Academic literature on the topic 'Lebanon – History – 1990-'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lebanon – History – 1990-"
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Sayigh, Rosemary. "Palestinian Camp Women as Tellers of History." Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 2 (1998): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538283.
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This paper points to the value of personal narratives as a source for historians of the Palestinian people, arguing from the need to revise concepts of national history to include the experience of nonelite classes, women, localities, and the diaspora. Life stories recorded between 1990 and 1992 with women of different generations from Shatila camp in Lebanon are used to support this argument.
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Saadawi, Ghalya. "A Book Review in the Form of a Polemic Chad Elias's Posthumous Images: Contemporary Art and Memory Politics in Post-Civil War Lebanon and the Old New World Order." ARTMargins 9, no. 3 (2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00273.
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Chad Elias' 2018 book Posthumous Images: Contemporary Art and Memory Politics in Post-Civil War Lebanon attempts to deal with the question of post-civil war representation, image-making and contemporary art from the perspective of memory studies in Lebanon. Dealing with a particular group of artists working since the 1990's in installation, video, film, and performance, the book attempts to create a relation between their artistic propositions and narratives on the one hand, and the post-war reckoning with the missing and disappeared, the history of former Leftist combatants, neglected space programs, reconstruction and urban space, on the other. The book has a series of shortcomings and structural, theoretical blind spots that this review essay attempts to redress. For instance, Posthumous Images has no framework for the notions of communities of witnessing, collective memory, or post-war amnesia that seems to underpin its claims, as they seem to figure only nominally. In these theoretical omissions, the essay argues, the book adopts and furthers the ideology human rights as this relates to the politics of remembrance, as well as to Lebanon's neoliberal post-war realities. Moreover, it lacks a rigorous art historical frame to study the given artworks formally, or theoretically, leaving the book open to a post-historical method that disavows a critical, social history of art needed for an analysis of post-civil war and post-Cold war art forms in Lebanon and beyond.
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AIT IDIR, Lahcen. "Remembering the Lebanese Wars in Abbas El Zein’s Leave to Remain (2009)." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (2020): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.467.
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Soon after the Civil War’s end in 1990, the state in Lebanon has engaged in a discourse of amnesia, in a bid to proscribe any heed to the question of the war. The purpose is to conceal this dark chapter of the Lebanese history through the repression of memory. Through different practices of remembering, diaspora writers have tried, however, to offer alternative narratives of the Lebanese history. In so doing, they engage in resisting the official dominant ideologies through producing what Micheal Foucault would label as “insurrection of subjugated knowledges” (Foucault, 81). In studying Abbas El Zein’s memoir Leave to Remain, the article sets out to explore how and in what ways post-war Lebanese Diaspora literature can be categorized as a form of history writing about war. This article focuses the Civil War (1975-1990) and the July War in 2006.
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Salem, Paul. "EDGAR O'BALLANCE, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92 (London: MacMillan Press, 1998). Pp. 257. £22.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (2000): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380000249x.
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Edgar O'Ballance is a military journalist and historian who has covered more than twenty wars and insurgencies and written more than fifty books or monographs on conflicts in the Middle East, North Africa, Central Europe, and Asia. His book is a chronological blow-by-blow account of the Lebanese War (1975–90), including a brief account of the events leading to the breakdown of April 1975 and the events immediately following the conclusion of the war in October 1990. Strangely, the title of the book describes the Lebanese War as having extended until 1992. There is no explanation for this odd dating, although it is clear that the author concluded his research in 1992; the book itself ends its chronological accounting in late 1991.
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Jones, Clive. "‘A reach greater than the grasp’: Israeli intelligence and the conflict in south Lebanon 1990–2000." Intelligence and National Security 16, no. 3 (2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684520412331306190.
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Baroudi, Sami E., and Paul Tabar. "Spiritual Authority versus Secular Authority: Relations between the Maronite Church and the State in Postwar Lebanon: 1990–2005." Middle East Critique 18, no. 3 (2009): 195–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19436140903237038.
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Daou, Dolly. "Sahat al-Borj: A Feminine City Square as a Container of Events." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 5 (2016): 795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216629930.
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Beirut’s city center, Sahat al-Borj, has been the receptacle to many historical events, which shaped its current identity, such as repeated wars and other violent events such as tsunamis and earthquakes. These events affected the Square’s identity and the national identity and culture of Lebanon, and led to the creation and evolution of Sahat al-Borj from a cosmopolitan city center in the 1950s and 1960s, to a demarcation line between East (Christians) and West (Muslims) during the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) to an abandoned city center since 1990. Like Derrida’s khōra, the sites of Beirut and Sahat al-Borj both have interior qualities and are receptacles of repeated wars and violent events. In Lebanese, both the city and the city Square are referred to with a feminine pronoun: hiyeh or “she” in Lebanese and elle in French. In Arabic and Lebanese, the nouns Sahat (a square, is an open space; open to a diversity of activities) and Mdineh (city) are feminine, giving both feminine connotations. This gendered pronoun accruing to cultural practices humanizes the Square and personalizes its identity and its occupation by referring to the city and its center as “she” or “her.” In Anglophone societies, city squares are usually referred to as “it” in English and do not have feminine or masculine genders or “character” attributed to them, unlike French, Arabic, or Lebanese. Through a series of historical cartographic maps and images collected from different library archives in France and Lebanon, this article will explore the human occupation of the Square throughout history and will examine the urban site of Beirut as a container of events and a transitional “non-place” with feminine and interior qualities with a specific reference to Derrida’s khōra. Although there are many interpretations of Khōra, like Derrida’s Khōra, in this article, the interior is explored as a receptacle associated with the feminine, the container, which receives human’s occupation.1
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HAFEZ, MOHAMMED M. "ANDREA NÜSSE, Muslim Palestine: The Ideology of Hamas (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998). Pp. 203. $22.00 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 1 (2001): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801321062.
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In a modest but original contribution to the literature on the Islamist movement in the West Bank and Gaza, Andrea Nüsse explores the ideology of the key player in this movement: Hamas. Nüsse analyzes Hamas's system of thought, particularly how it frames its struggle against Israel; the arguments it employs to oppose the peace process; and its use of Qur[ham]anic exegeses to underpin its militant, or jihadist, stance. The author avoids such issues as the structure of the organization and the social base of its constituency, which have been explored elsewhere. Instead, she relies on primary material to address the goals, strategy, ideological foundations, self-image, and perceived enemies of the movement. In addition to these themes, the author presents Hamas's perspective on contemporary historical events and developments, including the Gulf War of 1990–91, the mass deportation of Islamists to South Lebanon in 1992, and the Hebron massacre of 1994. The aim throughout the book is to shed light on an under-studied aspect of the movement, leaving it up to the reader to seek out other writings that give a more comprehensive analysis.
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Jaran, Mahmoud. "Beirut e la guerra: Elias Khuri e Oriana Fallaci." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (2015): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340073.
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“Switzerland of the Middle East” and “the oriental Paris” are some of the names that the beautiful city of Beirut had earned before the disasters of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). This historical event is considered the most important one in the contemporary history of Lebanon, not only because it marks the end of a difficult peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic and religious groups during the period between the Independence (1943) and the beginning of the conflict (1975), but also because it made radical geopolitical changes to the entire region. At the end of the “Swiss epoque”, the city of Beirut begins to undergo a series of transformations in terms of urban planning, landscape, etc. This paper aims to study the literary representation of Beirut during the conflict, taking as examples two authors, one Lebanese, Elias Khuri, who shows, in his novel The Journey of Little Gandhi, the irrationality of war and its effects on the city and on the inhabitants; the other one is the Italian writer, Oriana Fallaci, who describes in his novel Inshallah the experience of the Italian contingent in the peacekeeping mission in Beirut. Despite the considerable differences between the two authors, the papers shows the narratives’ affinity which highlight the transformation of Beirut, the image of its citizens and the problematic of the assimilation process between them and their city.
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Dabbous, Yasmine. "The Runaway to the Future." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 7, no. 3 (2014): 310–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00703004.
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Between 1920 and 2000, Lebanon’s national currency changed both in shape and form over six times, the last being during the post-civil war era of the 1990s. But despite their eventful chronicle, the country’s banknotes preserved the same oriental ornamentation and theme of cultural tourism. It was not until the 1990s, with the end of the civil war and the advent of a new non-feudal leadership, that the iconic character of the Lebanese pound changed completely. This paper explores the currency change using semiotic analysis developed by Barthes and Baudrillard in order to compare the currency designs of the 1960s and the 1990s. It proposes that the postwar replacement of national currency reflects, among other things, a conscious effort on the part of the new Lebanese leadership to change Lebanon’s national identity and slowly deemphasize sectarian tensions in the collective memory of its people. To achieve this objective, the postwar government resorted to postmodern banknotes, almost void of social and political meaning. However, as this paper argues, the effort to overcome the divisive issues of the war was attempted solely at the level of the simulacra. The new Lebanon—as reflected in the new currency—is void of history, sectarian tensions and divisive issues; it only exists on the banknotes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lebanon – History – 1990-"
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Beydoun, Ahlam. "La souveraineté du Liban face à l'épreuve." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213094.
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Khalaf, Tania. "Born in Beirut." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3954/.
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The film starts with another ordinary day, two elderly men playing Backgammon, cars passing by, children playing in the street; scenes anyone anywhere in the world can relate to. Seemingly without warning, as the sun set on that ordinary day, the audience is taken on a perilous journey through war-torn Beirut. Born in Beirut is a thoughtful and poetic examination of war through the eyes of a child who lived through endless conflict in war-torn Beirut. The film examines the futility of war and the price paid in innocent lives.
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Hussein, Ahmad. "Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon 1920-1965." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-41654.
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This licentiate thesis examines the development of Swedish–Lebanese trade relations and the changes of significance for Swedish trade towards Lebanon during the period 1920-1965. The aim of the study is to explore how Sweden as representing a small, open Western economy could develop its economic interests in the emerging Middle East market characterised both by promising economic outlooks, and a high degree of political instability during the age of decolonisation, Cold War logic, and intricate commercial and geo-political factors. The study shows that the Swedish trade with Lebanon was very small during the Interwar period. It was neither possible to find any formal Swedish-Lebanese trade agreements before 1945. In the Post-War period, the promotion of Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon witnessed more interests from the both parties. Two categories of explanations were found for the periods of 1946-53 and 1954-65 respectively. In the first period the Swedish-Lebanese trade developed in a traditional direction with manufactured goods being exported from Sweden and agricultural products being exported from Lebanon. Furthermore, there were no trade agreements between the two countries. In the second period, several Lebanese attempts were made to conclude bilateral trade agreement with Sweden in hope to change the traditional trade direction, and to improve the Lebanese balance of trade. Sweden was, however, convinced that Lebanon could never achieve a balanced foreign trade at least not on a bilateral basis. To maintain a fair access to the Lebanese market, the Swedish authorities avoided to conclude any trade agreement with Lebanon. Despite the Lebanese concern on the big trade deficit between the two countries, Sweden managed in increasing the trade volumes to the region of Middle East through the transit link of Lebanon.
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Souza, Roney Salina de. "UMA VIDA ENTRE DOIS MUNDOS: IMIGRANTES SÍRIOS E LIBANESES EM DOURADOS (1910-1980)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2007. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/250.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-19<br>This work approaches the immigration of Syrian and Lebanon people to the city of Dourados on the South of Mato Grosso, from the 1910th to the 1980th . The main factors of
expulsion if this population were the imperial interests of European people and the nationalism full of violence and oppression. The continent of America, at the end of the 19th
century and the beginning of 20th, attracted the immigrant because of the possibility of offering land and employ workers. There are two most important moments on the coming of these immigrants, first on the 1910th with the commencement of urban space formation and after on the 1950th with the implantation of the National Agricultural Colony of Dourados. They went in the activity of peddler what gave them the possibility of gain money and start retail dealer commerce. These agents established a serial of relationship with Brazilian people marked by the Identity negociation: language, organization of institutes, clubs, cookery, dayto-day, weddings. The change of their identity qualifies the presence of Arabian people in Dourados as been hybrid due to it is the existence of two ways of be, the pre-migratory and the pos-one, separated by a border which was in constant change. The source of the elaboration of this work started from the historiographic analyses national and international,search for documents and photos, not only in public archive in the cities of Dourados/MS, Campo Grande/MS and Cuiabá/MT but also at the Historical Museum of Dourados, not to mention that among the Syrian-Lebanon families it was possible to realize interview and evaluate very good information for this work<br>Este trabalho aborda a imigração de sírios e libaneses para a cidade de Dourados, no sul de Mato Grosso, no período de 1910 até a década de 1980. Os principais fatores de
expulsão destas populações foram os interesses imperialistas europeus e os nacionalismos marcados pela perseguição e violência. A América, no final do século XIX e início do XX, por
sua vez atraia os imigrantes pela possibilidade de oferecer terras e contratar mão-de-obra. Há dois momentos principais na vinda destes imigrantes, inicialmente na década de 1910 com o início da formação do espaço urbano e posteriormente nos anos 1950 na implantação da Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Dourados. Eles ingressaram na atividade de mascate que lhes
possibilitou o acúmulo de capital e a montagem do comércio varejista. Estes agentes estabeleceram uma série de relações com os brasileiros marcadas pela negociação de identidades: idioma, organização de instituições e clubes, culinária, cotidiano, casamentos. A modificação de suas identidades qualifica a presença dos árabes em Dourados como sendo
híbrida, pois é existência de duas maneiras de ser, a pré-migratória e a pós-migratória, separadas por uma fronteira que esteve em constante movimento. As fontes para a elaboração desta obra partiram da análise historiográfica nacional e internacional, busca por documentos e fotografias não apenas em arquivos públicos nas cidades de Dourados-MS, Campo Grande-MS e Cuiabá-MT, mas também no Museu Histórico de Dourados, sem mencionar que entre as famílias sírio-libanesas foi possível realizar entrevistas e avaliar informações de muito valor para esta tarefa
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Barrère, Sandra. "Écrire une histoire tue : le massacre de Sabra et Chatila dans la littérature et l’art." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30022.
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La recherche entend interroger les fonctions de la littérature et de l’art relativement à un événement violent qui fait l’objet d’un tabou, à savoir le massacre perpétré dans les camps de réfugiés palestiniens de Sabra et Chatila (16-18 septembre 1982), à Beyrouth. Elle s’y applique à partir d’un présupposé : il n’y a pas seulement effraction du réel dans l’art, l’art est le temps à l’œuvre (P. Ricœur, A. Compagnon). La démarche part du constat d’un triple déficit d’histoire, de culte des morts et de justice. Il s’agit d’un événement tu : on le dira tabou. Par ailleurs, elle prend acte de l’émergence d’un corpus d’œuvres dans les champs de la littérature, du cinéma, de l’art contemporain. Dès lors, la recherche entend ausculter les fonctions politiques de la poétique (J. Rancière). Plusieurs hypothèses sont formulées qui ensemble signalent le caractère à la fois transitif et performatif de l’art et de la littérature : d’une part, au regard d’une vérité non avérée dans les livres d’histoire, et du mal de vérité qui en résulte (C. Coquio), les œuvres ont vocation à dire ce que l’histoire tait (I. Jablonka, E. Bouju, A. Imhoff, K. Quirós) ; d’autre part, les victimes n’ayant pas été enterrées, les œuvres déposent une stèle à l’endroit de son manque, rétablissant des égalités en direction de corps qui ne comptent pas (J. Butler) ; enfin, face à une irrésolution judiciaire qui signe le caractère indécidable de l’événement, elles opèrent, par leurs médiations symboliques, la clinique non seulement de l’humain, mais aussi du langage et de l’autorité du sens (A. Gefen, C. Coquio).Située au croisement des études postcoloniales et des études de genre, la recherche examine la politicité de la littérature et de l’art à partir d’un corpus de 14 œuvres prélevées aussi bien à l’épicentre qu’aux périphéries de l’événement<br>The research questions the functions of literature and art in relation to a violent event that is a taboo subject, namely the massacre perpetrated in the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila (16-18 September 1982 ), in Beirut. It applies to it with a presupposition: there is not only the breaking of reality in art, art is the time at work (P. Ricœur, A. Compagnon). The process begins with the observation of a triple deficit most evident in historiography, in cult of the dead and justice. This is an event that is held secret: we will call it taboo. In addition, it takes note of the emergence of a corpus of works in the fields of literature, cinema, contemporary art. From then on, the research intends to auscultate the political functions of poetics (J. Rancière). Several hypotheses are formulated which together signal the transitive and performative character of art and literature: on the one hand, in the shade of a truth not recorded in history books, i.e. of the melancholy of truth resulting from this missing (C. Coquio), the works are meant to tell what history conceals (I. Jablonka, E. Bouju, A. Imhoff, K. Quirós); on the other hand, since the victims have not been buried, the works deposit a stele at the place of its absence, restoring equalities towards bodies that do not count (J. Butler); finally, faced with a judicial irresolution which signifies the undecidable character of the event, they operate, through their symbolic mediations, the rehabilitating clinic not only of the human being, but also of the language and the authority of sense (A. Gefen, C. Coquio). Situated at the crossroads of postcolonial studies and gender studies, the research examines the politicity of literature and art of a body of 14 works collected from both the epicenter and the periphery of the event
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Saeed, Sana. "In the presence of absence: a history of the future of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon 1993-2000." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106410.
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When Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin met in Washington D.C to sign the Oslo Accords on September 13th 1993, it was a monumental occasion. While the international community applauded the agreement, many within the Palestinian camp felt betrayed. The parameters set by the Declaration of Principles gave preference to the Palestinians in the Occupied Territories over the millions of Palestinians living in the diaspora. Thus the Palestinian refugees outside the Occupied Territories felt marginalized. This sense of marginalization was intensified by the fact that the final status arrangements, that included the issue of the refugees, had been put aside for discussion following the five-year interim period. Of all the Palestinian refugees living outside the Occupied Territories those in Lebanon felt the most vulnerable. The Palestinian refugees in Lebanon as well as many segments of the Lebanese population feared that the Oslo process would lead to the resettlement of the refugees in the country. While the official process, however, put the question of the refugees and their Right of Return on the shelf, there was a significant conversation happening on the so-called 'third-track.' This dissertation examines this track, which was comprised of three major conferences that took place during the Oslo interim period. Drawing on the papers and reports that were generated by these conferences, in addition to interviews with some of the participants, the dissertation tells the story of how third-track participants thought about the future of the Palestinian refugees during the Oslo process.<br>Lorsque Yasser Arafat et Yitzhak Rabin se sont rencontrés à Washington DC afin de signer les Accords d'Oslo le 13 septembre 1993, c'était un évènement monumental. Pour la première fois depuis le début du conflit, les Israëliens et les Palestiniens se rencontraient face à face, et se sont mis d'accord de franchir les premiers pas vers la résolution du conflit. Pendant que la communauté internationale saluait ce geste, plusieurs du camps Palestiniens se sentaient trahis. Il semblait que les critères décidés par la Déclaration des principes favorisaient les Palestiniens des Territoires Occupés Palestiniens, plutôt que les millions des Palestiniens vivant dans la diaspora. En particulier, les réfugiés Palestiniens hors des Territoires Occupés Palestiniens se sentaient mis à l'écart. Ce sens de la marginalisation a été intensifié par le fait que les arrangements du statut final, qui incluaient le point sur les réfugiés, ont été repoussés en discussion après une période d'intérim de cinq ans. De tous les réfugiés Palestiniens vivant hors des Territoires Occupés Palestiniens, ceux du Liban se sentaient les plus vulnerables. Les réfugiés Palestiniens du Liban ainsi que plusieurs parties de la population Libanaise craignaient que le processus d'Oslo provoqueraient la relocalisation des réfugiés du pays. Pendant que la procedure officielle sur les réfugiés et leur droit au retour était mis de côté, il y avait un dialogue important en parallèle, dans ce qui est prénommé le « third-track ». Cette dissertation examine ce canal d'échange en parallèle, qui consiste en trios conférences majeures qui ont eu lieu pendant la période intérim d'Oslo. En utilisant les essais et rapports qui ont été faits suite à ces conférences, en plus d'entretiens avec certains des participants, la dissertation raconte comment les participants en parallèle (« third-track participants ») pensaient l'avenir des réfugiés Palestiniens pendant le processus d'Oslo.
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Sayah, Edward. "The American University of Beirut and Its Educational Activities in Lebanon, 1920-1967." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331929/.
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The purpose of this study was to trace the historical development of the American University of Beirut and its educational contributions in Lebanon and the Middle East from 1920 to 1967. Through their activities in the Levant in the early nineteenth century, the American missionaries virtually laid the foundations of the Syrian Protestant College, later known as the American University of Beirut. Though religion was the cornerstone in the founding of the University, under the pressure of the local environment, its secular character was to be substituted for the religious one. The establishment of the University in 1866 marked the beginning of the system of higher education in the Arab world. As the first established institution of higher learning, the University played a significant role in raising the level of literacy throughout the region. Despite the difficult times that the University faced throughout its history, it survived and continued its dedicated mission to serve the people of Lebanon and the entire area. For the University, the first 50 years under Ottoman rule was a period of surviving and maintaining its existence. With the freedom it came to enjoy during the French Mandate and later during independence, the University moved into a period of advancing and expanding. By the 1960s the University had become a prestigious institution and captured the support of most people and governments in the area. The study's six chapters describe the historical setting of Lebanon and the origins of its religious groups, the historical background of the American University of Beirut, the educational activities of the University during the French Mandate, and its educational activities under independent Lebanon. The thesis showed that the University had a significant role in the education of the Lebanese and the peoples of the area, and that it has significantly contributed to the development of Lebanon and the Middle East.
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Kurdy, Mazen. "The Israeli military's key relationship to Hezbollah terror." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4958.
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This research examines the establishment and expansion of Hezbollah. It uses a policy perspective in explaining the growth of this organization. Moreover, it focuses on Israel's disproportionate use of force in Lebanon as a major cause behind the very existence of Hezbollah. The analysis of Israeli policy will be done by examining three separate conflicts as case studies. These events are: the 1982 (Peace for Galilee) invasion of Lebanon that helped to create Hezbollah, the 1996 (Operation Grapes of Wrath) Hezbollah-Israeli conflict which served to bolster Hezbollah in Lebanon, and finally the 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli war which solidified Hezbollah as a military force in the region. The first part of the study analyzes the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon to dismantle PLO bases and the resulting vacuum filled by Hezbollah. In an effort to eliminate Hezbollah, Israel again invaded Lebanon in 1996 allowing Hezbollah to expand its power based in Lebanon by providing a number of services including healthcare, financial services, and construction among others. In 2006, Israel again invaded Lebanon resulting in an increase in weapons shipments and funding to Hezbollah from Syria, Iran and a number of other countries, further increasing danger to Israel. These invasions have served to bolster Hezbollah in Lebanon. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the repercussions of Israeli military invasions in Lebanon.<br>ID: 030423073; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-130).<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>Political Science<br>Sciences
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Aima, Abhinav K. "Push-Pull Hezbollah: The New York Times and the Washington Post News Coverage of Three Israel-Lebanon Conflicts (1996, 2000, 2006)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564927655951069.
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Taoutel, Christian. "Le Liban entre les 2 retraits, Israélien et Syrien 2000-2005 : restructurations et recompositions sociétales de deux "indépendances nationales"." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824231.
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" Le sujet de cette thèse traitera du Liban entre les deux retraits israélien et syrien, 2000 - 2005.En effet, cette récente période s'inscrit comme l'une des plus critiques dans l'histoire contemporaine du Liban. La guerre civile déclenchée en avril 1975 est officiellement terminée en octobre 1990 par une " paix syrienne " imposée aux belligérants Libanais, soutenue par la Ligue Arabe et la communauté internationale. Cette période de paix entre 1990 et 2005, fut d'une part une période de reconstruction et de développement du Liban. Mais d'autre part, ces quinze années témoignent d'un profond malaise et mécontentement inscrits dans une situation globale apparemment paisible mais en fait marquée de fragilités politiques, sociales et communautaires profondes.Deux évènements majeurs - les retraits : israélien en 2000 et syrien en 2005 - viennent bouleverser ce statut quo libanais et déclenchent le processus inévitable d'une nouvelle " démocratisation " du Liban dont les conséquences ne cessent de se ressentir et de rebondir à ce jour. Entre ces deux retraits, un troisième " évènement choc ", le 11 septembre 2001 semble au regard de certains Libanais la perspective d'une nouvelle politique américaine et européenne dans la région.Cette période sera marquée au Liban, par les événements d'août 2000, arrestations arbitraires à l'encontre des opposants au régime prosyrien, la fermeture forcée de la chaîne de télévision libanaise anti syrienne MTV, les discours virulents des prélats maronites de l'église du Liban et du patriarche du Liban contre le régime en place, la nouvelle politique du leader druze Walid Joumblatt, l'éloignement du Premier Ministre libanais Rafic Hariri de la politique syrienne, et le début de la création d'une opposition multiconfessionnelle contre la reconduction du président libanais prosyrien Emile Lahoud, le vote de la résolution 1559 au conseil de sécurité de l'ONU, et finalement le " 11 septembre libanais " ou l'assassinat de Rafic Hariri, en février 2005 et la " révolution du Cèdre " qui en suit.
Books on the topic "Lebanon – History – 1990-"
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Fisk, Robert. Pity the nation: Lebanon at war. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Pity the nation: The abduction of Lebanon. 4th ed. Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002.
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Dølerud, Magnus. "The Antiwar Movement in Lebanon, 1975–1990." In The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315157344-24.
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"The War Order (1983–1990)." In A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p4f5.19.
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Mazzucotelli, Francesco. "Armenian Clergy and Conflict Management in Lebanon, 1920-1994." In Eurasiatica. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-453-0/007.
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This essay discusses the role played by Church institutions and leaders in the history of the Armenians of Lebanon after their settlement in the country. The development of Armenian institutions in Lebanon is marked since the period of the French Mandate by the pervasive role played by political parties based on mass mobilisation. Through alliances and expediency, these parties managed to carve out their own quotas in Lebanon’s peculiar power-sharing system. However, Armenians in Lebanon remained highly vulnerable to domestic volatility and regional tensions. Church deliberative organs became a site of conflict among opposed political agendas related to the definition of Armenian and Lebanese national identities, Lebanon’s foreign policy, and the relation between the Soviet Union and the Armenian diaspora in the Middle East. Despite these constraints, Armenian Churches remained a vital component in the preservation of Armenian culture and heritage.
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Sarkis, Hashim. "A Vital Void: Reconstructions of Downtown Beirut." In The Resilient City. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175844.003.0019.
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A few lines before the end of The Tiller of Waters, the protagonist, Nicholas Mitri, wakes up after his death in a void. Once he orients himself, he realizes that this void is actually the center of Beirut that he has inhabited alone during the 1975–1990 civil war and that he has been desperately trying to narrate and preserve throughout the novel. Mitri, a Greek Orthodox man from the predominantly Muslim West Beirut, had been forced out of his house by Shiite Muslim refugees from South Lebanon who had, in turn, been displaced by an Israeli invasion. Homeless, he drifts to his father’s textile shop in downtown Beirut, the contested battle zone between Christian East and Muslim West Beirut. There, he lives alone like Robinson Crusoe in the wilderness of the city center and recounts his family’s story and the history of the different peoples and religious groups that inhabited his life and the prewar city. The house where he lived with his Greek Alexandrian parents and with the Kurdish maid he loved, the shop owned by a Sunni Muslim next to his father’s in the bazaar of downtown Beirut, and the parlor where his mother was trained by an Armenian piano teacher are all eventually wiped out—not by the war but by the reconstruction project. The void, at the end of the story, represents the futility of his efforts to preserve the places. The buildings and streets, it turns out, are more fragile than the memories that inhabit them. The civil war that entrapped Mitri was triggered in 1975 by disagreements between Lebanon’s Christians and Muslims over the presence and power of the Palestinian militias in Lebanon. The war would briefly stop in 1977, with the intervention of Arab forces led by Syria, only to be resumed again, this time with the participation of the Syrians on the side of the Palestinians and Muslims. When the Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1982 to support the Christians and expel the Palestinians, the war took on an international scope with a failed American and European military intervention.
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"From Mandate to Independence (1920–1943)." In A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p4f5.12.
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"Shihabism and the Difficult Autonomy of the State (1958–1970)." In A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p4f5.15.
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Kassem, Susann. "Peacekeeping, Development, and Counterinsurgency." In Land of Blue Helmets. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520286931.003.0023.
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This chapter examines the function of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon's (UNIFIL) post-2006 “Quick Impact Projects” (QIPs), small-scale and short-term development projects carried out with local municipalities. More international interventions were carried out in the name of “peace” in the decade following the end of the Cold War than in the previous four decades put together. In the era of United States unipolarity, following the demise of its Soviet rival, the budget of United Nations peacekeeping missions has increased from a total of US$3.6 billion in the year 1994 to US$8.27 billion in the year 2016. After providing a brief background on the history of UNIFIL, the chapter suggests that QIPs illustrate the mission's contradictions and its frequently thorny relations with the local population, who welcome UNIFIL's economic development efforts but reject their underlying political objective of constructing a rival authority and influence to Hizbullah in southern Lebanon.
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"Lewis Gaston Leary, Syria, the Land of Lebanon (New York: McBride, Nast, 1913), Pp. 72–78, 80–84, 86–87." In A World History of Railway Cultures, 1830–1930, edited by Matthew Esposito. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351211710-20.
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Nasser, Tahia Abdel. "Revolutionary Solitude: Edward Said and Najla Said." In Literary Autobiography and Arab National Struggles. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420228.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Arab Anglophone memoirs by focusing on Edward Said’s Out of Place: A Memoir (1999) and Najla Said’s Looking for Palestine: Growing Up Confused in an Arab-American Family (2013). Out of Place traces Edward Said’s cultural and literary journey from Palestine, Lebanon, and Egypt to his education in the US. Edward Said’s self-representation rests on the dichotomy of his solitude during his formation within a history of dispossession and his career. The chapter rethinks Out of Place through the burgeoning of the Palestinian national movement and Said’s lifework. The chapter also compares Edward Said’s youth in the Arab world and Najla Said’s Arab-American background, Said’s journey to the US and his daughter’s return to her roots, to arrive at a rethinking of the genre that migrates across languages and cultures.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Biblical Archaeology." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0013.
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The increase of interest that the study of ancient monuments had raised, mainly from the eighteenth century, attracted many individuals to the classical lands. There, as explained in the last chapter, a search for the roots of Western civilization and of the flourishing nineteenth-century empires took place. In addition, however, in some of those countries—mainly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—this concern would not be the only one which boosted scholars’ interests. These lands had witnessed some of the accounts related in the Christian Holy Book, the Bible, and therefore the search for classical antiquity came together with—and was sometimes overshadowed by—research on the biblical past. Work focused first on Egypt, then on Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and parts of Iran), and then moved to other areas: Palestine, and to a certain degree Lebanon and Turkey. After the first travellers who managed to overcome the difficulties of access imposed by the Ottoman Empire, there followed diplomats in the area working for the various imperial countries as well as more specialized explorers, including geographers and antiquarians. Later on, especially in Palestine, many of those who looked for ancient remains were in one way or another connected with religious institutions. Therefore, imperialism will not be the only factor to consider in the development of archaeology in the area described in this chapter, for religion also had an essential role. As explained in the following pages, these were overlapping, complementary forces. The influence of religion on the archaeology of the biblical lands can be seen both in the religious beliefs of those who undertook it, as well as, more importantly, in how it had an effect on research. The aim of most of the archaeologists working in the biblical land—especially in the core area of Palestine and Lebanon—was to illustrate, confirm, or challenge the biblical account, and they were not interested in any period dated either before or after the events related in the Holy Book. Thus, an interest in the Islamic archaeology of the area would only appear at the end of the period dealt with in this book (Ettinghausen 1951; Vernoit 1997: 4–5), and pre-biblical archaeology would develop later.