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Journal articles on the topic 'Leaves – measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Luk, Ting S., and Thomas C. Vogelmann. "Ultrafast transit-time measurement of leaves." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 44, no. 1 (June 1998): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00117-1.

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2

Flyurik, E., and N. Bushkevich. "Performance Measurement of Blueberry Leaves and Fruits." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-40-52.

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3

Song, Young Hun, Jae Sung Shim, Hannah A. Kinmonth-Schultz, and Takato Imaizumi. "Photoperiodic Flowering: Time Measurement Mechanisms in Leaves." Annual Review of Plant Biology 66, no. 1 (April 29, 2015): 441–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-115555.

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4

Kar, Suraj, Thayne Montague, Antonio Villanueva-Morales, and Edward Hellman. "Measurement of Gas Exchange on Excised Grapevine Leaves Does Not Differ from In Situ Leaves, and Potentially Shortens Sampling Time." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083644.

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Use of leaf gas exchange measurement enhances the characterization of growth, yield, physiology, and abiotic stress response in grapevines. Accuracy of a crop response model depends upon sample size, which is often limited due to the prolonged time needed to complete gas exchange measurement using currently available infra-red gas analyzer systems. In this experiment, we measured mid-day gas exchange of excised and in situ leaves from field grown wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars. Depending upon cultivar, we found measuring gas exchange on excised leaves under a limited time window post excision gives similar accuracy in measurement of gas exchange parameters as in situ leaves. A measurement within a minute post leaf excision can give between 96.4 and 99.5% accuracy compared to pre-excision values. When compared to previous field data, we found the leaf excision technique reduced time between consecutive gas exchange measurements by about a third compared to in situ leaves (57.52 ± 0.39 s and 86.96 ± 0.41 s, for excised and in situ, respectively). Therefore, leaf excision may allow a 50% increase in experimental sampling size. This technique could solve the challenge of insufficient sample numbers, often reported by researchers worldwide while studying grapevine leaf gas exchange using portable gas exchange systems under field conditions.

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5

Artmann, Uwe. "Measurement of Noise using the dead leaves pattern." Electronic Imaging 2018, no. 12 (January 28, 2018): 341–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2018.12.iqsp-341.

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6

Zhang, Xiao Juan, Cui Hong Zhang, and Yan Li. "Measurement of Chlorophyll Content in Wheat Leaves Using Laser Scattering Image." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.361.

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Laser back-scattering images of wheat leaves (green leaves, yellow leaves and dry leaves)are obtained with video imaging system, the optical parameters (absorption coefficient and reduced scatering coefficient)of the wheat leaves are reversed with diffusion approximation theory, the functional relations between optical parameters(at 670nm) and chlorophyll contents (SPAD value)of the leaves are studied. The results demonstrate that: wheat leaf optical parameters and chlorophyll content present linear correlation, it is feasible for determing plant chlorophyll content with laser back-scattering image technology. These researches are very valuable for diagnosis crop condition with the results of laser scattering image

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7

Korva, J. T., and G. A. Forbes. "A simple and low-cost method for leaf area measurement of detached leaves." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 01 (January 1997): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000173.

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A technique for leaf area measurement utilizing water spray as an inexpensive substitute for electronic equipment was developed and tested with leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The leaf areas measured by the spray method were highly correlated with those measured by an electronic area meter. Measurements of leaf area obtained by the spray method were significantly more highly correlated with those obtained by the area meter than were the measurements of dry weights. The main advantages of the new method are precision, accuracy and immediate results at a low cost.

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8

Savenkov, S. N., R. S. Muttiah, E. A. Oberemok, A. V. Priezzhev, I. S. Kolomiets, and A. S. Klimov. "Measurement and interpretation of Mueller matrices of barley leaves." Quantum Electronics 50, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel17178.

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9

HARTMANN, T. N., M. D. FRICKER, H. RENNENBERG, and A. J. MEYER. "Cell-specific measurement of cytosolic glutathione in poplar leaves*." Plant, Cell & Environment 26, no. 6 (June 2003): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01031.x.

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10

Putri, Widya Kenshiana, Cuk Tri Noviandi, and Kustantinah Adiwimarta. "Feed Evaluation Based on in Vitro Gas Production of Tropical Forages with Addition of Different Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) Level." Buletin Peternakan 45, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v45i1.58433.

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This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used in Indonesia. The forages used in this study were: mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman leaves (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo leaves (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary leaves (Canarium indicum L.), tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), ketapang leaves (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan leaves (Duranta repens), and turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurements of in vitro gas production were carried out at 10 observation points (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 hour). Tannin activity was measured for each sample at observation points using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ie samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). Data were analyzed for a variance by following the factorial completely randomized design (CRD) pattern. Statistical analyzes were performed on all data by following the general linear procedure in PROC GLM from SAS. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% significance level. The results of gas production calculations showed that crude protein (CP) from each forage ranges from 5.75 - 22.37% where the highest CP was owned by turi leaves (S. grandiflora). The content of crude fiber (CF) ranged from 5.30 - 20.93%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG in the amount of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P<0.05). The higher of the tannin content contained in the forage, the lower of gas produced. Measurement of tannin content showed that condensed tannin content varied from turi leaves by 0.20% to the highest in mahogany leaves by 8.60%. The addition of 200 mg/100mgDM of PEG optimizes the rate of forage gas production, especially for grass plants (gramineae).

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11

BEYAZ, Abdullah. "Computer vision-based dimension measurement system for olive identification." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 2328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48411966.

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Olive tree is an important portion of the human history of Mediterranean nations. On the other hand, local varieties are important for each producer regions and even countries. So, olive cultivars are important for agricultural production for these people. The traditional pomological identifiers of the olive trees based on fruits and leaves, also morphometric analysis of size, additionally shape elliptic analysis of endocarp. Because of this reason, in this study, for the ‘Picual’ olive cultivar identification, a fast and easy method was presented. For this aim, ‘Picual’ olive leaf, fruit, and stone dimension measurement values obtained from real-time video images. ‘Picual’ olive fruit, stone, leaf samples evaluated by using real-time computer vision measurements. Regression analysis was applied to the data which was obtained from real-time video and caliper measurements. According to the regression coefficient results, the regression between caliper length measurement (OLLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OLLCV) found as 98.9%, also the regression between caliper width measurement (OLWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OLWCV) found as 97.9% at ‘Picual’ leaves, additionally, the regression between caliper length measurement (OFLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OFLCV) found as 98.5% the regression between caliper width measurement (OFWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OFWCV) found as 98.1 % at ‘Picual’ fruits, at last, the regression between caliper length measurement (OSLM) and computer vision video length measurement (OSLCV) found as 86.2%, the regression between caliper width measurement (OSWM) and computer vision video width measurement (OSWCV) found as 75.3% at ‘Picual’ stones.

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12

Zhong, Xu, Xue Zhi Wang, Peter Farrell, Nicola Cooley, and Bill Moran. "Modeling Dynamic Laser Speckle Patterns of Plant Leaves." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1363.

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t is known that dynamic speckle patterns can be used to identify the temporal evolution of an active sample and some desired properties of the sample may therefore be detected via the dynamic laser speckle analysis. Mathematically understand the structure of sample surface which gives arise to the dynamic speckle patterns is crucial to the analysis. In this paper, a simulation model of the dynamic speckle patterns for plant leaves is proposed. The developed model is derived from the principle of coherent electromagnetic wave scattering off a randomly textured and time varying surface and is demonstrated via the simulation of dynamic speckle patterns of a fresh unattached leaf surface along the true laser speckle measurements. Both simulated and true measurements of the dynamic speckle patterns of the leaf are analyzed via several statistical techniques and a consistent agreement between the results of the two is observed. The proposed statistical model is helpful to gain the insight of the relationship between speckle dynamics and the activity of the leaf surface which is supposed to be an measurement of plant water stress and water status.

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13

Röll, Georg, Jens Hartung, and Simone Graeff-Hönninger. "Determination of Plant Nitrogen Content in Wheat Plants via Spectral Reflectance Measurements: Impact of Leaf Number and Leaf Position." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 2794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232794.

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The determination of plant nitrogen (N) content (%) in wheat via destructive lab analysis is expensive and inadequate for precision farming applications. Vegetation indices (VI) based on spectral reflectance can be used to predict plant N content indirectly. For these VI, reflectance from space-borne, airborne, or ground-borne sensors is captured. Measurements are often taken at the canopy level for practical reasons. Hence, translocation processes of nutrients that take place within the plant might be ignored or measurements might be less accurate if nutrient deficiency symptoms occur on the older leaves. This study investigated the impact of leaf number and measurement position on the leaf itself on the determination of plant N content (%) via reflectance measurements. Two hydroponic experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, the N fertilizer amount and growth stage for the determination of N content was varied, while the second experiment focused on a secondary induction of N deficiency due to drought stress. For each plant, reflectance measurements were taken from three leaves (L1, L2, L3) and at three positions on the leaf (P1, P2, P3). In addition, the N content (%) of the whole plant was determined by chemical lab analysis. Reflectance spectrometer measurements (400–1650 nm) were used to calculate 16 VI for each combination of leaf and position. N content (%) was predicted using each VI for each leaf and each position. Significant lower mean residual error variance (MREV) was found for leaves L1 and L3 and for measurement position on P3 in the N trial, but the difference of MREV between the leaves was very low and therefore considered as not relevant. The drought stress trial also led to no significant differences in MREV between leaves and positions. Neither the position on the leaf nor the leaf number had an impact on the accuracy of plant nitrogen determination via spectral reflectance measurements, wherefore measurements taken at the canopy level seem to be a valid approach.

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14

Muraki, Yasushi, Kimiaki Masuda, Kh A. Arslanov, Hiroaki Toyoizumi, Masataka Kato, Yukiko Naruse, Takuya Murata, and Tohru Nishiyama. "Measurement of Radiocarbon Content in Leaves from Some Japanese Sites." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041357.

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We have measured radiocarbon contents in leaves collected from 15 sites in Japan, including mountain areas and big city areas for last three years. Comparing the radiocarbon contents in various areas, high 14C concentrations (80–100‰ as δ14C) are seen for the leaves from the mountain and country sites. On the contrary, low concentrations (5–40‰) were observed for the leaves from city region, especially near the road with heavy traffic. These results indicate that the atmosphere of the mountain and country sites in Japan is still clean but the CO2 gas coming from fossil non-radioactive carbon significantly pollutes the atmosphere of the city sites. The value of δ14C for the mountain areas implies that 14C produced by nuclear bomb test in 1960s still remains. The decrease of δ14C at heavy traffic sites in Tokyo is consistent with the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere assuming that almost all CO2 gas in this region originates from the fossil fuel.

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15

ZHANG, Jinghua, Akira OKUBO, and Sunao YAMAZAKI. "Measurement of Free Choline in Plant Leaves by Capillary Electrophoresis." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 65, no. 11 (January 2001): 2573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.2573.

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16

Gorton, Holly L., Craig R. Brodersen, William E. Williams, and Thomas C. Vogelmann. "Measurement of the Optical Properties of Leaves Under Diffuse Light." Photochemistry and Photobiology 86, no. 5 (September 2010): 1076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00761.x.

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17

BORNMAN, J. F., T. C. VOGELMANN, and G. MARTIN. "Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence within leaves using a fibreoptic microprobe." Plant, Cell and Environment 14, no. 7 (September 1991): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01546.x.

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18

HOSHI, Takehiko, and Takeshi TAKIGUCHI. "Continuous Measurement of Movement in Spinach Leaves Using Video Cameras." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51, no. 2 (1995): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.51.123.

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19

YOSHITSUGU, Soichiro, Kenichi TANIGAKI, Keitaro HORIKAWA, and Hidetoshi KOBAYASHI. "Non-destructive acoustic measurement of elastic modulus of plant leaves." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2017 (2017): OS0421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2017.os0421.

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20

Krzyżanowska, Katarzyna, and Paweł Krzyżanowski. "The use of numerical methods in the design of a formula that returns the surface of the leaves of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud." Limnological Review 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe paper presents the results of calculations and a verification of numerical models developed for estimating the surface of leaves of the common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud.). The research sample consisted of 137 leaves collected from the rush zone of Lake Raduńskie Górne in 2018. The total area of leaves obtained for testing was 1932.3 cm2. To derive a formula that returns the surface of common reed foliage regression models were used – MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) and SLR (Stepwise Linear Regression). It has been shown that the measurement of basic leaf dimensions (i.e. length – L, mid-width – WM and maximum width – WX) makes it possible to define an empirical formula which, with an average accuracy of 99.9%, allows the real surface of leaves to be estimated. The modelling results were compared with formulas currently used in practice, and the measurement errors were determined using these formulas. It has been shown that the formulas used to date are subject to RMSE to the value of 1.19-2.52. The application of the developed formula (A = 0.4486 – 0.046 L + 7.9267 WM – 5.8121 WX + 0.5853 L • WX) will significantly reduce errors in leaf surface estimation (RMSE = 0.86) and thus the amount of reed transpiration and evapotranspiration, especially in the case of handling small samples (number of leaves and measurements).

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21

Angelocci, Luiz Roberto, Fábio Ricardo Marin, Ricardo Ferraz de Oliveira, and Evandro Zanini Righi. "Transpiration, leaf diffusive conductance, and atmospheric water demand relationship in an irrigated acid lime orchard." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 16, no. 1 (April 2004): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202004000100008.

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Leaf vapor diffusive conductance (gl) and transpiration (T) measurements in an irrigated orchard of the acid lime "Tahiti" were carried out in a subtropical climatic condition in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Measurements were made using steady-state null-balance porometers and were taken throughout the day, on several occasions from February to November, 1998. During September and October, measurements were performed on exposed and shaded young and fully expanded leaves, as well as on old leaves inside the tree canopy. The old leaves showed lower values of gl and T when compared to the other groups. In the other months, measurements were taken only with exposed and shaded fully expanded leaves. The highest values of gl and T were obtained from February to April. For exposed leaves gl was higher from early morning to midday, decreasing thereafter with some oscillation in the afternoon. Shaded leaves produced a pattern of increasing gl and T from 8:00-9:00 a.m. to midday, followed by a decrease when values matched those of the exposed leaves in the afternoon. In April, the first measurement in midmorning showed low gl and T values, increasing sharply in the exposed leaves until midday and then decreasing until the end of the afternoon. Between May and November, gl and T decreased sharply compared to the previous months. Boundary line and regression analysis were used to find the mathematical relationships between mean values of gl for the tree and photosynthetic photons flux density, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit of the air measured in the orchard. Based on this analysis, the reasons for the gl and T diurnal and annual variation patterns are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of atmospheric variables upon stomatal regulation.

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22

Hu, Zhong Yi. "A Deformation Measurement for Withered Plant Leaf Based on Vision." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.770.

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If plants absorb too little water and the cells in plant leaves is not full, there might exist atrophy characteristic distortion of the cell concentration of leaf and leaf morphological characteristic. Traditional algorithm carries out deformation measurement for withered leaf based on cell concentration characteristics and leaf morphological characteristics. Once the character distorted, characteristic parameters of leaf cell sap will be inaccurate reducing the measurement accuracy for withered leaf deformation. Therefore, we propose a computer vision-based plant leaves wilt deformation measurement method. The experimental results show that this algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of the measurement.

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23

Jang Soon Park. "Comparison of Antioxidative Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves and Acer Palmatum Leaves." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 24, 2020): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3878.

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Modern people pay attention to the antioxidant effects that protect human aging and damage, but active ingredients used in cosmetics or pharmaceutical raw materials of synthetic ingredients are exposed to a number of problems. An alternative method for solving the problem was selected, and Ginkgo Biloba Leaves (GBL) and Acer Palmatum Leaves (APL) were selected to compare and analyze antioxidant efficacy evaluations such as total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DPPH ability, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and FRAP activity measurement. In the results of the study, GBL and APL showed DPPH activity at all concentrations (μg/ml). ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL and in particular, APL has been found to be potent and is considered a rich antioxidant. ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL, and in particular, APL has been found to be more potent. Therefore, these species can be evaluated as rich antioxidants. This study hopes to provide GBL and APL extracts as data for the development of natural antioxidants in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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24

Wang, Yawei, Yifei Chen, Xiangnan Zhang, and Wenwen Gong. "Research on Measurement Method of Leaf Length and Width Based on Point Cloud." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010063.

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Leaf is an important organ for photosynthesis and transpiration associated with the plants’ growth. Through the study of leaf phenotype, it the physiological characteristics produced by the interaction of the morphological parameters with the environment can be understood. In order to realize the assessment of the spatial morphology of leaves, a method based on three-dimensional stereo vision was introduced to extract the shape information, including the length and width of the leaves. Firstly, a depth sensor was used to collect the point cloud of plant leaves. Then, the leaf coordinate system was adjusted by principal component analysis to extract the region of interest; and compared with a cross-sectional method, the geodesic distance method, we proposed a method based on the cutting plane to obtain the intersecting line of the three-dimensional leaf model. Eggplant leaves were used to compare the accuracy of these methods in the measurement of a single leaf.

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25

Henry, DA, RH Macmillan, and RJ Simpson. "Measurement of the shear and tensile fracture properties of leaves of pasture grasses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960587.

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The shear fracture properties of leaves of pasture grasses were measured using a shearing device consisting of 2 blades at fixed angles. The mechanics of the shearing process were examined with both paper and leaves of Festuca arundinacea. The investigations indicated that the intrinsic strength of the material being cut is best represented as force exerted during the cut divided by the length of the cutting blade in contact with the material. Tensile fracture properties of leaves of 5 pasture grasses were also measured, and the relationship between tensile and shear properties was examined. Intrinsic shear strength was weakly negatively correlated with tensile strength.

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26

Rigon, Joao Paulo G., Silvia Capuani, Jose Felix de Brito Neto, and Napoleao Esberard de M. Beltrao. "Indirect measurement of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of Jatropha curcas." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 34, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n2p669.

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27

Reinhardt, C., E. Groman, and D. Vaccaro. "eGFR--Why read tea leaves when you can make the measurement?" Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24, no. 6 (February 16, 2009): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp064.

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28

Hirosawa, H., Y. Matsuzaka, and O. Kobayashi. "Measurement of microwave backscatter from a cypress with and without leaves." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 27, no. 6 (November 1989): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1989.1398242.

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29

Mizukami, Y., Y. Sawai, and Y. Yamaguchi. "Moisture Content Measurement of Tea Leaves by Electrical Impedance and Capacitance." Biosystems Engineering 93, no. 3 (March 2006): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.12.009.

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30

Park, Jang Soon. "Analysis of Antioxidant Efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves and Acer Palmatum Leaves." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 10, 2021): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2074.

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Background/Objectives: Modern people pay attention to the antioxidant effects that protect human aging and damage, but active ingredients used in cosmetics or pharmaceutical raw materials of synthetic ingredients are exposed to a number of problems. Methods/Statistical analysis: An alternative method for solving the problem was selected, and Ginkgo biloba Leaves (hereinafter GBL) and Acer palmatum Leaves (hereinafter APL) were selected to compare and analyze antioxidant efficacy evaluations such as total polyphenol, total flavonoid, DPPH ability, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and FRAP activity measurement. Findings: In the results of the study, GBL and APL showed DPPH activity at all concentrations (㎍/㎖). ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL, and in particular, APL has been found to be potent and is considered a rich antioxidant. Improvements/Applications: ABTS activity and FRAP Value also showed antioxidant activity in both GBL and APL, and in particular, APL has been found to be more potent. Therefore, these species can be evaluated as rich antioxidants. This study hopes to provide GBL and APL extracts as data for the development of natural antioxidants in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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31

Georgieva, Krasimira, Miglena Kazakova, and Zlatin Zlatev. "ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND ALGORITHMS FOR MEASURING THE AREA OF VINE LEAVES." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ictte.2018.01.005.

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The area of the vine leaves is an important indicator for determining the quantity of leaf mass, making connections with the influence of the environment, improving the methods of growing the vineyards. Satellite and aviation measurements for now have the drawback that the images obtained are of low resolution and do not allow the measurement of the area of individual leaf. A solution to this problem is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, which provide digital images of a small height (1-3m) and autonomous robots to navigate in the vineyards. These systems use video cameras operating in the visible, near infrared range and thermo cameras. The measurement of individual leaves and the search for links to the foliage and plant indicators is due to the fact that in order to do this when crawling the array, it is necessary to use low energy consumption devices. These devices also have poor computing resources. In this report a comparative analysis of 16 models describing the relationship between the area and the main dimensions of the leaf - long and short axis is made. Three of these models have been selected to describe this relationship with sufficient precision. They are compared with the 4 algorithm for measuring the area of the vine leaves. The results obtained show that the measurement error, the data processing time between the algorithms used and the models are comparable. The analyzes made suggest that the choice of a method for measuring the area of vine leaves depends on the desired accuracy, the time of receipt, the processing and the analysis of the results of what equipment the user has access to.

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32

Georgieva, Krasimira, Miglena Kazakova, and Zlatin Zlatev. "ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND ALGORITHMS FOR MEASURING THE AREA OF VINE LEAVES." Applied Researches in Technics, Technologies and Education 6, no. 3 (2018): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/artte.2018.03.002.

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The area of the vine leaves is an important indicator for determining the quantity of leaf mass, making connections with the influence of the environment, improving the methods of growing the vineyards. Satellite and aviation measurements for now have the drawback that the images obtained are of low resolution and do not allow the measurement of the area of individual leaf. A solution to this problem is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, which provide digital images of a small height (1-3 m) and autonomous robots to navigate in the vineyards. These systems use video cameras operating in the visible, near infrared range and thermo cameras. The measurement of individual leaves and the search for links to the foliage and plant indicators is due to the fact that in order to do this when crawling the array, it is necessary to use low energy consumption devices. These devices also have poor computing resources. In this report a comparative analysis of 16 models describing the relationship between the area and the main dimensions of the leaf - long and short axis is made. Three of these models have been selected to describe this relationship with sufficient precision. They are compared with the 4 algorithm for measuring the area of the vine leaves. The results obtained show that the measurement error, the data processing time between the algorithms used and the models are comparable. The analyzes made suggest that the choice of a method for measuring the area of vine leaves depends on the desired accuracy, the time of receipt, the processing and the analysis of the results of what equipment the user has access to.

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Snider, John L., John S. Choinski, and William Slaton. "Juvenile leaves of Rhus glabra have higher photosynthetic thermal tolerance than mature leaves." Botany 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-007.

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We have previously shown that juvenile leaves of Rhus glabra L. growing in a field setting were consistently 2–3 °C warmer than mature leaves during periods of high irradiance. An experiment was done to test the hypothesis that these differences in leaf temperature lead to increased photosynthetic temperature tolerance in juvenile leaves when compared with cooler, mature leaves. Significant differences were found between the leaf stages with detached juvenile leaves having a slightly higher T15 (the temperature causing a 15% drop in maximum photochemical efficiency) than mature leaves (43.5 vs. 41.1 °C). Additionally, measurement of the effect of temperature on actual quantum yield (ΦPSII) showed maximum activity at 35 °C for mature leaves, whereas juvenile leaves exhibited a broader temperature response with similar activities between 30 and 40 °C. The 2 °C difference in T15 roughly coincided with observed average differences between juvenile and mature leaf temperature we observed in the field, indicating that higher juvenile leaf temperature is a factor in promoting their enhanced temperature tolerance.

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Tanentzap, Fallon M., Alexandra Stempel, and Peter Ryser. "Reliability of leaf relative water content (RWC) measurements after storage: consequences for in situ measurements." Botany 93, no. 9 (September 2015): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0065.

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Relative water content (RWC) is widely used to describe plant water status, and is commonly measured gravimetrically. The ephemeral nature of leaf fresh mass poses severe constraints for such measurements in field-grown plants. These constraints can be overcome by transporting the leaves in waterproof containers into the lab. However, even then, leaves lose water, and other changes may happen. The effects of a delay on the measurement of RWC have not been quantified so far. In this study, the influence of duration of storage up to 96 h and storage temperature on RWC and its components was investigated for four species. Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen, Impatiens capensis Meerb., and Scirpus microcarpus J.Presl & C.Presl leaves were stored in plastic bags, whereas those of Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. were stored in plastic vials. RWC remained within 5% of the initial value during 24 h cool storage, but after that, larger changes were observed. The effects of storage were species specific, being most pronounced in species poorly protected against desiccation, and under warm conditions. The effects of storage were not only limited to water loss, but also included cellular degradation. In general, storage at 10 °C for 24 h enables measurement of RWC for field-grown plants with accuracy of a few percent, but care has to be taken with species vulnerable to desiccation, possibly requiring faster measurement and a cooler storage temperature.

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NAKASHIMA, Taiken, Yuji YASUKOCHI, Shoji YAMASHITA, Takuya ARAKI, and Osamu UENO. "Laser-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement System to Assess Photosynthetic Status within Leaves." Environment Control in Biology 50, no. 2 (2012): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2525/ecb.50.91.

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Chung, Sun-Ok, Viet-Duc Ngo, Md Shaha Nur Kabir, Soon-Jung Hong, Sang-Un Park, Sun-Ju Kim, and Jong-Tae Park. "Number of sampling leaves for reflectance measurement of Chinese cabbage and kale." Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2014.41.3.169.

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Goswami-Giri, Anita S. "Electrochemical Measurement of Immobilized Onion Leaves PPO in Agar-Abelmoschus Escucentus Gum." Procedia Chemistry 6 (2012): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2012.10.127.

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MARTRE, PIERRE, MARIE-BEATRICE BOGEAT-TRIBOULOT, and JEAN-LOUIS DURAND. "Measurement of a growth-induced water potential gradient in tall fescue leaves." New Phytologist 142, no. 3 (June 1999): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00405.x.

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FUKUMOTO, Yuki, Sadaaki IIBUCHI, Mayumi SAITO, Masashi OMORI, Yusuke SAWAI, and Yuichi YAMAGUCHI. "Measurement of Tea Leaves Ingredients with Visible and Near Infrared Reflection Spectra." Japan Journal of Food Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11301/jsfe2000.7.39.

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Moore, Brandon d., John Kobza, and Jeffrey R. Seemann. "Measurement of 2-Carboxyarabinitol 1-Phosphate in Plant Leaves by Isotope Dilution." Plant Physiology 96, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.1.208.

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Spomer, L. A., M. A. L. Smith, and J. S. Sawwan. "Rapid, nondestructive measurement of chlorophyll content in leaves with nonuniform chlorophyll distribution." Photosynthesis Research 16, no. 3 (June 1988): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00028845.

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YOSHITSUGU, Soichiro, Kenichi TANIGAKI, Keitaro HORIKAWA, and Hidetoshi KOBAYASHI. "Development of non-destructive measurement method of elastic modulus of plant leaves." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2018.93 (2018): P002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2018.93.p002.

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Ghazali, M. F., K. Wikantika, I. N. P. Aryantha, R. R. Maulani, L. F. Yayusman, and D. I. Sumantri. "Integration of Spectral Measurement and UAV for Paddy Leaves Chlorophyll Content Estimation." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 51, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2020-0011.

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Abstract In the agriculture sector, proper crop management can enhance yield production. Determination of the chlorophyll content in crop contributes to this significant topic. In this study, the leaves chlorophyll content of local paddy cultivars Inpari 32 and Inpari 33 was estimated and the difference at various days after planting (DAP) was determined. The procedure involved the combination of spectral reflectance data, aerial photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and chlorophyll laboratory analysis data. The chlorophyll content in the cultivars leaves was estimated using the models MCARIspectroradiometer and UAV chlorophyll regression (UCR). The results showed a variation in the chlorophyll content not only between the two cultivars on various DAP, but randomly also in the same cultivar of the same DAP. The MCARIspectroradiometer model indicated a lower chlorophyll content for Inpari 32 than for Inpari 33 while the UCR model gave opposite results. The chlorophyll content raises with increasing DAP, but it gradually decreases through the grain filling period until harvest.

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Silva, Fernanda P. da, Valdiney C. Siqueira, Elton A. S. Martins, Fábio M. N. Miranda, and Rogerio M. Melo. "Thermodynamic properties and drying kinetics of Bauhinia forficata Link leaves." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 1 (January 2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n1p61-67.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effective diffusion coefficient and the thermodynamic properties of Bauhinia forficata Link leaves, considering two forms of thickness measurements and to describe the process by fitting mathematical models. The leaves were collected, taken to the laboratory and prepared to start the drying process in which four temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) were applied. After the drying process, the effective diffusion coefficient was determined through the theory of diffusion in liquid, allowing to obtain the values of the activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy. The description of the drying process was performed by setting the thirteen mathematical models used to represent constant drying of agricultural products. The Valcam model was selected to represent the drying kinetics B. forficata Link. Increased temperature promotes: decreasing enthalpy and entropy; increasing Gibbs free energy and effective diffusion coefficient. The effective diffusion coefficient is higher when the rib thickness is considered; thus, it is recommended to standardize and/or specify the points of measurement of leaf thickness.

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Yulianto, Danang, and Selvi Ratna Savitri. "PERBANDINGAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL EKSTRAK ETANOLIK DAUN BELUNTAS (Pluchea indica L.) BERDASARKAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI PELARUT SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV–VIS." Surya Medika: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keperawatan dan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32504/sm.v14i1.104.

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Background: Testing or analysis of total flavonoid levels of herbal ethanolic extract of beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaves has been carried out. Beluntas leaf (Pluchea indica L.) is a traditional medicinal plant that is not widely known by the public about its benefits for various diseases.Objective: to determine an overview of total flavonoid levels between different of variation concentration.Method:Extraction of the compound of beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaves was carried out by maceration method using 100 mL of aquadest and 100 mL of ethanol - aquades mixture withethanol96% (v / v) concentrations, ethanol 70% (v / v), ethanol 50% (v / v), and ethanol 30% (v / v) for 24 hoursrespectively. Phytochemical screening continued with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). While the measurement of the levels of flavonoid compounds in the sample was conducted out by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer methodResult:Phytochemical screening using TLC on beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaves is known to contain flavonoidsrespectively. The measurement results of total flavonoids in aquadest extract amounted to 1.94% (b / b), whereas in ethanol extract 96% -aquadest was 16.62% (b / b), ethanol extract - aquadest 70% by 33.80% (b / b), 50% ethanol - aquades was 30.29% (b / b) and 30% ethanol - aquades was 15.27% (b / b). The results of measurements of total flavonoid levels in beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaves stated that the highest total flavonoid content obtained in 70% ethanol extract was 33.80% (b / b), followed by 50% ethanol was 30.29% (b / b), 96% ethanol 16.62% (b / b), 30% ethanol was 15.27% (b / b), and 30% distilled water was 1, 94% (b / b).

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Duhamel, Isabelle, Nicolas Leclaire, Luiz Leal, Atsushi Kimura, and Shoji Nakamura. "MEASUREMENT, EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF MOLYBDENUM CROSS SECTIONS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 09007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124709007.

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Available nuclear data for molybdenum included in the nuclear data libraries are not of sufficient quality for reactor physics or criticality safety issues and indeed information about uncertainties and covariance is either missing or leaves much to be desired. Therefore, IRSN and JAEA performed experimental measurements on molybdenum at the J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) facility in Japan. The aim was to measure capture cross section and transmission of natural molybdenum at the ANNRI (Accurate Neutron-Nucleus Reaction measurement Instrument) in the MLF (Material Life and science Facility) of J-PARC. The measurements were performed on metallic natural molybdenum samples with various thicknesses. A NaI detector, placed at a flight-path length of about 28 m, was used for capture measurements and a Li-glass detector (flight-path length of about 28.7 m) for transmission measurements. Following the data reduction process, the measured data are being analyzed and evaluated to produce more accurate cross sections and associated uncertainties.

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Anna, Klamerus-Iwan, and Kraj Wojciech. "Wettability and interception in relationship with the seasonal changes on the Fagus sylvatica leaf surface." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0023.

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Abstract Interception is the amount of water held on the canopy at the end of a rainfall event. Rainfall interception and contact angle of raindrops on the surface of plants has a significant meaning in ecohydrology. Leaves are the plant organs in which during development, changes in the composition of the epicuticular wax can be observed. These differences can be explained by phenological changes. In the present study, there was a hypothesis that seasonal phenological changes of leaf surface can highly affect the amount of rainwater retained by plants (interception) and the angle of contact between the droplets and leaf’s surface. This above-mentioned hypothesis was assessed based on the designed measurement series, combining: 1) direct leaves spraying in various stages of growth with water at a constant temperature 2) images obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse changes in the structure of the epicuticular wax 3) photographic methods, images acquired in the light box 4) measurement and analysis of the angle of contact by using simulated raindrops. The leaves of Fagus sylvatica L. were analysed. Samples were taken in the Niepołomice Forest District (southern Poland) from well-developed crown trees. The result of the experiments conducted makes a database of changes in wettability of raindrops on beech leaves throughout the whole vegetative season. The internal slope of drops ranged from 110°–150° in April up to 20°–40° at the beginning of November. Based on the obtained results, we can classify the degrees of leaf wettability and interception under the influence of morphological changes occurring during the vegetative season.

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Chougala, Manjula R., and A. C. Ramachandra. "Measurement of Leaf Spot Disease Severity in Turmeric Plant." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.429.

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Digital Image Processing (DIP) applications in agriculture sector is becoming popular because of its fast, cost-effective and accurate solutions related to diseases and marketing. The hands-on solutions are being provided through various applications. Leaf Sopot disease has become the major constraint in the turmeric cultivation in India. Colletotrichum capsici is a fungal disease commonly known as leaf Spot. The brown spots of 4-5 cm length and 2-3 cm width with a grey centre are found on either surface of the leaves. If not treated timely, it causes the heavy loss in terms of quality and quantity. This paper proposes the methodology using Image Processing for measuring the severity of this disease in plant pathology. The image acquisition of infected leaves is done in the first stage then the images are pre-processed. Histogram is used for colour feature extraction The Edge detection methodology is used for infected area measurement and the results are fed to disease classifier to identify the stage of disease. This helps the plant pathologist in preparing consultative module to eradicate the disease completely.

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Monje, Oscar A., and Bruce Bugbee. "Inherent Limitations of Nondestructive Chlorophyll Meters: A Comparison of Two Types of Meters." HortScience 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.1.69.

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Two types of nondestructive chlorophyll meters were compared with a standard, destructive chlorophyll measurement technique. The nondestructive chlorophyll meters were 1) a custom built, single-wavelength meter, and 2) the recently introduced, dual-wavelength, chlorophyll meter from Minolta (model SPAD-502). Data from both meters were closely correlated with destructive measurements of chlorophyll (r2 = 0.90 and 0.93; respectively) for leaves with chlorophyll concentrations ranging from 100 to 600 mg·m-2, but both meters consistently overestimated chlorophyll outside this range. Although the dual-wavelength meter was slightly more accurate than the single-wavelength meter (higher r2), the light-scattering properties of leaf cells and the nonhomogeneous distribution of chlorophyll in leaves appear to limit the ability of all meters to estimate in vivo chlorophyll concentration.

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Nasution, Indera Sakti. "Non-destructive measurement for estimating leaf area of Bellis perennis." Rona Teknik Pertanian 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v10i1.7456.

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Non-destructive measurement of approaches of modeling can be very convenient and useful for plant growth estimation. This study, digital image processing was evaluated as a non-destructive technique to estimate leaf area of Bellis perennis. The plant samples were growing in the greenhouse and the images were taken every day using Kinect camera. The proposed method used combination of L*a*b* color space, Otsu’s thresholding, morphological operations and connected component analysis to estimate leaf area of Bellis perennis. L* channel was used to distinguish the leaves and background. Calibration area uses a pot of known area in each image as a scale to calibrate the leaves area. The results show that the algorithm is able to separate leaf pixels from soil or pot backgrounds, and also allow it to be implemented in greenhouse automatically. This algorithm can be used for other plants in assumption that there is not too much leaf overlapped during measurement.

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