Journal articles on the topic 'Lecture recital'

The detrimental effect of the public recital on the quality of epic production in the first century is a stock theme both in ancient and in modern literary criticism. While previous studies on the epic recital emphasize its negative effects, or aim at its reconstruction as social reality, I focus on its conflicting representations by the ancients themselves and the lessons that we can learn from them. The voices of critics and defenders reveal anxieties about who controls the prestigious high genre of epic and about the construction of gender and social status through epic's public performance. Critics of the recitatio such as Horace, Persius, Petronius and Juvenal represent it as an informal and popular event that panders to public taste and incurs infamy. These critics charge that the epic recital has an effeminizing effect both on the recitator and on his audience, a charge traditionally advanced against orators and actors. Because the epic recital in Rome lacks a performative context similar to the rhapsodic performances in Greece, its public image mirrors that of other public performances (the theater, the public speech and the public lecture). The main point of divergence is the presence of the book, the symbol of permanent fame, which casts upon the recital the shadow of an evanescent entertainment. Defenders (Statius and Suetonius) see the recital as instrumental to the maintenance of literature's value in society. This means that well into the first century there were those who felt nostalgia for the epic recital as a bulwark of male aristocratic values and who wanted to reclaim its prestige. Both Statius as a poet, who performed regularly at Domitian's court, and Suetonius, who acted as Hadrian's ab epistulis some twenty years after Statius' death, defend the waning reputation of the contemporary epic recital in an effort to reclaim it as a prestigious component of imperial literary culture. While critics unanimously negate the recital's role in the achievement of poetic fame in favor of the book, Suetonius chooses anecdotal evidence about the early performances by grammarians grammarians that show the important role of the recital in forging poetic fame. The emperor and the members of the new aristocracy whom Statius explicitly names as the target audience of his epic recitals have a stake in reclaiming for imperial culture an institution that went back to the second century B.C.E. and carried the prestige of an aristocratic event.

Over the last decade, Larry Goves, composer and lecturer of music at the Royal Northern College of Music (RNCM), has been steadily enriching the experimental music community in Manchester, UK. As an artistic director and curator, Goves regularly presents his and other's work through the ensemble The House of Bedlam, the annual New Music North West festival, and the Decontamination series. This review covers the twelfth and thirteenth instalments of the Decontamination series, presented as a double-bill at RNCM's Carol Nash Recital Room on 28 February 2018.

In this work, we compared emotions induced by the same performance of Schubert Lieder during a live concert and in a laboratory viewing/listening setting to determine the extent to which laboratory research on affective reactions to music approximates real listening conditions in dedicated performances. We measured emotions experienced by volunteer members of an audience that attended a Lieder recital in a church (Context 1) and emotional reactions to an audio-video-recording of the same performance in a university lecture hall (Context 2). Three groups of participants were exposed to three presentation versions in Context 2: (1) an audio-visual recording, (2) an audio-only recording, and (3) a video-only recording. Participants achieved statistically higher levels of emotional convergence in the live performance than in the laboratory context, and the experience of particular emotions was determined by complex interactions between auditory and visual cues in the performance. This study demonstrates the contribution of the performance setting and the performers’ appearance and nonverbal expression to emotion induction by music, encouraging further systematic research into the factors involved.

In the 17 June 1966 issue of the Los Angeles Free Press, members of a group calling themselves the Los Angeles Hippodrome advertised an upcoming event: an “Homage to Arnold Schoenberg.” The ad seems to suggest nothing out of the ordinary: a recital of the composer’s complete piano works along with a slideshow of his visual art and the playing of a recorded lecture. The facing page, however, paints a very different picture. There, the Free Press reproduced a series of manifestos written by the event’s organizers. The manifestos range in content from lengthy ruminations on the death of art to a cartoon of a dog-like creature brandishing a knife and poised to cut off the head of a snake above the words “GRASP THE WEAPON of CULTURE!” With their absurdist humor and heady, abstract proselytizing, these statements stand in marked contrast to the refined poise of the music of the Second Viennese School. To address this incongruity, one must look beyond the Los Angeles Hippodrome to several other closely related communities. Dorothy Crawford (1995) provides an invaluable account of one such group in Los Angeles, focusing primarily on a circle of modernist music enthusiasts who organized and attended the Monday Evening Concerts series. But the individuals behind the “Homage to Schoenberg” were in equally close contact with participants in the Freak Movement, a Los Angeles manifestation of the 1960s counterculture led by iconoclastic rock guitarist Frank Zappa. Despite superficial differences, the political affinities and geographic proximity of these groups facilitated a free transmission of values and ideas that blurred the boundaries between them.

In the ancient past the teaching was quintessentially verbal. The Students had to be “Shrutidhar”(remembering by listening to the teachers). Our ancient Scriptures are a witness to this. Since then, much water has flown under the bridge. We now live in a time where an effective communication has not only to be verbal but visual as well. The controlled trials have unequivocally shown that verbal presentations beefed-up with visual supplements make such presentations more informative, interesting and intensify cognitive learning. For this, the cutting-edge technology and tools like PowerPoint presentations and OHPS have opened new vistas and dimensions in teaching methods. The poor black-board and chalk have been given a cold valediction. However, wisdom always demands a re-assessment of the usefulness of the newly invented tools. Are these visual aids making the teaching more immersive and interactive? Are these aids being used in proper perspectives? The answer will be a flat “no” if a student is asked to answer honestly. A large majority of the teachers are using this aid for their convenience not to increase the students cognitive engagement in the class. Transparencies of OHPS howsoever transparent they might be yet, they create a barrier between the students and teacher. The PowerPoint Presentations are more often too numerous and contain too much information that student can digest. A monotonous recital of these makes the students totally disinterested in the lecture. They feel that teacher is reciting from the lines taken down from the books. I think there is still a place for black-board and the newer invaluable teaching aids should be very subtlety used and used in proper perspective. Prof. S.M. MishraMS (Surgery), MS (Ortho), FRCSEditor In Chief

En estas páginas se pretende analizar una serie de registros sonoros en los que los propios autores recitan sus poemas, y confrontar la lectura que hacen con algunos aspectos métricos, rítmicos y prosódicos. Se quiere así, en última instancia, indagar sobre la relación que existe entre los modelos de verso, los ejemplos de verso, los modelos de eje cución y los ejemplos de ejecución.In these pages we intend to analyze a repertoire of sound records in which the authors themselves recite their poems. We will compare their reading regarding some metrical, rhythmic and prosodic aspects. In the fi nal analysis, our aim is to investigate the relationship between verse design, verse instance, delivery design and delivery instance.

Margaret Webster (1905–1972), British-American producer-director perhaps best remembered for her production of Othello with Paul Robeson, was also a distinguished writer, lecturer and actress. It was in these several capacities that Webster was invited in 1961 by the United States Department of State to visit South Africa. Webster was to lecture on theatre, offer her one-woman recitals of Shakespeare and Shaw, and direct an “American classic” for the South African National Theatre Organization. In discussions with members of the State Department and the National Theatre Organization, the plays of several writers, including Williams, Miller, Wilder, Hellman and MacLeish, were considered but eventually eliminated for reasons of suitability, individual taste or because of recent productions in South Africa. Eventually, A Touch of the Poet was selected for production.

En este artículo analizo la primera performance del Movimiento Tzántzico (Ecuador, 1961-1968), el recital “Cuatro gritos en la oscuridad” (1962) y el más prominente de sus poemarios, Un gallinazo cantor bajo un sol de a perro (1970), escrito por Humberto Vinueza. Conocidos como los tzántzicos —los reductores de cabezas— estos autores apelan al carácter desestabilizador y persuasivo de la poesía comprometida para combatir el capitalismo. Al ocuparme del primer recital busco elucidar el gesto parricida del movimiento y la insolencia con la que cuestionan la política cultural y elitista de la institucionalidad estatal. En cambio, en el abordaje del poemario de Vinueza me ocupo especialmente de las lecturas y relecturas de la historia que ponen en tela de juicio la Historia Oficial. En los análisis de la performance y del poemario, sin perder de vista la actitud iconoclasta de los tzántzicos que se refleja en su propuesta escritural, demuestro que a esta generación de poetas se le debe la modernización de la poesía ecuatoriana y, también, la de la figura pública del intelectual comprometido frente al poder.

AbstractMonday on February 24th 2020, in the Auditorium of Mihai Eminescu Central University Library in Iaşi the show-recital entitled Dragobete Stories took place. Having the love theme, 4 teachers and 9 singer-actors from George Enescu National University of Arts present to the public arias and duets from the national and international repertoire, pages extracted from the genre of opera and operetta. The excursion on a route that included opera seria, comedy, historical opera, lyrical-dramatic legend, Viennese operetta, Romanian operetta, Russian operetta was coordinated by the presentation of Lecturer PhD Mrs. Consuela Radu-Ţaga. The interdisciplinary team set out to remove the boundaries between music and theater, among the subjects of canto, piano accompaniament, acting, scenic movement, opera class, and singer-actors proposed a scenic language dominated by lyrical-dramatic coordinates. The staging benefited from the fruitful collaboration with Lecturer PhD Mrs. Dumitriana Condurache (stage director), and the piano accompaniament was made by assistant professor PhD Raluca Ehupov and assistant professor PhD Laura Turtă-Timofte.

The Sixteenth Biennial International Conference on Baroque Music (ICBM) was held at the beautiful Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Mozarteum in Salzburg, Austria. Thanks to the tireless efforts of Professor Thomas Hochradner and his effective team of assistants, approximately 250 participants could choose from papers and lecture-recitals that covered a wide spectrum of topics and methodologies. These included new research on notable composers, geographical influences upon musical genres and interdisciplinary approaches. The organizers also offered guided tours on one of the afternoons, which allowed participants to trace the music of the city, learn about the autographs vault of the Mozarteum, listen to the organs at the Metropolitan Church or explore the cathedral quarters (Domquartier).

Barry Green has been Principal Bassist with the Cincinnati Symphony since 1967, and is Adjunct Professor of Double Bass at the University of Cincinnati, College-Conservatory of Music. Known for his books on bass pedagogy, his solo albums and premiers of new music for bass, he also presents unique ‘Inner Game’ lectures and entertaining bass recitals throughout the U. S., and in Europe, Asia and Mainland China. Mr. Green's new book, The Inner Game of Music (with Timothy Gallwey), about overcoming the mental obstacles to learning and playing music, has just been published by Doubleday/Anchor Press.

En el editorial anterior, escribimos sobre la visión que tenemos como revista 1. En esta ocasión nos gustaría compartir la filosofía de trabajo que deseamos nos distinga, la cual podemos resumirla en una sola palabra: servicio.La revista Odontología Sanmarquina desea estar al servicio de la comunidad científica odontológica. Atender bien a los lectores, autores y revisores de nuestra revista, de tal manera que sea una experiencia grata acercarse a una publicación científica. Que para los lectores sea un disfrute la lectura y estudio de un artículo por su contenido intelectual, por su rigor científico, por su aporte a la profesión, por su claridad y por la presentación de sus resultados e imágenes. Que para los autores la publicación de un artículo no sea estresante, ni agotador el tiempo de espera de todo el proceso editorial; muchas veces esperando de 6 a 10 meses para saber si su manuscrito ha sido aprobado. Y si ese fuese el caso, esperar un tiempo similar hasta verlo publicado, sino mas bien, sea un proceso ágil, con tiempos razonablemente cortos de revisión y respuesta para las distintas etapas del proceso, de tal manera que si su artículo es aprobado lo vean prontamente publicado y al alcance de toda la comunidad odontológica. Si realizan una consulta sobre el estado del mismo reciban una respuesta inmediata. Que los revisores se sientan satisfechos de haber contribuido a mejorar la calidad de las publicaciones científicas, recibiendo indicaciones claras y un formato sencillo que los guie y permita plasmar sus comentarios y calificativo. Además de recibir el reconocimiento por su labor voluntaria.

This study was designed to evaluate the efforts that was made by STAIN Curup in improving the ability of students to recite the Qur’an through Tahsin al-qirâ'ah courses. The goal was to determine how effective these efforts can improve the students to recite the Qur’an. This study was an evaluation which is a systematic scientific procedures that performed to measure the results of a program, whether or not the objectives planned is suitable. By collecting, analyzing and reviewing the implemention of the programs that was conducted objectively. Then formulating and defining the policy in advance to consider the positive values and benefits of the program. The informants of this study were the Head of STAIN Curup, Tahsin al-qira'ah Lecturers, and the second or third-year students. From the result of research, it was found that the efforts made by STAIN Curup to improve students’s ability to recite al-Quran by requiring first-year students took tahsin al-qiraah courses was not very effective. It was shown from the low ability of the second and third students to recite al-Quran who have passed the course. 46.6% of students had low achievement. This happened because: (1) lack of time lecturing; (2) the lack of oversight and evaluation of the program by the Head of STAIN Curup, and (3) classification of students which were not based on the ability.

En el marco del proceso de formación en Maestría en Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, y a su vez, al interior de la línea de investigación en Estudios Culturales y Lenguajes Contemporáneos, se viene gestando la investigación denominada «Hibridación curricular, saber y prácticas culturales» con el propósito fundamental de plantear críticamente las posibles formas de hibridación curricular, resultado de las colisiones entre el dispositivo curricular y las prácticas culturales dentro de la arquitectura escolar. La tesis de la cual parte este trabajo, establece que, ante el monismo metodológico que caracteriza algunas prácticas de investigación, conviene hacer un acercamiento a una herramienta metodológica que reciba provisionalmente la denominación de contextualismo radical, y que puede ser empleada como un prisma metodológico a través del cual se pueden hacer lecturas multifacéticas de la arquitectura escolar contemporánea, que incluye los entramados producto de las tensiones valóricas producidos entre espacios, actores y contextos. Para alcanzar tal propósito se hace necesario plantear una articulación del contextualismo radical alrededor de las prácticas de investigación, análisis y reflexión en torno a lo educativo, de modo tal que este pueda constituirse en estrategia de lectura de la arquitectura escolar contemporánea. Esta apuesta posibilita, no solo abordar un aspecto del acontecer escolar (las emergencias resultantes de las colisiones entre el dispositivo curricular y las prácticas culturales), sino a su vez, abrir un espacio para mirar desde otra perspectiva metodológica el contexto educativo con las coyunturas que de él pueden emerger.

Amal Kassir is a 23-year-old Syrian-American spoken word poet and artist. Kassir has performed in 10 countries and over 45 cities and has conducted workshops, given lectures, and recited her poetry in venues ranging from youth prisons to orphanages, refugee camps to universities, and churches to community spaces. She hopes to take part in the global effort to support literacy in war-struck areas and refugee camps and runs a project called More than Metaphors that focuses on helping to educate displaced Syrian children. Recipient of multiple awards, including the Grand Slam at the Brave New Voices International Youth Competition, Kassir has performed on the TED stage and been featured on the PBS NewsHour.

In 1962, J. L. Austin published a set of lectures entitled How to Do Things with Words. In this founding document of speech act theory, Austin argues that language not only can say things, but it can also do things (what he calls the illocutionary force of language). Austins signal example of the illocutionary force of language is the wedding ceremony, in which words properly recited actually create a marriage. Later students of speech act theory have expanded the application of this insight: all language, written or spoken, has an illocutionary force that depends on the context of the speech act. All language not only, or even primarily, says; it also does.

AbstractJust what is the S&T lecture? In the beginning it appeared to be a dubious distinction, another task thrust upon me but different in that I had absolutely no idea what was wanted or would be appropriate. At the least, it seemed reasonable to recite a simple introductory story for what would be an extraordinary conclave. First, an appreciation was due to our dedicated leaders of World Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery (WSRM), who this year (2017) have put together the most extravagant meeting ever, intended to include not just the glamorous but the entire scope of rudimentary reconstructive microsurgery. We know we must acquire all this knowledge to succeed today and tomorrow, but also need not to overlook the struggles and sacrifices our predecessors had to overcome. Too often the past is forgotten, only to then inefficiently be repeated. Today then, this will be a short story, a story of our past that must never be cast aside. The WSRM here today is a great international forum where we can then mingle with all of our colleagues to help dictate the present, but also define the future role of all specialities here where the ultimate goal is to help those most in need. This S&T lecture will just be a history story, subject to your interpretation. Enjoy!

Over the years Islamic sites have sprung up. In addition to many new names, now the categories are also increasingly diverse. There is a portal of Islamic studies in general. There are also special for teens, families, or the public. Not only that. Now worship is increasingly free. Through the virtual universe can. From searching for Islamic references, the Koran and digital Hadiths, to participating in online study sessions, everything can be done. You can even download nasyid songs, Islamic wallpapers, to the call to prayer program for free. Now, we are referencing back a number of Islamic sites that are worthy of your visit. Some are old, but with a variety of new features. There is also something really new with a variety of information. Everything you can use to worship and strengthen faith. Koran recitals at the Mas Airport housing are an Islamic container that helps the residents of the Mas Airport housing to continue to carry out and implement Islamic law, such as recitation, lectures from informants. So that it can provide additional knowledge from the Islamic side

Este trabajo presenta y analiza una propuesta de innovación educativa llevada a cabo en Educación Secundaria cuyo objetivo es acercar al alumnado, contenidos propios de la disciplina histórica a través de la música, en este caso concretos del rap. Gracias sus versos, los alumnos pueden repasar los periodos de la historia mediante la lectura, escucha y análisis de la canción “Mil vidas”, del artista español Nach. Tras esta actividad, se solicita a los alumnos un ejercicio creativo por el que escriben y recitan pequeñas estrofas compuestas por ellos mismos. Este esfuerzo narrativo no solo permite repasar y reflexionar sobre los contenidos históricos aprendidos durante el curso, sino que también favorece la introducción de rimas y ritmos. La actividad es fácilmente adaptable a diferentes cursos y consigue aumentar la motivación del grupo hacia la materia además de posibilitar la evaluación de algunos contenidos aprendidos, valorando el significado dado por el alumnado a determinados acontecimientos de la historia. Además, sirve de ejemplo de actividades interdisciplinares. En este caso, música e historia se conjugan para captar la atención del alumnado y contribuir a una mejora del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

This conference-festival at Cornell University was a highlight among the many events held worldwide in connection with C. P. E. Bach's tercentenary. In addition to an international line-up of visiting scholars who descended upon Ithaca (only then, it might be added, to ascend the formidable hill atop which Cornell is perched), the occasion drew together from within the university the Department of Music, the Westfield Center for Historical Keyboard Studies, the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections and the Atkinson Forum in American Studies. The conference was conceived around Christopher Hogwood's appointment at Cornell as A. D. White Professor-at-Large. Hogwood had been expected to attend and preside over the conference as honorary chair, but in the wake of his death on 24 September 2014 the proceedings were instead dedicated to him. Performances of C. P. E. Bach's music were interwoven with paper sessions and other events throughout each day: in all, two keynote lectures, four paper sessions, four solo keyboard recitals, two vocal-instrumental concerts, a standing exhibition, a clavichord masterclass and even a glass harmonica demonstration filled out the whirlwind, three-day schedule.

La prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino ha evolucionado muy rápidamente en los últimos años; ahora se tiene un mejor entendimiento de la historia natural de la infección con los virus de papiloma humano oncogénicos, se conoce más acerca de la génesis de las lesiones pre-cancerosas y su posterior evolución a cáncer invasor(1). Como consecuencia de este mejor entendimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad, se ha visto también una evolución en las recomendaciones para la detección(2) y manejo de las lesiones precursoras del cáncer de cuello uterino(3). En este número estamos presentando el primer caso para discusión, el cual debe estar seguido por otros casos compartidos por el autor, o casos que se reciban de los colegas lectores de esta revista.

Pocos animales han generado un folklore tan extenso y variado como la cigüeña blanca. Desde al menos el inicio del Neolítico, esta ave ha desarrollado una pronunciada preferencia por anidar sobre edificios o árboles del paisaje rural o pastoril. El hombre, espectador cercano de las sucesivas manifestaciones de la intimidad del ciclo vital de la cigüeña, las interpreta unas veces de un modo animista o antropomorfo y, otras veces, con un marcado realismo. También se da el caso de que manifestaciones aparentemente obvias reciban una interpretación popular totalmente incorrecta. El propósito de este estudio es dar a conocer a los lectores españoles el folklore europeo sobre la cigüeña, tal como se recoge en la bibliografía alemana. El folklore español ya ha sido discutido en otro artículo ya publicado.

Abstrak Pengembangan bahan ajar disesuaikan dengan karakteristik dan kebutuhan mahasiswa. Menurut Branch (2009), pengembangan suatu produk berpusat kepada mahasiswa, salah satu strategi yang paling banyak dikenal untuk membantu mahasiswa memahami dan mengingat materi yang dibaca mahasiswa adalah Strategi PQ4R (Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite dan Review). Strategi ini membantu mahasiswa untuk menata informasinya secara bermakna, mengajukan, pertanyaan, merefleksi, dan mengulasnya. Langkah-langkah dalam strategi PQ4R dapat membantu mahasiswa dalam mengorganisasi teks, dan mengatur dirinya sendiri untuk memperoleh informasi lebih mendalam dengan elaborasi yang lebih luas. Sehingga mahasiswa lebih mandiri dalam belajar. Kemandirian dalam belajar diistilahkan dengan Self Regulated Learning. Model Pengembangan bahan ajar analisis real untuk memfasilitasi self regulated learning mahasiswa yaitu dengan model ADDIE. Tahapan ADDIE adalah (1) Analisis, (2) Perancangan, (3) Pengembangan, (4) Implementasi dan (5) Evaluasi. Kelayakan dan kualitas bahan ajar ditentukan dengan indikator valid, praktis, dan efektif. Validitas bahan ajar ditilik pada aspek materi dan desain bahan ajar, dan praktikalitas dilihat pada uji coba terbatas kepada 10 mahasiswa. Semua instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini divalidasi kepada 2 orang validator yang merupakan dosen pendidikan matematika FKIP Universitas Jambi. Hasil yang diperoleh, Instrumen sudah dinyatakan layak untuk digunakan. Sedangkan hasil pengembangan bahan ajar analisis real dinyatakan valid dan praktis. Kata Kunci: Analisis Real, Self Regulated Learning Abstract Development of teaching materials tailored to the characteristics and needs of students. According to Branch (2009), the development of a product centered on students, one of the most well-known strategies to help students understand and remember material read by students is the PQ4R Strategy (Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite and Review). This strategy helps students to organize their information meaningfully, ask questions, reflect, and review it. The steps in the PQ4R strategy can help students organize the text, and organize themselves to obtain more in-depth information by means of broader elaboration. So that students will be more independent in learning. Independence in learning is termed Self Regulated Learning. Model Development of real analysis teaching materials to facilitate student self-regulated learning, namely the ADDIE model. ADDIE stages are (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation and (5) Evaluation. The quality of teaching materials is determined by valid, practical, and effective indicators. The validity of teaching materials is seen in the material aspects and design of teaching materials, and the practice seen in the trial is limited to 10 students and 1 lecturer. All instruments used in this study were validated to 2 validators who were lecturers in mathematics education FKIP Jambi University. The results obtained, the instrument has been declared eligible for use. While the results of developing real analysis teaching materials are declared valid and practical. Kata Kunci: Analisis Real, Self Regulated Learning

The focus of this research is the members of the Bandungan Taklim Assembly of Kampung Sawah Lega, Pasirwangi Subdistrict, Garut Regency, which notes the background of the farmers who have concerns about the importance of learning the Qur'an, which in their daily life every morning until evening takes care of their agricultural land in the mountains and rice fields. and in the evening gather with family members so that at an advanced age they want to try to get closer to the almighty Allah Almighty by studying reading the Qur'an in the Taklim Bandungan Assembly. This research was conducted at the Taklim Bandungan Assembly. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the Motivation of Belaja Al-Qur'an at the Taklim Bandungan assembly. And How the Role of Islam in Increasing Motivation the importance of Learning the Qur'an at the Taklim Bandungan Assembly. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research with descriptive design, a case study method with a phenomenological approach, the informants in this study consisted of 1 Islamic religious counselor and 4 members of the Bandungan Taklim Assembly Jama'ah who routinely attend recitals every week. The data collection techniques using the method of observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. The results achieved from this study indicate that the role of Islamic religious supervisors is very important in increasing the motivation of the importance of learning the Koran for the Jama'ah Taklim Bandungan Assembly, in the process of Islamic religious guidance beginning with the recitation of the Qur'an simultaneously which then proceed with the Koran independently with listened to and observed by supervisors and other worshipers, continued tausiyah and Question and Answer. The method of giving motivation is used by religious counselors, namely the one-way lecture method and the question and answer process.

The 4th International Conference of the Chemical Societies of the South-Eastern European Countries (ICOSECS-4) was held in Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, from 18-21 July 2004, at the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade. These conferences have become a biennial event: the first two were held in Halkidiki, Greece (1998 and 2000), and the third in Bucharest, Romania (2002).ICOSECS-4 was organized by the Serbian Chemical Society on behalf of the Society of Albanian Chemists, Union of Chemists of Bulgaria, Pancyprian Union of Chemists, Association of Greek Chemists, Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, Chemical Society of Montenegro, and Romanian Chemical Society.The title of the conference was Chemical Sciences in Changing Times: Visions, Challenges and Solutions. Within this broad title, there were contributions from all areas of chemistry. However, the main focus of the conference was reflected in three symposia:- Advanced materials: From fundamentals to application- The greening of chemistry: Pursuit of a healthy environment and safe food- Teaching and understanding chemistry: New concepts and strategies for changing times (dedicated to 150 years of teaching chemistry in Serbia)The meeting was organized under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS), the Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of Serbia, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The president of IUPAC, Leiv Sydnes, and the president of FECS, Gabor Naray-Szabo, attended the conference and addressed the participants.Some 600 researchers from 26 countries took part in the conference. One of the reasons for this large attendance lies in the fact that the organizers of these conferences (the chemical societies of South-East Europe) have declared a commitment to keep the registration fee as low as possible. In comparison with prevailing fees at similar meetings, the ICOSECS-4 registration fee of 80 euros can be considered really modest; it included the book of abstracts, the welcome reception, a city sightseeing tour, and the conference dinner!The scientific program featured five plenary lectures:- John Fenn, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA, the 2002 Nobel Laureate: "Electrospray wings for molecular elephants"- Peter Atkins, Oxford University, Oxford, UK: "Modern trends in chemical education"- C. N. R. Rao, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India: "New directions in the chemical design of materials"- Egon Matijevic, Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA: "Mechanisms of formation of uniform fine particles and their applications"- Ivano Bertini, University of Florence, Florence, Italy: "From genomes to cellular mechanisms and drug design"In addition to the plenary lectures, the program included 38 invited lectures and 25 oral and 437 poster presentations. Brief summaries of all contributions were published in a two-volume book of abstracts.As already mentioned, the organizers put together a rich social program, which included a welcome reception in the historic City Hall (featuring a recital of the Simonuti Trio), a boat sightseeing tour of Belgrade, and a conference dinner with live music and dancing.The next conference, ICOSECS-5, will be organized by the Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia in 2006.Teodor AstConference Editor and Chairman of the International Scientific Committee

Cualquiera que haya leído los muy elogiosos comentarios de E. Llopis a mi libro se debe extrañar de que esa recensión reciba ahora una contraréplica por mi parte. Vaya por delante mi agradecimiento a Enriques Llopis por el ánimo que eso da y la obligada justificación de estas líneas, que no van dirigidas a los lectores del libro, sino a quienes lo consulten por partes o se queden en los comentarios aparecidos en esta Revista: pese a su esfuerzo de comprensión y síntesis, se me atribuyen posturas que, en conjunto, no he tomado. Creo —si se me permite la presunción, porque va en parte de «presunciones»— que el comentarista, una vez conocidos mis argumentos, los ha confundido y, atribuyéndome a mí las verdades a medias, utiliza él alguna verdad al completo para discrepar de supuestas conclusiones mías. A ello se llega sacando frases de contextos, asignándose suposiciones o sugerencias implícitas, o presentando algunas de mis ideas en su clave más radical, todo bien mezclado con razonamientos puramente hipotéticos y con futuribles no contrastados que revela el propio tono de los «debería», «tuvo que» y «habría» con que se expresan.

Estimados lectores, es de mi agrado informar que a la fecha Medicina Clínica y Social ha sido aceptada en el Catálogo 2.0 de Latindex (1), este es un paso enorme en cuanto al crecimiento editorial de la revista y no sería posible sin el apoyo de todos, lectores, revisores y todo el equipo editorial. La indización de las revistas a bases de datos y catálogos es fundamental para dar mayor credibilidad a la revista, al mismo tiempo, esto aumenta el interés de los autores, puesto que con mejores indizaciones las revistas tienen un mayor impacto. Otro cambio importante es que a partir de este número los autores de los artículos deberán confirmar su autoría enlazando las publicaciones con sus perfiles ORCID, esto en el marco de hacer más trasparente todo el proceso editorial y reconocer la autoría de los contribuyentes de Medicina Clínica y Social. ORCID proporciona un identificador digital permanente (un ORCID iD) que es propiedad del autor y está bajo su control, y lo distingue de cualquier otro investigador. Puede conectar el iD con la información profesional, como afiliaciones, subvenciones, publicaciones y más. Se puede usar el iD para compartir su información con otros sistemas, lo que garantiza que reciba el reconocimiento por todas sus contribuciones, así se ahorrará tiempo y trabajo, y reducirá el riesgo de errores (2). El constante crecimiento y adopción de políticas de acceso abierto que garantice el flujo de información científica de calidad son pilares sólidos de la revista, es por eso que la página web ha sido actualizada para que además de aparecer el ORCID con el logo de identificación, también cada artículo publicado tiene un resumen de las estadísticas de descargas y un widget para compartir los artículos en redes sociales.

Empezaré diciendo que la poesía, a diferencia de otros géneros, no solo se lee, sino que también se escucha, se recita y se canta. Si el encuentro con la poesía para niños se produce en buenas circunstancias y con excelente disposición, nuestros niños se podrán dar cuenta de que la poesía es una fuente de sentimientos y emociones, de nuevas ideas y de vivencias insospechadas. La poesía infantil, es bueno aclarar, no es esa poesía hecha de diminutivos ni esa poesía ñoña y superficial carente de armonía y de capacidad de emocionar o conmover. La poesía infantil, como señala Pedro Cerrillo, es sencillamente la poesía escrita para niños, es decir, para esos lectores que todavía están en la etapa de desarrollo y formación aunque también puedan acceder a otros poemas que sean de su agrado o interés y no hayan sido escritos expresamentepara ellos. En el Perú hay muchos poetas importantes que en algún momento de sus vidas escribieron poesía para niños, aunque no los conozcamos como poetas infantiles como, por ejemplo, José María Eguren, Mario Florián, Enrique Peña Barrenechea, Javier Sologuren, Arturo Corcuera. Hay otros poetas, en cambio, que son conocidos precisamente por su dedicación al mundo de la poesía para niños, aunque algunos de ellos también hayan escrito poesía para adultos como Luis Valle Goicochea, Abraham Arias Larreta, Catalina Recavarren, Jorge Ortiz Dueñas, Jorge Díaz Herrera, Luis Alberto Calderón, Jorge Eslava, Heriberto Tejo. En todos ellos, su poesía para niños se relaciona de alguna manera con la esencia de la poesía popular, con la poesía de transmisión oral: repeticiones, versos cortos, estribillos, rimas reguladas, elementales símbolos, personificaciones, comparaciones, metáforas, y es que precisamente estos elementos enhebrados con ritmos propios son los que caracterizan a la poesía infantil.

Empezaré diciendo que la poesía, a diferencia de otros géneros, no solo se lee, sino que también se escucha, se recita y se canta. Si el encuentro con la poesía para niños se produce en buenas circunstancias y con excelente disposición, nuestros niños se podrán dar cuenta de que la poesía es una fuente de sentimientos y emociones, de nuevas ideas y de vivencias insospechadas. La poesía infantil, es bueno aclarar, no es esa poesía hecha de diminutivos ni esa poesía ñoña y superficial carente de armonía y de capacidad de emocionar o conmover. La poesía infantil, como señala Pedro Cerrillo, es sencillamente la poesía escrita para niños, es decir, para esos lectores que todavía están en la etapa de desarrollo y formación aunque también puedan acceder a otros poemas que sean de su agrado o interés y no hayan sido escritos expresamentepara ellos. En el Perú hay muchos poetas importantes que en algún momento de sus vidas escribieron poesía para niños, aunque no los conozcamos como poetas infantiles como, por ejemplo, José María Eguren, Mario Florián, Enrique Peña Barrenechea, Javier Sologuren, Arturo Corcuera. Hay otros poetas, en cambio, que son conocidos precisamente por su dedicación al mundo de la poesía para niños, aunque algunos de ellos también hayan escrito poesía para adultos como Luis Valle Goicochea, Abraham Arias Larreta, Catalina Recavarren, Jorge Ortiz Dueñas, Jorge Díaz Herrera, Luis Alberto Calderón, Jorge Eslava, Heriberto Tejo. En todos ellos, su poesía para niños se relaciona de alguna manera con la esencia de la poesía popular, con la poesía de transmisión oral: repeticiones, versos cortos, estribillos, rimas reguladas, elementales símbolos, personificaciones, comparaciones, metáforas, y es que precisamente estos elementos enhebrados con ritmos propios son los que caracterizan a la poesía infantil.

ResumenEn 1787, Cuando los socios de la Matritense, apagados los ecos de la polémica que se había generado con motivo de la admisión de las mujeres, todavía se cuestionaban la capacidad de éstas para cometidos serios y de responsabilidad, la Junta de Damas acepta la regencia de las cuatro Escuelas Patrióticas para niñas, verdaderas escuelas de Formación Profesional en el campo de las hilaturas artesanas, y en las que la Junta, como asociación femenina, desarrollará una significativa labor educativa.Al hacerse cargo de estas escuelas la Junta de Damas, en la Matritense, a causa de la falta de medios, se estaba dirimiendo su cierre. La acertada gestión económica de las Damas no sólo consigue remontar el déficit inicial, sino que logra el superávit requerido para que las escuelas puedan autofinanciarse cuando no se reciban las subvenciones asignadas a su debido tiempo. Posteriormente, se amplía la oferta educativa al asumir, la Junta, la dirección de las cinco escuelas populares de nueva creación, que vendrán a incrementar la contribución de estas escuelas al fomento de la industria artesanal textil. El ideario ilustrado perseguía el objetivo de liberar a las mujeres del estado llano de caer en la mendicidad o en la prostitución, con la enseñanza de un oficio artesanal; las Damas fueron más allá de las expectativas ilustradas y se ocuparon, además, de darles una formación integral, incorporando al programa educativo el aprendizaje de las primeras letras. De esta manera, crearon un modelo escolar femenino paralelo al reglamentado por la Corona, en el que no se exigía el aprendizaje de la lectura y de la escritura, y que limitaba el currículo a las labores mujeriles y doctrina cristiana.Palabras claveSOCIEDAD ECONÓMICA MATRITENSE. JUNTA DE DAMAS. EDUCACIÓN.

This study aims to introduce one of the leading scholars in fiqh and hadith, Majdu al-Din Abu al-Barakat Abdu al-Salam Ibn Taymiyyah al-Harrani al-Hanbali and introduce his book al-Muntaqa. Among the objectives of this research are to remind the ummah and the students about the greatness of his position which may not be known by many people as well as to read the biographies of the role model of the ummah by imitating and following in the footsteps of his life journey. It also explains one of the most important literature in the hadith al-ahkam, namely muntaqa al-akhbar. In this study, the researchers employed a descriptive approach. Among the most important results of this research are that Imam Majdu al-Din Ibn Taymiyyah was born in Harran in 590 AH and died there in 653 AH. Majdu al-Din Abu al-Barakat is an expert in many disciplines including fiqh, hadith, al-nahw, al-qira'at, and ushul al-fiqh. He studied with many scholars and had traveled to Baghdad several times to recite knowledge in front of the scholars. Abu Al-Barakat wrote many books among which his phenomenal books are al-Muntaqa min al-Ahkam. His reason for writing the book was a request of a judge, Bahauddin bin Shaddad, to Imam Majd al-din to write it in Aleppo. The scholars differed in determining the name of this book and the strongest opinion is al-muntaqa fi al-akhbar fi al-ahkam. This book has many prominences yet does not free from some criticism even though it is in a small number. Abu Al-Barakat has quoted many references in his book. The scholars have an interest in this book by explaining its contents in the form of writing and lectures.

Tenemos el gusto de presentar la Revista Ciencia UNEMI Volumen 10, número 23, correspondiente al período mayo-agosto 2017, en la cual se incluyen quince contribuciones relevantes para la comunidad académica y científica relacionadas con las áreas de Administración y Gerencia, Educación y Cultura, Salud Pública y Tecnología, Informática y Comunicación, los cuales se describen a continuación.En el área Administración y Gerencia, Zanzzi et al analizan cómo se relaciona la implementación de un impuesto ambiental (a la contaminación vehicular) con las variaciones en el parque automotor de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hurtado et al presentan un estudio sobre diversos constructos y su impacto en la eficacia del intraemprendimiento de los profesionales de la modalidad dual de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil.García Aguilar et al analizan la importancia de una eficiente administración del capital de trabajo, como estrategia para lograr la operatividad de las Pymes y su permanencia en el tiempo. Cordero y Rodríguez dan cuenta de un conjunto de indicadores acerca del desempeño de las empresas productivas del Cantón La Troncal, provincia del Cañar, Ecuador, para usar la “Inteligencia de Negocios” como una mejor práctica que apoye la gestión organizacional y la consecución de los objetivos estratégicos.Veloz et al diseñan un modelo de Auditoría Integral asumida como herramienta gerencial para pequeñas Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito Ecuatorianas, adoptando las prácticas comunes de auditorías diversas, aplicadas a las pequeñas entidades. Fernández et al estudian las principales competencias, tanto personales como laborales, de los microempresarios en la Provincia del Guayas, su relación de dependencia, y la influencia que tienen en el manejo de los negocios y el rendimiento de los mismos. Quezada Abad identifica la percepción de la justicia organizacional de los empleados en la Universidad Técnica de Machala (UTMACH), para evaluar el sentir de equidad del talento humano frente a las acciones realizadas por el personal directivo.En el área de Educación y Cultura, Maridueña et al estudian estrategias metodológicas de aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura del idioma inglés, así como las habilidades que se desarrollan para dicho fin, dentro del proceso de los Módulos de Inglés que se dictan en la Universidad Estatal de Milagro. Martín y Velásquez determinan mediante un estudio documental los problemas y peligros que corre la producción de cuentos orientados a propiciar la conciencia ecológica.En el área de Salud Pública, Bedoya et al. determinan la prevalencia del virus Papiloma Humano en mujeres, utilizando técnicas de detección de ADN mediante PCR, en tiempo real, a partir de biopsia de cérvix, además establecen las características histopatológicas y clínicas relacionadas. Rodas et al, determinan el cribado de detección de anticuerpos IgG contra los genotipos 6, 11, 16 y 18 del virus Papiloma Humano, mediante la técnica serológica de Microelisa. Reyes et al realizan un estudio descriptivo a través de unavaloración integral del adulto mayor, para analizar y aportar datos acerca de las características de la salud que presentan las personas que asisten a centros gerontológicos de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador.En el área de Tecnología, Informática y Comunicación, Pizarro evalúa si existen prácticas de diseño y arquitectura en las compañías Startups de desarrollo de Software. Santillán et al plantean una metodología para el diseño de infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones para campus universitarios medianos, que garantice el acceso a los servicios en línea.Finalmente se presenta un ensayo. Bajaña et al. abordan los principales avances en el uso de la realidad aumentada como medio publicitario, tomando como ejemplo los logros obtenidos por diferentes empresas de marca en los países desarrollados, para promover el uso de esta tecnología en Ecuador.Esperamos que esta variada colección de artículos sea de utilidad para los investigadores en las áreas presentadas. Reciban todos los autores nuestro sincero agradecimiento por escoger Ciencia UNEMI para la divulgación, así como también a los evaluadores que participaron en la revisión de los artículos y a nuestros lectores la gratitud de siempre por su solidaridad. Dra. Mayra D’Armas RegnaultDirectora (E) Revista Ciencia UNEMI

Berbicara merupakan keterampilan berbahasa yang digunakan sebagai media berkomunikasi sehari-hari. Kemampuan berbicara merupakan salah satu kemampuan untuk berkomunikasi guna menyampaikan berbagai macam ide, pesan, maksud dan pendapat kepada orang lain. Berbicara merupakan bentuk komunikasi yang paling efektif, penggunaannya paling luas dan paling penting. Kemampuan berbicara di Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang FPBS UPI diwadahi dalam mata kuliah shokyukaiwa 1 dan 2, chukyukaiwa 1 dan 2, chujokyukaiwa 1 dan 2, selama 6 semester. Perkuliahan kaiwa di setiap kelas merupakan kelas besar yang diikuti oleh sekitar 26 – 30 orang mahasiswa. Dengan demikian teknik pembelajaran yang bervariasi dapat memaksimalkan kemampuan berbicara bahasa Jepang sangat diperlukan.Koutourenshuu(口頭練習)adalah salah satu teknik pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara secara langsung dari pengajar dan diulang serta diucapkan kembali sesuai dengan ungkapan yang diajarkan. Dengar-ucap, ucap-ulang, tanya-jawabdan role play merupakan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan melatih keterampilan berbicara tingkat dasar. Makalah ini mengemukakan tentang pembelajaran mata kuliah shokyu kaiwa 1 dan 2 yang dilaksanakan di Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang FPBS UPI. Sesuai dengan apa yang dikemukakan Iskandarwassid dan Sunendar (2015: 286) pembelajaran berbicara tingkat dasar dalam mata kuliah shokyukaiwa 1 dan 2 bertujuan agar pembelajar dapat melafalkan bunyi-bunyi bahasa, dapat menyampaikan informasi, menyatakan setuju atau tidak setuju, menjelaskan identitas diri, menceritakan kembali hasil simakan, menyatakan rasa hormat dan bermain peran. Pembelajaran dilakukan dengan berbagai teknik pembelajaran diantaranya adalah ulang ucap (teks percakapan), lihat ucap (power point), wawancara (interviu sesuai materi), percakapan satu pihak (menyampaikan informasi hasil wawancara), dan bermain peran (pelatihan berbicara dengan ide pembelajar). Berdasarkan pengamatan selama perkuliahan berlangsung, pembelajar terlibat aktif berkomunikasi serta kemampuan menggagas dan menuangkan ide ketika bermain peran sangat positif. Speaking is a language skill that is used as a medium of daily communication. The ability to speak is one of the ability to communicate to convey various ideas, messages, intentions and opinions to others. Speaking is the most effective form of communication, its use is the most extensive and most important. The ability to speak in the Department of Japanese Language Education FPBS UPI is covered in courses shokyukaiwa 1 and 2, chukyukaiwa 1 and 2, chujokyukaiwa 1 and 2, for 6 semesters. Kaiwa lectures in each class is a large class followed by about 26-30 students. Thus a variety of learning techniques can maximize the ability to speak Japanese is needed. Kourourenshuu (練習 練習) is one of the learning techniques to improve the speaking skills directly from the teacher and repeated and recited in accordance with the taught phrase. Hearing, reciting, questioning and role play are activities undertaken to practice basic level speaking skills. This paper discusses the learning subjects shokyu kaiwa 1 and 2 which is held in the Department of Japanese Language Education FPBS UPI. In accordance with what is proposed by Iskandarwassid and Sunendar (2015: 286) the basic level of speaking in the subject shokyukaiwa 1 and 2 aims for the learner to pronounce the sounds of language, can convey information, express or disagree, explain identity, retell The results simultaneously, express respect and role play. Learning is done by various learning techniques such as repeating speech (text conversation), see power point, interview (interviews), and one-party conversation (conveying interview information), and role play (speaking training with learner idea). Based on the observations during the lectures, the learner actively engages in communication as well as the ability to initiate and present ideas when playing a very positive role.

Algunos autores han descrito el proceso constituyente colombiano de 1991 como la primera manifestación de una teoría constitucional que representa un punto de inflexión en la evolución constitucional mundial.[1] No obstante, si bien es cierto que en la Constitución colombiana aparecen algunos rasgos novedosos respecto al constitucionalismo clásico, son los procesos constituyentes ecuatoriano de 1998 y de 2008, venezolano de 1999, boliviano de 2009 los que permiten defender el nacimiento de un nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano.Un nuevo constitucionalismo que, además de resaltar la dimensión jurídica de la Constitución, dirige su atención por una parte, a la legitimidad democrática de la misma y, por otra, al perfecionamiento del reconocimiento y garantía de los derechos. Es así que, ante la debilidad del viejo modelo constitucional para resolver los problemas de la sociedad, estas constituciones proponen un nuevo modelo de Estado. Este cambio de paradigma abarca aspectos procedimentales y sustanciales.[2]Desde el punto de vista sustancial -sin que ello signifique subestimar por una parte, las innovaciones procedimentales y, por otra, la reformulación de la división clásica de poderes, la creación de nuevas formas de participación política, y la reelaboración de los contenidos de la Constitución económica- el cambio que más claramente se configura como punto a parte de las formas constitucionales anteriores, es el reconocimiento de la directa aplicabilidad e igual jerarquía de todos los derechos. En este sentido los citados textos constitucionales, han abierto una nueva época para que pueda darse con plenitud el reconocimiento y justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales.[3] Además, a diferencia del constitucionalismo clásico, que se limita a establecer fórmulas indeterminadas de reconocimiento de los derechos, en estos textos el constituyente configura cada uno de ellos, dotándolos de una potencialidad expansiva que va muchos más allá del límite impuesto por el respeto del contenido esencial.Partiendo de esta base, se intentará demostrar que una de las implicaciones del cambio de paradigma antes descrito es que, mientras en el viejo constitucionalismo los poderes encargados de cumplir con las obligaciones que se desprenden del reconocimiento de los derechos sociales son los poderes políticos, siendo el judicial solo subsidiario, en el nuevo constitucionalismo los órganos jurisdiccionales tienen un papel fundamental en la garantía de su efectividad.Con esta finalidad, se tomará como referente la Constitución de Ecuador 2008, en tanto que en ella, como en ninguna otra, los derechos se manifiestan como el núcleo axiológico de toda las demás disposiciones. Así lo pone de manifiesto el preámbulo y el artículo 1 en el que se configura un nuevo Estado de derechos y justicia, que debe ser entendido como aquel Estado en el que la garantía de los mismos y en especial las garantías de los derechos sociales, en tanto derechos capaces de garantizar “una nueva forma de convivencia ciudadana, en diversidad y armonía con la naturaleza, para alcanzar el buen vivir, el sumak kawasay”,[4] deben ser consideradas como elemento primordial a la hora de interpretar y desarrollar cualquier norma constitucional y legal. En este sentido, las garantías de los derechos deberán ser el parámetro a través del cual se aplique la Constitución y se resuelvan las controversias entre ciudadanos, entre los diferentes poderes del Estado y entre este último y los ciudadanos. Hablar de Estado de derechos significa aplicar e interpretar la constitución y todas sus instituciones, reglas y principios a la luz de los derechos en ella garantizados.[5]* Agradezco a Sebastián Bernardo Vázquez Rodas la atenta lectura de este trabajo y sus atinadas sugerencias y observaciones.[1] Roberto Viciano y Ruben Martínez, “Aspectos generales del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano”, en Luís Fernando Ávila Lizán, edit., Política, justicia y Constitución, Quito, Corte Constitucional, 2011, p.167. Boaventura de Sousa Santos habla de “grandes prácticas transformadoras” en “La reinvención del Estado y el Estado plurinacional”, en OSAL, Buenos. Aires, CLACSO, Año VIII, Nº 22, 2007, p 27. Véase también, Roberto Gargarella, y Christian Courtis. El nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano: promesas e interrogantes, Serie Políticas sociales, No. 153, Santiago de Chile, Cepal, 2009, pp. 31 y ss.[2] Albert Noguera Fernández y Marcos Criado de Diego, hablan de rasgos procedimentales porque: “a diferencia de los procesos constituyentes anteriores que se habían desarrollado, particularmente en América Latina, y siguiendo el ejemplo europeo, de espaldas a la población, estos serán procesos activados mediante referendo por el pueblo, que suponen un rescate de los principios de soberanía popular y de la doctrina clásica del poder constituyente mediante la elección democrática de una Asamblea Constituyente originaria con funciones de redacción de un proyecto de Constitución que debe someterse a ratificación popular”. Y de rasgos de contenido. En el sentido que: “Estas últimas constituciones recogen un conjunto de innovaciones sustanciales que las diferencian claramente de sus precedentes”, en “La constitución colombiana de 1991 como punto de inicio del nuevo constitucionalismo en América Latina”, en Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, vol. 13, No. 1, S/L, 2011, p. 18.[3] Se utiliza este concepto de derechos entendiendo que en la tradición constitucional se habla de “derechos sociales”, y en el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos se habla de “derechos económicos, sociales y culturales”.[4] Así recita el preámbulo de la Constitución de 2008.[5] Según Ramiro Ávila, en la Constitución de Ecuador el “estado está sometido a los derechos” por las siguientes razones: “1. Es deber primordial del estado garantizar el efectivo goce de los derechos [art. 3. (1)]; 2. El más alto deber del estado es respetar y hacer respetar los derechos [art. 11. (9)]; 3. La participación en todo asunto de interés público es un derecho [art. 95]; 4. La Asamblea Nacional y todo órgano en potestad normativa no pueden atentar contra los derechos [art. 84]; 5. La formulación, ejecución, evaluación y control de las políticas públicas, cuya rectoría la tiene el ejecutivo [art. 141], garantizan los derechos [art. 85]; 6. Los jueces y juezas administran justicia con sujeción a los derechos [art. 172]; 7. La función de transparencia y control social protegerá el ejercicio y cumplimiento de los derechos [art. 204]; 8. La función electoral garantiza los derechos de participación política [art. 204]. (…) “Toda función del estado, en suma, está vinculada y sometida a los derechos. Podríamos seguir con la enumeración y afirmar que esta relación de sometimiento a los derechos se repite en la administración pública [art. 226], en el modelo de desarrollo [art. 275], en el sistema económico [art. 233], en la deuda externa [art. 290 (2)], en la formulación del presupuesto del estado [art. 298], en el sistema financiero [art. 358], en los sectores estratégicos, en la inversión [art. 339], en la producción [art. 319]”, en El neoconstitucionalismo transformador. El Estado y el derecho en la Constitución de 2008, Quito, Abya-Yala/Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, 2011, pp. 139-140. Y, del mismo autor: “Caracterización de la Constitución de 2008. Visión panorámica de la Constitución a partir del Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia”, en La nueva Constitución del Ecuador. Estado, derechos e instituciones, Santiago Andrade, Agustín Grijalva y Claudia Storini, edits., Quito, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador/Corporación Editora Nacional, 2009.

¿Por qué existe el miedo a leer? Este es uno de los temas que trata este libro. Comenta que las antiguas estrategias de enseñanza no tení­an ninguna relación con la vida de los estudiantes, sólo existí­an lecturas obligatorias que eran incomprensibles y aburridas, lo cual generaba apatí­a por leer. Para encontrar el amor por la lectura es necesario dejar ciertos paradigmas que no ayudan al lector: Olvidarse de todo lo que se sabe cuando se está leyendo algo nuevo, para que los conocimientos previos no estorben.Leer solos y en silencio.Leer para aprender algo, no necesariamente por gusto, etc. La lectura es más interesante si se realiza en grupo, ya que se pueden intercambiar opiniones, generar discusiones y aclarar dudas. De igual manera, debe ser un ”diálogo interactivo entre el escritor y el lector” (O´Donnell, 2009, pág. 23). La finalidad de los primeros libros que se leen no es aprender algo, sino atraparnos en el maravilloso mundo de la lectura. Además de trabajar en grupos con alguna lectura, es bueno compararla con la versión cinematográfica que se haya hecho de la versión escrita, ya que se descubrirán las congruencias y cambios que se manejan, así­ como lo rico que es un libro. Asimismo este libro te ayudará a detectar qué tipo de lector eres y te dará algunas estrategias: Estilo visual-verbalEstilo visual-no verbalEstilo táctil-cinéticoEstilo audio-verbal Independientemente del tipo de lector que seas, una buena estrategia es explicar lo leí­do sin apoyarse del libro, ni recitar de memoria. Posteriormente poder tomar partido defendiendo la opinión personal en un debate. Esta es la prueba final de haber comprendido lo leí­do. Parte del contenido de este libro es: Cómo vencer el miedo a leerLeer por deleiteNueve tácticas prácticasCada quien su estiloDesconfí­e de lo que lea El autor desarrolla cada uno de los capí­tulos anteriores y muchos más, de una manera amena y sencilla. A través de diversas lecturas y muchos ejemplos, el autor proporciona sugerencias importantes y fáciles para disfrutar el acercamiento a la lectura. Lo más interesante de esta obra es que no sólo enseña a leer; al final del libro hay una especie de curso para que cualquier persona pueda acercarse a la lectura; así­ es, podremos contagiar el gusto por esta actividad a nuestros hijos, alumnos, compañeros de trabajo, etc. [1] Directora Técnica de La Escuela Secundaria Montessori de Pachuca

<p>El Salmo 121 habla específicamente de un camino difícil, como de un peregrinaje. Se celebra al Señor como Aquel que es mi auxilio, el de los peregrinos en el viaje a casa o a la casa de Yahvé. El Señor no duerme, los protege, los guarda en la cuesta y vela por la vida de cada uno. Asimismo, con la importancia del motivo del Éxodo en la teología de Israel, este salmo puede expresar el cuidado y la protección del Señor en el viaje por el desierto hacia Canaán, con lo cual los peregrinos al recitarlo se identificarían con sus antepasados en la marcha a la Tierra Prometida, el lugar de la morada del Señor.</p>

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>The needs of Islamic education in universities is very high, meaning that students are very important for religious education is provided mainly in the field of belief and morals. The Lecturer of Islamic religion in LP3I-Business College</em> <em>e Unfortunate problem encountered is a lot to know about the science of business science and the world of work to mengkolaborasi with Islamic religious education courses (PAI). Lecturer of Islam that teaches Islamic education (PAI) in LP3I-Business College to take steps in teaching PAI, namely: 1. Choose the mosque as a place of teaching and learning from on set in the classroom as the other courses. 2. Require the student to establish the prayer dhuha and recite the Qur'an (verses) before the course begins. 3. Divide the group class discussion in accordance with the material PAI (Islamic education) in LP3I Business College syllabus hapless then presented by the method of discussion in order to make students more easily understand the religious values of Islam especially problem beliefs and morals. 4. Hold the oral exam (reading Quran) and the practice of the prayer at the end of the meeting, in addition there are middle test and final test, the goal to be more intensive.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key Words:</em></strong><em> Islamic Education, LP3I, Business College</em></p>

Providing counseling services for assisted women in LP is a very important thing. Problems faced by women in Class III LP Sigli, such as feeling depressed because they are far away from their children, husband and family, and so forth. So in this study, researchers focus on why counseling services are very important to be provided, how the form of counseling services and the effectiveness of the implementation of counseling services for women in prison in Class III prisons Sigli. This qualitative research collected data using observation, interview and documentation methods. The results of the study found that psychological problems of household life of fostered residents in Sigli Class III Correctional Institution are unhealthy mental conditions of fostered residents such as anxiety, anxiety, feelings of guilt and regret, and because of losing various important things in his life, especially those related to his family while they served their sentences at the Penitentiary. Handling of psychological problems in the lives of fostered households is adjusted to the guidance of Islamic teachings by paying attention to the problems faced by clients. Handling is done by helping clients increase their knowledge, understanding and practice of religion and try to involve the counselor from outside, such as the cleric or teungku to fill routine recitals or lectures that are able to arouse the spirit of life and comfort after participating in the study. Counseling services have been done well and maximally at Sigli Class III Women's Penitentiary and of course it can be said to be running effectively, even though there are still some technical obstacles in its implementation. But in general, can be said to be effective.Keywords: Counseling, Assisted Women and Correctional Institutions.

The word LOCAL shouldn’t mean restriction but nearness, a closeness which allows an active collaboration of studens, from just a visit to the station to an active involvement in programme planning (either participating or producing reports, news, or TV game shows). We give a chance to viewers to be part of the process and learning by doing. But nearness isn’t just something physical it also means “typical”, so we try to spread and preserve our local lore, which sometimes is close to become extinct. In short with all these experiences we try to form & inform our learners and provide them with a critical vision a good knowledge of the media and always having in mind their ages. TELEVINTE es una televisión local que apuesta por el empleo de los medios de comunicación como instrumento de desarrollo social, de educación a la sociedad. Basándose en teorías pedagógicas renovadoras intentamos llevar a cabo proyectos de investigación- acción- participativa. Buscamos ideas y ponemos en práctica experimentos de televisión educativa. Contamos para ello con la colaboración de mucha gente de todas las edades y profesiones que enriquecen nuestro trabajo. Centrándonos en el campo educativo podemos destacar las siguientes actividades: - De referencia: consisten en visitas a los centros educativos donde damos a conocer los distintos aspectos de nuestra tele, posibilidades de participar en la programación de la misma tanto para alumnos como profesores. Invitamos a que vengan a conocer nuestras instalaciones. - Programas didácticos: tienen una clara finalidad didáctica y en colaboración con centros educativos, asociaciones de padres hacemos programas en los que niños, padres y profes participan activamente. Tenemos varias experiencias al respecto que constituirán básicamente el desarrollo de la ponencia: - Atinar e ganar (acertar y ganar): programa concurso con alumnos de 4º de ESO con una dotación económica para los 3 primeros equipos, destinada a recaudar fondos para la excursión de final de ciclo. Consta de dos partes bien diferenciadas, en la 1ª son 10 preguntas de historia, literatura y cultura de Galicia y dos específicas de la comarca donde estamos ubicados (Chantada). La 2ª son 5 preguntas donde los concursantes han de poner a prueba su creatividad e ingenio, capacidad crítica etc. - Telenenos (teleniños): especie de informativo que elaboran alumnos junto con sus profes. - A Hora Do Conto (La hora del cuento): donde hacemos animación a la lectura desde la tv. Infantil y Primaria - Un día con… la banda de música de Chantada, un panadero, un veterinario etc. donde alumnos de bachillerato elaboran un guión y acompañan a las personas elegidas durante todo el día con la cámara para hacer un reportaje. - Otras actividades: - Videos culturales que recogen las tradiciones, costumbres, oficios de nuestra comarca, algunos de ellos a punto de desaparecer: - Las barcas del rio Miño. - Las fachas (ritual celta en un castro) - Proceso de transformación del lino. - Elaboración del vino (método tradicional) - etc. Con esto pretendemos formar un archivo etnográfico y cultural de la zona. Cada uno de estos programas están diseñados teniendo en cuenta el currículo escolar de las edades a las que van dirigidos con los correspondientes objetivos, contenidos (conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales), evaluación etc. A través de todas estas experiencias pretendemos que los alumnos reciban una educación en el terreno audiovisual, viendo como funcionan los medios, en este caso la tele, como generan significados, como están organizados y como se deben usar. De ahí la función del sistema educativo de facilitar al alumnado las herramientas que le ayuden a procesar dicha información y a examinar y elegir libremente las actitudes y valores que le proponen desde una perspectiva crítica.

The effects of translation have been felt in the development of most languages, but it is particularly marked in English language and literature, where it is a highly charged topic because of its fundamental connection with colonial expansion. Britain shaped a "national" literary identity through borrowing from other languages and infected and inflected other languages and literatures in the course of cultural migrations that occurred in Europe since at least the medieval period onward. As Stephen Greenblatt points out in his essay, "Racial Memory and Literary History," the discovery that English is a "mixed, impure, and constantly shifting medium" is not a new one, citing the preface to the first etymological dictionary in English, published in 1689, in which its author describes English as a hybrid tongue: a Composition of most, if not all the Languages of Europe; especially of the Belgick or Low-Dutch, Saxon, Teutonic or High-Dutch, Cambro-British or Welsh, French, Spanish, Italian, and Latin; and now and then of the Old and Modern Danish, and Ancient High-Dutch; also of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabick, Chaldee, Syriack, and Turcick. ((Skinner A3v-A4r, in Greenblatt 52) The "English" literary canon has translated material at its heart; there is the Bible, for instance, and classical works in Greek, which are read and discussed in translation by many who study them. Beowulf is a translation that has been canonized as one of the "original" texts of English literature, and Shakespeare was inspired by translations. Consider, for instance, Greenblatt's description of The Comedy of Errors, where a "Plautine character from a Sicilian city, finding himself in the market square of a city in Asia Minor, invokes Arctic shamanism – and all this had to make sense to a mixed audience in a commercial theater in London" (58), and there is a strong sense of the global cultural discourse that has been translated into a "national" and international canon of literature in English. English as a language and as a literature, however, has not been contained by national boundaries for some time, and in fact is now more comfortably conceived in the plural, or as uncountable, like a multidirectional flow. English has therefore been translated from solid, settled, and certain representations of Anglo-Celtic culture in the singular to a plurality of shifting, hybrid productions and performances which illuminate the tension implicit in cultural exchange. Translation has become a popular trope used by critics to describe that interaction within literatures defined by language rather than nation, and as a mutable and mutual process of reading and reinscription which illuminates relationships of power. The most obvious power relationship that translation represents, of course, is that between the so-called original and the translation; between the creativity of the author and the derivation of the translator. In The Translator's Invisibility (1995), Lawrence Venuti suggests that there is a prevailing conception of the author as a free and unconstrained individual who partially shapes the relationship: "the author freely expresses his thoughts and feelings in writing, which is thus viewed as an original and transparent self-representation, unmediated by transindividual determinants (linguistic, cultural, social) that might complicate authorial individuality" (6). The translation then can only be defined as an inferior representation, "derivative, fake, potentially a false copy" (7) and the translator as performing the translation in the manner of an actor manipulating lines written by someone else: "translators playact as authors, and translations pass for original texts" (7). The transparent translation and the invisibility of the translator, Venuti argues can be seen as "a mystification of troubling proportions, an amazingly successful concealment of the multiple determinants and effects of English-language translation, the multiple hierarchies and exclusions in which it is implicated" (16). That is, translation exerts its own power in constructing identities and representing difference, in addition to the power derived from the "original" text, which, in fact, the translation may resist. Recognition of this power suggests that traditional Western representations of translation as an echo or copy, a slave toiling on the plantation or seductive belle infidèle, each with its clear affinity to sexual and colonial conquest, attempts to deny translation the possibility of its own power and the assertion of its own creative identity. However, the establishment of an alternative power arrangement exists because translations can "masquerade as originals" (Chamberlain 67) and infiltrate and subvert literary systems in disguise. As Susan Stewart contends in Crimes of Writing: Problems in the Containment of Representation, if we "begin with the relation between authority and writing practices rather than with an assumption of authorial originality, we arrive at a quite different sense of history" (9) and, indeed, a different sense of literary creativity. This remainder of this paper will focus on Nicole Brossard's Le désert mauve and Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient, to exemlify how a translator may flaunts her creativity, and allow the cultural position of the translator vis à vis language, history, or gender to be critically exposed by the text itself. Québécoise feminist writer Nicole Brossard's 1987 novel, Le désert mauve [Mauve Desert], is perhaps the most striking example of how a translator foregrounds the creative process of reading and re-writing. Brossard constructed her novel by becoming her own reader and asking questions, imagining dialogues between the characters she had already created. This "interactive discourse" shaped the text, which is a dialogue between two versions of a story, and between two writers, one of whom is an active reader, a translator. Le désert mauve is a structural triptych, consisting of Laure Angstelle's novel, Le désert mauve, and Mauve l'horizon, a translation of Angstelle's book by Maude Laures. In the space between the two sites of writing, the translator imagines the possibilities of the text she has read, "re-imagining the characters' lives, the objects, the dialogue" (Interview, 23 April 96). Between the versions of the desert story, she creates a fluid dimension of désir, or desire, a "space to swim with the words" (Interview). Brossard has said that "before the idea of the novel had definitely shaped itself," she knew that it would be in a "hot place, where the weather, la température, would be almost unbearable: people would be sweating; the light would be difficult" (Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation). That site became the desert of the American southwest with its beauty and danger, its timelessness and history, and its decadent traces of Western civilization in the litter of old bottles and abandoned, rusting cars. The author imagined the desert through the images and words of books she read about the desert, appropriating the flowers and cacti that excited her through their names, seduced her through language. Maude Laures, the translator within Brossard's novel, finds the desert as a dimension of her reading, too: "a space, a landscape, an enigma entered with each reading" (133). From her first readings of a novel she has discovered in a used bookshop, Laures, confronts the "the issue of control. Who owns the meaning of the black marks on the page, the writer or the reader?" (Godard 115), and decides the book will belong to her, "and that she can do everything because she has fallen in love with the book, and therefore she's taken possession of the book, the author, the characters, the desert" (Interview). The translator is fascinated by Mélanie, the 15-year-old narrator, who drives her mother's car across the desert, and who has been captivated by the voice and beauty of the geometrician, Angela Parkins, imagining dialogues between these two characters as they linger in the motel parking lot. But she is unwilling to imagine words with l'homme long (longman), who composes beautiful equations that cause explosions in the desert, recites Sanskrit poems, and thumbs through porno in his hotel room. Le désert mauve was an attempt by Brossard to translate from French to French, but the descriptions of the desert landscape – the saguaro, senita, ocotillos, and arroyo—show Spanish to be the language of the desert. In her translation, Maude Laures increases the code switching and adds more Spanish phrases to her text, and Japanese, too, to magnify the echo of nuclear destruction that resonates in l'homme long's equations. She also renames the character l'homme oblong (O'blongman) to increase the dimension of danger he represents. Linking the desert through language with nuclear testing gives it a "semantic density," as Nicholis Entrikin calls it, that extends far beyond the geographical location to recognize the events embedded in that space through associative memory. L'homme long is certainly linked through language to J Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the original atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico and his reference to the Bhagavad Gita after seeing the effects of the atomic bomb: "I/am/become Death—now we are all sons of bitches" (17). The translator distances herself by a translating Death/I /am/death—I'm a sonofabitch" (173). The desert imagined by Laure Angstelle seduces the reader, Maude Laures, and her translation project creates a trajectory which links the heat and light of the desert with the cold and harsh reflective glare of sunlit snow in wintry Montréal, where the "misleading reflections" of the desert's white light is subject to the translator's gaze. Laures leans into the desert peopled with geometricians and scientists and lesbians living under poisonous clouds of smoke that stop time, and tilts her translation in another direction. In the final chapter of Laure Angstelle's novel, Mélanie had danced in the arms of Angela Parkins, only to find she had run out of time: Angela is shot (perhaps by l'homme long) and falls to the dance floor. Maudes Laures is constrained by the story and by reality, but translates "There was no more time" into "One more time," allowing the lovers' dance to continue for at least another breath, room for another ending. Brossard has asserted that, like lesbian desire or the translator, the desert was located in the background of our thoughts. Ondaatje's novel, The English Patient (1992), locates the translator in the desert, linking a profession and a place which have both witnessed an averting of Western eyes, both used in linguistic and imperial enterprises that operate under conditions of camouflage. Linked also by association is the war in the Sahara and the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan. As in Brossard, the desert here is a destination reached by reading, how "history enters us" through maps and language. Almásy, "the English patient," knew the desert before he had been there, "knew when Alexander had traversed it in an earlier age, for this cause or that greed" (18). Books in code also serve to guide spies and armies across the desert, and like a book, the desert is "crowded with the world" (285), while it is "raped by war and shelled as if it were just sand" (257). Here the translator is representative of a writing that moves between positions and continually questions its place in history. Translators and explorers write themselves out of a text, rendering themselves invisible and erasing traces of their emotions, their doubts, beliefs, and loves, in order to produce a "neutral" text, much in the way that colonialism empties land of human traces in order to claim it, or the way technology is airbrushed out of the desert in order to conceal "the secret of the deserts from Unweinat to Hiroshima" (295). Almásy the translator, the spy, whose identity is always a subject of speculation, knows how the eye can be fooled as it reads a text in disguise; floating on a raft of morphine, he rewrites the monotone of history in different modes, inserting between the terse lines of commentary a counternarrative of love illumined by "the communal book of moonlight" (261), which translates lives and gives them new meaning. The translator's creativity stems from a collaboration and a love for the text; to deny the translation process its creative credibility is synonymous in The English Patient with the denial of any desire that may violate the social rules of the game of love by unfairly demanding fidelity. If seas move away to leave shifting desert sands, why should lovers not drift, or translations? Ultimately, we are all communal translations, says Ondaatje's novel, of the shifting relationship between histories and personal identities. "We are not owned or monogamous in our taste or experience" (261). This representation of the translator resists the view of identity "which attempts to recover an immutable origin, a fixed and eternal representation of itself" (Ashcroft 4) by its insistence that we are transformed in and by our versions of reality, just as we are by our readings of fiction. The translators represented in Brossard and Ondaatje suggest that the process of translation is a creative one, which acknowledges influence, contradictory currents, and choice its heart. The complexity of the choices a translator makes and the mulitiplicity of positions from which she may write suggest a process of translation that is neither transparent nor complete. Rather than the ubiquitous notion of the translator as "a servant an invisible hand mechanically turning the word of one language into another" (Godard 91), the translator creatively 'forges in the smithy of the soul' a version of story that is a complex "working model of inclusive consciousness" (Heaney 8) that seeks to loosen another tongue and another reading in an eccentric literary version of oral storytelling. References Ashcroft, Bill. Post-Colonial Transformation. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Brossard, Nicole. Le désert mauve. Montréal: l'Hexagone, 1987. Mauve Desert. Trans. Susanne Lotbinière-Harwood. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1990. Brossard, Nicole. Personal Interview. With Beverley Curran and Mitoko Hirabayashi, Montreal, April 1996. Chamberlain, Lori. "Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation." Reinventing Translation. Lawrence Venuti, Ed. 57-73. Godard, Barbara. "Translating (With) the Speculum." Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 4 (2) 1991: 85-121. Greenblatt, Stephen. "Racial Memory and Literary History." PMLA 116 (1), January 2001: 48-63. Heaney, Seamus. "The Redress of Poetry." The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures. London, Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995. 1-16. Jenik, Adriene. Mauve Desert: A CD-ROM Translation. Los Angeles: Shifting Horizon Productions, 1997. Ondaatje, Michael. The English Patient. Toronto: Vintage Books, 1993. Stewart, Susan. Crimes of Writing: Problems in the Containment of Representation. New York, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Introduction As the country with the fifth largest population in the world, Indonesia is a massive potential market for mobile technology adoption and development. Despite an annual per capita income of only $1,280 USD (World Bank), there are 63 million mobile phone users in Indonesia (Suhartono, sec. 1.7) and it is predicted to reach 80 million in 2007 (Jakarta Post 1). Mobile phones are not only a symbol of Indonesian modernity (Barendregt 5), but like other communication technology can become a platform through which to explore socio-political issues (Winner 28). In this article we explore the role mobile phone technology in contemporary forms of social, intimate, and sexual relationships in Indonesia. We argue that new forms of expression and relations are facilitated by the particular features of mobile technology. We discuss two cases from contemporary Indonesia: a mobile dating service (BEDD) and mobile phone pornography. For each case study, we first discuss the socio-political background in Indonesia, then describe the technological affordances of the mobile phone which facilitate dating and pornography, and finally give examples of how the mobile phone is effecting change in dating and pornographic practices. This study is placed at a time when social relations, intimacy, and sexuality in Indonesia have become central public issues. Since the end of the New Order whilst many people have embraced the new freedoms of reformasi and democratization, there is also a high degree of social anxiety, tension and uncertainty (Juliastuti 139-40). These social changes and desires have played out in the formations of new and exciting modes of creativity, solidarity, and sociality (Heryanto and Hadiz 262) and equally violence, terror and criminality (Heryanto and Hadiz 256). The diverse and plural nature of Indonesian society is alive with a myriad of people and activities, and it is into this diverse social body that the mobile phone has become a central and prominent feature of interaction. The focus of our study is dating and pornography as mediated by the mobile phone; however, we do not suggest that these are new experiences in Indonesia. Rather over the last decade social, intimate, and sexual relationships have all been undergoing change and their motivations can be traced to a variety of sources including the factors of globalization, democratization and modernization. Throughout Asia “new media have become a crucial site for constituting new Asian sexual identities and communities” (Berry, Martin, and Yue 13) as people are connecting through new communication technologies. In this article we suggest that mobile phone technology opens new possibilities and introduces new channels, dynamics, and intensities of social interaction. Mobile phones are particularly powerful communication tools because of their mobility, accessibility, and convergence (Ling 16-19; Ito 14-15; Katz and Aakhus 303). These characteristics of mobile phones do not in and of themselves bring about any particular changes in dating and pornography, but they may facilitate changes already underway (Barendegt 7-9; Barker 9). Mobile Dating Background The majority of Indonesians in the 1960s and 1970s had arranged marriages (Smith-Hefner 443). Education reform during the 70s and 80s encouraged more women to attain an education which in turn led to the delaying of marriage and the changing of courtship practices (Smith-Hefner 450). “Compared to previous generations, [younger Indonesians] are freer to mix with the opposite sex and to choose their own marriage,” (Utomo 225). Modern courtship in Java is characterized by “self-initiated romance” and dating (Smith-Hefner 451). Mobile technology is beginning to play a role in initiating romance between young Indonesians. Technology One mobile matching or dating service available in Indonesia is called BEDD (www.bedd.com). BEDD is a free software for mobile phones in which users fill out a profile about themselves and can meet BEDD members who are within 20-30 feet using a Bluetooth connection on their mobile devices. BEDD members’ phones automatically exchange profile information so that users can easily meet new people who match their profile requests. BEDD calls itself mobile social networking community; “BEDD is a new Bluetooth enabled mobile social medium that allows people to meet, interact and communicate in a new way by letting their mobile phones do all the work as they go throughout their day.” As part of a larger project on mobile social networking (Humphreys 6), a field study was conducted of BEDD users in Jakarta, Indonesia and Singapore (where BEDD is based) in early 2006. In-depth interviews and open-ended user surveys were conducted with users, BEDD’s CEO and strategic partners in order to understand the social uses and effects BEDD. The majority of BEDD members (which topped 100,000 in January 2006) are in Indonesia thanks to a partnership with Nokia where BEDD came pre-installed on several phone models. In management interviews, both BEDD and Nokia explained that they partnered because both companies want to help “build community”. They felt that Bluetooth technology such as BEDD could be used to help youth meet new people and keep in touch with old friends. Examples One of BEDD’s functions is to help lower barriers to social interaction in public spaces. By sharing profile information and allowing for free text messaging, BEDD can facilitate conversations between BEDD members. According to users, mediating the initial conversation also helps to alleviate social anxiety, which often accompanies meeting new people. While social mingling and hanging out between Jakarta teenagers is a relatively common practice, one user said that BEDD provides a new and fun way to meet and flirt. In a society that must balance between an “idealized morality” and an increasingly sexualized popular culture (Utomo 226), BEDD provides a modern mode of self-initiated matchmaking. While BEDD was originally intended to aid in the matchmaking process of dating, it has been appropriated into everyday life in Indonesia because of its interpretive flexibility (Pinch & Bjiker 27). Though BEDD is certainly used to meet “beautiful girls” (according to one Indonesian male user), it is also commonly used to text message old friends. One member said he uses BEDD to text his friends in class when the lecture gets boring. BEDD appears to be a helpful modern communication tool when people are physically proximate but cannot easily talk to one another. BEDD can become a covert way to exchange messages with people nearby for free. Another potential explanation for BEDD’s increasing popularity is its ability to allow users to have private conversations in public space. Bennett notes that courtship in private spaces is seen as dangerous because it may lead to sexual impropriety (154). Dating and courtship in public spaces are seen as safer, particularly for conserving the reputation young Indonesian women. Therefore Bluetooth connections via mobile technologies can be a tool to make private social connections between young men and women “safer”. Bluetooth communication via mobile phones has also become prevalent in more conservative Muslim societies (Sullivan, par. 7; Braude, par. 3). There are, however, safety concerns about meeting strangers in public spaces. When asked, “What advice would you give a first time BEDD user?” one respondent answered, “harus bisa mnilai seseorang krn itu sangat penting, kita mnilai seseorang bukan cuma dari luarnya” (translated: be careful in evaluating (new) people, and don’t ever judge the book by its cover”). Nevertheless, only one person participating in this study mentioned this concern. To some degree meeting someone in a public may be safer than meeting someone in an online environment. Not only are there other people around in public spaces to physically observe, but co-location means there may be some accountability for how BEDD members present themselves. The development and adoption of matchmaking services such as BEDD suggests that the role of the mobile phone in Indonesia is not just to communicate with friends and family but to act as a modern social networking tool as well. For young Indonesians BEDD can facilitate the transfer of social information so as to encourage the development of new social ties. That said, there is still debate about exactly whom BEDD is connecting and for what purposes. On one hand, BEDD could help build community in Indonesia. One the other hand, because of its privacy it could become a tool for more promiscuous activities (Bennett 154-5). There are user profiles to suggest that people are using BEDD for both purposes. For example, note what four young women in Jakarta wrote in the BEDD profiles: Personal Description Looking For I am a good prayer, recite the holy book, love saving (money), love cycling… and a bit narcist. Meaning of life Ordinary gurl, good student, single, Owen lover, and the rest is up to you to judge. Phrenz ?! Peace?! Wondeful life! I am talkative, have no patience but so sweet. I am so girly, narcist, shy and love cute guys. Check my fs (Friendster) account if you’re so curious. Well, I am just an ordinary girl tho. Anybody who wants to know me. A boy friend would be welcomed. Play Station addict—can’t live without it! I am a rebel, love rock, love hiphop, naughty, if you want proof dial 081********* phrenz n cute guyz As these profiles suggest, the technology can be used to send different kinds of messages. The mobile phone and the BEDD software merely facilitate the process of social exchange, but what Indonesians use it for is up to them. Thus BEDD and the mobile phone become tools through which Indonesians can explore their identities. BEDD can be used in a variety of social and communicative contexts to allow users to explore their modern, social freedoms. Mobile Pornography Background Mobile phone pornography builds on a long tradition of pornography and sexually explicit material in Indonesia through the use of a new technology for an old art and product. Indonesia has a rich sexual history with a documented and prevalent sex industry (Suryakusuma 115). Lesmana suggests that the country has a tenuous pornographic industry prone to censorship and nationalist politics intent on its destruction. Since the end of the New Order and opening of press freedoms there has been a proliferation in published material including a mushrooming of tabloids, men’s magazines such as FHM, Maxim and Playboy, which are often regarded as pornographic. This is attributed to the decline of the power of the bureaucracy and government and the new role of capital in the formation of culture (Chua 16). There is a parallel pornography industry, however, that is more amateur, local, and homemade (Barker 6). It is into this range of material that mobile phone pornography falls. Amongst the myriad forms of pornography and sexually explicit material available in Indonesia, the mobile phone in recent years has emerged as a new platform for production, distribution, and consumption. This section will not deal with the ethics of representation nor engage with the debate about definitions and the rights and wrongs of pornography. Instead what will be shown is how the mobile phone can be and has been used as an instrument/medium for the production and consumption of pornography within contemporary social relationships. Technology There are several technological features of the mobile phone that make pornography possible. As has already been noted the mobile phone has had a large adoption rate in Indonesia, and increasingly these phones come equipped with cameras and the ability to send data via MMS and Bluetooth. Coupled with the mobility of the phone, the convergence of technology in the mobile phone makes it possible for pornography to be produced and consumed in a different way than what has been possible before. It is only recently that the mobile phone has been marketed as a video camera with the release of the Nokia N90; however, quality and recording time are severely limited. Still, the mobile phone is a convenient and at-hand tool for the production and consumption of individually made, local, and non-professional pieces of porn, sex and sexuality. It is impossible to know how many such films are in circulation. A number of websites that offer these films for downloads host between 50 and 100 clips in .3gp file format, with probably more in actual circulation. At the very least, this is a tenfold increase in number compared to the recent emergence of non-professional VCD films (Barker 3). This must in part be attributed to the advantages that the mobile phone has over standard video cameras including cost, mobility, convergence, and the absence of intervening data processing and disc production. Examples There are various examples of mobile pornography in Indonesia. These range from the pornographic text message sent between lovers to the mobile phone video of explicit sexual acts (Barendregt 14-5). The mobile phone affords privacy for the production and exchange of pornographic messages and media. Because mobile devices are individually owned, however, pornographic material found on mobile phones can be directly tied to the individual owners. For example, police in Kotabaru inspected the phones of high school students in search of pornographic materials and arrested those individuals on whose phones it was found (Barendregt 18). Mobile phone pornography became a national political issue in 2006 when an explicit one-minute clip of a singer and an Indonesian politician became public. Videoed in 2004, the clip shows Maria Eva, a 27 year-old dangdut singer (see Browne, 25-6) and Yahya Zaini, a married 42 year-old who was head of religious affairs for the Golkar political party. Their three-year affair ended in 2005, but the film did not become public until 2006. It spread like wildfire between phones and across the internet, however, and put an otherwise secret relationship into the limelight. These types of affairs and relationships were common knowledge to people through gossip, exposes such as Jakarta Undercover (Emka 93-108) and stories in tabloids; yet this culture of adultery and prostitution continued and remained anonymous because of bureaucratic control of evidence and information (Suryakusuma 115). In this case, however, the filming of Maria Eva once public proves the identities of those involved and their infidelity. As a result of the scandal it was further revealed that Maria Eva had been forced by Yayha Zaini and his wife to have an abortion, deepening the moral crisis. Yahya Zaini later resigned as his party’s head of Religious Affairs (Asmarani, sec. 1-2), due to what was called the country’s “first real sex scandal” (Naughton, par. 2). As these examples show, there are definite risks and consequences involved in the production of mobile pornography. Even messages/media that are meant to be shared between two consenting individuals can eventually make their way into the public mobile realm and have serious consequences for those involved. Mobile video and photography does, however, represent a potential new check on the Indonesian bureaucratic elite which has not been previously available by other means such as a watchdog media. “The role of the press as a control mechanism is practically nonexistent [in Jakarta], which in effect protects corruption, nepotism, financial manipulation, social injustice, and repression, as well as the murky sexual life of the bureaucratic power elite,” (Suryakusuma 117). Thus while originally a mobile video may have been created for personal pleasure, through its mass dissemination via new media it can become a means of sousveillance (Mann, Nolan and Wellman 332-3) whereby the control of surveillance is flipped to reveal the often hidden abuses of power by officials. Whilst the debates over pornography in Indonesia tend to focus on the moral aspects of it, the broader social impacts of technology on relationships are often ignored. Issues related to power relations or even media as cultural expression are often disregarded as moral judgments cast a heavy shadow over discussions of locally produced Indonesian mobile pornography. It is possible to move beyond the moral critique of pornographic media to explore the social significance of its proliferation as a cultural product. Conclusion In these two case studies we have tried to show how the mobile phone in Indonesia has become a mode of interaction but also a platform through which to explore other current issues and debates related to dating, sexuality and media. Since 1998 and the fall of the New Order, Indonesia has been struggling with blending old and new, a desire of change and nostalgia for past, and popular desire for a “New Indonesia” (Heryanto, sec. Post-1998). Cultural products within Indonesia have played an important role in exploring these issues. The mobile phone in Indonesia is not just a technology, but also a product in and through which these desires are played out. Changes in dating and pornography practices have been occurring in Indonesia for some time. As people use mobile technology to produce, communicate, and consume, the device becomes intricately related to identity struggle and cultural production within Indonesia. It is important to keep in mind, however, that while mobile technology adoption within Indonesia is growing, it is still limited to a particular subset of the population. As has been previously observed (Barendregt 3), it is wealthier, young people in urban areas who are most intensely involved in mobile technology. As handset prices decrease and availability in rural areas increases, however, no longer will mobile technology be so demographically confined in Indonesia. The convergent technology of the mobile phone opens many possibilities for creative adoption and usage. As a communication device it allows for the creation, sharing, and viewing of messages. Therefore, the technology itself facilitates social connections and networking. As demonstrated in the cases of dating and pornography, the mobile phone is both a tool for meeting new people and disseminating sexual messages/media because it is a networked technology. The mobile phone is not fundamentally changing dating and pornography practices, but it is accelerating social and cultural trends already underway in Indonesia by facilitating the exchange and dissemination of messages and media. As these case studies show, what kinds of messages Indonesians choose to create and share are up to them. The same device can be used for relatively innocuous behavior as well as more controversial behavior. With increased adoption in Indonesia, the mobile will continue to be a lens through which to further explore modern socio-political issues. 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"Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia." M/C Journal 10.1 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>. APA Style Humphreys, L., and T. Barker. (Mar. 2007) "Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia," M/C Journal, 10(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>.