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1
Eidietis, L., T. L. Forrester, and P. W. Webb. "Relative abilities to correct rolling disturbances of three morphologically different fish." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-203.
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Responses of three fish species were measured following the addition of neutrally buoyant weight-float combinations that increased rolling instability. The three species were creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Ability to correct posture was predicted to increase with fin size and body depth in the order creek chub < largemouth bass < bluegill. In a 90-s period, the least added torque causing fish to roll to 90° in response to disturbances, ΔT90, and the least added torque making fish unable to recover from rolling, ΔTcrit, were measured as limits of ability to correct postural disturbances. Contrary to expectations, creek chub required a 58% increase in body torque to reach ΔT90, significantly larger than the 11% increase for largemouth bass and 19% increase for bluegill. Similarly, ΔTcrit was a 78% increase in body torque for creek chub, 43% for largemouth bass, and 34% for bluegill. Increased rolling torques resulted in behaviors reducing and avoiding rolling, including tilting, which reduces metacentric height, inverted swimming, which stabilizes fish, and contacting surfaces, which generates static forces. The superior ability of creek chub to correct postural disturbances may be explained by a fin arrangement that facilitates interactions with the ground.
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Billman, Eric J., Eric J. Wagner, and Ronney E. Arndt. "Least Chub Reproduction: Effects of Density, Sex Ratio, and Spawning Substrate Transfer Frequency." North American Journal of Aquaculture 69, no. 1 (January 2007): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/a05-100.1.
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Mock, Karen E., and Lee S. Bjerregaard. "GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A RECENTLY DISCOVERED POPULATION OF THE LEAST CHUB (IOTICHTHYS PHLEGETHONTIS)." Western North American Naturalist 67, no. 1 (January 2007): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2007)67[142:gaoard]2.0.co;2.
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Thompson, Paul D., P. Aaron Webber, and Cassie D. Mellon. "The Role of Introduced Populations in the Management and Conservation of Least Chub." Fisheries 40, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2015.1093472.
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Mock, K. E., and M. P. Miller. "Patterns of Molecular Diversity in Naturally Occurring and Refugial Populations of the Least Chub." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134, no. 1 (January 2005): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t04-037.1.
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Wagner, Eric J., Eric J. Billman, and Ronney Arndt. "Evaluation of Substrate Type and Density as Factors in Optimizing Growth of Least Chub." North American Journal of Aquaculture 68, no. 4 (October 2006): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/a05-096.1.
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Cheng, Jiao, Zhiqiang Han, Na Song, Tianxiang Gao, Takashi Yanagimoto, and Carlos A. Strüssmann. "Effects of Pleistocene glaciation on the phylogeographic and demographic histories of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the north-western Pacific." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 4 (2018): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17099.
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Pleistocene glacial cycles associated with geological and climatic changes have been suggested to affect the distribution and abundance of marine organisms in the north-western Pacific. In addition to historical processes, several contemporary forces are associated with spatial distributions and genetic structuring of marine species. Herein, we gathered partial mitochondrial control region sequences of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus from 14 localities over most of its geographical range in the north-western Pacific to infer the effect of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on its historical demography, and to assess the role of historical process and contemporary factors in shaping present-day patterns of genetic differentiation within this species. Phylogeographic patterns revealed two distinct lineages that originated in vicariance during the Middle Pleistocene. However, there was no evidence of phylogeographic partitioning of haplotypes over the sampled range. Population structure analyses indicated a high degree of genetic homogeneity among chub mackerel populations. Demographic analyses indicated both lineages experienced Late Pleistocene population expansion. The observed genetic pattern of chub mackerel is consistent with a scenario of the survival of this species in at least two allopatric glacial refugia during the glacial maxima of the Pleistocene followed by massive dispersals throughout the north-western Pacific and species-specific ecological processes facilitating contemporary gene flow.
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Billman, Eric J., Eric J. Wagner, and Ronney E. Arndt. "EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF AGE-0 LEAST CHUB (IOTICHTHYS PHLEGETHONTIS)." Western North American Naturalist 66, no. 4 (October 2006): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[434:eotots]2.0.co;2.
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Aprianto, Nusril, and Sriyoto. "ANALYSIS OF FISH CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN BENGKULU CITY." Jurnal AGRISEP 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.2.237-250.
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This study aims to determine the pattern of fish consumption and to analyze factors that affect of it in Bengkulu City. This research was carried out from13 October 2015 until 17 May 2016. The method used to determine the pattern of fish consumption was descriptive method, and the method used to analyze the factors which affect the consumption of fish was multiple linear regression method with Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Based on the results of the study, fish consumption patterns in Bengkulu City was influenced by education and household income, the higher education and household income, the higher the amount of fish consumption and the quality of the fish consumed, the average of household consumption was 15.006 kg / month with the amount of consumption of marine fish is 62.81%, higher than the amount of consumption of freshwater fish (37.19%), and the proportion of expenditure for fish consumption was 16%. Age, family size, household income, price of Nile Tilapia and prices of goods substitution (chicken) affected the rate of consumption of Nile Tilapia significantly, while education variable did not affect the level of consumption of Nile Tilapia significantly. Age, Chub Mackerel prices and the prices of goods substitution (chicken) affected the consumption of Chub Mackerel significantly, while the variables of education, family size, and income did not affect the level of Chub Mackerel consumption in Bengkulu City. Keywords: Consumption, Consumption Patterns, Fish, Household, Bengkulu City
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O'MAHONY, E. M., D. G. BRADLEY, C. R. KENNEDY, and C. V. HOLLAND. "Evidence for the hypothesis of strain formation inPomphorhynchus laevis(Acanthocephala): an investigation using mitochondrial DNA sequences." Parasitology 129, no. 3 (August 23, 2004): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004005748.
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A hypothesis has been erected stating that in the British Isles the acanthocephalan,Pomphorhynchus laeviscan be separated into 3 strains, an English, Irish and marine strain. Ecological and morphological evidence exists in support of this hypothesis. An investigation at the molecular level was conducted in order to test the validity of the existing evidence. A mitochondrial gene, subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase was partially sequenced from 3 Irish populations ofP. laevis, 1 Scottish population and 3 English populations.P. laevissequences from brown trout from Ireland, England and Scotland were very similar, showing a mean sequence divergence of 0·7%. Sequences from two populations ofP. laevisfrom English chub and bullhead were also similar to each other (0·35% divergence). These two groups of sequences, the brown trout group and the chub/bullhead group were 2·2% different. These data confirm the existence of at least 2 strains in Ireland and Britain, although there is evidence to suggest that these strains are defined by their host species rather than by their geographical distributions.
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Hunt, Teresa A., David L. Ward, Catherine R. Propper, and Alice C. Gibb. "Effects of Capture by Trammel Net on Colorado River Native Fishes." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122011-jfwm-070.
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Abstract Trammel nets are commonly used to sample rare fishes; however, little research has assessed delayed mortality associated with this capture technique. We conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate the effects of capture by trammel net on bonytail Gila elegans, razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, and roundtail chub Gila robusta, at 15, 20, and 25°C. Fish (139–288 mm total length) were entangled in a trammel net for 2 h or captured by seine net and then monitored for mortality for at least 14 d. Blood samples were collected immediately after capture, and plasma cortisol levels were quantified as an index of capture-related stress. The cortisol response varied by species, but mean cortisol levels were higher for fish captured by trammel netting (295.9 ng/mL) relative to fish captured by seine netting (215.8 ng/mL). Only one fish (of 550) died during capture and handling, but 42% of the trammel-netted fish and 11% of the seine-netted fish died within 14 d after capture. In general, mortality after capture by trammel net increased with increased water temperature and at 25°C was 88% for bonytail, 94% for razorback sucker, and 25% for roundtail chub. Delayed mortality of wild-caught fish captured by trammel net has the potential to be high, at least under some circumstances. We suggest that sampling frequency, timing of sampling (relative to reproductive cycles), and water temperature all be considered carefully when using trammel nets to sample diminished populations of imperiled native fishes.
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Billman, Eric J., Eric J. Wagner, and Ronney E. Arndt. "A COMPARISON OF MOSQUITO CONSUMPTION AND PREY SELECTION BETWEEN LEAST CHUB (IOTICHTHYS PHLEGETHONTIS) AND WESTERN MOSQUITOFISH (GAMBUSIA AFFINIS)." Western North American Naturalist 67, no. 1 (January 2007): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2007)67[71:acomca]2.0.co;2.
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Ayala, Jill R., Russell B. Rader, Mark C. Belk, and G. Bruce Schaalje. "Ground-truthing the impact of invasive species: spatio-temporal overlap between native least chub and introduced western mosquitofish." Biological Invasions 9, no. 7 (January 16, 2007): 857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9087-4.
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Nauen, Jennifer C., and George V. Lauder. "Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 2251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.13.2251.
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SUMMARY Scombrid fishes are known for high-performance locomotion; however, few data are available on scombrid locomotor hydrodynamics. In this paper, we present flow visualization data on patterns of water movement over the caudal peduncle and finlets (small fins on the dorsal and ventral body margin anterior to the caudal fin). Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, ranging in fork length from 20 to 26 cm, swam steadily at 1.2forklengthss−1 in a recirculating flow tank. Small, reflective particles in the flow tank were illuminated by a vertical (xy) or horizontal (xz) laser light sheet. Patterns of flow in the region near the caudal peduncle were measured using digital particle image velocimetry. Patterns of flow along the peduncle and finlets were quantified using manual particle tracking; more than 800 particles were tracked for at least 12ms over a series of tailbeats from each of four fish. In the vertical plane, flow trajectory and flow speed were independent of the position of the finlets, indicating that the finlets did not redirect flow or affect flow speed. Along, above and below the trailing surface of the peduncle, where the finlets were oriented along the peduncular surface, flow was convergent. Along, above and below the leading surface of the peduncle, where the finlets were absent, the flow trajectory was effectively horizontal. The lack of divergent flow on the leading surface of the peduncle is consistent with cross-peduncular flow formed by the lateral motion of the peduncle interacting with convergent flow resulting from forward movement of the body. In the horizontal plane, particles illuminated by the xz light sheet situated approximately 3 mm below the ventral body surface were tracked within the laser light sheet for up to 40ms, indicating strong planar flow. As the peduncle decelerates, the most posterior finlet is frequently at an angle of attack of at least 20° to the incident flow, but this orientation does not result in thrust production from lift generation. Finlet 5 does redirect cross-peduncular flow and probably generates small vortices undetectable in this study. These data are the first direct demonstration that the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming.
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Findlay, C. Scott, Daniel G. Bert, and Ligang Zheng. "Effect of introduced piscivores on native minnow communities in Adirondack lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-276.
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We compared the minnow assemblages of Adirondack lakes with top piscivores with those of lakes having similar physiochemical and biotic characteristics but no top piscivores using a subset of data collected from 1984 to 87 by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation. Native minnow richness in lakes with top piscivores was about one third that of lakes without piscivores, with piscivore assemblages dominated by introduced species such as northern pike (Esox lucius), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). There was strong evidence that at least four minnow species, including creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos), blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), and common shiner (Luxilus cornutus), were less likely to occur in lakes with piscivores; for a fifth species (pearl dace (Margariscus margarita)), the evidence is suggestive but not as strong. Of 13 minnow species, only for two nonnative species (bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) and golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)) was there strong evidence that their occurrence was unaffected by the presence of introduced piscivores. These results add to the growing body of evidence that the introduction of top piscivores to small temperate lakes puts native minnow communities at high extinction risk.
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Donnacha, Seosamh Mac. "An Bille Pleanála - Chun Leas na Gaeltachta, nó Chun a hAimhleasa?" Comhar 60, no. 2 (2000): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25573954.
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Cronin, Matthew A., William J. Spearman, Richard L. Wilmot, John C. Patton, and John W. Bickham. "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta) Detected by Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Products." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-081.
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We analyzed intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from drainages in the Yukon River (Alaska and Yukon Territory), the Kenai River (Alaska), and Oregon and California rivers; and chum salmon (O. keta) from the Yukon River and Vancouver Island, and Washington rivers. For each species, three different portions of the mtDNA molecule were amplified separately using the polymerase chain reaction and then digested with at least 19 restriction enzymes. Intraspecific sequence divergences between haplotypes were less than 0.01 base substitution per nucleotide. Nine chum salmon haplotypes were identified. Yukon River chum salmon stocks displayed more haplotypes (eight) than the stocks of Vancouver Island and Washington (two). The most common chum salmon haplotype occurred in all areas. Seven chinook salmon haplotypes were identified. Four haplotypes occurred in the Yukon and Kenai rivers and four occurred in Oregon/California, with only one haplotype shared between the regions. Sample sizes were too small to quantify the degree of stock separation among drainages, but the patterns of variation that we observed suggest utility of the technique in genetic stock identification.
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Gao, Jun, Michael W. Bauer, Keith R. Shockley, Marybeth A. Pysz, and Robert M. Kelly. "Growth of Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus on Chitin Involves Two Family 18 Chitinases." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3119-3128.2003.
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ABSTRACT Pyrococcus furiosus was found to grow on chitin, adding this polysacharide to the inventory of carbohydrates utilized by this hyperthermophilic archaeon. Accordingly, two open reading frames (chiA [Pf1234] and chiB [Pf1233]) were identified in the genome of P. furiosus, which encodes chitinases with sequence similarity to proteins from the glycosyl hydrolase family 18 in less-thermophilic organisms. Both enzymes contain multiple domains that consist of at least one binding domain and one catalytic domain. ChiA (ca. 39 kDa) contains a putative signal peptide, as well as a binding domain (ChiABD), that is related to binding domains associated with several previously studied bacterial chitinases. chiB, separated by 37 nucleotides from chiA and in the same orientation, encodes a polypeptide with two different proline-threonine-rich linker regions (6 and 3 kDa) flanking a chitin-binding domain (ChiBBD [11 kDa]), followed by a catalytic domain (ChiBcat [35 kDa]). No apparent signal peptide is encoded within chiB. The two chitinases share little sequence homology to each other, except in the catalytic region, where both have the catalytic glutamic acid residue that is conserved in all family 18 bacterial chitinases. The genes encoding ChiA, without its signal peptide, and ChiB were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. ChiA exhibited no detectable activity toward chitooligomers smaller than chitotetraose, indicating that the enzyme is an endochitinase. Kinetic studies showed that ChiB followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward chitotriose, although substrate inhibition was observed for larger chitooligomers. Hydrolysis patterns on chitooligosaccharides indicated that ChiB is a chitobiosidase, processively cleaving off chitobiose from the nonreducing end of chitin or other chitooligomers. Synergistic activity was noted for the two chitinases on colloidal chitin, indicating that these two enzymes work together to recruit chitin-based substrates for P. furiosus growth. This was supported by the observed growth on chitin as the sole carbohydrate source in sulfur-free media.
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Ely, Bert, Connie J. Gerardot, Donna L. Fleming, Suely L. Gomes, Peter Frederikse, and Lucille Shapiro. "GENERAL NONCHEMOTACTIC MUTANTS OF CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS." Genetics 114, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.3.717.
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ABSTRACT We have examined 35 mutants that have defects in general chemotaxis. Genetic analysis of these mutants resulted in the identification of at least eight che genes located at six different positions on the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome. The cheR, cheB and cheT genes appeared to be located in a three-gene cluster. Mutations in these three genes resulted in the inability of the flagellum to reverse the direction of rotation. Defects in the cheR gene resulted in a loss of the ability to methylate the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. In vitro experiments showed that the lack of in vivo methylation in cheR mutants was due to the absence of methyltransferase activity. Defects in the cheB gene resulted in greatly reduced chemotaxis-associated methylation in vivo and a loss of methylesterase activity in vitro. The specific defects responsible for the lack of a chemotactic response have not been determined for the other identified che genes.
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Ballesteros, Alfonso. "A Critical Approach to Information and Communication Technologies." Proceedings 2, no. 18 (September 14, 2018): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2181162.
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Many times it has been taken for granted that information and communication technologies (ICT) are intrinsically good for human beings or at least neutral. The first position is assumed by “techno-enthusiasts”, the second by those who have a well-meaning opinion of ICT. Here we briefly framed a third possibility leaded by South-Korean philosopher Byung-Chul Han, a position that allows us to think about how ICT is shaping society and human beings as we know it.
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Van de Wiel, Albert, David Moolenaar, and Jos Wielders. "The Bac(chus) experiment: blood alcohol concentrations after wine tasting." Wine Studies 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ws.2012.e1.
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Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were measured in ten volunteers after a wine tasting event with and without the swallowing of 15 mL of each wine. In case ten wines were tasted within one hour without swallowing, buccal mucosa absorption did not result in problematic BAC’s; however in case 15 mL of each wine was swallowed, BAC’s may exceed the legal driving limit of most countries. It is recommended to eat beforehand, but also to wait at least one hour after the session before driving back home.
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Fleming, Ian A., and Susan Ng. "Evaluation of Techniques for Fixing, Preserving, and Measuring Salmon Eggs." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 1957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-240.
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In a comparison of Stockard's solution with 5% buffered formalin for the preservation of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (O. keta) eggs, formalin caused a lesser alteration in weight regardless of whether the eggs were preserved before or after waterhardening or fertilization. Coho and chum salmon eggs responded similarly to the various treatments. Time before preservation (3, 7, and 24 h) and fertilization had little effect on the final size of eggs. Waterhardening, in which the egg was placed in standing water, caused a 23% increase in fresh egg weight. Preservation in Stockard's solution, especially after waterhardening, increased egg weight by 48% and was least consistent in its effect. By contrast, 5% buffered formalin added to fresh eggs caused no significant alteration in weight, even after 5 mo of preservation. The latter was therefore the most suitable technique of preserving egg size. The use of egg weight as a measure of egg size was more accurate and consistent than linear measures of diameter. Finally, some empirical relationships for correcting published data on preserved egg weight are presented.
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Howard, Michael B., Nathan A. Ekborg, Larry E. Taylor, Ronald M. Weiner, and Steven W. Hutcheson. "Genomic Analysis and Initial Characterization of the Chitinolytic System of Microbulbifer degradans Strain 2-40." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 11 (June 1, 2003): 3352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.11.3352-3360.2003.
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ABSTRACT The marine bacterium Microbulbifer degradans strain 2-40 produces at least 10 enzyme systems for degrading insoluble complex polysaccharides (ICP). The draft sequence of the 2-40 genome allowed a genome-wide analysis of the chitinolytic system of strain 2-40. The chitinolytic system includes three secreted chitin depolymerases (ChiA, ChiB, and ChiC), a secreted chitin-binding protein (CbpA), periplasmic chitooligosaccharide-modifying enzymes, putative sugar transporters, and a cluster of genes encoding cytoplasmic proteins involved in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) metabolism. Each chitin depolymerase was detected in culture supernatants of chitin-grown strain 2-40 and was active against chitin and glycol chitin. The chitin depolymerases also had a specific pattern of activity toward the chitin analogs 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N,N′-diacetylchitobioside (MUF-diNAG) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N,N′,N"-triacetylchitotrioside (MUF-triNAG). The depolymerases were modular in nature and contained glycosyl hydrolase family 18 domains, chitin-binding domains, and polycystic kidney disease domains. ChiA and ChiB each possessed polyserine linkers of up to 32 consecutive serine residues. In addition, ChiB and CbpA contained glutamic acid-rich domains. At 1,271 amino acids, ChiB is the largest bacterial chitinase reported to date. A chitodextrinase (CdxA) with activity against chitooligosaccharides (degree of polymerization of 5 to 7) was identified. The activities of two apparent periplasmic (HexA and HexB) N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidases and one cytoplasmic (HexC) N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase were demonstrated. Genes involved in GlcNAc metabolism, similar to those of the Escherichia coli K-12 NAG utilization operon, were identified. NagA from strain 2-40, a GlcNAc deacetylase, was shown to complement a nagA mutation in E. coli K-12. Except for the GlcNAc utilization cluster, genes for all other components of the chitinolytic system were dispersed throughout the genome. Further examination of this system may provide additional insight into the mechanisms by which marine bacteria degrade chitin and provide a basis for future research on the ICP-degrading systems of strain 2-40.
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Beacham, Terry D. "A genetic analysis of early development in pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) at three different temperatures." Genome 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-015.
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A factorial mating design was employed in which five males were mated to each of five females in each of two stocks for both pink and chum salmon. The resulting embryos and alevins were incubated at constant water temperatures of 4, 8, and 16 °C for pink salmon and 3, 8, and 15 °C for chum salmon. Variation among families in alevin and fry survival rates, hatching, button-up time, length, and weight was the least at 8 °C. Heritability of traits directly correlated with fitness, such as survival rates and button-up time, was low at all temperatures (h2 ≤ 0.25). Maternal effects could account for a substantial portion of the variation in alevin and fry size characters. Nonadditive genetic variance accounted for more of the variation in fry size characters than in those of alevins. Negative genetic correlations were observed between embryo survival and subsequent alevin size and between hatching time and subsequent alevin and fry size. Genotype–temperature interactions could underlie a substantial amount of phenotypic variation in the developmental characters examined for both species.Key words: development, genetic variation, quantitative genetics, salmon.
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Bigler, Brian. "Focal Scale Damage Among Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) of Hokkaido, Japan." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-084.
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Fifty percent of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) sampled from seven hatcheries in Hokkaido, Japan, were found to have either damage to the osseous scale layer where a hole resulted or intrusion of the osseous layer into the underlying fibrillary plate. Damage resulting in a hole is not related to age, body size, sex, or hatchery stock size. Intrusion of the osseous layer is similarly not related to body size, sex, or stock size; however, this phenomenon may be related to age. All damage was confined to the first, and rarely extended into the second, annual growth zone, suggesting occurrence during that period and retention of the mark throughout the life cycle. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that either type of focal scale damage is a result of reduced diet. Examination of historical records from one hatchery revealed that the phenomenon of a hole has occurred for at least the past 10 yr at that location. It is not presently possible to identify hatchery of origin using these traits; however, such permanent, uniformly occurring traits may be of use in the identification of chum salmon originating from Hokkaido.
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MLÍKOVSKÝ, JIŘÍ, and SYLKE FRAHNERT. "Type specimens and type localities of birds (Aves) collected during F. J. F. Meyen’s circumnavigation in 1830–1832." Zootaxa 4250, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.1.
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At least 32 bird species were described as new to science on the basis of material collected by Franz Meyen during his circumnavigation in 1830–1832. We identified the type specimens and determined the type localities of these species, which are currently housed in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. Ardea longicollis Meyen, 1834, is identified as a senior synonym of Egretta eulophotes (Swinhoe, 1860), but is set aside as a nomen oblitum. The name of a Neotropical dove is corrected from Metriopelia ceciliae zimmeri (Peters, 1937) to Metriopelia ceciliae gymnops (Chubb, 1917). A lectotype is designated for Nectarinia philippensis Meyen, 1834a.
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SARASOLA, C., A. D'ANJOU, F. J. TORREALDEA, and A. MOUJAHID. "ENERGY-LIKE FUNCTIONS FOR SOME DISSIPATIVE CHAOTIC SYSTEMS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 15, no. 08 (August 2005): 2507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127405013447.
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Functions of the phase space variables that can considered as possible energy functions for a given family of dissipative chaotic systems are discussed. This kind of functions are interesting due to their use as an energy-like quantitative measure to characterize different aspects of dynamic behavior of associated chaotic systems. We have calculated quadratic energy-like functions for the cases of Lorenz, Chen, Lü–Chen and Chua, and show the patterns of dissipation of energy on their respective attractors. We also show that in the case of the Rössler system at least a fourth-order polynomial is required to properly represent its energy.
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Langston, Craig, and Li-Yin Shen. "APPLICATION OF THE ADAPTIVE REUSE POTENTIAL MODEL IN HONG KONG: A CASE STUDY OF LUI SENG CHUN." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2007.9637569.
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There is an increasing complexity and interplay between all of the issues associated with property portfolio decisions. This paper explores the relationships between financial, environmental and social parameters associated with building adaptive reuse by way of a case study. A new model predicting adaptive reuse potential is applied to a heritage building in Hong Kong known as Lui Seng Chun. Such application can assist in the transformation of the building and property industry towards more sustainable practices, strategies and outcomes, by providing a means by which the industry can identify and rank existing buildings that have high potential for adaptive reuse. In Hong Kong's case it provides an ability for sustainable, responsive energy and natural resource management by allowing issues regarding excessive and inappropriate resource use to be identified and assessed, and appropriate management strategies to be implemented. Given the building's current age and condition, Lui Seng Chun has at least 25 years of physical life remaining. The further application of a multi‐criteria sustainability evaluation tool supports the conclusion that an adaptive reuse strategy for this building will make a demonstrable contribution to the economic, social and environmental amenity of Hong Kong. The application of these techniques to other buildings with significant “embedded physical life” is highly recommended. Potencialaus naudojimo modelio taikymas Honkonge: Lui Seng Chun atvejo tyrimas Santrauka Priimant sprendimus dėl nuosavybes portfelio, kyla vis sudėtingesnių ir tarpusavyje labiau susijusiu klausimu. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami ryšiai tarp finansiniu, aplinkos ir socialiniu parametru, susijusiu su pastatu naudojimu. Naujas modelis, numatantis potencialu pastatu naudojimą, taikomas Honkonge esančiam paveldo pastatui, vadinamam Lui Seng Chun. Transformuojant pastatu ir nuosavybes industrija, kai siekiama darnesniu praktikos, strategijų ir rezultatu, šis modelis gali būti naudingas, nes suteiks priemonių, padėsiančių identifikuoti ir klasifikuoti tuos pastatus, kuriu naudojimo potencialas didelis. Honkongo atveju tai galimybe imtis darnaus, atsakingo energijos ir gamtiniu išteklių valdymo, nes galima nustatyti ir įvertinti besaikio bei netinkamo išteklių naudojimo problemas ir įdiegti reikiamas vadybos strategijas. Atsižvelgiant į pastato amžių ir būkle, Lui Seng Chunfiziškai dar gali gyvuoti bent 25 metus. Toliau naudojamas daugiakriterinio darnos vertinimo įrankis patvirtina išvada, kad naudojimo strategija šiame pastate nemenkai prisidės prie viso Honkongo ekonominio, socialinio ir aplinkos patrauklumo. Rekomenduojama taikyti šiuos metodus kitiems pastatams valdyti, kuriu likusi naudojimo trukme dar yra netrumpa.
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Hocking, Morgan D., and Thomas E. Reimchen. "Consumption and distribution of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) nutrients and energy by terrestrial flies." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-110.
Full textAbstract:
Anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) subsidize terrestrial food webs with their nutrients and carcasses, a process driven largely by selective foraging by bears (Ursus spp.). We quantify wildlife transfer of salmon carcasses to riparian zones on two watersheds in coastal British Columbia and estimate total terrestrial fly production from remnant carcasses. Large-bodied chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were transferred into the forest at a greater rate than were pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) (chum salmon mass = 6089–11 031 kg, 16%–48% of salmon run; pink salmon mass = 2266–2808 kg, 4%–6% of salmon run). Blow flies (genus Calliphora) and other Diptera dominated colonization (>90% of salmon carcasses). Between the two watersheds, 196 and 265 g of Calliphora larvae per metre of spawning length (4 and 7 million larvae for whole watersheds) were generated from salmon carcass transfer. Stable isotope analysis of δ15N and δ13C of spring-emerging adult Calliphora revealed that >80% of individuals had salmon-based signatures. Flies are a dominant consumer and vector of salmon nutrients in terrestrial habitats and supplement the diet of at least 16 vertebrate and 22 invertebrate species. Anticipated further declines of salmon in the North Pacific can be expected to further erode the complex associations coupling marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Halffman, Carrin M., Ben A. Potter, Holly J. McKinney, Bruce P. Finney, Antonia T. Rodrigues, Dongya Y. Yang, and Brian M. Kemp. "Early human use of anadromous salmon in North America at 11,500 y ago." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 40 (September 21, 2015): 12344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509747112.
Full textAbstract:
Salmon represented a critical resource for prehistoric foragers along the North Pacific Rim, and continue to be economically and culturally important; however, the origins of salmon exploitation remain unresolved. Here we report 11,500-y-old salmon associated with a cooking hearth and human burials from the Upward Sun River Site, near the modern extreme edge of salmon habitat in central Alaska. This represents the earliest known human use of salmon in North America. Ancient DNA analyses establish the species as Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon), and stable isotope analyses indicate anadromy, suggesting that salmon runs were established by at least the terminal Pleistocene. The early use of this resource has important implications for Paleoindian land use, economy, and expansions into northwest North America.
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Ozkaynak, Fatih. "A Novel Random Number Generator Based on Fractional Order Chaotic Chua System." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.1.25310.
Full textAbstract:
One of the practical applications of chaotic systems is the design of a random number generator. In the literature, generally random number generators are designed using discrete time chaotic systems. The reason for the use of the discrete time chaotic systems in the design architecture is that the latter have a simpler structure than the continuous time chaotic systems. In order to observe chaos in continuous time systems, the system must have at least three degrees. It is shown that for fractional order chaotic systems chaos can be observed even in a lower system degree. The aim of this study is to develop a random number generator using a fractional order chaotic Chua system. The proposed generator is analysed using various randomness tests. The analysis results show that the proposed generator passes the random requirements successfully. On the one hand, this study is important because it demonstrates the practical application of fractional order chaotic systems. On the other hand, it provides an alternative to designs based on discrete time chaotic systems.
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Ahmad, Berivan N., and Salah Matii Ibrahim. "The Possibility of Using Remote Sensing in Studying Pigments of Oak Tree (QUERCUS AEGILOPS) In Pirmus Area." Science Journal of University of Zakho 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.3.607.
Full textAbstract:
Hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) is one of the advanced technology which began in the early 1980s. It is one of the most significant breakthroughs in remote sensing. It emerged as a promising technology for studying earth’s surface materials in two ways spectrally & spatially. This technology is developed by breaking a broad band from the visible and infra-red spectrum into hundreds of spectral parts to obtain geochemical information from inaccessible planetary surfaces. The ample spectral information provided by hyperspectral data can identify and distinguish spectrally similar materials that enhance the capability of detecting various ground objects in detail.
28 Oak trees (Quercus aegilops) from the village of pirmus/ Duhok were selected to study the possibility of using hyper spectroscopy in studying chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (Chla, Chlb). The site of the study has four main slope aspects SWNE (south, west, north and, east), seven trees from each of them were used for collecting leave samples. Two mature and healthy leaves samples were collected from the top of each tree and sealed in polyethylene bags and stored in an ice cooler.
Laboratory reflectance spectra were acquired for each leave sample from 350 to 2500 nm by using the Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) spectroradiometer. A 0.25 gm. from each leave was dissolved in ethanol to extract (Chla, Chlb). Then, total chlorophyll (Chl) content was measured at 649 & 665 nm by using the 6705UV/VIS spectrophotometer.
Results show that the mean value of the entire Chl was 18.96681 mg/gm. Also, the correlation coefficient (R2) of Chla (at 665nm) and Chlb (at 649nm) show a moderately strong relationship between the variables (73.165, 48.089) alternatively, also the standard errors were close to zero (0.0913355 and 0.0512682).
The R2 of Chla for the four slope aspects NESW(North, East, South, and West) were 34.112, 79.805, 94.113 and 82.8547 alternatively. Also, the R2 of Chlb for the same four slope aspects was 49.498, 63.25, 76.99 and 74.34 alternatively. All the results in both bands at least show strong relationships between the variables except for the north slope aspect which shows less R2 values (34.112and 49.498). This is because the sun is facing the south slope along all day hours, while there is no direct light facing the north aspect along the day which is directly related to the zenith angle (at the 36N latitude which is about 76.5 deg.). For this reason, the north slope aspect R2 bias the overall R2 of the 28 trees.
The statistical analysis shows that all of the standard error values of Chla and Chlb for the four slope aspects NESW were (0.143789, 0.0685267, 0.0419621,0.100696), (0.0222774, 0.0235722, 0.028614, and 0.0161366) alternatively, which indicates that the predicted values (reflectivity values) are close to the real values (chemical analysis values). From the current results, it is very obvious that the ASD Field Spec 3 spectroradiometer is quite an efficient and un destructive tool that can be used for Quercus Aegilops chlorophyll estimation at 665 and 649 nm. Also, the instrument shows the capability of distinguishing the differences in leaf chlorophyll content among the different slope aspects in both bands.
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Praks, Pavel, and Dejan Brkić. "Choosing the Optimal Multi-Point Iterative Method for the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation." Processes 6, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6080130.
Full textAbstract:
The Colebrook equation is implicitly given in respect to the unknown flow friction factor λ; λ = ζ ( R e , ε * , λ ) which cannot be expressed explicitly in exact way without simplifications and use of approximate calculus. A common approach to solve it is through the Newton–Raphson iterative procedure or through the fixed-point iterative procedure. Both require in some cases, up to seven iterations. On the other hand, numerous more powerful iterative methods such as three- or two-point methods, etc. are available. The purpose is to choose optimal iterative method in order to solve the implicit Colebrook equation for flow friction accurately using the least possible number of iterations. The methods are thoroughly tested and those which require the least possible number of iterations to reach the accurate solution are identified. The most powerful three-point methods require, in the worst case, only two iterations to reach the final solution. The recommended representatives are Sharma–Guha–Gupta, Sharma–Sharma, Sharma–Arora, Džunić–Petković–Petković; Bi–Ren–Wu, Chun–Neta based on Kung–Traub, Neta, and the Jain method based on the Steffensen scheme. The recommended iterative methods can reach the final accurate solution with the least possible number of iterations. The approach is hybrid between the iterative procedure and one-step explicit approximations and can be used in engineering design for initial rough, but also for final fine calculations.
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Goldsmith, Cynthia S., Toni Whistler, Pierre E. Rollin, Kaw Bing Chua, William Bellini, Paul Rota, K. T. Wong, Peter Daszak, Thomas G. Ksiazek, and Sherif R. Zaki. "Ultrastructural Studies of Nipah Virus, A Newly Emergent Paramyxovirus, Using Thin Section, Negative Stain, Immunogold, and in Situ Hybridization Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035716.
Full textAbstract:
An increase in cases of acute febrile encephalitis occurred in Western Malaysia between September 1998 and May 1999, and a similar illness was reported in Singapore in March 1999. Most cases occurred in males who had been exposed to pigs, or among abattoir workers, and at least 100 deaths were reported. The illness was characterized by fever and headache, followed by drowsiness and disorientation; patients with severe cases developed seizures and coma within 24 to 48 hours. Concurrently, there were also illnesses and deaths among pigs in the same region, although the symptoms predominantly involved the respiratory system, and only a few pigs had signs of neurologic disease. From a cerebral spinal fluid specimen from a human patient, Dr. Chua and colleagues were successful in isolating a virus that was morphologically identified as belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, and is now known as Nipah virus.
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Sakamoto, T., and T. Hirano. "Growth hormone receptors in the liver and osmoregulatory organs of rainbow trout: characterization and dynamics during adaptation to seawater." Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 3 (September 1991): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1300425.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Specific binding sites for chum salmon growth hormone (sGH) were identified in the membranes obtained from tissues of rainbow trout. Specific binding of 125I-labelled sGH (% per mg protein) was found in the liver (37%), ovary (6%), brain (6%), gill (4%), intestine (4%) and posterior body kidney (4%). Specific binding was not significant in head kidney, anterior body kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle or skin. Scatchard analyses demonstrated the presence of a single class of high-affinity low-capacity receptors in the liver, gill, intestine and kidney. The association constants for the membranes from liver, gill, intestine and kidney were of the same order (1 litre/nmol). Chum salmon prolactin did not inhibit the binding of 125I-labelled sGH to receptors in the liver, gill, intestine and kidney. Transfer of rainbow trout from fresh water to 80% seawater evoked a rise in plasma concentration of GH and a significant decrease in the GH binding to the liver membranes after 1 day. Binding in the gill and kidney was not altered significantly. Membranes were treated with 4 mol MgCl2/l to remove bound GH from the receptors, and the results indicated that the reduction in binding in the liver after transfer to sea-water was probably due to receptor occupancy by increased endogenous GH. The occupancy of liver GH-binding sites was maximal 4 days after transfer. Total (MgCl2-treated) binding sites in the liver increased significantly 14 days after transfer. Scatchard analysis indicated that receptors were altered in capacity without changes in binding affinity. Although GH may also directly affect osmoregulatory organs through their GH receptors, the present results indicate the likelihood of at least partial mediation by the liver of the seawater-adapting action of GH in the rainbow trout. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 425–433
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Yamashita, Hitoshi, Shoko Masuyama, Kuniharu Otsuki, and Hitoshi Tsukayama. "Safety of Acupuncture for Osteoarthritis of the Knee – a Review of Randomised Controlled Trials, Focusing on Specific Reactions to Acupuncture." Acupuncture in Medicine 24, no. 1_suppl (December 2006): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.24.suppl.49.
Full textAbstract:
In order to assess how many reported adverse reactions to acupuncture are truly associated with the physiological mechanisms of acupuncture, we performed a literature review of published RCTs of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee. We searched for reports of RCTs using two data sources: PubMed and Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (Igaku Chuo Zasshi). Of the twelve RCTs located, seven included information on adverse events. No serious adverse events were reported. Joint swelling, local inflammation, haematoma and back pain occurred more frequently in the dummy electroacupuncture or minimal acupuncture group. We confirmed the possibility that many adverse reactions to acupuncture treatment reported in RCTs, at least for the knee OA, are non-specific, and that not all reported events should be attributed to the mechanism of action of acupuncture. It is likely this is also true for RCTs of acupuncture in other conditions, and for prospective surveys on adverse events of acupuncture.
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Agellon, L. B., T. T. Chen, R. J. Van Beneden, R. A. Sonstegard, G. F. Wagner, and B. A. McKeown. "Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Growth Hormone: in vitro Translation of Pituitary RNA and Product Analysis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-166.
Full textAbstract:
We have used RNA blot analysis, in vitro translation, and protein immunoblot analysis to characterize mRNA in the pituitary glands of rapidly growing rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Cell-free translation products of total RNA, analyzed by direct immunoprecipitation or western immunoblot analysis with an antiserum to chum salmon (Oncorphynchus keta) growth hormone (GH), indicate that rainbow trout pregrowth hormone (pre-GH) is a polypeptide of 25 000 Da. RNA blot analysis of total pituitary RNA to its cDNA, using total liver RNA as a competitor, revealed the presence of at least four size classes of pituitary mRNA sequences. One class, with a size smaller than 18S rRNA, is the predominant mRNA component. By in vitro translation and western immunoblot analysis, the pre-GH mRNA activity is associated with this class of mRNA sequences. These results suggest that rainbow trout pre-GH mRNA is in the same size range as that of mammalian GH mRNA.
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Inaba, K., Y. Akazome, and M. Morisawa. "Purification of proteasomes from salmonid fish sperm and their localization along sperm flagella." Journal of Cell Science 104, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.104.3.907.
Full textAbstract:
We have purified two chymotrypsin-like proteases from chum salmon sperm which have no apparent acrosome structure. Both of them were high molecular mass proteases (650 kDa and 950 kDa by gel filtration) and showed not only chymotrypsin-like activity but also trypsin-like activity. The 650 kDa protease was composed of at least eight or nine kinds of polypeptide with molecular masses ranging from 20 kDa to 30 kDa and was highly activated by low concentrations of SDS. Electron microscopy revealed that the 650 kDa protease was a ring-shaped particle. The 950 kDa protease was shown to contain at least one component that cross-reacts with an antibody against the 650 kDa protease. Finally, we revealed that the 650 kDa protease is located along the sperm flagella, by using immunofluorescence microscopy. The subunit composition, SDS-activation and molecular shape of 650 kDa salmonid protease were quite similar to those of the eukaryotic multicatalytic proteinase (proteasome), which is well known to participate in ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins; and, furthermore, the motility of demembranated sperm of salmonid fish is inhibited by chymotrypsin inhibitors in an ATP-dependent manner. Thus, the protease located in salmonid fish sperm flagella is a proteasome and is a strong candidate for the factor which regulates flagellar motility in an ATP-dependent manner.
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Arai, Mary Needler. "Interactions of fish and pelagic coelenterates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-280.
Full textAbstract:
Coelenterates may be predators or prey of fish, act as intermediate hosts for parasites, or provide shelter. At least 42 species of fish, including such commercially important species as the spiny dogfish, chum salmon, Atlantic mackerel, and various gadoids, include pelagic coelenterates in their diets. Coelenterates may represent a substantial proportion of the fish stomach contents and preliminary data on caloric content of coelenterates is available. However, in the absence of measured digestion rates it is not possible to calculate feeding rates or assess the dietary importance of coelenterates to fish. Similarly, although many instances of coelenterates eating larval fish are known, only a few measurements of predation rates based on feeding rates and abundances of predator and prey have yet been made. Recent studies with newer sampling methods indicate that the biomass of coelenterates, particularly large scyphomedusae, has been underestimated. Hence, much quantitative work needs to be done on the interactions of coelenterates with both fish and other marine groups to evaluate their trophic position and importance in pelagic ecosystems.
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Layne, Richard E. C., and Perry Y. Jui. "Genetically Diverse Peach Seedling Rootstocks Affect Long-term Performance of `Redhaven' Peach on Fox Sand." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1303.
Full textAbstract:
Ten genetically diverse peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedling rootstocks were studied for 10 years on Fox sand using `Redhaven' as the scion. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the performance of three Harrow Research Station (Ont.) hybrid selections (H7338013, H7338016, and H7338019) and two northern China introductions (`Chui Lum Tao' and `Tzim Pee Tao') against five commercial standards, two of which were selected in Canada (`Harrow Blood' and `Siberian C') and three in the United States (`Bailey', `Halford', and `Lovell'). Rootstock performance was assessed indirectly by measuring or subjectively rating various aspects of scion performance including annual trunk cross-sectional area (TCA); final tree height, spread, and TCA; bloom and fruit set intensity; yield and yield efficiency; canker (Leucostoma spp.) severity; defoliation rate; winter injury; cold hardiness of flower buds and shoot xylem; and tree survival. Rootstock effects on the above measurements and ratings were significant in some years and not in others. Year effects were always large and significant, while rootstock × year interactions were usually small and not significant. In the combined analyses over years, the largest rootstock effects were obtained for bloom, fruit set, and defoliation ratings and for TCA measurements. Three cumulative responses, including marketable yields, yield efficiency, and tree survival, were used for comparing the five experimental rootstocks with the five commercial standards and also for ranking the 10 rootstocks with respect to each other to assess their potential commercial value as peach rootstocks. `Chui Lum Tao', H7338013, and `Bailey' had the most commercial potential for southern Ontario because they typically promoted above average cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and tree survival. `Tzim Pee Tao', `Siberian C', and `Harrow Blood' were less valuable, with low cumulative marketable yields. `Halford' and `Lovell' were the least valuable, with the lowest tree survival (17%). Performance of H7338013 exceeded that of both parents (`Bailey' and `Siberian C'), H7338019 exceeded `Siberian C' but not `Bailey', while performance of H7338016 was inferior to both parents. Wider testing of the experimental rootstocks on different soil types and climatic zones is needed.
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Ramp, S. R., Y. J. Yang, D. B. Reeder, M. C. Buijsman, and F. L. Bahr. "The evolution of mode-2 nonlinear internal waves over the northern Heng-Chun Ridge south of Taiwan." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 22, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-413-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Two research cruises were conducted from the R/V OCEAN RESEARCHER 3 during 05–16 August 2011 to study the generation and propagation of high-frequency nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) over the northern Heng-Chun Ridge south of Taiwan. The primary study site was on top of a smaller ridge about 15 km wide by 400 m high atop the primary ridge, with a sill depth of approximately 600 m. A single mooring was used in conjunction with shipboard observations to sample the temperature, salinity and velocity structure over the ridge. All the sensors observed a profusion of mode-2 NLIWs. Some of the waves were solitary, while others had as many as seven evenly spaced waves per packet. The waves all exhibited classic mode-2 velocity structure with a core near 150–200 m and opposing velocities in the layers above and below. At least two and possibly three most common propagation directions emerged from the analysis, suggesting multiple generation sites near the eastern side of the ridge. The turbulent dissipation due to overturns in the wave cores was very high at order 10−4–10−3 W kg−1. The energy budget suggests that the waves cannot persist very far from the ridge and likely do not contribute to the South China Sea transbasin wave phenomenon.
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Thammina, Chandra S., David L. Kidwell-Slak, Stefan Lura, and Margaret R. Pooler. "SSR Markers Reveal the Genetic Diversity of Asian Cercis Taxa at the U.S. National Arboretum." HortScience 52, no. 4 (April 2017): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11441-16.
Full textAbstract:
The redbud (Cercis L. species) is a popular landscape plant grown widely in the United States. There are more than 20 cultivars of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) and at least three cultivars of Asian taxa (primarily Cercis chinensis Bunge) in the trade. The U.S. National Arboretum (USNA) has a diverse collection of Cercis germplasm collected in North America and Asia. Fourteen genomic simple sequence repeat (genomic-SSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 53 accessions of Asian Cercis taxa from our collection, including C. chinensis, Cercis chingii Chun, Cercis gigantea ined., Cercis glabra Pamp., Cercis racemosa Oliv., and Cercis yunnanensis Hu and W. C. Cheng. SSR markers detected an average of 5.7 alleles per locus with a range of two to nine alleles. A dendrogram was generated by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. Four major clusters were identified. Accessions tended to group by taxa or provenance, but with some notable exceptions caused either by misidentification or nomenclatural confusion in the species. This information will be used for collection management and for making decisions in the breeding program to maximize genetic diversity of cultivated Cercis.
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Ramp, S. R., Y. J. Yang, D. B. Reeder, M. C. Buijsman, and F. L. Bahr. "The evolution of Mode-2 nonlinear internal waves over the northern Heng-Chun ridge south of Taiwan." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 243–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-243-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Two research cruises were conducted from the R/V OCEAN RESEARCHER 3 during 5–16 August 2011 to study the generation of high-frequency nonlinear internal waves (NLIW) over the northern Heng-Chun Ridge south of Taiwan. The primary study site, centered near 21°34' N, 120°54' E, was on top of a smaller ridge about 15 km wide by 400 m high atop the primary ridge, with a sill depth of approximately 600 m. The bottom slope was steep over both sides of the ridge, supercritical with respect to both diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The key result of the experiments is that a profusion of mode-2 NLIW were observed by all the sensors. Some of the waves were solitary while others had as many as seven evenly-spaced waves per packet. The waves all exhibited classic mode-2 velocity structure with a core near 150–200 m and opposing velocities in the layers above and below. At least two and possibly three most common propagation directions emerged from the analysis, suggesting multiple generation sites near the east side of the ridge. The turbulent dissipation due to overturns in the wave cores was very high at order 10−4–10−3 W kg−1. The energy budget suggests that the waves cannot persist very far from the ridge and likely do not contribute to the South China Sea transbasin wave phenomenon.
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Tanifuji, Goro, Ryoma Kamikawa, Christa E. Moore, Tyler Mills, Naoko T. Onodera, Yuichiro Kashiyama, John M. Archibald, Yuji Inagaki, and Tetsuo Hashimoto. "Comparative Plastid Genomics of Cryptomonas Species Reveals Fine-Scale Genomic Responses to Loss of Photosynthesis." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 3926–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Loss of photosynthesis is a recurring theme in eukaryotic evolution. In organisms that have lost the ability to photosynthesize, nonphotosynthetic plastids are retained because they play essential roles in processes other than photosynthesis. The unicellular algal genus Cryptomonas contains both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic members, the latter having lost the ability to photosynthesize on at least three separate occasions. To elucidate the evolutionary processes underlying the loss of photosynthesis, we sequenced the plastid genomes of two nonphotosynthetic strains, Cryptomonas sp. CCAC1634B and SAG977-2f, as well as the genome of the phototroph Cryptomonas curvata CCAP979/52. These three genome sequences were compared with the previously sequenced plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic species Cryptomonas paramecium CCAP977/2a as well as photosynthetic members of the Cryptomonadales, including C. curvata FBCC300012D. Intraspecies comparison between the two C. curvata strains showed that although their genome structures are stable, the substitution rates of their genes are relatively high. Although most photosynthesis-related genes, such as the psa and psb gene families, were found to have disappeared from the nonphotosynthetic strains, at least ten pseudogenes are retained in SAG977-2f. Although gene order is roughly shared among the plastid genomes of photosynthetic Cryptomonadales, genome rearrangements are seen more frequently in the smaller genomes of the nonphotosynthetic strains. Intriguingly, the light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase comprising chlB, L, and N is retained in nonphotosynthetic SAG977-2f and CCAC1634B. On the other hand, whereas CCAP977/2a retains ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-related genes, including rbcL, rbcS, and cbbX, the plastid genomes of the other two nonphotosynthetic strains have lost the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase protein-coding genes.
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Qu, Xiao-Jian, Shou-Jin Fan, Susann Wicke, and Ting-Shuang Yi. "Plastome Reduction in the Only Parasitic Gymnosperm Parasitaxus Is Due to Losses of Photosynthesis but Not Housekeeping Genes and Apparently Involves the Secondary Gain of a Large Inverted Repeat." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 10 (August 27, 2019): 2789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz187.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Plastid genomes (plastomes) of parasitic plants undergo dramatic reductions as the need for photosynthesis relaxes. Here, we report the plastome of the only known heterotrophic gymnosperm Parasitaxus usta (Podocarpaceae). With 68 unique genes, of which 33 encode proteins, 31 tRNAs, and four rRNAs in a plastome of 85.3-kb length, Parasitaxus has both the smallest and the functionally least capable plastid genome of gymnosperms. Although the heterotroph retains chlorophyll, all genes for photosynthesis are physically or functionally lost, making photosynthetic energy gain impossible. The pseudogenization of the three plastome-encoded light-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis genes chlB, chlL, and chlN implies that Parasitaxus relies on either only the light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway or another regulation system. Nesting within a group of gymnosperms known for the absence of the large inverted repeat regions (IRs), another unusual feature of the Parasitaxus plastome is the existence of a 9,256-bp long IR. Its short length and a gene composition that completely differs from those of IR-containing gymnosperms together suggest a regain of this critical, plastome structure-stabilizing feature. In sum, our findings highlight the particular path of lifestyle-associated reductive plastome evolution, where structural features might provide additional cues of a continued selection for plastome maintenance.
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Runge, Anne Kathrine W., Jessica Hendy, Kristine K. Richter, Edouard Masson-MacLean, Kate Britton, Meaghan Mackie, Krista McGrath, Matthew Collins, Enrico Cappellini, and Camilla Speller. "Palaeoproteomic analyses of dog palaeofaeces reveal a preserved dietary and host digestive proteome." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1954 (July 7, 2021): 20210020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0020.
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The domestic dog has inhabited the anthropogenic niche for at least 15 000 years, but despite their impact on human strategies, the lives of dogs and their interactions with humans have only recently become a subject of interest to archaeologists. In the Arctic, dogs rely exclusively on humans for food during the winter, and while stable isotope analyses have revealed dietary similarities at some sites, deciphering the details of provisioning strategies have been challenging. In this study, we apply zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to dog palaeofaeces to investigate protein preservation in this highly degradable material and obtain information about the diet of domestic dogs at the Nunalleq site, Alaska. We identify a suite of digestive and metabolic proteins from the host species, demonstrating the utility of this material as a novel and viable substrate for the recovery of gastrointestinal proteomes. The recovered proteins revealed that the Nunalleq dogs consumed a range of Pacific salmon species (coho, chum, chinook and sockeye) and that the consumed tissues derived from muscle and bone tissues as well as roe and guts. Overall, the study demonstrated the viability of permafrost-preserved palaeofaeces as a unique source of host and dietary proteomes.
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Al-Hamadeen, Radhi, Turki AlHmoud, Hasan El-Nader, Malek Alsharairi, and Firas Almasri. "Do boards influence audit quality? A multidimensional analysis." Journal of Governance and Regulation 10, no. 1 (2021): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv10i1art12.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates how corporate boards of directors influence the quality of external audit in a sample of service firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). We contribute to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the efficacy of the corporate governance mechanisms through corporate boards to influence audit quality in an emerging country setting (i.e., Jordan). According to Chua (1986), this is mainstream “market-based” accounting research. We regress multiple dimensions that capture the quality of financial statements’ audit on a group of board of directors (BoD) characteristics for total observations of 225 firm-year obtained for 45 companies during the period (2014-2018). Specifically, the multidimensional analysis of the response variable, audit quality, includes audit firm’s internationalization, audit fees, auditor tenure, and the number of licensed practitioners at the audit firm. Using multiple linear (Panel Least Squares – PLS) and logistic regression models, we document empirical evidence that audit quality is positively affected by the independence and size of boards but negatively affected by CEOs duality, while no influence of the board’s expertise on any measures of the audit quality. The study provides implications for policymakers and investors regarding the signals that firms can send regarding the quality of financial statements audit when complying with the best practices of corporate governance
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Iacono, Kathryn T., Lubna Kazi, and Susan R. Weiss. "Both Spike and Background Genes Contribute to Murine Coronavirus Neurovirulence." Journal of Virology 80, no. 14 (July 15, 2006): 6834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00432-06.
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ABSTRACT Various strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) exhibit different pathogenic phenotypes. Infection with the A59 strain of MHV induces both encephalitis and hepatitis, while the highly neurovirulent JHM strain induces a fatal encephalitis with little, if any, hepatitis. The pathogenic phenotype for each strain is determined by the genetic composition of the viral genome, as well as the host immune response. Using isogenic recombinant viruses with A59 background genes differing only in the spike gene, we have previously shown that high neurovirulence is associated with the JHM spike protein, the protein responsible for attachment to the host cell receptor (J. J. Phillips, M. M. Chua, G. F. Rall, and S. R. Weiss, Virology 301:109-120, 2002). Using another set of isogenic recombinant viruses with JHM background genes expressing either the JHM or A59 spike, we have further investigated the roles of viral genes in pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the high neurovirulence of JHM is associated with accelerated spread through the brain and a heightened innate immune response that is characterized by high numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages, suggesting an immunopathogenic component to neurovirulence. While expression of the JHM spike is sufficient to confer a neurovirulent phenotype, as well as increased macrophage infiltration, background genes contribute to virulence as well, at least in part, by dictating the extent of the T-cell immune response.
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Niggeschulze, Adolf, and Alexander Kast. "Maternal age, reproduction and chromosomal aberrations in Wistar derived rats." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794781065717.
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The fertility of rats ranges from one to 18 months. In standard teratogenicity testing young, mature females are used which may not reflect the situation in women above 35 years old. Reproduction among different age groups of Wistar ats (strain Chbb : THOM) was compared at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months. At least 20 virgin females were inseminated per age group. The copulation rate did not differ between the groups. From the maternal age of 12 months, the pregnancy rate was significantly decreased, from the age of 9 months, the litter values were significantly lowered and the resorption rates were increased. Maternal age did not influence the incidence of fetal variations and malformations. Additionally, the chromosomal aberration rate in the bone marrow was evaluated in male and female rats. Twelve animals of each sex were scheduled per group, and studied at the age of 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 21 or 24 months. In males, the aberration rate increased continuously from 0.18 through 3%, while in females the increase continued from 0.33 to 2.29% at 15 months old when a plateau was reached. When testing new compounds for embryotoxicity or genotoxicity in female rats, the animals should be of comparable age to man in order to avoid a misinterpretation of spontaneous abnormalities. From these studies, however, it was concluded that the use of higher age groups of female rats in teratogenicity studies would not improve the risk assessment.
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Huang, Danyang, Zhiheng Zhou, Ming Deng, and Zhihao Li. "Nighttime vehicle detection based on direction attention network and bayes corner localization." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 783–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202676.
Full textAbstract:
Detecting vehicle at night is critical to both assistant driving systems and autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose a deep network scheme assisted by light information with good generalization to detect vehicle at night. Our approach is divided into two branches, the object stream and the pixel stream. The object stream generates a batch of bounding boxes, and the pixel stream utilizes the vehicle light information to calibrate the bounding boxes of the object stream. In the object stream, we propose a new structure, Direction Attention Pooling (DAP), to improve the accuracy of the prior boxes. DAP leads into attention mechanism. The feature maps obtained from backbone network is divided into two branches. One branch obtains direction perception information through IRNN layer, and the other branch learns attention weights. The weights are multiplied with the direction perception features in an element-wise manner. In the pixel stream, we propose a corner localization algorithm based on Bayes to get more accurate corners with the vehicle light pixels. The locations of the corners are considered as a discrete random variable. When the mask of the object is known, solving the probability distribution of the corner of the object is the next step. The corners with the highest probability is the correct corner. On the nighttime vehicle detection datasets CHUK and SYSU, our method achieves the accuracy of 97.2% and 96.86%, which outperforms other state-of-the-art methods by at least 0.31% and 0.34%.