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1
El-Mousawi, Dr Hasan, and Dr Ibrahim Fakih. "Extent of Commitment of Lebanese Banks to Principles of Governance (An Empirical Study)." Research in Economics and Management 4, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): p215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v4n4p215.
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The novel inclination towards applying principles of governance in banks constitutes a great challenge to banks around the world, especially in developing countries. It is especially challenging for Lebanese banks to apply principles of governance because its economy is passing through a very delicate period. This paper aims at studying the extent of commitment of Lebanese banks to principles of governance according to Basel Committee. It is of great importance that Lebanese banks should be committed to these principles to be able to face present and future challenges since applying principles of governance enhances trust of investors, shareholders and other related parties in addition to related international organizations which are closely watching the Lebanese economy. The researchers utilized a five-point Likert Style questionnaire which includes 56 items and asked employees of 10 banks operating in Lebanon to respond to them. Among those employees were board members, executives, internal auditors and heads of departments. The research reached some important findings, most importantly that Lebanese banks are totally committed to principles of governance. This enables Lebanese banks to have a positive impact on investors, shareholders and other parties, which might enhance the bank’s competitive position and attract a greater number of investors, depositors and stockholders.
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Sujud, Hiyam, and Joyce Tannous. "Financial Performance of the Lebanese Bank." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n11p66.
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Lebanese Banks financial performance is an important topic especially that the performance of banks has a significant influence on the economy. A study on the Lebanese Banks’ financial performance determinants is essential in order to provide banks with indicators that can help them to enhance and improve their performance. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the determinants or the factors affecting the profitability of the Lebanese Banking Sector. The sample studied consists of the Lebanese Banking Sector including all banks, but limited to a period of 19 years being from 1999 till 2017. Results of the study were analyzed using the statistical program “SPSS”. Findings revealed the significance relation each of Capital adequacy, efficiency, and growth in loans toward banks profitability as well as the significance relation between Inflation GDP deflator rate, Real Interest Rate and profitability. At the same time, no significant relation was obtained between liquidity, GDP growth and profitability.
The study recommends banks to enhance their internal factors being the most important determinants of banks profitability, especially their capital adequacy and loan growth.
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Feghali, Khalil, Dolly Wajih Mikhael, and Hiyam Sujud. "Could Basel Regulatory Framework Have Saved Lebanese Banks?" Indonesian Management and Accounting Research 20, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/imar.v20i2.10059.
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This paper aims to enhance in-depth analysis of the impact of various risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk and liquidity risk as well as the volume of activity on the capital adequacy ratio of the Lebanese banks. It is confined to 31 banks out of the 63 banks operating in Lebanon, non-probability sample, during the period 2012-2018 using the regression analysis. The findings indicate that all the independent variables have a negative impact on banks’ solvency; while the liquidity risk has a positive effect, the market risk and the volume of activity variables have no significant relationship with the solvency of banks. Meanwhile, credit risk has proven its largest and most important role in the ability to reduce or increase the Lebanese banks’ solvency. But banks still have to respect a liquidity ratio, which is confirmed by the Basel III agreements. The originality of this study comes from the particularity of Lebanese banks for its core role in the Lebanese economy. This research is the first attempt that models the relationship between the above stated variables and the capital adequacy ratio; especially in the pre-crisis period, that Lebanon went through, which immediately led to the liquidity shortage crisis.
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Harb, Atef, Mira Thoumy, and Michel Yazbeck. "Customer satisfaction with digital banking channels in times of uncertainty." Banks and Bank Systems 17, no. 3 (August 11, 2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(3).2022.03.
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The unprecedented Lebanese economic crisis and the global COVID-19 pandemic have taken their toll on the Lebanese banking sector. This led to the need to investigate this sector in times of dire uncertainty by highlighting six digital banking channels offered by Lebanese banks. This study reveals how the banking industry has adapted to this novel situation by embracing dynamic technological changes to attain higher levels of customer satisfaction with digital banking channels (DBCs). Consequently, the study investigates the extent of DBC adoption, their usage benefits, the resulting service quality, and their aggregate impact on overall customer satisfaction with DBCs. The study measures customer satisfaction with digital technologies implemented in Lebanese banks during the most unstable period of Lebanese history. This study supported the deductive approach generating significantly interesting results by analyzing Spearman’s correlations regarding DBC adoption and investigating customer satisfaction levels with DBCs showing satisfactory results such as high correlation for mobile banking adoption (0.544), internet banking (0.533), transactional call center (0.528) followed by ATM (0.455). A multiple linear regression study found a positive relationship between DBC adoption in Lebanese banks and overall customer satisfaction with DBCs with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.454 for DBC benefits and an adjusted R-squared value of 0.802 for DBC service quality in Lebanese banks on their customer satisfaction.The final conclusion is that banks should invest in DBCs and develop them as they are the major determinants leading to improved customer satisfaction through higher adoption/diversification rates, improved service quality levels and greater benefits.
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Badr, Nabil Georges, and Somaya Nasif El Ahmadieh. "King’s Model on Capitalization under Basel III: The Case of Lebanese Banks." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v4i1.347.
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Objective: Lebanese banks have shown immunity towards the 2008 financial crisis that was attributed to many factors including a strong regulatory and supervisory system of conservative practices and structural economic factors such as the recurrence and non-speculative nature of capital inflows towards Lebanon supported by a large pool of offshore savings from diaspora and investors around the globe. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between capital adequacy ratios (CARs) and lending spread ratio (LSR). This paper presents the first assessment of the Basel III capital requirements on lending spread ratio before, during and after the financial crisis among commercial banks operated in Lebanon.
Methodology: We consider King’s approach and assess his model’s applicability in the Lebanese context. Findings indicate some deviations, specifically related to the practices and financial performance of commercial banks in Lebanon.
Results: We found no indication of impact of the change in CAR on LSR among Lebanese commercial banks in years prior to the recent financial crises; Nevertheless, the impact of changing CAR by 1 pp on LSR has a modest effect on Lebanese commercial banks during the years of financial crises; this effect is lowered to become modest after the crisis.
Implication: The results of the current study reveal significant implications for managers in commercial banks in particular and all banks in general. Given that Lebanese commercial banks are well-capitalized and their Capital Adequacy Ratios are above international benchmarks, bank managers must carefully monitor the cost of the implementation of Basel III requirements
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Ghayad, Racha, and Diana Noura. "Impact of Capital Adequacy on Bank Stability in Lebanon." International Journal of Research and Studies Publishing 3, no. 28 (February 20, 2022): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.52133/ijrsp.v3.28.13.
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This research paper intention is to study the capital adequacy requirements in the Lebanese banks and the effect of this ratio on the financial stability. Capital adequacy ratio and Altmans z-score (representing stability of banks) were collected from a sample of 8 Lebanese banks in the time between 2009 to 2018. The collected data is analyzed using SPSS software to reach conclusions that serves the topic of study. 8 simple linear regressions are conducted, among a confidence level of 95% and a level of error 5%. Each simple regression has a dependent variable (Altman’s Z-score) which represents the stability of the bank, and an independent variable (Capital adequacy ratio). The results show that almost in all banks (except bank MED) there was no significant impact of CAR on the stability of the banks. This result shows that the commitment of Lebanese commercial banks under the monitoring of the central bank was not enough to keep the financial system stable, which is a logical conclusion after what happened in 2019 where the financial system has collapsed and the commercial banks faced a severe crisis in its liquidity and reputation. Although the central bank in Lebanon was in a full compliance with Basel requirements concerning minimum capital over years, the Lebanese banking sector has collapsed and bankrupted. Also, depositors were not protected and they lost their deposited money in the bank. In other words, capital requirements in Lebanon did not prevent banks from engaging in excessive risk-taking and enhance financial stability. Thus, the problem of the Lebanese banking sector could be mismanagement, concentration of the loans portfolio in Eurobonds and with the central bank, and many other factors that caused the financial collapse in Lebanon.
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Azoury, Nehme, Andre Azouri, Elie Bouri, and Danielle Khalife. "Ownership concentration, ownership identity, and bank performance." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.06.
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This paper examines whether ownership concentration and certain type of ownership can affect the financial performance of Lebanese banks. It uses longitudinal data from the largest 35 Lebanese banks over the period 2009–2014 and employs the panel regression model. The empirical results show that ownership concentration and certain type of shareholders play an important role in the area of corporate governance in Lebanese banks. In particular, bank financial performance is positively associated with ownership concentration, managerial ownership, and foreign and institutional ownerships; however, family ownership is not related to bank performance. Also, this paper shows that both ownership concentration and managerial ownership have a U-shaped relationship with bank performance. Several robustness tests largely confirm the findings, with important implications for policy-makers. The findings are crucial to policy-makers and bankers who are interested in tailoring good corporate governance principles for the Lebanese banking sector.
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Rim, El Khoury,, and Chantal Ghasb Salem. "Ranking and Rating Lebanese Commercial Banks: A CAMELS Framework." International Academic Journal of Accounting and Financial Management 05, no. 02 (December 28, 2018): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajafm/v5i2/1810023.
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Rim, El Khoury, and Chantal Ghasb Salem. "Ranking and Rating Lebanese Commercial Banks: A CAMELS Framework." International Academic Journal of Economics 05, no. 02 (June 28, 2018): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iaje/v5i2/1810019.
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Jrad, Majida. "HOW HR PRACTICES AFFECT ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR." Volume 8, Issue 2 v8, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 130–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ep.swu.v8i2.12.
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The HRM and effective HR practices play an important role for promoting a committed environment and a culture of citizenship. This study is intended to explore the HRM systems’ dynamics and applied HR practices in Lebanese banks and to find their possible link with employee commitment and citizenship behavior. The primary research selected six most representative Lebanese banks. A questionnaire on employee commitment and citizenship behavior was sent to each bank’s HR officers. The questions were derived from the OCQ, ACS, CCS, NCS, and CBS. Direct positive relationship between HR and organizational commitment was not completely verified in terms of the Lebanese bank institutions. The HR-OCB relationship is much more coherent and noticeable especially when the HR role of employee champion emerges. Commitment has a strong relationship with the OCB. Lebanese banks have very promising examples of serious dynamic HRM initiatives that promote employees’ support and recognize their efforts while trying to capitalize on their competences, commitment, and displayed citizenship behaviors.
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Daw, Dory N., Charles J. Tawk, and Kiran Nair. "Corporate governance and cultural diversity in Lebanese banks." Corporate Ownership and Control 20, no. 4 (2023): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i4art2.
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This study’s scholarly significance lies in its exploration of the intricate connection between culture and corporate governance within Lebanon’s banking sector. Utilizing Hofstede’s established cultural dimensions model and employing a rigorous qualitative research methodology, the study investigates ten Lebanese banks, delving into specific cultural elements like “wasta”, social belonging, and quota. It uncovers the complexities of Lebanon’s cultural landscape, revealing that a uniform corporate governance model is unsuitable due to its cultural diversity. The research advocates extending Hofstede’s model to incorporate Lebanese-specific cultural dimensions, such as wasta and group affiliations, recognizing their pivotal roles. By addressing these cultural nuances, the study contributes to both academia and practical application within Lebanese banks, enhancing our understanding of corporate governance and cultural diversity in a concise manner.
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Dib, Darine, and Khalil Feghali. "Preliminary impact of IFRS 9 implementation on the Lebanese banking sector." Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 369–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2021.03001.
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Research Question: What is the impact of the new requirements of the expected credit loss (ECL) model on the Lebanese banking sector? Motivation: In spite the expansion of research in respect of International Financial Reporting Standard N0. 9 (IFRS 9) in the past few years, it is still in its infancy in developing countries. Meanwhile, empirical IFRS 9 studies for banks is yet considered little as compared to the theoretical aspect. Our study seeks to fill this gap by testing the impact of IFRS 9 on the Lebanese banking sector. This paper is the first comprehensive attempt to empirically assess the estimated impact of IFRS 9 as disclosed in the 2017 financial statements. Idea: This study examines if the increase in provision based on the new ECL is strongly positively related to the average credit losses for the last 5 years, the current provisions level for the loans portfolio, the portfolio of investment securities, and the portfolio of liquid assets. Data: The data were collected from 19 consolidated banks representing 91% of the total consolidated balance sheet of all Lebanese banks. Tools: To test study’s hypotheses, we applied linear regression using SPSS. Findings: Two main results can be derived: First, we found that the impact of the new ECL model is not material to the banks’ equity if we consider the excess regulatory provisions booked in anticipation of IFRS 9. Second, we found that the increase in provision based on the ECL model is strongly positively related to the portfolio of investments securities and negatively related to the historical credit loss ratio. Contribution: Empirical IFRS 9 studies for banks is yet considered little as compared to the theoretical aspect. Our study seeks to fill this gap by testing the impact of IFRS 9 on the Lebanese banking sector. The Lebanese banks are an interesting case because they play a key role in the Lebanese economy, acting as the main channel for capital inflows into the country and financing the largest part of the government’s current account deficit.
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Awdeh, Ali, Chawki EL-Moussawi, and Wafaa Nasser. "The Impact of Consolidation and Modernisation on Banking Scale and Scope Economies." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 5 (April 25, 2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n5p169.
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Lebanese banks recorded an enormous increase in size, customers’ base, and products variety over the past two decades, which suggests the development of economies of scale and scope in the Lebanese banking sector. This study aims at testing the presence of these economies of scale and scope in the Lebanese banking sector, particularly over the period 2000-2013. The estimation of a translogarithmic cost function by the maximum likelihood method shows that the Lebanese banks are – in general – characterised by the existence of increasing economies of scale. The analysis of economies of scope also reveals a complementarity between different outputs. Finally, the analysis of price elasticities of demand for production factors shows an important substitutability between labour and physical capital.
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Mokhtar, Ekramy S., and Ali M. Elharidy. "Family Control and Earnings Management: An Empirical Analysis of the Lebanese Banking Sector." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 9, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v9i4.15446.
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This study aims to examine the relationship between board of directors’ characteristics, family control and earnings management practices in Lebanese commercial banks during 2008 to 2016. The characteristics of the board of directors are board size and role duality. Also, the study aims to identify earnings management practices during and after the global financial crisis. Earnings management was measured using discretionary accruals estimated by loan losses provision. The population for the study consists of Lebanese commercial banks registered with the Banque du Liban, which provided 182 bank/year observations during the study period. The results of the study indicate that Lebanese commercial banks with a relatively larger family control are more involved in earnings management practices. The study demonstrates that self-interest overrides common interests, leading the controlling family to maximize its own benefits at the expense of minority owners, resulting in more earnings management practices. In addition, capital adequacy and board size have significant positive influence on earnings management. Earnings management practices were not affected by role duality and bank size. Further, maintaining profitability was found to have a significant impact on earnings management practices. Finally, the results of the study indicate that Lebanese commercial banks became involved in earnings management practices after the global financial crisis compared to the period during the crisis.
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Feghali, K. A., R. M. Jreije, and N. Bahnan. "Suitability and Relevance of the Fair Value Measurement Under IFRS 13 Vs Historical Cost: Application to the Lebanese Banking Sector." International Journal of Accounting and Business Finance 9, no. 1 (July 12, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ijabf.v9i1.131.
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The aim of this research is to discover the opinions of the Lebanese banks regarding the relevance of the fair value method. Furthermore, this study will provide an additional insight into the suitability of the fair value measurement in a developing economy like that of Lebanon, and in an absence of an active financial market. For the benefit of this deductive research, a quantitative methodology was solely employed. Using a questionnaire of 14 questions measured with a Likert Scale (pre-coded questions), and a sample of 61 Lebanese Banks, the data was collected through a combination of some self-administered surveys, and some in person questionnaire-style interviews. The collected data was subjected to statistical tests using SPSS software. The main results showed that Lebanese banks consider the fair value measurement under IFRS 13 relevant compared to the traditional historical cost method. Nevertheless, the relevance of fair value in times of financial turbulence differs from its relevance in times of financial stability. Bearing in mind the limitedness of research on this topic in Lebanon, this paper offers a significant contribution to the field. Upcoming studies will build on this analysis with the help of a larger sample. In addition, Lebanese banks will become more aware about the importance of the switch to the fair value method compared to the historical cost, and will seek to enhance their maturity level in this vein and to imitate international banks’ financial disclosures.
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Elhajjar, Samer. "Examining Lebanese consumers' negative attitudes toward banks." International Journal of Bank Marketing 38, no. 7 (September 8, 2020): 1511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-05-2020-0265.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of consumers' negative attitudes toward banks.Design/methodology/approachBased on the data collected through a survey, structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis were utilized to test the hypotheses. In total, 420 questionnaires were collected from Lebanese customers.FindingsThe results indicate five factors affecting consumer negative attitudes to the banks, which include consumers' perception of financial distress, the behavioral variable concerning the extent to which consumers had been detrimentally affected by the crisis, consumers' knowledge of the crisis, consumers' feelings of anger and consumers' political orientation.Originality/valueThis research offers new contributions in the research of consumers' negative attitudes toward banks during a financial crisis from a theoretical perspective and in reputation and trust management from an applicative perspective.
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Chedrawi, Charbel, Alain Osta, and Souheir Osta. "CSR in the Lebanese banking sector: a neo-institutional approach to stakeholders’ legitimacy." Journal of Asia Business Studies 14, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-03-2018-0093.
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Purpose Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an issue in the international banking industry, where each bank must assert its stakeholders, the social fabric and the natural environment. In the same time, legitimacy which has become one of the most critical issues for corporations, can be increased in the eyes of other stakeholders or institutions by structurally or procedurally adjusting to institutional influences. By conforming to three external institutional pressures (normative, mimetic and coercive), identified by DiMaggio and Powell (1983), organizations can build, support and gain legitimacy for their activities in specific institutional environments. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative approach, this research highlights the input of neo-institutional theory in the CSR context in top Lebanese banks in Lebanon. Findings This paper aims to analyze the impact of neo-institutionalism and the role of stakeholders in legitimizing CSR practices in the Lebanese banking sector. Practical implications Top Lebanese banks cannot simply comply with institutional pressures to gain their legitimacy, they need to develop their CSR activities targeted toward legitimacy-building at the local level; as for managers they cannot simply adopt managerial perspectives instrumentally to gain societal support, they need to adapt such perspectives and practices to the local needs as expressed by their internal and external stakeholders. Originality/value Managers of top Lebanese banks need to proactively engage in managing institutional pressures by adopting and adapting legitimacy-seeking strategies. This study highlights that top Lebanese banks differ in their CSR orientation because of their ownership structure, number of employees and profitability.
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Gali, Nazha, Dima Hajjar, and Ibrahim Jamali. "The corporate governance and social responsibility nexus in the Lebanese banking industry." Corporate Governance 16, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 609–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2015-0109.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the contrasting views of banks and banking authorities in Lebanon regarding the corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) nexus. Design/methodology/approach Using survey responses collected from the managers of five Lebanese banks and banking authorities, the authors conduct a qualitative comparative study of the opinions on CG, CSR and CG–CSR nexus. Findings The findings of this paper reveal that while a CG culture is well-instituted by the authorities and that some forms of CSR are already practiced by banks, disagreements exist between the Lebanese banks and banking authorities in defining the CG–CSR nexus. While CG is viewed as an all-encompassing concept by the banking authorities, most banks ascribe to the paradigm that CG is component of CSR. Research limitations/implications The sample of this paper consists of large banks that have clear CG and CSR agendas. The results, therefore, cannot be generalized for the wider population of Lebanese companies that are characterized by family ownership and non-separation of ownership and control. Practical implications This paper informs both managers and policymakers on the differing views of the CSR–CG nexus while also contributing to informing the policy dialogue. Theoretically, this paper sheds light on the CG–CSR nexus in a developing country context. Originality/value There is a paucity of research on the CG–CSR nexus in the context of developing countries and for the banking sector in specific. This paper aims to address the gap in the literature by providing an in-depth qualitative examination of the CG, CSR and the CG–CSR nexus in the context of the Lebanese banking sector.
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Thoumy, Mira, and Joelle Moubarak. "Project Manager Assignment and Its Impact on Multiple Project Management Effectiveness." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitpm.2017100104.
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This article aims at identifying the predictive effect of Project Manager's assignment on multiple project management effectiveness in the case of information technology projects in the Lebanese banks. The multiple project management effectiveness was measured on 3 different levels: organizational, projects success and project manager. A survey-based analysis was conducted on a random sample of 43 project managers working in 19 different Lebanese commercial banks. The results showed that most of the project manager's assignment factors influence positively the multiple project effectiveness with some exceptions.
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Itani, Rania, Muhammad Azeem, and Nawazish Mirza. "Arab Spring and COVID-19: Ex post facto examination of the Lebanese banking sector (the contemporary stakeholder analysis)." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.11.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of Lebanese banks to address the economic challenges posed by COVID-19. These banks faced the disturbances of the 2011 Arab Spring, and these two crises have resulted in similar economic conditions, leading to an assessment of how Lebanese banks are dealing with the pandemic-led challenges. Exploratory analysis revealed the common features in the two events, and confirmatory analysis examined the hypotheses underlying a theoretical framework. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data helped to scrutinize the two events. Content analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews with seven senior banking professionals confirms that the Lebanese banking sector’s experience gained during the Arab Spring is a valuable asset for bankers, the Banque du Liban (BDL), and the government, which can be used to anticipate and deal with the COVID-driven economic crisis. The study finds three key moderating factors: trust deficit, inherited characteristics of the economy, and fiscal and monetary policy. Most of these conditions are permanent in nature and require long-term planning. As this research was conducted before the catastrophe caused by the August 2020 Beirut explosion, no aspects of the financial consequences to the Lebanese banking sector and economy resulting from this immerse shock are included.
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Alayli, Sahar. "The Impact of Risk Management on Lebanese Banks' Performance: A Qualitative Study." Dutch Journal of Finance and Management 7, no. 1 (February 20, 2024): 26358. http://dx.doi.org/10.55267/djfm/14239.
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This research employs a qualitative technique to examine the complexities of settlement risk in Lebanese banks against the backdrop of the country's volatile economic environment. This study explores many dimensions of settlement risk, including operational, regulatory, and market elements, through comprehensive interviews with five key personnel spanning from risk analysts to senior executives in the banking sector. Given the context of economic uncertainty, political upheaval, and strict international regulations, the banking industry in Lebanon has largely focused on identifying the underlying factors contributing to settlement risk. The respondents provided insight into the management strategies used to mitigate these risks and the ongoing challenges encountered by the banking industry. The findings suggest that Lebanese banks encounter specific obstacles, including but not limited to technology deficiencies, varied regulatory frameworks, and geopolitical volatility. The presence of a complicated risk environment is evident, but it is also apparent that there are internal measures in place to mitigate settlement risks. This study presents empirical data that might be valuable for policymakers, financial analysts, and academic academics to gain a deeper understanding of the intricate characteristics of settlement risk in Lebanese banks. The need to implement a comprehensive and cohesive risk management plan to safeguard the Lebanese financial system is emphasized.
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Toufaily, Elissar, Naoufel Daghfous, and Roy Toffoli. "The Adoption of "E-Banking" by Lebanese Banks." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jesma.2009010105.
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Feghali, Khalil, and Joelle Matta. "Evaluation of internal audit effectiveness on Lebanese banks." Lebanese Science Journal 19, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 258–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22453/lsj-019.2.258286.
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The effectiveness of the internal audit is an attractive subject for contemporary economic studies due to its importance in banks. Internal audit fulfills a crucial role in an economy that is largely dependent on self-produced information. Indeed, internal audit ensures security of transactions within a bank and preserves its credibility for stakeholders. This article will discuss factors contributing to the evaluation of the effectiveness of internal audit in the specific context of Lebanese banks. Through quantitative analysis, the effectiveness of internal audit wasstudied based on the objectivity and competency of the internal auditor, planning the audit mission and interaction between the internal auditor and the external auditor. The design of this study appearedin the conceptual framework and empirical study on internal audit and its effectiveness in order to evoke elements contributing to the evaluation of internal audit effectiveness in a Lebanese bank.
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Jibai, Bilal. "THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LEBANESE BANKS." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 4(29) (July 31, 2021): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.4(29).2021.70-85.
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The aim of this research is to study the impact of corporate governance disclosure on the financial performance of Lebanese banks. The impacts of corporate governance consequences on financial performance are the problem being faced by many firms. This research applies a quantitative methodology to the data from 29 banks’ annual reports for the year 2018. This data was analyzed using regression analysis means. This empirical study intends to find substantial evidence which would help acquire new knowledge and better understanding of how virtuous corporate governance practices and disclosures may help improve banks’ performance. In particular, validation of our research hypotheses may help with assessing the importance of corporate governance disclosure for the financial performance of Lebanese banks. The research proves there is a direct relationship between diversity on board and financial performance, as well as, between frequency of Board meetings and financial performance.
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Sujud, Hiyam, and Boutheina Hashem. "Effect of Bank Innovations on Profitability and Return on Assets (ROA) of Commercial Banks in Lebanon." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 4 (March 7, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n4p35.
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The purpose of this research is to study bank innovations in the field of mobile banking, debit and credit cards, automated machines (ATM), internet banking, point of sale terminals (PST) and electronic funds transfer (EFT). It purposely looked into those innovations in relation to their influence on profitability and return on assets (ROA) of Lebanese commercial banks. Data was collected through a research questionnaire, and statistical analysis was done using the Package of Social Sciences Software (SPSS). The results revealed that there is a significant positive impact of bank innovations on profitability and return on assets of Lebanese commercial banks and significance tests also showed that the impact was statistically significant. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that bank innovations affect profitability and return on assets (ROA) of commercial banks in Lebanon positively.
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ABOU EL HASSAN, Mohamad. "The Need for Reform of Financial Markets in Times of Crisis in Emerging Economies: The Case of Lebanon." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.14.
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While many countries were confronting immense financial crises, Lebanon was one of the few countries that were able to withstand the dramatic consequences of the crises despite suffering from decades of geopolitical and financial instability. However, the burdened capital structure of Lebanon was overstrained by the incrementing cost of borrowing. The actual beneficiary from the latter financial model was the domestic banking sector. This sponsored the process of attracting customer deposits to be reinvested in the government debt issued by different Lebanese governments for securing the funds needed in financing the process of the development and reconstruction following decades of continuous war and destruction. The Lebanese financial system was abridged by redirecting the investors in the financial sector towards placing their capitals in customer deposit schemes with the domestic banks rather than channeling the capitals towards other economic sectors. In fact, the incentive for the investors was designated in the high yields secured by the reinvestment opportunity in the government debt that has been rising every day to reach historic records while the incentive for the domestic banks remained the conventional scheme of premiums charged for intermediation between the lender and the borrower. The latter process led to increase the concentration risk of customer deposits as liabilities on the balance sheets of the local banks. This research study aims at demonstrating the feasibility of the implementation of a scientific reform by interpreting the recognition of modern investment alternatives for the investors in the Lebanese financial sector while securing the same funding level for the Lebanese government and governing the roles of the sponsoring banks. The study will adopt referenced fundamental and technical interpretation and arguments to emphasize the necessity of launching a new era of investment derived from stimulating the domestic financial market by activating and incentivizing the role of country’s stock exchange.
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Hendieh, Jacques L. "Board Of Directors’ Diversity And Effect On Strategy. A Study Of The Lebanese Banking Industry." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 13 (May 30, 2016): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n13p257.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the functional background diversity of boards of directors on banks’ strategy. This relationship is examined using the annual reports between 2005 and 2014 for 16 Lebanese banks. Logistic regression analysis indicates that board diversity is positively associated with the strategies adopted by banks. Implications for both strategic management and future research are discussed.
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Awdeh, Ali. "The Impact of Variable Interactions on Lebanese Banks Fragility." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 8 (July 20, 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n8p111.
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<p>This paper aimed at studying the development of bank fragility in Lebanon over the period 1990-2013. Using the Z-score measure, we find significant improvement of bank stability over the studied period. We also detect the impact of several internal and external factors on Z-score and find that bank size, liquidity, and market concentration boost bank stability. Conversely, higher net interest margin, deposit growth, and inefficiency increase insolvency risk. We extend our analysis and test the impact of variable interactions on Z-score and show that the common impact of many variables totally differs from the impact of those variables separately. This finding stresses the importance of looking beyond the influence of each factor individually and considering the impact of interaction among variables on bank fragility.</p>
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Ahmad, Sherine Al, Ahmed Seleim, Nick Bontis, and Nehale Mostapha. "Emotional Intelligence and Career Outcomes: Evidence from Lebanese Banks." Knowledge and Process Management 24, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1533.
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Elia, Jean, Dr Nada Jabbour Al Maalouf, and Dr Chadia Sawaya. "Bridging Turmoil and Transformation: A Comprehensive Review of the Lebanese Banking Sector from 2000 to 2018." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (July 31, 2023): 754–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1597.
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This article provides a thorough analysis of the Lebanese banking industry from 2000 to 2018. It looks at the major innovations, difficulties, and changes that have shaped the sector and shed light on the technological, economic, and regulatory factors that affect how well it performs. This study offers insights into opportunities and challenges faced by Lebanese banks within the domestic and regional financial landscape by analyzing trends, policies, and reforms. Between 2001 and 2019, data from published Bilanbanques were gathered, and this information is now being used to build theoretical foundations, empirical models, and a practical understanding of banking systems in emerging economies. The article's importance stems from its coverage of a crucial time in Lebanon marked by political transitions, economic downturns, and regional instability. It highlights how banks navigated difficult times and underwent transformative changes by thoroughly examining the banking industry within this context. Lebanese banks remained liquid, managed risks, and embraced modernization despite the recessionary conditions, positioning themselves for further expansion. Their perseverance during political unrest and economic downturns highlighted depositors' and investors' confidence, which was supported by adherence to international best practices. The Lebanese banking industry played a crucial role as a financial intermediary, catalyst, and partner throughout the years under consideration, promoting the expansion and stability of the economy. It was able to investigate domestic and international expansion opportunities thanks to its strong financial position, dedication to ethical business practices, and commitment to risk management. The sector's performance demonstrates how important it is to Lebanon's economy, serving as a rock of confidence and support for customers and investors in the face of local and regional unrest.
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El-Mousawi, Prof Hasan, Mohamad Zaraket, and Dr Ibrahim Fakih. "Do Lebanese Banks Apply Balanced Scorecard in Evaluating Their Performance? An Exploratory Study." Research in Economics and Management 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v7n1p1.
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After the development in the administrative work and the focus on quality in its internal and external dimensions, in addition to the undesirable results of financial performance measures that are directed towards knowing past events and not what will be the case in the future, a new management concept appeared close to the end of the last century called the Balanced Scorecard, that balances financial and non-financial measures of performance, to assess short-term as well as long-term performance in a single report. The current research examines whether or not Lebanese banks apply the Balanced Scorecard by its four main dimensions (financial, client, internal operations, and learning-growth perspectives) in evaluating their performance. To achieve the objective of the study the researchers adopt the descriptive-analytical approach utilizing a five-point Likert style questionnaire as the study tool to collect information from the sample that consisted of 165 executives who work in different managerial positions of various departments at branches of banks listed in the Lebanese stock market. The study reached some important findings, mainly that there are potentials for applying the Balanced Scorecard with its four perspectives—primarily the financial perspective—in varying degrees in commercial banks listed in the Lebanese stock market. Based on the findings, the researchers had a set of recommendations directed to decision-makers in the banking sector.
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Khalil, Sandra, and Patrick O’sullivan. "Corporate social responsibility: Internet social and environmental reporting by banks." Meditari Accountancy Research 25, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 414–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-10-2016-0082.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide further insight into internet social and environmental reporting (ISER) in the Middle East by investigating the ISER of Lebanese banks as well as their greenwashing behaviour and identifying its extent, quality and association with different variables such as profitability, size, religion and other variables. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a mixed methodology. Interviews were conducted to seek the opinions of banks towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). Content analysis of bank’s websites was used to examine the extent, quality and association of ISER with several bank characteristics. Findings The results show the prevalent use of ISER and greenwashing by Lebanese banks. The most disclosed category of ISER is community, whereas the least disclosed is environment. The study found a positive association between ISER and bank profitability, size, leverage and ownership concentration and an insignificant relationship with age and religion. Research limitations/implications The authors recognise that the sample is small and addresses a single context and that it could have been expanded to other Middle Eastern contexts. However, the study is exploratory focusing on the Lebanese banking sector which is one of the most developed in the region. Further longitudinal studies could also be conducted to complement the work. The process used to measure greenwashing could be enhanced by addressing the materiality of CSR disclosures to stakeholders and the purpose of communicating CSR information. Practical implications In light of the empirical findings, banks will gain a better understanding of the status and importance of ISER and will understand the risks of greenwashing leading them towards higher standard ISER and more ethical activities, which will have a positive impact on the Lebanese economy and society. Originality/value This study examines almost all aspects of online social and environmental disclosures including the webpage, CSR sections in addition to online published reports; it is an investigation about ISER with reference to Lebanon which has perhaps the most significant banking sector in the Middle East. It tackles the greenwashing issue in a new context and in a different way by examining its association with several variables. The study also investigates the association between religion and ISER which has seldom been tackled in similar studies.
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Abboud, Samar. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL EFFECTIVENESS AND EMPLOYEE TURNOVER INTENTION IN LEBANESE BANKS." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 3(28) (May 31, 2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.3(28).2021.37-49.
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The study examines the relationship among perceived performance appraisals (PA) and retaining employees in Lebanese banks from a human resources management (HRM) viewpoint. As a consequence of regulatory demands and high levels of employee turnover, improvements are urgently required in Lebanon. The study explores the effects of perceived PA effectiveness on the employees in Lebanese banking sector and in particular explores the complexity of partnership between basic PA successful elements (targets, requirements, expectations, source and input and frequency) and the purposes of employee turnover. For data collection, a questionnaire has been distributed over 201 respondents. The obtained data has been then analyzed using SPSS. The results reveal that the expected efficacy of PA in Lebanese banking has a detrimental connection to the goals of employee turnover. Multiple linear regression (MLR) reveals the substantial intention for employee turnover within the banking industry as Lebanon as a feedback aspect of PA. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results show that three components of PA accounted for 37% of the improvement in workers purpose. The findings indicate that increased understanding of the PA systems will help to minimize the turnover intention.
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Hejase, Hussin J., Ale J. Hejase, Fatima Nemer, and Hassan Fayyad-Kazan. "Governance in Lebanese Banks: An Exploratory Research Before the COVID-19 Era." Asian Business Research 6, no. 1 (May 8, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v6i1.893.
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Banks locally and abroad have been subject to several financial crises which led top managers to look critically at their current practices in managing the financial resources in order to avoid losses and to prevent giving a negative image to the community of their customers. Parallel to the aforementioned events, banks have been observing an evolution of the banking investment activities in addition to the transformation of the financial market into an open market system.The different events characterized by higher risks and higher demands for financial services have incited banks to explore and emphasize the importance of governance principles. In this study, the researchers will expose the importance of governance and its main principles in the banking systems. The study will also address the aforementioned pertinent to its implementation according to the activities of Basel Committee on banking supervision. The aim of the study is to assess via a quantitative approach the actual governance practices within a convenient sample of Lebanese banks. The outcomes show that the selected banks abide by the principles of Corporate Governance required by Basel as well as by the Central Bank of Lebanon. Results also address the effect of sound governance on the performance of the Banks in question. Findings will serve to issue recommendations about best practices and to encourage the adoption of sound decisions to adopt Corporate Governance principles.
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Benton, William. "Returnees, Institutions, and Networks." Anthropology of the Middle East 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180205.
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Abstract This article explores the development of Beirut's innovation ecosystem in the context of its social composition, complementing popular narratives of informal power in Lebanon. Drawing on ethnographic research, this article explores the extensions of existing institutions and practices—how universities, banks, and diaspora returnees collaboratively developed a context for venture development. By focusing on diaspora returnee expertise as a key driver for innovation ecosystem founding, the article also qualifies a key element of Lebanese economic development—the loops of emigration and return immigration of Lebanese people and the resulting economic and managerial cosmopolitanism inherent in their involvement in their country's commercial and financial settings. The emergent innovation ecosystem is a function of existing Lebanese cultural and organisational tendencies.
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Darkhabani, Maram. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE RISK AND RETURN TRADE-OFF: THE ROLE OF DIVERSIFICATION." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 3(34) (May 30, 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.3(34).2022.71-82.
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The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a sharp decline in asset values. As a result, a well-diversified portfolio over many industries provides the portfolio with the stability it needs to sustain against losses. Diverse financial assets and industries would differ significantly throughout history, whether the economy has been growing or not. Financial decisions must not be designed mainly based on a response to recent incidents but on long-term plans that implement diversification concepts.
The population of the research includes 39 Lebanese commercial banks. Using the annual reports of five different banks, we have compiled secondary data that contain the most often used ratios like ROE as a unit of measurement for the financial performance of the banks.
Risk management programs and bank performance, notably ROA and ROE, are commonly accepted to correlate. As a result, branch managers' inspections were an active credit risk assessment approach that had a favourable influence on the banks' financial stability. Findings also indicated that the traditional Bank's ROE profitability is strongly linked to its credit risk assessment strategy, as shown by regression analysis.
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JALLOUL, Suha, Ghina AWWAD, and Khodor SHATILA. "The Impact of Accounting Information Systems on Bank Performance: The Case of Lebanon." MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS REVIEW 7, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/mer/2022.10-10.
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This study's goal is to look at the impact of accounting information systems on the performance of Lebanese Banks. This research examines the relevance of using the Accounting Information System (AIS) obtained by Accounting Software (AS) to achieve business success for the owners and management of the organization. Accounting software features such as efficiency; accuracy; dependability; data quality; and simplicity of use are used in this study as a predictor of bank performance. The data for this study was gathered by a survey that included 100 responses from employees of 35 Lebanese commercial banks, which were then studied. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20) was used to perform correlation and multilinear regression analyses on the data. Efficiencies, dependability, and simplicity of use all correlated positively with bank performance, but data quality and accuracy negatively related to bank performance.
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Chahine, Salim, and Bassem Dagher. "Risk management and corporate governance in the Lebanese Islamic banking industry." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 4 (2008): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i4c3p2.
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Despite recent growth in the Islamic banking industry, little is known on the best practices in its risk management. This paper examines the risk management systems of Islamic banks in Lebanon. Using a survey technique, it shows the diversity of risks faced by Islamic banks. It also confirms the importance of good corporate governance as a tool which is associated with the implementation of best practices in risk management
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Kassar, Abdul Nasser El, Walid El Gammal, Samir Trabelsi, and Bilal Kchouri. "Corporate governance in Lebanese banks: focus on board of directors." International Journal of Corporate Governance 9, no. 3 (2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcg.2018.094514.
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Kchouri, Bilal, Walid El Gammal, Samir Trabelsi, and Abdul Nasser El Kassar. "Corporate governance in Lebanese banks: focus on board of directors." International Journal of Corporate Governance 9, no. 3 (2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcg.2018.10015591.
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El-Chaarani, Hani, and Rebecca Abraham. "The Impact of Corporate Governance and Political Connectedness on the Financial Performance of Lebanese Banks during the Financial Crisis of 2019–2021." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15050203.
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The Lebanese banking sector has become risky due to political and economic crises. At such times, corporate governance mechanisms ensure objectivity of assessment and rationality in decision making. We examine the impact of internal corporate governance mechanisms on the performance of Lebanese banks, with political involvement in the administration and ownership of the banks. We used linear regression on a sample of 194 bank-year observations from 2016 to 2021. The presence of independent members on boards of directors, and ownership concentration due to family ownership, had positive effects on bank return on assets, return on equity, liquidity levels, and loans issued. Efficient control, along with the presence of audit, and compliance committees reduced risk by increasing capital adequacy and reducing non-performing loans. Both administrative political connections and ownership political connections increased return on assets, increased return on equity, increased liquidity levels, and increased loans to deposits, while increasing non-performing loans. Agency conflicts suggest that granting loans due to political pressure increased non-performing loans.
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Yaser Mohammad Ead Alokab, Yaser Mohammad Ead Alokab. "Sustaining the External Debt of Post-Armed Conflict Countries Reality and Challenges "The Lebanese Case": استدامة الدين الخارجي لدول ما بعد النزاعات المسلحة الواقع والتحديات "الحالة اللبنانيّة"." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 6, no. 8 (March 28, 2022): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.b201021.
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This research aimed at studying the proposed legal and financial mechanisms to solve the financial crisis that Lebanon is witnessing, while maintaining the economic, financial and monetary strength of the Lebanese state, by relying on the descriptive analytical approach that fits with the nature of the research by collecting data and information on the Lebanese public debt, its sustainability, and its impact on The Lebanese economic and social realities, leading to the most prominent results represented in the countries emerging from armed conflicts asking to contribute to their development and reconstruction, which leads to these countries falling into the trap of indebtedness and financial and political crises. Similar to what happened in the Lebanese case under study, thus staying in the same cycle through the continuity of loan requests and then imposing new extremely difficult conditions aimed at putting pressure on the “debtor” state. Therefore, work must be done to present an integrated recovery plan for the Lebanese economy that works to transform it from a rentier economy into a productive economy, and to work to reduce interest rates in Lebanese banks, whether in local or foreign currencies, and work to encourage and attract private foreign investments by creating an appropriate legal and economic environment, and moving away from for external loans as much as possible.
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Chidiac El Hajj, Mireille, Richard Abou Moussa, and May Chidiac. "Board gender diversity and CSR in Lebanese banks: Rhetoric or action?" Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 1 (2017): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i1c1p1.
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This paper studies the lack of gender diversity at the board level in Lebanese banks following Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles. It also addresses women’s reactions and behaviours towards this issue. The employed methodology is multi-modal and uses both quantitative and qualitative tools. The data was collected via survey and semi-structured interviews from 42 managers in 21 banks, which according to their websites, follow the CSR principles. The quantitative data revealed the relevant trends, while the qualitative data provided comprehensive explanations and in-depth understanding of the related issues. The findings of this paper shed light on the personal disappointment women interviewees felt about their lack of progress as well as their inability to assume a place on the board. They also address the contribution of the four main causes of board-level gender discrimination in Lebanese banks, namely the limitations imposed by the patriarchal culture, CEO succession planning, Human Resource (HR) diversity management practices, as well as those due to women themselves. They found that women react to these challenges by relying on their emotional intelligence. However, they tend to overestimate themselves for self-protection in the male dominated financial world. This study is not without its limitations, but it recommends further research concerning related policies and strategies of the administrative boards, legislating entities, and controlling entities, such as the Central Bank of Lebanon (Banque du Liban, BDL), in order to explicitly explore strategies that affect gender discrimination. This study creates value for banks that are genuinely interested in implementing CSR in order to benefit their corporate governance (CG) practices as well as the society at large.
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Serhan, Carole, Sandy Mikhael, and Silvana El Warrak. "Anti-Money Laundering Rules and the Future of Banking Secrecy Laws: Evidence from Lebanon." International Finance and Banking 3, no. 2 (November 20, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v3i2.10165.
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This research aims to examine the banking secrecy laws and analyze their effects on the anti-money laundering rules in Lebanon. Banking secrecy laws have always been an advantage for customers, while anti-money laundering procedures have been considered as safety measures to guarantee community security. Certainly, reaching an appropriate balance is a dilemma which many legislative authorities face. Through this research, primary and secondary data are gathered as both are needed to create an overview of the extant situation. Indeed, the existing Lebanese laws related to banking secrecy and anti-money laundering rules are identified. In addition, a qualitative study is conducted through interviewing four Lebanese banks’ directors that were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. Analysis through using NVivo software is then performed. Results show that banking secrecy rules in Lebanon should be redefined in order to allow revealing customers’ information in case of any suspicion through following an easy and simple procedure that does not harm the customers’ confidentiality. Eventually, the increasing menace of terrorism and worldwide money laundering justify the need to amend these laws since without an unlimited cooperation of banks, the successful avoidance of threat is relatively difficult to be achieved. Finally, guidelines that interest scholars, banks, practitioners and legal authorities in Lebanon and elsewhere are provided.
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Matta, Joelle, and Khalil Feghali. "The impact of Key Audit Matters (KAMs) on financial information quality: Evidence from Lebanon." Indonesian Management and Accounting Research 19, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/imar.v19i2.7328.
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The purpose of this study is to discover the impact of Key Audit Matters (KAMs) on financial information quality and their value for Lebanese auditors. The value creation of KAMs is determined by its financial information quality, its ability to help during investment decision and its effect on the audit expectation gap. The research is conducted through a survey that was filled by external auditors who audit Lebanese banks exclusively, and are involved in the new audit report. The main results show that reporting by using Key Audit Matters adds value to the audit report from the perspective of Lebanese external auditors, and can reduce information asymmetry, increase trust in accounting and reduce the expectation gap. Moreover, the results marked that KAM improves the auditee's understanding in the audited entity, builds confidence in the audited financial statements, and helps to reduce the audit expectations gap.
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Kalakech, Kamel Hassan, and HasanYousef El-Mousawi. "Impact of Application of Data Mining in the Lebanese Banking Sector." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n8p101.
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This study aims at showing the level of implementing concepts and tools of data mining in the banking sector in Lebanon in addition to its constituent domains. The researchers adopt the descriptive-analytical method which is based on a questionnaire distributed on the society of the study. The researchers found that there is an interest in applying concepts of data mining in managing operations in the Lebanese banking sector. The researchers concluded that there is difference among the respondents’ opinions regarding applying concepts of data mining in managing operations in Lebanese banks as related to difference in experience, in job levels and in qualifications.
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Sherine, Nasser, and Nehale Mostapha. "The Effect of Transformational Leadership on Innovation: Evidence from Lebanese Banks." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXII, Issue 4 (November 1, 2019): 215–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1507.
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Nakib, Khalil, Abdelrazzak Charbaji, and Jamal Hamdan. "EFFECTS OF SOCIALIZATION ON NEWCOMERS' ROLE ORIENTATION IN LEBANESE COMMERCIAL BANKS." International Journal of Commerce and Management 3, no. 3/4 (March 1993): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb047279.
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Zaraket, Wael S., and Ali Halawi. "The effects of HRM practices on organisational performance in Lebanese banks." J. for Global Business Advancement 10, no. 1 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2017.081531.
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Naimy, Viviane Y., and Karen Karayan. "The stamina of Lebanese Banks: A curious glitch in the midst of the liquidity crisis." AESTIMATIO 12, no. 2015 (2015): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5605/ieb.12.1.
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