Academic literature on the topic 'Lebanese banks'

The novel inclination towards applying principles of governance in banks constitutes a great challenge to banks around the world, especially in developing countries. It is especially challenging for Lebanese banks to apply principles of governance because its economy is passing through a very delicate period. This paper aims at studying the extent of commitment of Lebanese banks to principles of governance according to Basel Committee. It is of great importance that Lebanese banks should be committed to these principles to be able to face present and future challenges since applying principles of governance enhances trust of investors, shareholders and other related parties in addition to related international organizations which are closely watching the Lebanese economy. The researchers utilized a five-point Likert Style questionnaire which includes 56 items and asked employees of 10 banks operating in Lebanon to respond to them. Among those employees were board members, executives, internal auditors and heads of departments. The research reached some important findings, most importantly that Lebanese banks are totally committed to principles of governance. This enables Lebanese banks to have a positive impact on investors, shareholders and other parties, which might enhance the bank’s competitive position and attract a greater number of investors, depositors and stockholders.

Lebanese Banks financial performance is an important topic especially that the performance of banks has a significant influence on the economy. A study on the Lebanese Banks’ financial performance determinants is essential in order to provide banks with indicators that can help them to enhance and improve their performance. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the determinants or the factors affecting the profitability of the Lebanese Banking Sector. The sample studied consists of the Lebanese Banking Sector including all banks, but limited to a period of 19 years being from 1999 till 2017. Results of the study were analyzed using the statistical program “SPSS”. Findings revealed the significance relation each of Capital adequacy, efficiency, and growth in loans toward banks profitability as well as the significance relation between Inflation GDP deflator rate, Real Interest Rate and profitability. At the same time, no significant relation was obtained between liquidity, GDP growth and profitability. The study recommends banks to enhance their internal factors being the most important determinants of banks profitability, especially their capital adequacy and loan growth.

This paper aims to enhance in-depth analysis of the impact of various risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk and liquidity risk as well as the volume of activity on the capital adequacy ratio of the Lebanese banks. It is confined to 31 banks out of the 63 banks operating in Lebanon, non-probability sample, during the period 2012-2018 using the regression analysis. The findings indicate that all the independent variables have a negative impact on banks’ solvency; while the liquidity risk has a positive effect, the market risk and the volume of activity variables have no significant relationship with the solvency of banks. Meanwhile, credit risk has proven its largest and most important role in the ability to reduce or increase the Lebanese banks’ solvency. But banks still have to respect a liquidity ratio, which is confirmed by the Basel III agreements. The originality of this study comes from the particularity of Lebanese banks for its core role in the Lebanese economy. This research is the first attempt that models the relationship between the above stated variables and the capital adequacy ratio; especially in the pre-crisis period, that Lebanon went through, which immediately led to the liquidity shortage crisis.

The unprecedented Lebanese economic crisis and the global COVID-19 pandemic have taken their toll on the Lebanese banking sector. This led to the need to investigate this sector in times of dire uncertainty by highlighting six digital banking channels offered by Lebanese banks. This study reveals how the banking industry has adapted to this novel situation by embracing dynamic technological changes to attain higher levels of customer satisfaction with digital banking channels (DBCs). Consequently, the study investigates the extent of DBC adoption, their usage benefits, the resulting service quality, and their aggregate impact on overall customer satisfaction with DBCs. The study measures customer satisfaction with digital technologies implemented in Lebanese banks during the most unstable period of Lebanese history. This study supported the deductive approach generating significantly interesting results by analyzing Spearman’s correlations regarding DBC adoption and investigating customer satisfaction levels with DBCs showing satisfactory results such as high correlation for mobile banking adoption (0.544), internet banking (0.533), transactional call center (0.528) followed by ATM (0.455). A multiple linear regression study found a positive relationship between DBC adoption in Lebanese banks and overall customer satisfaction with DBCs with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.454 for DBC benefits and an adjusted R-squared value of 0.802 for DBC service quality in Lebanese banks on their customer satisfaction.The final conclusion is that banks should invest in DBCs and develop them as they are the major determinants leading to improved customer satisfaction through higher adoption/diversification rates, improved service quality levels and greater benefits.

Objective: Lebanese banks have shown immunity towards the 2008 financial crisis that was attributed to many factors including a strong regulatory and supervisory system of conservative practices and structural economic factors such as the recurrence and non-speculative nature of capital inflows towards Lebanon supported by a large pool of offshore savings from diaspora and investors around the globe. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between capital adequacy ratios (CARs) and lending spread ratio (LSR). This paper presents the first assessment of the Basel III capital requirements on lending spread ratio before, during and after the financial crisis among commercial banks operated in Lebanon. Methodology: We consider King’s approach and assess his model’s applicability in the Lebanese context. Findings indicate some deviations, specifically related to the practices and financial performance of commercial banks in Lebanon. Results: We found no indication of impact of the change in CAR on LSR among Lebanese commercial banks in years prior to the recent financial crises; Nevertheless, the impact of changing CAR by 1 pp on LSR has a modest effect on Lebanese commercial banks during the years of financial crises; this effect is lowered to become modest after the crisis. Implication: The results of the current study reveal significant implications for managers in commercial banks in particular and all banks in general. Given that Lebanese commercial banks are well-capitalized and their Capital Adequacy Ratios are above international benchmarks, bank managers must carefully monitor the cost of the implementation of Basel III requirements

This research paper intention is to study the capital adequacy requirements in the Lebanese banks and the effect of this ratio on the financial stability. Capital adequacy ratio and Altmans z-score (representing stability of banks) were collected from a sample of 8 Lebanese banks in the time between 2009 to 2018. The collected data is analyzed using SPSS software to reach conclusions that serves the topic of study. 8 simple linear regressions are conducted, among a confidence level of 95% and a level of error 5%. Each simple regression has a dependent variable (Altman’s Z-score) which represents the stability of the bank, and an independent variable (Capital adequacy ratio). The results show that almost in all banks (except bank MED) there was no significant impact of CAR on the stability of the banks. This result shows that the commitment of Lebanese commercial banks under the monitoring of the central bank was not enough to keep the financial system stable, which is a logical conclusion after what happened in 2019 where the financial system has collapsed and the commercial banks faced a severe crisis in its liquidity and reputation. Although the central bank in Lebanon was in a full compliance with Basel requirements concerning minimum capital over years, the Lebanese banking sector has collapsed and bankrupted. Also, depositors were not protected and they lost their deposited money in the bank. In other words, capital requirements in Lebanon did not prevent banks from engaging in excessive risk-taking and enhance financial stability. Thus, the problem of the Lebanese banking sector could be mismanagement, concentration of the loans portfolio in Eurobonds and with the central bank, and many other factors that caused the financial collapse in Lebanon.

This paper examines whether ownership concentration and certain type of ownership can affect the financial performance of Lebanese banks. It uses longitudinal data from the largest 35 Lebanese banks over the period 2009–2014 and employs the panel regression model. The empirical results show that ownership concentration and certain type of shareholders play an important role in the area of corporate governance in Lebanese banks. In particular, bank financial performance is positively associated with ownership concentration, managerial ownership, and foreign and institutional ownerships; however, family ownership is not related to bank performance. Also, this paper shows that both ownership concentration and managerial ownership have a U-shaped relationship with bank performance. Several robustness tests largely confirm the findings, with important implications for policy-makers. The findings are crucial to policy-makers and bankers who are interested in tailoring good corporate governance principles for the Lebanese banking sector.

The HRM and effective HR practices play an important role for promoting a committed environment and a culture of citizenship. This study is intended to explore the HRM systems’ dynamics and applied HR practices in Lebanese banks and to find their possible link with employee commitment and citizenship behavior. The primary research selected six most representative Lebanese banks. A questionnaire on employee commitment and citizenship behavior was sent to each bank’s HR officers. The questions were derived from the OCQ, ACS, CCS, NCS, and CBS. Direct positive relationship between HR and organizational commitment was not completely verified in terms of the Lebanese bank institutions. The HR-OCB relationship is much more coherent and noticeable especially when the HR role of employee champion emerges. Commitment has a strong relationship with the OCB. Lebanese banks have very promising examples of serious dynamic HRM initiatives that promote employees’ support and recognize their efforts while trying to capitalize on their competences, commitment, and displayed citizenship behaviors.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir à la Banque Audi des outils économétriques et appliqués pour une gestion des risques plus efficace et plus robuste. Les banques libanaises sont aujourd'hui confrontées à des défis plus importants que jamais: l'avenir de la région Moyen-Orient repose sur les conséquences de la guerre civile syrienne. Dans ce contexte, la gestion des taux d'intérêt et de la liquidité s'avère de plus en plus compliqué pour les banques commerciales. En premier lieu, le risque de taux d'intérêt sur le marché libanais sera étudié. Ce marché est connu pour son manque de liquidité et le problème de calibrage des modèles de taux est difficile. Afin de résoudre ce problème, nous utilisons les prix historiques des obligations émises par le gouvernement libanais et libellées en monnaie locale et en dollars américains. Nous considérons des modèles de Nelson-Siegel et Svensson et contraignons le niveau corrélation des facteurs pour stabiliser l'estimation des paramètres de ces modèles. La méthode conduit à des résultats qui s'interprètent très facilement d'un point de vue économique et peuvent être utilisés pour la prévision des variations de la courbe des taux en se basant une analyse ´économique prospective. En second lieu, la problématique des dépôts des clients traditionnels sera étudiée. Ces derniers sont reconnus comme étant la source principale de financement des banques commerciales libanaises (80-85% du passif). Bien qu'ils soient contractuellement des dépôts à court terme (principalement un mois) versant des taux d'intérêt fixes, ces dépôts sont assimilés à une source de financement stable possédant un comportement proche des taux d'intérêt du marché. Nous développons un modèle à correction d'erreur représentant un équilibre à long terme entre le Libor et le taux moyen du secteur bancaire libanais offert sur les dépôts en dollars américains. Les résultats permettent de déterminer une date de réévaluation des dépôts clientèles en cas de fluctuation des taux d'intérêt. Une nouvelle duration du passif tenant compte des comportements des clients a été mise en place. Elle sera par construction plus élevée que la duration contractuelle. En cas de hausse des taux d'intérêt, une baisse de l'écart entre la duration des actifs et des passifs sera alors observée menant à la diminution de l'impact négatif de la hausse. Après avoir étudié le profil de risque des taux des dépôts clientèles, nous commençons la deuxième partie de la thèse par la détermination de l'échéancier des retraits. Nous segmentons les données historiques des données sur les dépôts clientèles selon: la monnaie, le type de dépôt et la résidence du déposant. Pour chaque filtre, un modèle `a correction d'erreur est développé. Les résultats montrent la relation entre les dépôts clientèles, un indicateur relatif du niveau économique et les écarts entre les taux offerts sur le marché libanais. Ainsi, le modèle permettra d'évaluer le comportement des retraits des dépôts clientèles et de comprendre leur profil de risque de liquidité. Les grandes institutions financières détiennent des positions importantes en actifs financiers. La dernière partie de la thèse discute de la gestion du risque de liquidité de marché en cas de session forcée de ces actifs. Nous supposons qu'un investisseur détient une position importante d'un actif donné, à t = 0, un choc sévère provoque une forte dépréciation de la valeur de l'actif et par conséquent, force l'investisseur à opter pour la liquidation du portefeuille dès que possible en limitant ses pertes. Les rendements des actions sont modélisés par des processus de type GARCH qui sont adaptés pour décrire des comportements extrêmes suite à une grande variation de l'actif au temps initial. Suivant que le marché est liquide ou illiquide, nous proposons une stratégie optimale à l'investisseur qui maximise sa fonction d'utilité. Enfin, nous intégrons dans le modèle un avis d'expert pour optimiser la prise d'une décision
The aim of this thesis is to provide Bank Audi with econometric tools for sake of a more robust risk management. Lebanese businesses today are faced with greater challenges than ever before, both economical and political, and there is a question about the future of the middle east region after the Syrian civil war. Thus, Lebanese commercial banks face greater complications in the management of interest rate and liquidity risk. The first part of this thesis discusses interest rate risk management and measurement in the Lebanese market. First, we seek to build the Lebanese term structure. This market is known by its illiquidity, yields for a given maturity make a large jump with a small impact on other yields even if close to this maturity. Therefore, we face challenges in calibrating existing yield curve models. For this matter, we get historical prices of bonds issued by the Lebanese government, and denominated in Local currency and in US dollar. A new estimation method has been added to Nelson Siegel and Svensson model, we call it “Correlation Constraint Approach”. Model parameters can be interpreted from economical perspective which will be helpful in forecasting yield curve movements based on economist’s opinion. On the second hand, traditional customer deposits are the main funding source of Lebanese commercial banks (80-85% of liabilities). Although they are contractually short term (mainly one month) paying fixed interest rates, these deposits are historically known to be a stable source of funding and therefore exhibit a sticky behavior to changes in market interest rates. We develop an error correction model showing a long-run equilibrium between Libor and Lebanese banking sector average rate offered on USD deposits. Results make it possible to determine the behavioral duration (repricing date) of customer deposits when market interest rates fluctuate. Therefore, the behavioral duration of liabilities will be higher than the contractual one which will lower the duration gap between assets and liabilities and thus the negative impact of positive interest rate shocks. After understanding interest risk profile of customers’ deposits, we start the second part by determining their behavioral liquidation maturity. We get Bank Audi’s historical deposits outstanding balances filtered into the following categories: currency, account typology and residency of depositor. We develop an error correction model for each filter. Results show relationship between deposits behaviors, the coincident indicator and spreads between offered rates in the Lebanese market. The model will lead to assess behavioral liquidation maturity to deposits and understand their liquidity risk profile. This will be helpful for the funding liquidity risk management at Bank Audi. Large financial institutions are supposed to hold large positions of given assets. The last topic is related to market liquidity risk management. We suppose an investor holds a large position of a given asset. Then at time 0, a severe shock causes a large depreciation of the asset value and makes the investor decides to liquidate the portfolio as soon as possible with limited losses. Stock returns are modeled by GARCH process which has tail behaviors after large variation at time 0. Trading on liquid and illiquid markets, we provide the trader with best exit trading strategy maximizing his utility function, finally we incorporate into the model an expert opinion which will help the investor in taking the decision

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir à la banque Audi un outil à jour sur les façons de calculer le capital requis par Bâle pour certains risques financiers présents dans le portefeuille de la banque. La régulation internationale est en développement continu : des nouvelles approches sont proposées afin de couvrir au mieux les risques du marché et du secteur bancaire. Les crises financières récentes étaient à la base de ces réformes. De plus, la Banque Audi opère sur des marchés qui présentent des caractères spécifiques qu'il faut prendre en considération lors du calcul du capital requis. Cette thèse se concentre sur le risque de taux d'intérêt dans le livre de négociation de la banque, le risque de contrepartie et précisément l'ajustement d'évaluation de crédit tout en incorporant l'impact de la corrélation entre la qualité du crédit de la contrepartie et l'exposition prévue envers cette même contrepartie. La première partie de cette thèse traite de la nouvelle méthodologie suggérée par Bâle sur le Trading Book : Fundamental Review of the Trading Book. Le risque de taux d'intérêt est particulièrement analysé en utilisant la méthode standard, Sensitivity Based Approach (SBA), et des méthodes plus 'traditionnelles' de valeur à risque tout en utilisant différents modèles tels que Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP), l'Analyse en composantes indépendantes (ACI) et la version dynamique du modèle de taux de Nelson Siegel (DNS). Une application sur des portefeuilles d'obligations zéro coupons de différentes devises permet d'identifier la diversification des résultats entre les marchés stables européens (comme la France), moins stables (exemple Etats-Unis) et les marchés émergents (tel la Turquie). La deuxième partie est consacrée au risque de Contrepartie. Récemment, un nouveau capital est requis par les normes de Bâle afin de couvrir ce genre de risque. En 2014, la méthode est publiée : Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR). On applique cette méthode sur différents types de produits dérivés afin de comparer le capital demandé par cette approche à celui obtenu par les modèles internes. Les modèles internes incorporent les estimations historiques ainsi que les projections futures du marché tout en se basant sur des modèles bien connus tels que Vasicek et GARCH. Plusieurs structures de hedging sont mises en place afin de mesurer l'impact de chacune sur les deux montants de capitaux requis (sous la méthode standard ou l'IMM). L'effet sur des produits en EUR et USD reflété que le modèle interne demande 80% du capital standard quand aucune stratégie de hedging n'est mise en place. Par contre, le hedging semble être beaucoup plus favorisé par le modèle standard que le modèle interne. La troisième partie est toujours sur le risque de Contrepartie, mais se focalise sur l'ajustement d'´évaluation de crédit (CVA). Ce sujet ne faisait pas partie des capitaux requis sauf récemment. A cause de son grand impact durant les récentes crises financières. Dès lors, si une opération avec des produits dérivés ne passe pas par une central clearing houses, un capital pour le CVA est requis. Dans ce travail, on détaille les méthodes acceptées par Bâle afin de calculer ces capitaux et on les compare entre elles. La comparaison se fait en se basant sur des portefeuilles de swap de taux d'intérêts avec, comme contreparties, différents pays d'Investment Grade. Cet article incorpore en plus l'impact de la corrélation entre la détérioration de la qualité de la contrepartie et l'augmentation de l'exposition prévue avec cette contrepartie connue sous le nom de WrongWay Risk : des modèles de correction d'erreurs (ECM) sont mis en place afin de déterminer ce lien. Les résultats permettent de montrer l'importance d'utiliser les CDS des contreparties et non de se limiter à leur note (Investment Grade ou pas)
This thesis aims at providing Bank Audi with an updated tool to understand and investigate in given risk types encountered in their portfolios and the way Basel suggests computing their capital charges. International regulator is constantly changing and modifying previously used approaches to enhance the reflection of the market and banking sector risks. The recent financial crisis played a major role in these reforms, in addition the situation of Bank Audi and the markets it is operating in, represent certain specifications that should be accounted for. The work handles interest rate risk in the trading book, Counterparty Credit Risk faced with derivatives along a closer look on the Credit Valuation Adjustment topic and the incorporation of Wrong Way Risk. The first part discusses the new Fundamental Review of the Trading Book: focusing on the general interest rate risk factor, the paper compared Basel’s Sensitivity Based Approach (SBA) capital charge to more traditional approaches of VaR using several models such as Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH), Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Independent Components Analysis (ICA) and Dynamic Nelson Siegel. Application on portfolios with zero coupon bonds of different sovereigns revealed the divergence in results between stable markets (such as France and Germany), less stable (such as the USA) and emergent markets (such as Turkey). The second part is dedicated to the Counterparty Credit Risk. A new capital charge methodology was proposed by Basel and set as a standard rule in 2014: the Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR). Applying this approach on different derivatives portfolios, we compared it to internal models. The internal methodologies incorporated historical estimations and future projections based on Vasicek and GARCH models. Different hedging cases were investigated on EUR and USD portfolios. The impact of each hedging technique and the difference between IMM and the standardized methods were highlighted in this work: without hedging, the internal approach amends 80% of the standardized capital whereas, in general, the hedging is encouraged more under the standardized approach relatively to its capital reduction under the internal model. The third part remains a part of the Counterparty Credit Risk however, the main focus in this work is the Credit Valuation Adjustment. This topic was neglected in terms of capital charge earlier but due to its important impact is now incorporated as a capital charge amended when no central clearing is put in place when dealing with derivatives. We focus on the regulatory approaches of capital computation, comparing both accepted approaches based on portfolios of interest rate swaps held with investment grade sovereigns. An incorporation of the Wrong Way Risk is another addition in this work: using Error Correction Models we were able to reflect the impact of the correlation between the exposure and the credit quality of the investment grade sovereign we are dealing with. Based on such results, a suggestion of a re-calibrated standardized approach is in place to encourage the use of the CDS as an indicator of the credit quality of the counterparty and not its grade (investment or not) as followed by the new Basel regulations

This research framed some aspects of two huge areas of research, namely the areas of human resources and of innovation management in one framework and built a model in which the role of the HR department could be considered as central and even critical in innovation management. In terms of research question, this thesis is exploring to what extent HR policies and HR specialists’ role is considered as critical for the success of BPR implementation. Surprisingly, the literature on BPR didn’t touch on the theme of a specific role that would be played by the HR function during introduction of BPR. In particular, although there were interesting researches making good case for the necessity to effectively manage HR, none of the studies mentioned the importance of the role of HR practitioners specifically as catalysts of change or as strategic partners during implementation of BPR. Also, none of the case studies of companies which have implemented BPR revealed any kind of relationships that could have had existed between the HR function and the BPR project team and that could have enhanced the effectiveness of BPR implementation. Therefore, the interest and the originality of this research is to try to fill this gap in the literature and analyze what might be the role of the HR function and what kind of interactions it might have with line managers for a better implementation of BPR. The literature review brought about some elements of answer and five propositions were formulated highlighting these potential roles and relationships. The main proposition stipulates that for a successful implementation of BPR, the role played by the HR department could be considered as critical. The four other propositions presented the main elements of this role. In particular, the HR department should be implementing innovative HRM practices. It should also act as a “change agent” and be considered as a “strategic partner”. The last proposition considered that the HR department should operate in close partnership with other functions and line managers for increased effectiveness in change adoption. These propositions were explored in two large Lebanese banks that had recently implemented BPR projects. From the findings, it was possible to provide the following answer to the research question: The HR department might play a critical role during implementation of BPR to the extent that it has the capability to play the role of “change agent” and also but to a minor extent, it is an innovative department and is strategically involved in the business with managers at all hierarchical levels.

Dans notre recherche nous examinons les approches qui permettent de fidéliser les clients. Le marketing relationnel est sollicité, puis le rôle médiateur que joue la valeur perçue sur l’effet fidélisant dans l’approche relationnelle est étudié. Nous prenons pour champ d’étude les dirigeants d’entreprises libanaises, détenteurs de comptes bancaires. Les effets qui découlent de l’orientation relationnelle et du rôle médiateur qu’elle joue sur de ces dirigeants d’entreprises et qui peuvent influer sur leur fidélité sont pris en considération. Nous prenons aussi en compte le fait que le Liban traverse depuis des décennies des crises consécutives, ainsi que l’effet que cela laisse sur les décisions des dirigeants d’entreprises. Nous avons dégagé l’importance du rôle médiateur de la valeur perçue, les effets de la situation de crise, et l’influence des données personnelles des dirigeants d’entreprises sur la fidélisation des clients. Nous proposons dans une étape finale un modèle conceptuel intégrateur qui synthétise tous ces facteurs. Dans une ultime étape nous dégageons les résultats de l’étude et proposons une approche éventuelle pour traiter le problème de fidélisation des dirigeants d’entreprises en ce qui concerne leurs comptes bancaires dans une situation d’instabilité
In our research we studied the different approaches leading to enhance the loyalty of the consumer. We have scrutinized the relationship marketing and the loyalty effect that can be enhanced by the mediator role of perceived value on the loyalty of the consumer. In our field of study we focused on the leaders of Lebanese enterprises, holding a bank account. We took into consideration the effects of the relationship orientation and the mediator role by which it can have an influence on the fidelity of these leaders. We also took into consideration that, for decades Lebanon has been facing different and consecutive crises, we studied the effects of such a situation upon the decision taking of the leaders of Lebanese enterprises. We showed the importance of the mediator role of the perceived value, the effects of the crises situation, and the influence of the personal data related to these leaders over their decision taking. In a final step we evaluated the results of the study and proposed a possible approach to the problem of loyalty of the enterprises’ leaders in regard of their bank accounts

Ce travail doctoral vise à mieux connaître les conceptions des dirigeants de la RSE dans les banques libanaises ainsi que l’intérêt qu’ils accordent à leurs parties prenantes en analysant leurs pratiques managériales. La responsabilité sociale est devenue un concept très répandu dans l’environnement des affaires et les domaines académiques occidentaux. Nous nous sommes intéressée aux caractéristiques de la RSE dans des banques réputées être performantes dans un contexte économique et social instable dû aux conflits politiques en présence d’un État anéanti. Notre recherche porte sur les vingt premières banques au Liban dont le total de leur actif représente 95% du total actif des banques commerciales opérantes au Liban sur une période s’étalant de 2010 à 2012. Ce secteur est considéré comme le catalyseur principal de croissance dans un contexte économique ouvert et libéral. Nous avons opté pour la recherche qualitative et nous nous sommes appuyée sur une épistémologie interprétativiste et une démarche de recherche par exploration hybride dans une logique abductive. Nous devons dire que l’expression « RSE » était mal interprétée par certains dirigeants interviewés. Leurs dires tirés des entrevues que nous avons menées ainsi que les rapports annuels et sites Internet s’assimilent à des publicités trompeuses et des actions philanthropiques.Nous avons pu constater que les actions dites RSE au Liban prennent des aspects ou des formes génériques ou périphériques selon la nomination de Martinet et Payaud (2008)
This doctoral work aims at knowing better the conceptions of the managers of the CSR in the Lebanese banks as well as the interest which they grant to their stakeholders by analyzing their managerial practices. The social responsibility became a very wide-spread concept in the environment of the business and the western academic domains. We were interested in the characteristics of the CSR in renowned banks to be successful in an unstable economic and social environment due to the political conflicts in the presence of an annihilated government. Our research concerns the first twenty banks in Lebanon which total of their asset represents 95% of the total asset of the effective commercial banks in Lebanon between 2010 and 2012. This sector is considered as the main catalyst of growth in an open and liberal economic environment. We opted for the qualitative research and we leaned on an interpretativiste epistemology and an approach of research by hybrid exploration in an abductive logic. We have to say that the expression "CSR" was badly interpreted by certain interviewed managers. Their speeches revealed by the interviews, as well as annual reports and web sites assimilate to misleading advertising and philanthropic actions. We were able to notice that the said CSR actions in Lebanon take generic or peripheral forms according to Martinet and Payaud (2008)

Ce travail doctoral vise à mieux connaître les conceptions des dirigeants de la RSE dans les banques libanaises ainsi que l’intérêt qu’ils accordent à leurs parties prenantes en analysant leurs pratiques managériales. La responsabilité sociale est devenue un concept très répandu dans l’environnement des affaires et les domaines académiques occidentaux. Nous nous sommes intéressée aux caractéristiques de la RSE dans des banques réputées être performantes dans un contexte économique et social instable dû aux conflits politiques en présence d’un État anéanti. Notre recherche porte sur les vingt premières banques au Liban dont le total de leur actif représente 95% du total actif des banques commerciales opérantes au Liban sur une période s’étalant de 2010 à 2012. Ce secteur est considéré comme le catalyseur principal de croissance dans un contexte économique ouvert et libéral. Nous avons opté pour la recherche qualitative et nous nous sommes appuyée sur une épistémologie interprétativiste et une démarche de recherche par exploration hybride dans une logique abductive. Nous devons dire que l’expression « RSE » était mal interprétée par certains dirigeants interviewés. Leurs dires tirés des entrevues que nous avons menées ainsi que les rapports annuels et sites Internet s’assimilent à des publicités trompeuses et des actions philanthropiques.Nous avons pu constater que les actions dites RSE au Liban prennent des aspects ou des formes génériques ou périphériques selon la nomination de Martinet et Payaud (2008)
This doctoral work aims at knowing better the conceptions of the managers of the CSR in the Lebanese banks as well as the interest which they grant to their stakeholders by analyzing their managerial practices. The social responsibility became a very wide-spread concept in the environment of the business and the western academic domains. We were interested in the characteristics of the CSR in renowned banks to be successful in an unstable economic and social environment due to the political conflicts in the presence of an annihilated government. Our research concerns the first twenty banks in Lebanon which total of their asset represents 95% of the total asset of the effective commercial banks in Lebanon between 2010 and 2012. This sector is considered as the main catalyst of growth in an open and liberal economic environment. We opted for the qualitative research and we leaned on an interpretativiste epistemology and an approach of research by hybrid exploration in an abductive logic. We have to say that the expression "CSR" was badly interpreted by certain interviewed managers. Their speeches revealed by the interviews, as well as annual reports and web sites assimilate to misleading advertising and philanthropic actions. We were able to notice that the said CSR actions in Lebanon take generic or peripheral forms according to Martinet and Payaud (2008)

The chapter aims to determine three research objectives: (1) ATM service quality in Lebanon measurement based on five dimensions, using the SERVQUAL model; (2) analyze and investigate customer satisfaction and loyalty of the ATM usage, during two different periods, before and after the following situations that Lebanon encountered: foreign currency shortage, commercial banks' informal capital control, and bankruptcy; and 3) assess the intention of the Lebanese to adopt Libra virtual currency. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was distributed among bank clients in Lebanese. The results and analysis of the study have been done by comparing the means of SERVQUAL dimensions. The findings indicate that the Lebanese perspective of the banking system changed during the two different periods; however, their intention level to adopt a virtual currency is low.

Lebanon is facing one of the most acute socioeconomic and political crises in history. While it was the financial center during the 1950s, 60s, and early 70s with its sophisticated banking sector, the civil war between 1975 and 1990 demolished this position. Beginning from 1990 until 2019, the Lebanese economy was slowly dragged into an economic collapse with depreciated Lebanese lira against foreign currencies, which was the preferred monetary policy. This chapter focuses on this collapse and the so-called Ponzi scheme, organized by the Lebanese central and commercial banks. It elucidates the leading cause of the issues (e.g., financial engineering, Beirut Explosion, political deadlock, economic turmoil), namely rampant corruption, from the perspective of political economy. It also discusses foreign interventions, the dominance of Hezbollah, and terror financing issues. Lastly, it sheds light on future research by providing policy recommendations for the Lebanese political economy.

The chapter adopts a theoretical approach to exploring the existing literature on emotional intelligence models and customer relationship marketing concept with the aim of proposing a ‘new' conceptual model interlinking emotional intelligence (EI) and customer relationship marketing (CRM). The proposed conceptual model will then be re-developed on the basis of the findings that will emerge from a qualitative case study research carried out in the Lebanese retail banking sector. The fact that the focus of this study is on the Lebanese market could potentially ‘fuel' the topic with more controversy due to the impact of the Lebanese culture affecting both the banks' organisational culture and the front-line employee behaviour. Based on an extensive search of literature, one can conclude that EI significantly affects the retail banking sector. The research study aims at interlinking EI theory with frontline employee behavior in the context of CRM through combing existing models, theoretical research and secondary data.

Abstract The day came when Shuqayri answered Hussein’s customary assertion, “Jordan is Palestine, Palestine is Jordan,” with the counterclaim that the annexation of the West Bank after 1948 had in fact annexed the East Bank to Palestine.1 It was malicious repartee, but it also made it clear how well the contestants understood what separated them. At that time, Shuqayri complained in an interview to a Lebanese paper that “certain Arab states” had as yet done nothing for the PLO; the context pinpointed Jordan.2 This combination of resentment with an unwillingness to advertise the break was a significant stage on the road downhill. The ambiguity was not based on courtesy on either side.

Dispossession and displacement have always afflicted life in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Waves of people have been displaced from their homeland as a result of conflicts and social illnesses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Circassian Muslims and Jewish groups were dispossessed of their homes and lands in Eurasia. This was followed by the displacement of the Armenians and Christian groups in the aftermath of the First World War. They were followed by Palestinians who fled from their homes in the struggle for control over Palestine after the Second World War. In recent times, almost 4 million Iraqis have left their country or have been internally displaced. And in the summer of 2006, Lebanese, Sudanese and Somali refugees fled to neighbouring countries in the hope of finding peace, security and sustainable livelihoods. With the increasing number of refugees, this book presents a discourse on displacement and dispossession. It examines the extent to which forced migration has come to define the feature of life in the Middle East and North Africa. It presents researches on the refugees, particularly on the internally displaced people of Iran and Afghanistan. The eleven chapters in this book deal with the themes of displacement, repatriation, identity in exile and refugee policy. They cover themes such as the future of the Turkish settlers in northern Cyprus; the Hazara migratory networks between Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and the Western countries; the internal displacement among Kurds in Iraq and Palestinians in the West Bank and East Jerusalem; the Afghan refugee youth as a ‘burnt generation’ on their post-conflict return; Sahrawi identity in refugee camps; and the expression of the ‘self’ in poetry for Iran refugees and oral history for women Iraqi refugees in Jordan.