenta se calificara a los Tratados como «Carta constitucional», el proceso de integración europea se ha intensificado a pasos agigantados, y la aparición del Constitucionalismo europeo no ha hecho sino evidenciar la compleja relación existente ente la Unión y sus Estados miembros, entre el Derecho de la Unión y el Derecho de sus Estados miembros. Tanto la Teoría del Estado como la Teoría de la Constitución resultan ser sólo parcialmente eficaces para definir un modelo conceptual adecuado al nuevo fenómeno de integración europea. Se habla así de un nuevo concept

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Kolb, Robert. "The League of Nations in retrospect." Uniform Law Review 22, no. 1 (2017): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unx014.

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30

Leyland, Peter. "Siam and the League of Nations." Journal of the History of International Law 13, no. 2 (2011): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-13020006.

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31

Resis, Albert. "The League of Nations in Retrospect." Journal of Modern History 57, no. 4 (1985): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/242910.

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32

Pedersen, Susan. "Back to the League of Nations." American Historical Review 112, no. 4 (2007): 1091–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.4.1091.

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Kotelnikov, K. D. "Outpatient Clinic of Russian Red Cross in Berlin in 1920s —1930s." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-375-387.

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The documents of the League of Nations archive concerning the history of a unique emigrant institution — the Russian Ambulatory in Berlin are introduced into scientific circulation in the article. It is reported that for at least 17 years (since 1920), the clinic had pro-vided free assistance to the poor. The annual reports and correspondence of the clinic make it possible not only to assess the scale of the activities of the philanthropists of Russian Berlin and their humanitarian significance, but also to analyze information about the social and demographic processes in the emigrant communit

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Eklof, Tony. "The Coming together of the Nations of Europe: Sources of Information." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 2 (2001): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650000946x.

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The title of this paper comes from the famous ‘Schuman Declaration’ of 1950, which signaled the placing of Franco-German production of coal and steel under a single High Authority. It is quite astonishing that from this humble beginning, evolved the European Union of today. The phrase takes on new relevance as the Treaty of Nice paves the way for the biggest single enlargement of the European Union. The current Treaty, completes the Intergovernmental Conference which began in February, 2000. The founding treaties, signed in Paris and Rome in 1951 and 1957 respectively, and the amending treatie

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35

RUOTSILA, MARKKU. "The League of Nations Controversy among British Protestants." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 65, no. 2 (2014): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046912000784.

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Traditionally, the British reaction to the League of Nations has been narrated in terms of an almost uniform acceptance. British Churches, in particular, have been seen as among its most enthusiastic supporters and principal campaigners for its creation. In fact, a significant amount of debate over the League erupted in the Church of England and the Free Churches. In these debates, Christian Socialists emerged as passionate League enthusiasts and conservative premillenarians as equally passionate opponents. Throughout, many of the key church leaders who were publicly supportive of the League c

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Vogel, G. "INTERNATIONAL TREATIES: United Nations Tackles Cloning Question--Again." Science 306, no. 5697 (2004): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.306.5697.797.

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Ruotsila, Markku. "Conservative American Protestantism in the League of Nations Controversy." Church History 72, no. 3 (2003): 593–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070010037x.

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The emerging fundamentalist movement made its first foray into extra-ecclesiastical politics during the League of Nations controversy of 1919–20. Both of the two main wings of fundamentalism—dispensational premillennialists and conservative Calvinists—took part in this controversy because both of them regarded the proposed League as an important, inherently religious issue. Both kinds of fundamentalists opposed the League, and both used the ratification debate to articulate their own types of Christian anti-internationalism. In the process they lent much Christian rhetoric to the political opp

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Filipek, Michał. "Międzynarodowoprawny status archipelagu Wysp Alandzkich : kwestia demilitaryzacji i neutralizacji Alandów." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2011.1.6.

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This article deals with the question of demilitarization and neutralization of the ?land Islands in respect to international law regulating this issue. In this paper it was not intented to go into details of all historical phases and changes of the ?land's status, but rather to concentrate on international treaties regulating this question, which are still in force. ?land is an autonomous, demilitarized and neutralized region of Finland with a largely Swedish-speaking population. The ?land Islands form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated in the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia.

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YURTSEVER, Serdar. "FROM LEAGUE OF NATIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONS: WHAT IS NEXT." Journal of International Social Research 12, no. 62 (2019): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3067.

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Nelson, Michael A. "Arkansas and the League of Nations Debate." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no. 2 (1997): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40023677.

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Güçlü, Yücel. "Turkey's entrance into the League of Nations." Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (2003): 186–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263200412331301637.

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Eloranta, Jari. "Why did the League of Nations fail?" Cliometrica 5, no. 1 (2010): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-010-0049-9.

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Khodnev, Alexander. "Colonialism, Imperialism, and the League of Nations." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640009446-8.

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Roberts, J. Timmons, Bradley C. Parks, and Alexis A. Vásquez. "Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties." Global Environmental Politics 4, no. 3 (2004): 22–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380041748029.

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International environmental accords have become important mechanisms by which nations make promises to administer natural resources and manage the global environment. Previous studies, relying mainly on single cases or small-n data sets, have shed light on the proximate political causes of participation in these agreements. However, no study has yet systematically explained the deeper social determinants of why nations sign, ignore or resist environmental treaties. We offer a theoretically-sequenced model that exploits complementarities between rational choice institutionalism and world-system

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TeBrake, Janet K. "Irish peasant women in revolt: the Land League years." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 109 (1992): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018587.

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Between 1879 and 1882 a mass agrarian movement, led by the Irish National Land League, became a strong, all-encompassing force in Irish life for a brief but crucial period. This movement, one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in nineteenth-century Europe, has been treated as a nationalist movement, with emphasis of study placed on the role, contributions and aims of the league’s national leaders. These men, seeking their own varieties of self-government, saw the land movement as means to a political end. To them the land agitation provided a stepping-stone to national independenc

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Qerimi, Qerim, and Suzana Krasniqi. "Theories and Practice of State Succession to Bilateral Treaties: The Recent Experience of Kosovo." German Law Journal 14, no. 9 (2013): 1639–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002455.

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This article explores the most recent practice, as exemplified by the case of Kosovo, concerning succession to treaties in international law. In doing so, it examines the precise meaning and legal effects under international law of relevant provisions of the Declaration of Independence (DoI) of Kosovo with respect to international treaties concluded by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) or, as applicable, any other predecessor entity. More specifically, the aim is to identify and comprehend the fund

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LEGG, STEPHEN. "‘The Life of Individuals as well as of Nations’: International Law and the League of Nations’ Anti-Trafficking Governmentalities." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 3 (2012): 647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000325.

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AbstractThis paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techni

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Youssef, M. Dr Yassar Ahmed. "Iraqi political movement in the League of Nations From the years (1921-1932)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 222, no. 2 (2018): 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v222i2.411.

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The study is concerned with the study of an important period of time in the history of modern Iraq, the period of the establishment of modern Iraq and independence through the end of the British Mandate and acceptance of joining the League of Nations, an international organization, which includes the membership of independent free countries, which took on the establishment of security and world peace through the adoption of the principle Prohibition of the use of force and the adoption of the principle of resolving international disputes by peaceful means, the research aims to achieve a set of

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Lunacharsky, Anatoly. "‘The Last Great Bourgeois’: on the Plays of Henrik Ibsen." New Theatre Quarterly 10, no. 39 (1994): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00000531.

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The death of Ibsen in 1906 prompted a number of appraisals of the dramatist by Marxist critics, notably Clara Zetkin, Henrietta Roland-Holst, and George Plekhanov. The most extended of these was Anatoly Lunacharsky's article, ‘Ibsen and the Petty Bourgeoisie’, published in three parts in Obrazovanie, St. Petersburg, Nos. 5–7 (June-August 1907). The central section, ‘Ibsen's Dramas’, is printed below. Born in the Ukraine in 1875, Lunacharsky became a Marxist in his teens and joined the Moscow Social Democrat group in 1899. Arrested for his political activities, he was exiled to Northern Russia,

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Chen, Zihao. "The Failure of Collective Security in the Far East——Take the Japanese Invasion of Northeast as an Example." Lifelong Education 9, no. 4 (2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i4.938.

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Collective security was originally based on a reflection on the cruel reality of centuries of European international relations. 17th-century William Penn, 18th-century Saint Pierre, Rousseau, Kant, Bentham, 19th-century Saint-Simon, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of the 20th century and others have designed different blueprints for peace. Their peaceful ideals of "idealists" and "utopians" were adopted in the collective security theory of the 20th century. The first attempt at collective security was the establishment of the "International League" after the end of the First Wor

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