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Academic literature on the topic 'Lebanon - 21st century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lebanon - 21st century"
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El-Masri, Maha. "Terracotta oil lamps from the excavation at the Bey 004 site (Beirut, Lebanon)." Ancient lamps from Spain to India. Trade, influences, local traditions, no. 28.1 (December 30, 2019): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.1.24.
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The excavation of site Bey 004 in the urban center of Beirut was done as part of a major salvage-archaeology operation in the 1990s, in reparation for the redevelopment of the city after the Lebanese Civil War. War destruction had given archaeologists the opportunity to investigate the topography, history and everyday life of Beirut over the millennia since its establishment and before a new city would be built on top of the ruins in the 21st century. Terracotta oil lamps, like tableware, are a sensitive guide to the passage of time and cultures, spanning the ages the 5th century BC through the 9th century AD, from Persia to Islam. The article reviews the assemblage from the Bey 004 site, broken down by a local site typology that reflects major periods of occupation, and relates it to existing typologies of ancient Near Eastern lamps from the Canaanite to the Islamic.
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Gal-Or, Noemi. "Suspending Sovereignty: Reassessing the Interlocking of Occupation, Failed and Fragile State, Responsibility to Protect, and International Trusteeship (Lessons from Lebanon)." Israel Law Review 41, no. 1-2 (2008): 302–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000248.
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This Paper argues that the traditional international legal discourse on occupation fails to reflect the condition of international relations, and their governability by international law, at the turn of the 21st century. This Paper suggests re-conceptualizing the concept of occupation by linking it to the discourse of failed and fragile states and the responsibility to protect.A contemporaneous understanding of occupation needs to reflect its transforming relationship to sovereignty. Occupation represents a state of interference with the external aspect of sovereignty, which ultimately infringes also on the state of internal sovereignty. In contemporary world politics, occupation arises also from a chain of successive situations interfering with sovereignty wherein internal sovereignty becomes “vitiated” (“failed and fragile state”), and creates a condition conducive to interference with external sovereignty. The outcome of this order of impingements on sovereignty represents a state wherein sovereignty was suspended.The condition of suspended sovereignty triggers the new norm of the responsibility to protect. This Paper submits that re-vitalization of the concepts of leasehold and trusteeship offers an elegant, perhaps face-saving outlet, hence potentially constructive approach to empower the failed and fragile state in re-establishing its sovereign plenary control over its territory and ending an occupation-like situation.The analysis of the Lebanese situation is an example of the arguments raised in this Paper and does not fit the traditional post World War II (WWII) occupation legal mould for neither belligerent nor non-belligerent occupation. The complex inter-state relationship linking Lebanon-Syria-Iran-Israel, and which is intricately interlaced in a state-to-non-state actor (NSA) web as played out in the relationship between Israel-South Lebanon Army on the one hand, and between Iran, Syria and Lebanon-Hezbollah on the other hand, serve to illustrate the new 21st century conditions. These conditions press for an updating of the traditional understanding of occupation.
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Saleh, Eman. "The Challenges of Functional Adult Literacy: A Descriptive Study on EFL Learners in Beqaa District." TESOL and Technology Studies 2, no. 1 (2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/tts.v2i1.166.
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The world witnesses a rapid change as a result of the technological revolution thatshapes people's daily lives. This new lifestyle demands from 21st-century students new skills such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and computer skills. However, it is noticeable that literate people in Lebanon lack these skills which hinder their success at the professional and social levels. In this way, functional literacy is needed to help the literate to read, write, do calculations, and solve technical problems in the social and professional context. Therefore, this research conducted descriptive research on 100 EFL literate in the Beqaa using a questionnaire and a poll to test functional literacy level and to determine the challenges that prevent adult literates to act as functional literate in the 21st-century. The results affirmed that nearly half of EFL adult literates in the Beqaa district can act as functional literates, but the majority of them are at the intermediate level. The results also revealed that they need more improvements regarding developing English skills, technological skills, and numeracy skills. Thus, it is recommended to design training courses that develop functional adult literacy skills by presenting them in a procedure that depends on promoting communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and computer skills so that that the adult learners can substitute the gaps they missed in their educational systems and contribute in the sustainable development of the society
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Hameed, Maysoun, Hamid Moradkhani, Ali Ahmadalipour, Hamed Moftakhari, Peyman Abbaszadeh, and Atieh Alipour. "A Review of the 21st Century Challenges in the Food-Energy-Water Security in the Middle East." Water 11, no. 4 (2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040682.
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Developing countries have experienced significant challenges in meeting their needs for food, energy, and water security. This paper presents a country-level review of the current issues associated with Food-Energy-Water (FEW) security in the Middle East. In this study, sixteen countries in the Middle East are studied, namely Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Turkey, and the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (KSA), United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen). Here, we conduct a comprehensive assessment to study and evaluate the emerging drivers of FEW systems in the region. The investigated drivers include water security, extreme events, economic growth, urbanization, population growth, poverty, and political stability. The results suggest that most of the studied countries are facing FEW resource insecurity or weak planning/management strategies. Our evaluation further revealed the current status of each country with respect to each factor, and suggested that climatic and socioeconomic factors have contributed to the subsequent stress on FEW resources, specifically on the water sector. In general, and with respect to the water-energy security, it was found that energy production in the Middle East is highly constrained by water deficiency, drought, and/or economic growth. The water-food security in the region is mainly affected by drought, water scarcity, population growth, urbanization, and/or political unrest.
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Orr, Mike, and Samer Annous. "There is no Alternative! Student Perceptions of Learning in a Second Language in Lebanon." Journal of Language and Education 4, no. 1 (2018): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2018-4-1-79-91.
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Since 1997, children in Lebanese state schools are taught most of the curriculum in English or French. The children’s first language, Arabic, may be used even less in private schools, which educate 70% of children. In many countries, mother tongue education is seen as a right but in Lebanon it is taken for granted that children are taught in English or French. Written opinions were collected from seventy-five university students who were asked about the language in education policy. The results of a thematic analysis were discussed with a focus group of eight students. Findings point to a widespread acceptance of the policy, partly based on an underlying belief in the unsuitability of Arabic for the 21st century and a perception that the Lebanese are culturally predisposed to learn languages. Using the concept of linguistic imperialism, we discuss these results with reference to French colonialism and the global spread of English medium instruction. We also use a critical definition of ideology to discuss how a discourse in favour of the language in education policy, which actually favours the interests of the Lebanese elite, has been internalised by the students who see emigration as their only future.
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Sutkutė, Rūta. "MEDIA, STEREOTYPES AND MUSLIM REPRESENTATION: WORLD AFTER JYLLANDS-POSTEN MUHAMMAD CARTOONS CONTROVERSY." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 6 (November 30, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.001054.
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In the 21st century media has become the dominant source of knowledge of Islam and Muslims and selectively decides what the West should know about Islam and what should be hidden. However, the underlying assumption is that, the media as an institution forming stereotypes depends on the local socio-cultural context. The goal of this paper – to find out how media (as the mediator) forms values, world view of a society, creates stereotypes in different cultural environments through analysis of Muhammad cartoons. The objectives are: to define the concepts of Neo-Orientalism, Muslimophobia and Islamophobia; to find out the connection between media representations and negative images of Islam and Muslims in the society; to reveal the main stereotypes of Muslims and Islam in online media in 4 different countries by analysing the case of Muhammad cartoons. The conducted qualitative and quantitative content analysis confirmed the hypothesis that in the specific cultures the same event is presented in different ways while forming value based orientation for a specific audience. Western media seeks to portray Muslims as terrorists / Islamists that are against West, their values and any possibility of integration in Western societies. Meanwhile, Lebanon and India (Kashmir) media does not portray orientalism and Islamophobic views, because audiences are dominated by Muslims. However there are noticeable manifestations of Occidentalism - resistance to the West and the Islamophobic portrayal of public in media. Moreover, information serves as a public mobilization function, so there are reasons to believe that violent protests in Kashmir and Lebanon could have been encouraged by the media.
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Habib, Rima. "K-04 Conceptualizing child labor in conflict settings: the case of syrian refugees." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (2019): A1.4—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.4.
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The persistence of child labor as a widespread global phenomenon is a result of the failure to challenge the conditions of economic injustice and child exploitation. Underlying this failure are policy frameworks that do not address the underlying conditions that produce child labor, namely state fragility, armed conflict, and environmental problems. An estimated 250 million children live in armed-conflict affected areas (Raqib, 2017), where the incidence of child labor is at least 77% higher than the global average (International Labour Organization, 2017). UNICEF (2016) estimates that about 535 million children live in conflict or disaster-stricken areas. Child labor thrives under these conditions because of the poverty, vulnerability, and lack of opportunities characteristic of - areas affected by conflict and ecological disasters. The international system has not addressed the root causes of child labor, failing to raise and coordinate adequate relief and development resources when conflicts transpire.This presentation will propose a new theoretical framework on child labor that incorporates the prominent role state fragility and armed conflict play in the constitution of this phenomenon. The presentation will further explore this theoretical framework through a case study of child labor in Syrian refugee communities. The Syrian conflict has resulted in one of the greatest humanitarian crises of the 21st century. Over 5.6 million Syrians have become refugees, mostly residing in the neighboring countries of Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. Bleak prospects for Syrian refugee youth have raised concerns of a ‘lost generation’ of children who have had their housing, schooling, and childhoods interrupted. The combination of inadequate national refugee policies, abject poverty, and withering international aid for the crisis have made child labor endemic among many Syrian refugee communities in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey (Küppers & Ruhmann, 2016; International Labour Organization et al., 2017; Habib et al., 2019). This address will share stories that elucidate how child labor takes root in conflict settings and how the international community can better address the challenges facing those who are most vulnerable.
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VALBJØRN, MORTEN, and ANDRÉ BANK. "The New Arab Cold War: rediscovering the Arab dimension of Middle East regional politics." Review of International Studies 38, no. 1 (2011): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000283.
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AbstractThis article provides a conceptual lens for and a thick interpretation of the emergent regional constellation in the Middle East in the first decade of the 21st century. It starts out by challenging two prevalent claims about regional politics in the context of the 2006 Lebanon and 2008–09 Gaza Wars: Firstly, that regional politics is marked by a fundamental break from the ‘old Middle East’ and secondly, that it has become ‘post-Arab’ in the sense that Arab politics has ceased being distinctly Arab. Against this background, the article develops the understanding of a New Arab Cold War which accentuates the still important, but widely neglected Arab dimension in regional politics. By rediscovering the Arab Cold War of the 1950–60s and by drawing attention to the transformation of Arab nationalism and the importance of new trans-Arab media, the New Arab Cold War perspective aims at supplementing rather that supplanting the prominent moderate-radical, sectarian and Realist-Westphalian narratives. By highlighting dimensions of both continuity and change it does moreover provide some critical nuances to the frequent claims about the ‘newness’ of the ‘New Middle East’. In addition to this more Middle East-specific contribution, the article carries lessons for a number of more general debates in International Relations theory concerning the importance of (Arab-Islamist) non-state actors and competing identities in regional politics as well as the interplay between different forms of sovereignty.
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Kurishumoottil Manalil, Judith Sebastian. "Cartography of Mangled Minds: Mazen Maarouf’s Jokes for the Gunmen." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 12 (2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i12.10867.
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“Power was the most important subject, as far as we were concerned, during the war” (6).
 The 20th century was dominated by the two World Wars, the Cold War and the post-Cold War conflicts. The 21st century appears to be no better. Just two decades into the new millennium and we are already experiencing the tremors of outbreaks across the globe, notably referred to as terrorism, ethnic conflict, civil wars and hybrid and special operations warfare. These nonstate, intrastate, and interstate violence have had an impact on the lives of millions of people. It is in this context that Booker longlisted work Jokes for the Gunmen (2019) by the Palestinian-Icelandic author Mazen Maarouf may be read. Maarouf weaves together twelve stories that offer a kaleidoscope of insights on the impact of war on the civilian population. Jokes for the Gunmen is grounded in a conflict zone that is for the most part unspecified, except in the “Gramophone” where it is Lebanon (55) while in “Juan and Ausa” it is Spain. Thus the narratives are universalized to reinforce the idea that war is an act of violence against the global citizen and everybody and everywhere is its target. The characters are never given names except for Hossam in “Other –People’s –Dreams - Syndrome” and Juan and Ausa in the eponymous story. This buttresses the design of the universality of the narratives. The author seems to drive home the fact that no one can claim immunity from war and this becomes only too obvious with the narrative space being inundated with fatalities. Again, as we march along the narratives, we find that the boundaries between combatants and civilians, battlefronts and domestic spaces have almost blurred. Everyone is now at the combat zone and the combat zone is everywhere. The private domain of the hearth and the home that once signified security and well-being has also been transformed into dangerous territory. 
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Silverberg, Erin. "Mock Research Proposal on Unregistered Syrian Climate Refugees in Jarraheih Camp of Bekaa, Lebanon." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, May 24, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.11807.
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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, displacing a global annual average of 26.4 million people due to climate-related disasters. Currently, over 1.1 million Syrian refugees have fled to Lebanon due to climate-related drought and subsequent war, with 320,000 who remain unregistered by the UNHCR. Unregistered refugees are restricted from accessing services, shelter, and financial means for survival and risk arrest, detention, and deportation by Lebanese authorities for not having proper documentation and paid residency fees. These consequences are felt the most in refugee camps along the Syrian-Lebanese border region such as Bekaa, Lebanon. Despite the presence of humanitarian aid, refugees in camps are left in legal limbo, deprived of accessing the right to have rights. Specifically, for climate refugees, international treaties or future mitigation mechanisms are lacking, exacerbating their vulnerability. Therefore, this research questions the physical and social experiences of unregistered Syrian climate refugees in the Jarrahieh camp, Bekaa, Lebanon. The intention is to determine how these refugees, without official status, are impacted and coping with current federal and international legislative measures. By working with the refugees and key local actors, this research aims to understand how solidary and community organization can be formed within the current legal system to facilitate smoother adaptation and resettlement for climate refugees. Using participatory observation, focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and archival research, the practical outcome is a solidarity group that is established, run, and evaluated by a sample of unregistered Syrian climate refugee men and women aged 18-65.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lebanon - 21st century"
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Ghattas, Micheline Germanos. "The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1415.
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This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described by Arend Lijphart as a "consociational democracy". The research question and sub-question posed are:
1- How consolidated is democracy in Lebanon?
2- What are the challenges facing the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon?
The preamble of the 1926 Lebanese Constitution declares the country to be a parliamentary democratic republic. The political regime is a democracy, but one that is not built on the rule of the majority in numbers, since the numbers do not reflect the history of the country and its distinguishing characteristics. The division of power is built on religion, which defies the concept prevailing in western democracies of the separation between church and state. As the internal and the external conditions change, sometimes in a violent manner, the democracy in the country still survives. Today, after the war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990, the Syrian occupation that lasted until 2005, the Israeli war in the summer of 2006, and the roadblocks in the face of the overdue presidential election in 2008, democracy is still struggling to stay alive in the country. There is no denying or ignoring the challenges and the attempts against democracy in Lebanon from 1975 to the present. Even with these challenges, there are some strong elements that let democracy survive all these predicaments. The reasons and events of the 1975-1995 war are still being sorted out and only history will clear that up. Can we say today that the Consociational democracy in Lebanon is consolidated? To answer this question Linz & Stepan's three elements of a consolidated democracy are used as the criteria: the constitution of the land, people's attitude towards democracy and their behavior. The analysis examines the Lebanese Constitution, surveys about people's attitude towards democracy, and reported events about their behavior, such as political demonstrations and political violence narrated in the media. The findings of this study show that although the Lebanese find democracy as being the only game in town, the consolidation of democracy in the country still faces some challenges, both internal and external. The study also shows that the criteria used for western democracies need to be adjusted to apply to a society such as the one in Lebanon: plural, religious and traditional.
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El, Hajj Sleiman Y. "I am not naked : a fictional and theoretical exploration of home and the flâneuse in 21st-century Lebanon and Syria." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2017. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/4805/.
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This thesis mainly consists of two artifacts: a creative text followed by literary criticism. The research draws on the theoretical intervention of the flâneuse I have posited as a way of reading home in fiction. Not withstanding commentaries on the flâneur in the social sciences and cultural studies, no literary study yet has posited the connection between flânerie and home, let alone theorized the notion of the flâneuse as a subversive figure that can be deployed in creative, and then critical, writing to make intelligible the possible variants of home in the present-day fictions of Lebanon and Syria. I thus propose a redefinition of the term in a way that may also apply to readings of the trope in a literary text: I read the flâneuse as a determined woman whose acts of street-walking, or of movement from one place to another, are enacted on two levels in such a way that her physical journeys – in search of, or as a return to, her own conceived notion of home – intersect with an emotional itinerary that traces her development against, and resistance to, a backdrop of patriarchy and conflict. My PhD novel, I Am Not Naked, is a first in marrying the Lebanese and Syrian contexts and in appraising the subversive quests for home of their fictional female characters, both heterosexual and non-heterosexual, from the theoretical lens of the “flâneuse,” against the setting of two civil wars, the Lebanese Civil War (1975—1990) and the Syrian Civil War (2011—present). In the second section of the thesis, I shift rhetorical gear from creative to critical discourse in order to situate the novel, and henceforth its analysis of home and patriarchy that I read through the different theoretical imports that attach to the flâneuse, in relation to new creative narratives from Lebanon and Syria. Hence, in reference to three novels in which the trope can be culled – I Am Not Naked (Sleiman El Hajj, 2016, Lebanon and Syria), Cinnamon (Samar Yazbek, Syria, 2012), and An Unnecessary Woman (Rabih Alameddine, Lebanon, 2013) – I argue that the notion of the flâneuse I have postulated is reified in characters who defy patriarchy by employing flânerie as a multilayered vector for fulfilling the homing desire that drives their respective journeys. Necessarily, I hyphenate the intervention with relevant strands of criticism to better invigorate my reading of home-as-emotional-space, as opposed to a fixed place, in the three novels, hence the feminist flâneuse, the postcolonial flâneuse, and the queer flâneuse, terms unused in previous scholarship. My thesis also contributes to the nascent body of creative writing on the Syrian Civil War and the refugee crisis, and supplements the growing interdisciplinary corpus of research on (mostly male) homosexuality from a queer-female literary angle, given my novel’s focus, in part, on same-sex female affects through its characterization of Teta – a queer Arab grandmother figure – a representation still unexplored in extant Lebanese and Syrian literature of the 21st century.
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Abou, raad Hicham. "La (re)conquête de l'espace public dans une société multicommunautaire. L’exemple du Liban entre place publique et agora médiatique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD040/document.
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L'assassinat de Rafic Hariri, le 14 février 2005, est un événement fondateur. Un mois plus tard, le 14 mars 2005, la manifestation pro‐Hariri sur la place des Martyrs, rebaptisée place de la Liberté, transforme en effet cette place publique en un espace public. Cette même place sera utilisée ensuite aussi bien par les pro‐Hariri (la formation du 14 mars) que par les anti‐Hariri (la formation du 8 mars). La question qui nous intéresse est de savoir comment cette suite d'événements a été reprise et médiatisée par les différents médias, au point de faire de la place des Martyrs le lieu d'un rendez‐vous annuel des partis en présence. Notre objectif est donc de montrer dans quelles conditions cette place a été transformée, le 14 mars 2005, en un espace public et d'étudier quels moyens ont été mis en œuvre pour cela. Notre perspective ne se limite pas aux médias libanais mais s'étend jusqu'à la presse internationale, dont nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'elle a joué un rôle important dans la construction de cet événement. Le paradoxe et la nouveauté de cet événement tiennent à ce que la notion d'espace public est relativement étrangère au paysage libanais. Au contraire, la confessionnalité est reconnue au Liban et même mentionnée dans la Constitution du pays, en contradiction avec la conception d'un espace public (notamment bourgeois) reposant sur le principe de la laïcité. Pour traiter de cette question, nous montrons que l'occupation de la place des Martyrs révèle le lien étroit qui associe religion et laïcité, contrairement aux représentations stéréotypées qui tendent à opposer ces deux pôles. Une approche communicationnelle nous permet de mettre en évidence la relation entre ces deux pôles<br>The assassination of Rafic Hariri, February 14th 2005, is the founding event. A month later, March 14, the demonstration pro‐Hariri in Martyrs' Square, renamed Freedom Square, transform the public square into a public sphere. The question we are interested by is how different media broadcasted this sequence of events ; as to make Martyrs’ square a yearly meeting of all parties. Our target is to show under what conditions this place has been transformed, March 14th 2005, into a public space and to explore different ways that allowed reaching the target. Our perspective is not limited to Lebanese media, but extends to international media, which we suggest that they had an important role in the construction of this event. The paradox and novelty of this event is that the concept of public sphere is relatively foreign to the Lebanese scene. The contrast is that, the confessionality is recognized in Lebanon and even mentioned in the constitution, on opposition of the conception of public sphere based on the principle of secularism. To answer this question, we’ll try to show that the occupation of Martyrs’ square reveals the close link between religion and secularism, unlike the stereotypical representations that tend to oppose these two poles. A communicational approach highlight the relationship between these two poles
Books on the topic "Lebanon - 21st century"
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US GOVERNMENT. 21st Century Essential Guide to Hezbollah: Terrorists inside Lebanon and the Battle with Israel--Sheik Hassan Nasrallah, Evacuation of Lebanon, U.S. Military Publications. Progressive Management, 2006.
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1972-, Gonzalez Gabriella C., ed. Facing human capital challenges of the 21st century: Education and labor market initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. RAND Corporation, 2008.
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Gonzalez, Gabriella, Lynn Karoly, Louay Constant, Hanine Salem, and Charles Goldman. Facing Human Capital Challenges of the 21st Century: Education and Labor Market Initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. RAND Corporation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/mg786.
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1972-, Gonzalez Gabriella C., and Gonzalez Gabriella, eds. Facing human capital challenges of the 21st century: Education and labor market initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates : executive summary. RAND, 2008.
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Gonzalez, Gabriella, Lynn Karoly, Louay Constant, Hanine Salem, and Charles Goldman. Facing Human Capital Challenges of the 21st Century: Education and Labor Market Initiatives in Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates: Executive Summary. RAND Corporation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/mg786.1.
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US GOVERNMENT. 21st Century Complete Guide to the Reagan Presidential Archives: President Ronald Reagan, Reagan Administration, Nancy Reagan, Life and Career, Presidential ... Iran-Contra, Grenada, Lebanon (CD-ROM). Progressive Management, 2003.
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