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Journal articles on the topic 'Least tern Least tern Least tern Ecology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Akcakaya, H. Resit, Jonathan L. Atwood, David Breininger, Charles T. Collins, and Brean Duncan. "Metapopulation Dynamics of the California Least Tern." Journal of Wildlife Management 67, no. 4 (2003): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802690.

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2

Patten, Michael A., and Richard A. Erickson. "Subspecies of the Least Tern in Mexico." Condor 98, no. 4 (1996): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369880.

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3

Renken, Rochelle B., and John W. Smith. "Interior Least Tern Site Fidelity and Dispersal." Colonial Waterbirds 18, no. 2 (1995): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521480.

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4

Koenen, Marcus T., and David M. Leslie. "Evaluation of Interior Least Tern Eggshell Thickness." Colonial Waterbirds 19, no. 1 (1996): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521821.

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5

Kirsch, Eileen M., and John G. Sidle. "Status of the Interior Population of Least Tern." Journal of Wildlife Management 63, no. 2 (1999): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802632.

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6

Nolfo-Clements, Lauren E., and Mark D. Clements. "European Rabbits as Potential Least Tern Nest Predators." Northeastern Naturalist 18, no. 2 (2011): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0211.

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7

Whelchel, Adam W., and Kevin C. Lansford. "CALIFORNIA LEAST TERN CHICK PREDATION BY GREATER ROADRUNNER." Southwestern Naturalist 51, no. 4 (2006): 562–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[562:cltcpb]2.0.co;2.

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8

Johnson, Ned K., J. V. Remsen, and Carla Cicero. "Refined Colorimetry Validates Endangered Subspecies of the Least Tern." Condor 100, no. 1 (1998): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369893.

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9

Szell, Christopher C., and Mark S. Woodrey. "Reproductive Ecology of the Least Tern along the Lower Mississippi River." Waterbirds 26, no. 1 (2003): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2003)026[0035:reotlt]2.0.co;2.

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10

Riggs, Georgia J., Jeffery D. Sullivan, Kayla M. Harvey, et al. "Eviction Notice: Observation of a Sterna hirundo (Common Tern) Usurping an Active Sternula antillarum (Least Tern) Nest." Northeastern Naturalist 26, no. 3 (2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.026.0313.

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11

Sidle, John G., and Eileen M. Kirsch. "Least Tern and Piping Plover Nesting at Sand Pits in Nebraska." Colonial Waterbirds 16, no. 2 (1993): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521432.

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12

Avery, Michael L., Mark A. Pavelka, David L. Bergman, David G. Decker, C. Edward Knittle, and George M. Linz. "Aversive Conditioning to Reduce Raven Predation on California Least Tern Eggs." Colonial Waterbirds 18, no. 2 (1995): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521474.

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13

Zuria, Iriana, and Eric Mellink. "Natural and Human Impacts on Two Least Tern Colonies in Northwestern Mexico." Southwestern Naturalist 47, no. 4 (2002): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672670.

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14

Blaber, SJM, and DA Milton. "Distribution of seabirds at sea in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940445.

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The distribution and abundance of seabirds was documented at sea in the Gulf of Carpentaria in December 1990 and November 1991. Of the 17 species recorded, only the crested tern, least frigatebird, brown booby and streaked shearwater were widespread. The first three species were seen mainly in coastal waters; streaked shearwaters were seen only in the central north-western gulf. The common tern, roseate tern, little tern, sooty tern, black-naped tern, common noddy and greater frigatebird were either sparsely distributed or uncommon. The list includes five terrestrial species. The distribution of the seabirds is discussed in relation to proximity to breeding and roosting sites, food availability, the effects of discards from prawn trawling, and water currents.

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15

Jackson, Jerome A., and Bette J. Schardien Jackson. "Status, Dispersion, and Population Changes of the Least Tern in Coastal Mississippi." Colonial Waterbirds 8, no. 1 (1985): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521194.

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16

Alleng, Gerard P., and Camille A. M. Whyte-Alleng. "Survey of Least Tern Nesting Sites on the South Coast of Jamaica." Colonial Waterbirds 16, no. 2 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521437.

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17

Rimmer, David W., and Robert D. Deblinger. "Use of Fencing to Limit Terrestrial Predator Movements into Least Tern Colonies." Colonial Waterbirds 15, no. 2 (1992): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521456.

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18

Powell, Abby N. "Habitat Characteristics and Nest Success of Snowy Plovers Associated with California Least Tern Colonies." Condor 103, no. 4 (2001): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.4.785.

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AbstractNest success of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) was estimated at six sites in San Diego County, California, to determine the effects of habitat characteristics and social factors on predation risk. Egg predation was expected to be lower for plovers nesting among Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) because of benefits associated with nesting under the “protective umbrella” of a colonial species. Snowy Plovers nested adjacent to objects and in areas with more vegetation cover than random sites in beach and fill habitats and in areas with more debris cover in beach and salt pan habitats. Estimated nest success from 1994–1997 was 50%, and most predation was attributed to corvids, primarily Common Ravens (Corvus corax). Social factors, including distance to nearest Least Tern and Snowy Plover nests, predicted nest success whereas habitat characteristics did not. Nest success was greatest for plovers nesting closest to an active tern nest and nesting at intermediate distances to conspecifics. Nest success also varied among years and sites, with two sites consistently less successful over the four years. Nests within tern colonies received some mitigation of egg predation. Plover nests initiated prior to the arrival of Least Terns were less likely to hatch eggs than later nests; nevertheless, Snowy Plovers in southern California initiated nesting well before Least Terns.Características del Hábitat y Éxito de la Nidada de Charadrius alexandrinus Asociados a Colonias de Sterna antillarumResumen. Para determinar los efectos de las características del hábitat y factores sociales sobre el riesgo de depredación, estimé el éxito de las nidadas de Charadrius alexandrinus en seis sitios del Condado de San Diego, California. Se esperaba que la depredación de huevos fuera menor para los C. alexandrinus que anidan junto a Sterna antillarum debido a los beneficios de anidar bajo un “paraguas protector” de una especie colonial. En playas y hábitats rellenados, C. alexandrinus anidó con mayor frecuencia en lugares adyacentes a objetos y en áreas con mayor cobertura de vegetación que en sitios aleatorios y en áreas con mayor cobertura de desechos vegetales en playas y salinas. El éxito estimado de las nidadas entre 1994–1997 fue de 50%, y la mayor tasa de depredación fue atribuida a córvidos, principalmente a la especie Corvus corax. Factores sociales como distancia al nido más cercano de S. antillarum y C. alexandrinus predijeron el éxito de la nidada, mientras que las características del hábitat no lo hicieron. El éxito de la nidada fue mayor para los individuos de C. alexandrinus que nidificaron más cerca de un nido activo de S. antillarum y que nidificaron a distancias intermedias de conespecíficos. El éxito de la nidada también varió entre años y sitios. Dos sitios presentaron consistentemente un menor éxito durante los cuatro años de estudio. Los nidos ubicados dentro de la colonia presentaron una leve disminución en la depredación de huevos. Los huevos de nidos de C. alexandrinus iniciados antes de la llegada de S. antillarum tuvieron una menor probabilidad de eclosión que huevos de nidos más tardíos. Sin embargo, C. alexandrinus comenzó a nidificar bastante antes que S. antillarum en California del Sur.

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19

Roche, Erin A., Terry L. Shaffer, Michael J. Anteau, et al. "Detection probability of least tern and piping plover chicks in a large river system." Journal of Wildlife Management 78, no. 4 (2014): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.697.

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20

Powell, Abby N. "Habitat Characteristics and Nest Success of Snowy Plovers Associated with California Least Tern Colonies." Condor 103, no. 4 (2001): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0785:hcanso]2.0.co;2.

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21

Whittier, Joanna B., and David M. Leslie. "Survival and Movement of Chicks of the Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) on an Alkaline Flat." Southwestern Naturalist 54, no. 2 (2009): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/mh-29.1.

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22

Massey, Barbara W., David W. Bradley, and Jonathan L. Atwood. "Demography of a California Least Tern Colony including Effects of the 1982-1983 El Niño." Condor 94, no. 4 (1992): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369293.

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23

Nefas, Stephanie M., Kelsi L. Hunt, James D. Fraser, Sarah M. Karpanty, and Daniel H. Catlin. "Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) nest success and chick survival on the Missouri River following historic flooding." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 130, no. 2 (2018): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/16-210.1.

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24

Farnsworth, Jason M., David M. Baasch, Chadwin B. Smith, and Kevin L. Werbylo. "Reproductive ecology of interior least tern and piping plover in relation to Platte River hydrology and sandbar dynamics." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 10 (2017): 3579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2964.

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25

Alexander, Jason S., Joel G. Jorgensen, and Mary Bomberger Brown. "Reproductive ecology of interior least tern and piping plover in relation to Platte River hydrology and sandbar dynamics." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 11 (2018): 5674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4109.

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26

Peña, Yuri A., Luis Gonzalo Cano, R. Rodrigo Mena, and Alberto Cáceres. "First documented records of Black-throated Flower-piercer, Diglossa brunneiventris (Lafresnaye, 1846) (Aves, Thraupidae), and Least Tern, Sternula antillarum (Lesson, 1847) (Aves, Laridae), on the southern coast of Peru." Check List 17, no. 2 (2021): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.2.401.

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We report Black-throated Flower-piercer, Diglossa brunneiventris (Lafresnaye, 1846), and Least Tern, Sternula antillarum (Lesson, 1847), in the Tambo river estuary, Islay province, Arequipa department, Peru. Both species are newly documented from the southern coast of Peru. It is probable that D. brunneiventris has descended from the higher, inland portion of the Tambo river basin to the estuary. Sternula antillarum is considered a frequent visitor to the South American Pacific coast.

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27

DEL VIEJO, A. MUÑOZ, X. VEGA, M. A. GONZÁLEZ, and J. M. SÁNCHEZ. "Disturbance sources, human predation and reproductive success of seabirds in tropical coastal ecosystems of Sinaloa State, Mexico." Bird Conservation International 14, no. 3 (2004): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270904000243.

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From March to July 2000, four seabird colonies in coastal ecosystems of Sinaloa, north-west Mexico were visited: on islets, a sandy beach and a long-abandoned salt-panning flat. There were partial and total breeding failures, most of them due to human activity. Amongst colonies of nine species, the breeding success of three was severely affected. All 250 Royal Tern Sterna maxima eggs were taken for direct consumption; 50% (75) of Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii chicks were killed for crab (Portunidae) fishing; and in a Least Tern Sterna antillarum colony (97 pairs), 50% failed due to disturbance from a fishing championship. Some of these species have priority status within Mexican and international conservation regulations. Certain aspects of these problems are discussed, and actions are suggested to balance conservation and the development of economic activities.

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28

Stucker, Jennifer H., Deborah A. Buhl, and Mark H. Sherfy. "Consequences of Least Tern (Sternula antillarum) microhabitat nest-site selection on natural and mechanically constructed sandbars in the Missouri River." Auk 130, no. 4 (2013): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.13048.

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29

Farnsworth, Jason M., David M. Baasch, Chadwin Smith, and Kevin L. Werbylo. "Reproductive ecology of interior least tern and piping plover in relation to Platte river hydrology and sandbar dynamics: Response to the letter to the editor." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 11 (2018): 5680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4097.

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30

Greenwell, CN, KS Born, R. Admiraal, A. Hodgson, JN Dunlop, and NR Loneragan. "Social facilitation for conservation planning: understanding fairy tern behavior and site selection in response to conspecific audio-visual cues." Endangered Species Research 45 (June 10, 2021): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01127.

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Simulated social facilitation techniques (e.g. decoys and call playbacks) are commonly used to attract seabirds to restored and artificially created nesting habitats. However, a lack of social stimuli and conspecific cueing at these habitats may limit the use of these sites, at least in the short term. Therefore, testing the effectiveness of simulated audio-visual cues for attracting gregarious birds is important for conservation planning. In this study, we (1) assessed whether call playback and decoys were associated with an increased likelihood of Australian fairy terns Sternula nereis nereis visiting potentially suitable nesting habitats; (2) tested their behavioral response to different cues; and (3) documented whether social facilitation had the potential to encourage colony establishment. A full cross-over study design consisting of all possible pairings of decoy and call playback treatments (control [no attractants], decoys, call playback, both decoys and playback), allocated as part of a random block design, was undertaken at 2 sites. Linear modeling suggested that call playback was important in explaining the time spent aerial prospecting as well as the maximum number of fairy terns aerial prospecting, although this only appeared to be the case for 1 of the 2 sites. Decoys, on the other hand, did not appear to have any effect on time spent aerial prospecting. The results from this study suggest that audio cues have the potential to encourage site selection by increasing social stimuli, but attractants may be required over several breeding seasons before colonies are established.

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31

SCHIELZETH, HOLGER, JOHANNES KAMP, GÖTZ EICHHORN, et al. "Wader, gull and tern population estimates for a key breeding and stopover site in Central Kazakhstan." Bird Conservation International 20, no. 2 (2010): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000031.

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SummaryPopulation size estimates of waders, gulls and terns passing through or breeding in Central Asia are very scarce, although highly important for global flyway population estimates as well as for targeting local conservation efforts. The Tengiz-Korgalzhyn region is one of the largest wetland complexes in Central Asia. We conducted surveys in this region between 1999 and 2008 and present estimates of population size as well as information on phenology and age structure for 50 species of Charadriiformes. The Tengiz-Korgalzhyn wetlands are especially important for Red-necked Phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus and Ruffs Philomachus pugnax with, respectively, 41% and 13% of their flyway populations using the area during spring migration. The region is also an important post-breeding moulting site for Pied Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta and Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa used by, respectively, 5% and 4% of their flyway populations. Besides its key importance as a migratory stopover site, the study area is a key breeding site for the Critically Endangered Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius, the Near Threatened Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni and for Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus with 16%, 6% and 5% of their world populations, respectively. We identified 29 individual sites that held more than 1% of the relevant flyway populations of at least one species of Charadriiformes. Including data on other species of waterbirds (mainly waterfowl), there were 93 sites that qualify for Important Bird Areas (IBA). About half of them are protected in a state nature reserve, while an additional 20% are recognised as IBAs. Nevertheless, 28 important sites are currently not recognised as IBAs nor are they protected by other conservation means. These sites require conservation attention.

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32

Prosser, Diann J., Tom Collier, Jeffery D. Sullivan, et al. "Using Thermal Infrared Cameras to Detect Avian Chicks at Various Distances and Vegetative Coverages." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (2020): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/072019-jfwm-062.

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Abstract Population monitoring of nesting waterbirds often involves frequent entries into the colony, but alternative methods such as local remotely sensed thermal imaging may help reduce disturbance while providing a cost-effective way to survey breeding populations. Such an approach can have high initial costs, however, which may have reduced the number of studies investigating functionality of paired thermal infrared camera and small unmanned aerial systems. Here, we take the first step of exploring the ability of two thermal infrared cameras to detect an avian chick under varying vegetative cover and distances, preceding field-mounting applications on a small unmanned aerial system. We created seven “bioboxes” to simulate a range of natural vegetation types and densities for a globally important colonial ground-nesting waterbird species, the common tern Sterna hirundo. We placed a juvenile chicken Gallus gallus (surrogate for the locally endangered common tern) in each box, and we tested two market-accessible infrared cameras (produced by FLIR Systems and Infrared Cameras, Inc.) at five elevations using a stationary boom (maximum height = 12 m). We applied computer-based digital thresholding to collected images, identifying pixels meeting one of seven threshold values. The chick was visible from at least one threshold value in 19 and 31 of 35 processed by the FLIR Systems and Infrared Cameras, respectively. Percentage of the chick identified across thresholds was generally highest at lower threshold values and elevations and decreased as elevation and threshold increased; however, the relative importance of each variable changed dramatically across bioboxes and camera types. Ability to detect a chick from processed images generally decreased with increasing elevation, and although we made no quantitative comparisons among boxes, detectability appeared greatest in images from both cameras when little or no vegetation was present. Interestingly, no single threshold value was best for all bioboxes. We observed notable differences between cameras including visual resolution of detected temperature differentials and image processing speed. Results of this controlled study show promise for the use of thermal infrared systems for detecting cryptic species in vegetation. Future research should work to combine thermal infrared and visual sensors with small unmanned aerial systems to test applicability in a mobile field application.

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33

Dugger, Katie M., Mark R. Ryan, and Rochelle B. Renken. "LEAST TERN CHICK SURVIVAL ON THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER." Journal of Field Ornithology 71, no. 2 (2000): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-71.2.330.

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34

Harisha, M. N., K. S. Abdul Samad, and B. B. Hosetti. "Conservation status, feeding guilds, and diversity of birds in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (2021): 18738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6855.13.7.18738-18751.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the importance of habitat quality for the diversity, distribution, and abundance of avifauna in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Ballari District from February 2015 to January 2016. A total number of 189 species of birds, belonging to 62 families and 18 orders were recorded during the survey. A family-wise analysis showed that the families Accipitridae (12 species), followed by Muscicapidae (11 species), Ardeidae & Alaudidae (8 species each), and Cuculidae (7 species) dominated the avifauna of the region. The residential status of birds revealed that 74% (140 species) were resident, 23% (44 species) were winter, 2% (3 species) were summer and 1% (2 species) was passage migrant’s species. The study resulted in the recording of fives globally Near Threatened category, viz, Painted Stork, Black-headed Ibis, Oriental Darter, River Tern, and Pallid Harrier; and two Vulnerable species, viz, Yellow-throated Bulbul and Woolly-necked Stork. The feeding guild analysis revealed that the insectivorous guild has the most number of recorded avian species (33%, 63 species), followed by carnivorous (31%, 58 species) and least by nectarivorous (1%, 2 species). This study provides baseline data for monitoring the avifauna in the sanctuary and demonstrates the importance of the area in bird conservation. The study also highlights the negative impact of anthropogenic activities as the main cause for the loss of diversity of both birds and their habitat and the urgent need to conserve this biodiversity-rich area with long-term monitoring programs.

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35

Jenniges, James J., and Rockford G. Plettner. "Least Tern Nesting at Human Created Habitats in Central Nebraska." Waterbirds 31, no. 2 (2008): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2008)31[274:ltnahc]2.0.co;2.

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36

WHITTIER, JOANNA B., and DAVID M. LESLIE. "EFFICACY OF USING RADIO TRANSMITTERS TO MONITOR LEAST TERN CHICKS." Wilson Bulletin 117, no. 1 (2005): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/04-062.

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37

HAYAKAWA, Masaharu. "Rooftop Breeding of Least Tern and Black Skimmer in Florida." Bulletin of the Japanese Bird Banding Association 13, no. 1 (1998): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14491/jbba.ar104.

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38

Fuchsman, P. C., M. H. Henning, and V. S. Magar. "Comment on “Exposure to mercury and Aroclor 1268 congeners in least terns (Sternula antillarum) in coastal Georgia, USA” by G. L. Robinson, G. L. Mills, A. H. Lindell, S. H. Schweitzer and S. M. Hernandez, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2015, 17, 1424." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, no. 2 (2016): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00489f.

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39

Iswandaru, Dian, Indra Gumay Febryano, Trio Santoso, et al. "Bird community structure of small islands: a case study on the Pahawang Island, Lampung Province, Indonesia." Silva Balcanica 21, no. 2 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.21.e56108.

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Small islands are extremely vulnerable to ecosystem disturbances. One of the common factors im-pacting on island ecosystems is the rise of tourism activity and the associated conversion of man-grove forest&rsquo;s function into tourism&rsquo;s supporting facility. Those changes will ultimately affect the diversity of bird species inhabiting the island. &nbsp;Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the structure of a bird community in the mangrove forests of the Pahawang Island. The study used the transect method with tracking implemented. The obtained data were analysed using the Shannon-Wienner diversity index. We recorded 28 species from 21 families. Out of 21 families, Columbidae had the highest number of species (three species). Seven feeding guilds were observed during the present study, the maximum number of species belonged to the insectivore group and the minimum &ndash; to the nectarivore and omnivore (1 species each) guilds. Based on the abundance rank, the most abundant species was the cave swiftlet (Collochalia linchi). Three of the recorded species are listed in the cat-egory &ldquo;Protected&rdquo; according to the Indonesia Law: the brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), sunda pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica), and the black-naped tern (Sterna sumatrana). All bird species that have been recorded during the present study is classified as &ldquo;Least Concern&rdquo; in the IUCN Red List. The values of the Shannon-Wienner index suggest neither high nor low diversity (H&rsquo; = 2.55). Mangrove&nbsp;forest ecosystems, including the mudflat on the Pahawang Island, are important supporting popula-tions of wild birds through providing foraging, roosting and nesting sites.&nbsp;

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40

Robinson, Gabrielle L., Gary L. Mills, Angela H. Lindell, Sara H. Schweitzer, and Sonia M. Hernandez. "Exposure to mercury and Aroclor 1268 congeners in least terns (Sternula antillarum) in coastal Georgia, USA." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 8 (2015): 1424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00183h.

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41

DeVault, Travis L., Michael B. Douglas, John S. Castrale, Charles E. Mills, Timothy Hayes, and O. E. Rhodes. "Identification of Nest Predators at a Least Tern Colony in Southwestern Indiana." Waterbirds 28, no. 4 (2005): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[445:ionpaa]2.0.co;2.

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42

Whittier, Joanna B., David M. Leslie, and Ronald A. Van Den Bussche. "Genetic Variation among Subspecies of Least Tern (Sterna antillarum): Implications for Conservation." Waterbirds 29, no. 2 (2006): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[176:gvasol]2.0.co;2.

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43

Parwada, Cosmas, Sandra Zhuwao, Ronald Mandumbu, Handsen Tibugari, and Savemore Ngirazi. "Performance of New and Old Short-Seasoned Arachis Hypogea (Groundnut) Varieties Under Same Agronomic Practices." Journal of Agronomy Research 2, no. 4 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-20-3177.

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Performance of three newly released short-seasoned (Nsinjiro, Chitala and JL11) were evaluated against old (Nyanda, Illanda and Tern) groundnuts varieties under same agronomic practices. A field experiment laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was done. Varieties were evaluated for days to 50% emergence, 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, pod and seed yield, and shelling percentage. There were no significant difference in the days to 50% emergence among all varieties but significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) were observed on days to 50% flowering. JL11 and Tern took shortest (90 days) and longest (120 days) time to physiological maturity respectively. Chitala had highest (3.804t/ha) and Tern had lowest (3.020t/ha) seed yield. Jl11 had highest (83%) and Nyanda least (68%) shelling percentage. Results showed that the new varieties out-performed the old varieties in all measured parameters. Therefore, resource constrained farmers may safely opt for the new short-seasoned varieties over the old ones.

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Butcher, Jerrod A., Robert L. Neill, and Jeanette T. Boylan. "Survival of Interior Least Tern Chicks Hatched on Gravel-covered Roofs in North Texas." Waterbirds 30, no. 4 (2007): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0595:soiltc]2.0.co;2.

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Andes, Alicia K., Mark H. Sherfy, Terry L. Shaffer, and Susan N. Ellis-Felege. "Plasticity of Least Tern and Piping Plover nesting behaviors in response to sand temperature." Journal of Thermal Biology 91 (July 2020): 102579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102579.

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Baasch, David M., Patrick D. Farrell, Jason M. Farnsworth, and Chadwin B. Smith. "Interior Least Tern Productivity in Relation to Flow in the Central Platte River Valley." Great Plains Research 27, no. 1 (2017): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gpr.2017.0003.

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Massey, Barbara W. "Species and Subspecies Limits in Least Terns." Condor 100, no. 1 (1998): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369915.

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Atwood, Jonathan L., and Barbara W. Massey. "Site Fidelity of Least Terns in California." Condor 90, no. 2 (1988): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368567.

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Dinan, Lauren R., Alisa Halpin, Ann Briggs, Mary Bomb erger Brown, and Joel G. Jorgensen. "Usurpation of an Interior Least Tern (Sternula antillarum athalassos) Nest by Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus)." Waterbirds 41, no. 3 (2018): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.041.0313.

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Carlos, Caio J., and Carmem E. Fedrizzi. "History, distribution, and seasonal abundance of the Least Tern Sternula antillarum (Aves: Charadriiformes: Sternidae) in Brazil." Zoologia (Curitiba) 30, no. 2 (2013): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702013000200003.

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