Academic literature on the topic 'LED and LDR circuit'

This project aims to design a simple circuit system that uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to activate a buzzer and blink an LED when light falls on the LDR. The LDR, a photosensitive device, responds to changes in light intensity, making it an ideal sensor for light-based activation systems. The working principle is based on the LDR's property where its resistance decreases as light intensity increases. When light falls on the LDR, the reduced resistance causes a change in the circuit's voltage. This change is used to trigger the activation of a buzzer and LED. The LED blinks continuously while the buzzer provides an audible alert. A microcontroller or comparator circuit can be used to process the signal and control the output devices effectively. This project is suitable for applications such as light- activated alarms, object detection systems, and automation systems. It is designed to be cost-effective, energy-efficient, and easy to implement, making it a practical solution for real-world scenarios. The system demonstrates the seamless integration of sensors and basic electronics to achieve automated responses to environmental changes. This project explores the design and implementation of an automated system that uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor to control the activation of a buzzer and the blinking of an LED. The primary objective of the system is to automatically trigger a sound alarm (buzzer) and visual signal (LED blinking) when light falls on the LDR sensor, enabling real-time detection and response to environmental light changes. The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a type of resistor whose resistance decreases with the increase in light intensity. In the absence of light, the LDR has high resistance, while in the presence of light, its resistance significantly drops. This variation in resistance is used to control the circuit's behavior. Key Words: LED, Light Sensing , Circuit Design, Security Systems, Light-Based Triggering, Environmental Monitoring, Alert System, Sensor Activation

In high tension power measurement, potential transformer (PT) and current transformer (CT) are used in order to reduce high tension voltage and current, respectively. But both PT and CT suffer from ratio error and phase angle error, which may produce severe error in power measurement. In the present paper, modified designs of PT and CT are combined to develop an electronic power measurement circuit in order to reduce the measurement errors. The modified PT and CT have reduced phase angle error and ratio error. In the power measurement circuit, the instantaneous product of the outputs of these PT and CT is determined by using a simple light emitting diode (LED)-light dependent register (LDR) or LED-LDR-based product circuit. The operation of the proto type power measurement unit designed in the present work has been experimentally tested and the measured outputs are compared with the readings of laboratory standard wattmeter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. Very good linear characteristics are observed.

Street light is a raised source of light that is commonly used along walkways and streets when the surrounding turns dark. Presently High Intensity Discharge lamps are used for street lighting system based on principle of gas discharge, but they consume more power and have low CRI. By replacing the HPS with LED lamps we can save a lot of energy, reduce Co2 emissions and using the autoswitching system we can also control power consumptions at the streets and eliminating manpower. With the broad availability of flexlighting technology like light-emitting diode Lamps, the street lighting system is fast reacting, reliably operating, and less power-conserving become reality. This project is all about to eliminate the manpower and reduce the energy consumptions at the street lights. This project includes controlling a circuit of street lights with the help of Transformer, Rectifier, Filter unit, LDR, NE 555 IC,BC 547 transistor, SPDT Relay, LED Lamp, resistance and capacitor during day and night.

<em>In this study, a driver system for high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is presented. The proposed driver system is based on flyback converter topology, and it uses single-stage power factor correction with microcontroller support. The driver has two main parts; a source for an LED array, and a control unit including sensors. Instead of using conventional constant voltage or constant current driver topologies, the proposed system adjusts the output voltage by considering the LED parameters, the number of serial and parallel LEDs on the load array, and the data from sensors. Via the current sensor, the output current is measured at specific periods and limited by the microcontroller according to the LED load. Moreover, the microcontroller can detect an open circuit condition on the LED array by following current changes. A temperature sensor and a light-dependent resistor (LDR) are used to increase the lifetime of LEDs.</em> <strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Light-emitting-diode (LED), LED Driver, Smart Driver, LED life, LED array</em>

Abstract: Garden lighting from a sun source utilizes a series of joule thieves so that the lighting of the garden lights at night is bright. This research method uses a quantitative method because it must be tested on each module so that it finds that there are three types of module systems to be combined, the booster or joule electronic thief module, the supply media solar module circuit, and finally, the control system with the Arduino nano board. The solar module used is a 1-watt solar module with 1n4004 diodes, which will convert the heat of sunlight into voltage. The voltage will be sent via the IC TP4056 input, the output from the IC TP4056 will charge the 18650 battery, which aims to ignite the booster circuit on the 12 W lamp, or the 3.7VDC input from the 18650 battery capable of turning on the 12W/220VAC led light. While the controller is connected to the LDR sensor and relay when the user makes the command, LDR &gt; 800 of the provisions, the relay position from NC becomes open, or during the day, the relay will be in the NC position and turn off the 12W light in the booster circuit, while at night the relay will remain in the no position, so that it will connect the booster circuit voltage and turn on the 12W lamp (LDR &lt; 800).Keywords: booster circuit; campus park lighting; solar panels Abstrak: Penerangan taman dari sumber matahari memanfaatkan rangkaian joule thief agar penerangan lampu taman pada malam hari terang. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dikarenakan harus diuji coba pada tiap modul, sehingga mendapati ada tiga jenis sistem modul yang akan digabungkan, modul elektronika rangkaian booster atau joule thief, rangkaian modul surya media pensuplly, dan terakhir sistem controller dengan board arduino nano. Modul surya yang digunakan modul surya 1 watt dengan dioda 1n4004, akan mengubah panas cahaya matahari menjadi tegangan . Tegangan akan dikirimkan melalui input IC TP4056, output dari IC TP4056 akan mengisi baterai 18650 yang bertujuan sebagai penyala rangkaian booster pada lampu 12 W, atau input 3.7VDC dari baterai 18650 mampu menyalakan lampu led 12W/220VAC. Sementara controller terhubung kesensor ldr dan relay, ketika perintah yang dibuat oleh user, ldr &gt; 800 dari ketentuan, posisi relay dari nc menjadi open, atau siang hari, relay akan diposisi nc dan mematikan lampu 12W pada rangkaian booster, sementara jika malam hari relay akan diposisi no, sehingga akan menghubungkan tegangan rangkaian booster dan menyalakan lampu 12W (ldr &lt; 800). Kata kunci : panel surya, penerangan taman, rangkaian booster.

This study aims to design an electronic system from solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno and then implement it into a prototype circuit. This solar energy lighting system supports the green energy ecosystem in the implementation of solar cells in the design of cost-effective electronic systems. This automatic solar energy lamp system consists of solar panels and batteries as inputs, LDR and voltage sensors as references and sensors, Arduino Uno and relays as controllers, and LCD and LED lights as output circuits. The implementation results show that solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno can function properly. The solar energy stored in the battery can be used automatically as lighting at night without using electricity from PLN. It can automate the light in the room, eliminating the need to turn them off and on manually.

Abstract The design of a watt peak meter of solar panel has been carried out using an LDR sensor to obtain the strongest light as the sun moves. The electronic circuit used includes LDR KY018, WEMOS ESP32, servo motor, Solar Charger Controller, INA219 Power Sensor, Battery and 10 A / 5V Relay. The mechanical structure uses angle iron construction which is assembled in such a way as to support solar panels with the SUNLITE Model 156P-20 type. Solar panels are positioned on 2 poles and attach the bolts as the rotary axis. LDR that gets sunlight will provide input to the WEMOS ESP32 to drive the servo motor in line with the direction of the sun in the east - west direction. The result led to an average 93,7% close to number as stated in the data specification of solar panel.

Abstract In this paper the author is presenting a novel experiment for measuring the gravitational acceleration using simple and cost effective apparatus with a regular pendulum, composed of an Arduino Uno and a light interruption circuit with an light dependent resistor (LDR) and an light emitting diode (LED), the data was recorded using PLX − DAQ data acquisition tool for further analysis, the experiment would be useful for introductory physics courses on the subject.

<em>The supply of energy has been one of the major issues for both urban and rural areas. About 60% to 70% of the energy demand of the country is met by fuel wood. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy, which has a great potential and it is radiated by the sun. Renewable energy is important to replace the use of electric energy generated by petroleum and other non-renewable resources. Solar power has become a source of renewable energy and thus the solar energy application to be enhanced. The solar panels are generally employed in dusty environments which are the case tropical countries like India. The dust gets accumulated on the front surface of the solar module and blocks the incident light from the sun. It decreases the power generation capacity of the unit. The power output reduces as much as by 50% if the module is not cleaned for a longer period. This paper deals with the design, fabrication and implementation and to clean the solar modules automatically by sensing the dust present on the module by using LDR circuit and controlled by microcontroller [1&minus;3]. The microcontroller sends message request to the owner through GSM module for the on or off function. Based on the command microcontroller controls the relay connected to the pump. Thus, the pressurized water is made to flow through the surface of the panels, thus the panels are cleaned.</em>

This paper presents an analysis of liquid drinks concentration using microprocessor based sensor. A prototype model based on hardware and software is used to run this analysis. The model then is tested and a few type of branded sold drinks base is analyzed on its concentration. The hardware comprises of a portable device that has been design to detect the differences between selected liquid drinks concentration. Those tested experimental drinks are Sunquick Blackcurrant, Sunquick Orange, Greenhill Rose, Greenhill Mango and Dutch Lady Full cream milk. A light dependant resistor (LDR) is used as the sensor to measure the light density through the liquid. The method has obtained the input voltage from the LDR circuit and display the concentration measurement on the liquid crystal display (LCD). Successful output has been gathered from the designing circuit. A printed circuit board (PCB) layout and programming using Basic language is developed and design in the identified hardware and software. This research has produced a data collections and statistical analysis on the identified drinks concentration. Comparison has been made and mathematical concept on the design system has been carried out.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 65).<br>Organic LEDs (OLEDs) offer the potential of ultra low power, portable display technology. The chief barrier to their usage lies in producing OLEDs that will emit light at predictable and consistent amplitudes. We propose the use of optical feedback to generate the desired luminosity pixel by pixel. We implement this technique in an integrated silicon chip. The simulation and verification of fabricated integrated circuits with deposited OLEDs validates the utility of the technique.<br>by Matthew Reid Powell.<br>M.Eng.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-45).<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>A feedback circuit for an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) based display is proposed and demonstrated. An OLED-based flat panel display is brighter, much lower power, has no viewing angle limitation and potentially cheaper compared to available Liquid Crystal (LC) based displays. Despite these advantages, an OLED-based display is not widely commercialized mainly due to its short practical lifetime. The I-V characteristics of the individual OLED pixels vary over time, temperature and processing-dependent parameters. Moreover, the variation is not uniform across an array of OLED pixels, causing OLED based displays to lose brightness accuracy after a few thousand hours of operation. The proposed feedback circuit is used to compensate for the non-uniformities in the individual OLED characteristics. The resulting display leverages the beneficial aspects of OLED display technology, while maintaining pixel uniformity and grayscale reproducibility. A demonstration system is built proving the feasibility of a flat panel display using direct optical feedback. The feedback loop monitors the output light level using a sensor and adjusts the current fed to the pixels to set the output light power to a digitally set reference level. The system shares a single feedback loop among a number of pixels, saving power and real estate. The demonstration system consists of a 5x5 array of LEDs, a CMOS camera, analog pixel circuitry, driver and feedback loop, as well as a digital controller. The demonstration system also shows the feasibility of time-sharing a feedback loop among a number of output devices.<br>by Eko T. Lisuwandi.<br>M.Eng.

The main goal of this diploma thesis is to compare two circuits designed for LED powering with output current of units of Amperes. Both circuits are based on step-down converter topology, one with technology of synchronous rectifying and the other one without it. Calculations and selection of used components with real prototypes were made for both selected circuits. All selected components meet automotive qualification requirements for discrete products. Produced prototypes were compared in terms of functionality, efficiency, EMC and thermal radiation.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).<br>Organic LEDs (OLEDs) have the potential to be used to build large-format, thin, flexible displays. Currently, the primary drawback to their usage lies in the difficulty of producing OLEDs which emit light at a constant and predictable brightness over their lifetime. A solution has been proposed which uses organic photo-detectors and optical feedback to control the desired luminosity on a per-pixel basis. This thesis demonstrates the design and fabrication of an integrated silicon control chip and an organic pixel/imaging array, which together form a stable, usable display. The simulation, verification, and testing of this OLED display demonstrates the utility of our solution. In particular, this thesis focuses on the Loop Compensator silicon design and feedback aspects of this circuit. The results demonstrate that the Loop Compensator has the desired DC and frequency characteristics with a measured gain of 100.2 and a variable dominant pole located at digitally-selectable frequencies (using a programmable capacitor array) of 10.8 Hz, 13.5 Hz, 22.8 Hz, and 64.8 Hz, given a clock frequency of 20 kHz.<br>by Kartik S. Lamba.<br>M.Eng.

Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України. Захист відбудеться «17» червня 2021 р. о 9.00 год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №21 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя<br>В даній кваліфікаційній роботі розроблено однокаскадне джерело живлення для вуличних світлодіодних світильників загального призначення. Створений пристрій забезпечує стабільний вихідний струм величиною 350 мА. Блок живлення спроектований на основі мікросхеми UCC28810 компанії Texas Instruments і забезпечує максимальну вихідну потужність 80 Вт та живиться від мережі змінного струму з номінальною напругою 220 В. Наявність в даній мікросхемі вбудованої функції корекції коефіцієнта потужності дозволило реалізувати перетворювач з коефіцієнтом потужності (КП) – 0,9 без використання додаткового коректора. Імпульсний перетворювач напруги побудований по технології SEPIC і, відповідно, немає гальванічної ізоляції між входом і виходом. Проте, це допустимо для вуличних світильників. В імпульсному блоці живлення передбачений захист від перенапруг та обриву навантаження.<br>In this qualification work a single-stage power supply for general purpose LED street lamps has been developed. The created device provides a stable output current of 350 mA. The power supply is designed based on the UCC28810 chip from Texas Instruments and provides a maximum output power of 80 watts and is powered by AC mains with a nominal voltage of 220 V. The presence of a built-in power factor correction function in this chip allowed to implement a converter with a power factor (KP) of 0.9 without the use of an additional corrector. The pulse voltage converter is built on SEPIC technology and, accordingly, there is no galvanic isolation between input and output. However, this is acceptable for street lamps. The switching power supply provides protection against overvoltages and load breakage.<br>Вступ 4 1 Аналітична частина 7 1.1 Призначення та основні параметри електронного драйвера LED світильника 7 1.2 Структурні схеми джерел вторинного електроживлення 8 1.3 Схемотехніка і принципи роботи перетворювачів DC/DC 12 2 Проєктна частина 21 2.1 Опис структурної схеми електронного драйвера LED світильника 21 2.1 Вибір вихідних параметрів електронного драйвера LED світильника 23 2.2 Корекція коефіцієнта потужності 25 2.3 Засоби і системи захисту джерел живлення 27 2.4 Опис блок-схеми контролера UCC28810 32 2.5 Опис принципової схеми електронного драйвера LED світильника 33 2.6 Розрахунок надійності 38 3 Спеціальна частина 43 4 Безпека життєдіяльності, основи охорони праці 54 Висновок 63 Література 64

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 71).<br>In a power converter specified to convert from wide-range and high-level DC voltage or AC line voltage to low-level DC voltage, satisfying high efficiency, high power density, and high power factor is challenging because of the higher device stress and difficulty of maintaining ZVS/ZCS conditions. Our purpose of the proposed two-stage power conversion architecture is to manage this high peak voltage stress and widely-varying operating conditions and to reduce dissipation by placing a switched capacitor pre-regulator stage in front of a very high frequency DC-DC converter stage. Our proposed two-stage architecture has been designed, built, and tested.<br>by Seungbum Lim.<br>S.M.

Les avancées récentes dans le domaine de la fabrication de LEDs Inorganiques permettent la production de LEDs GaN à l’échelle micrométrique. Ces composant optiques, jusqu’ici produits uniquement dans des dimensions importantes, peuvent être associés à un circuit de pilotage CMOS afin de produire des micro-écrans. Les micro-LEDs produites en GaN offrent une luminance maximum et une vitesse de commutation bien supérieures aux autres technologies LEDs généralement utilisées à l’échelle micrométrique. Cependant, elles présentent aussi des caractéristiques électriques spécifiques, telles qu’une efficacité réduite et une dispersion de fonctionnement accrue pour une utilisation sous un faible courant. Ainsi, les méthodes de pilotage couramment utilisées avec d’autres technologies LED s’avèrent peu adaptées.Cette thèse a pour objectif le développement de circuits de pilotage pixel adaptés aux micro-LEDs GaN, autant par le type de pilotage mis en place que par un encombrement compatible avec la surface des LEDs employées. Une première partie des travaux porte sur les applications d’affichage, avec une matrice de pixels compacte exploitant la forte luminance des LEDs, tout en présentant une grande résolution. L’utilisation d’un pilotage de type PWM, avec un fonctionnement intermittent des LEDs sous un fort courant, est retenu en raison des spécificités électriques de ces dernières. Afin de maintenir des dimensions réduites pour ce circuit pixel malgré la relative complexité du pilotage mis en place, une construction en 3D du circuit est présentée. Un dérivé de la technologie 3D CoolCube développée au CEA Leti est envisagé afin de construire un micro-écran sur trois niveaux superposés. Le circuit de pilotage est réparti entre les deux premiers niveaux, constitués de circuits CMOS implémentés avec des transistors de natures différentes. Tandis que les LEDs GaN constituent le troisième niveau de l’assemblage.La seconde partie des travaux est orientée vers l’exploitation du temps de commutation réduit des LEDs GaN. Cette capacité à générer un signal optique de fréquence élevée s’avère particulièrement intéressante pour la réalisation de systèmes de communication optique. Plusieurs émetteurs de communication optique en champ libre, utilisant une LED GaN pour réaliser des transferts de données avec un débit de plusieurs Gb/s, sont présentés dans la littérature. Ces systèmes mono-LED, bien que rapides, s’avèrent complexes à mettre en œuvre et particulièrement encombrants. Des émetteurs utilisant une multitude de LEDs, émettant chacune une fraction du signal optique utilisé pour la transmission, constituent une implémentation alternative. Bien que les transmissions réalisées avec ce type d’équipement restent pour l’instant plus lentes, les émetteurs matricés s’avèrent beaucoup plus compacts. Le développement d’un circuit pixel binaire, permettant la commutation d’une LED entre les deux seuls états, allumé et éteint, est présenté. Grace à un mécanisme de compensation de la capacité parasite induite par la LED, ce circuit atteint une fréquence de commutation de 333 MHz. Enfin, une réflexion quant à l’organisation d’un ensemble de ces pixels au sein d’un émetteur matricé, amène à un contrôle thermométrique des différents pixels. La répartition des LEDs à allumer en fonction du code d’entrée qui en découle permet en effet d’assurer la monotonicité de la conversion réalisée, et offre une linéarité accrue par rapport à d’autres modes de décodages plus simples d’implémentation<br>Recent advances in the field on inorganic LEDs, allow for manufacturing of GaN LEDs at micrometer scale. These optical devices, which were initially only manufactured with large dimensions, can be associated to a CMOS driving circuit to form micro-displays. GaN based micro-LEDs offer a maximum brightness and a commutation speed, well above other LEDs technologies used at micrometer scale. However, they also have specific electrical characteristics, such as reduced efficiency and large dispersion of behavior, when used with a reduced current. Consequently, driving methods commonly used with other types of LEDs are not appropriate for the control of such devices.This thesis focusses on the design of pixel driving circuits suitable for micro GaN LEDs, both in terms of implemented driving method and footprint compliance with the size of used LEDs. The first part of this work focusses on display applications, with a compact pixel matrix exploiting LEDs high brightness, while offering a large resolution. A PWM driving scheme, which implies sporadic operation of the LEDs under high current, is chosen to deal with LEDs specificities. In order to insure low silicon footprint despite the relatively high complexity of PWM driving, a 3D manufacturing of the circuit is introduced. A derivative of the CoolCube 3D technology that is developed by CEA Leti, is considered to manufacture a micro-display on three superposed levels. The driving circuit is split between the two first levels, made a CMOS circuit with different types of transistors. An array of GaN LEDs form the third level for the display.The second part of this thesis focusses on exploiting the reduced commutation time of the GaN LEDs. The ability to generate a high frequency optical signal is appropriate for building visible light communication emitters. Several free space optical communication emitters reported in the literature use a single GaN LED to transmit data at several Gb/s. Although, these single LED emitters are very fast, they are cumbersome and complex to build. Other emitters, based on a group of LEDs each emitting a part of the optical signal, forms an alternative solution. Even though data transmission is currently slower using these emitters, matrix based emitters are much more compact. This work introduce the design of a binary pixel, which make the LED switch between its two possible states, ON and OFF. Thanks to a LED introduced parasitic capacitance compensation method, this circuit reaches a 333 MHz operation frequency. Finally, a study of the best pixels organization inside the array led to a thermometer type of pixel control. The resulting association between each input code and the activated pixels insures the conversion monotonicity. It also shows a better linearity than other matrix control schemes with simpler implementations

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>103<br>Nowadays, people raise the conscious of environmental protection in recent years. As a third of the total electricity consumption of all kinds of lighting, it’s a bigger problem that we needs to save energy. In recent years, the use of light-emitting diode (Light Emitting Diode- LED) have replaced the incandescent lamps and halogen lamps because the traditional incandescent bulb has short life of its usage and low luminous efficiency which do not meet the needs of energy saving policy. LED is environmental friendly without mercury materials and luminous efficiency. But the brightness of LED depends on the forward current, thus, the supplication of constant current becomes the most important topic of LED driving circuit. Normally the household light of dimming mainly use the bulbs and it only need to match the dimmer. However, it is not the fluorescent lamp. The dimmable LED can also adjust color via RGB lighting. Furthermore, LED extensively use in household lighting and medical usage. In the research, the power supply Vdd is 3.3V, the change of output current lower 3% when the temperature is -25 ℃ to 100 ℃. In the dimming control; the auto control can deliver the current via temperature sensor so as to control the output current which make people feel comfortable. Manual control can adjust the light by the users via low dropout liner regulator to meet the customers’ needs. It is fabricated with CIC provided by TSMC 0.35μm 2P4M 3.3V/5V CMOS process in an active area of 1.1 × 1.1 mm 2 . The total power dissipation is 0.48W.

碩士<br>崑山科技大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>96<br>Displayer has become the inportant part of Electronical prudoct, and it also requires light source by Back light module. High brightness White Emitting Diode(LED) has become the important back light source. The profites of White light Led are cheep price、long life、and low power etc. The White light led is going to replace the traditional Sunlight bulb in the future. Therefore,driver IC will reveal its is important. In this paper, three LED drivers with uniform current adjustment mechanism were designed by the H-Spice tool. The first chip uses a high-gain OPA, an NMOS transistor and a resistor to implement a current source that can be controlled by an external voltage. It would drive sixteen high-brightness white-light LEDs through sixteen current mirrors. The second chip is trying to add a bandgap reference voltage circuit and to use a cascode mirror circuit construction. Because the chip will produce heat by itself, in order to promote the precision and yield of the whole circuit, we need a steady reference voltage. which will not change a lot when the input voltage and temperature change. The cascode mirror circuit construction is designed to reduce the effects of drain-source voltage drop on the mirrored current because the turn-on voltage of LED is process-dependent. The third chip is designed to improve the bandgap reference construction of the second chip in order to make LED driving current adjustable. These LED drivers use the full-custom-design methodology of the 0.35μm 2P4M CMOS technology provided by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) as the design and simulation platform in this paper.

Chapter 4 interrogates the claim that colonialism and subsequent institutional design shaped the success and failure of democratization. We find that: 1)institutions designed for large states do not always work, or work as expected, in small ones; 2) that this has led to considerable reform and adaptation, especially in the Pacific; and 3) despite attempts to reform institutions, in many small states actors find it easier to circumvent them entirely. That is, the personalization of politics means institutional design and the notion of path dependence is of limited value when seeking to understand how democracy is practiced in small states. This propensity to sidestep or short circuit institutions can help explain why politics in small states is often very similar, despite variations in institutional design and colonial legacy.

This chapter examines the continued evolution of the Chicago gospel music in the mid-twentieth century, led by the Good Shepherd Singers, re-christened the Gospel Caravan or simply Caravans. By the 1950s, gospel music had become the predominant sound of the semi-demonstrative, as well as some deliberative, or sermon-centered, African American churches in the urban North. Recognizing the financial upside of gospel music, independent record company owners, religious disk jockeys, and promoters sought to commodify it for mass consumption. This chapter first discusses the performances and recordings of the Caravans, along with members who came and went, before turning to some of the other important figures on the gospel music circuit, including Alex Bradford and his Bradford Specials, the Maceo Woods Singers, the Staple Singers, artists under Vee Jay Records, the Duncanaires, the Little Lucy Smith Singers, Sammy Lewis, and Mahalia Jackson.

The expansion of the turnpike system and the introduction of steel springs to carriages in the mid-eighteenth century led to a sudden increase in the speed at which people, goods, and information could travel around Britain. Some celebrated the profits and pleasures afforded by this new culture of mobility. Others, including Rousseau, warned that technological improvement was not being matched by comparable advances in health, happiness, and virtue. This chapter reads the radical digressiveness of Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy as a response to the alienating moral effects of the conventional modern novel’s linear, end-oriented narrative machinery. By derailing narrative progress—a rupture signalled in volume VII by the shattering of Tristram’s post-chaise—and withholding closure altogether, Sterne sought to deliver his readers from the circuit of desire, frustration, and disappointment he understood to organize both the experience of reading a modern novel and living in a modern technological society.

This chapter shifts our focus to the thriving community of Cantonese opera theaters in Canada, from as early as the late nineteenth century. Despite anti-Chinese initiatives growing toward the end of the century, Chinese opera performers were admitted into Canada with regularity, and Chinese theaters continued to find success. Beginning with the troupes, popular performers and theaters of the 1910s, the chapter traces the trajectories of their performing circuit and theaters into the 1920s. In particular, the 1921 opening of Le Wannian theater in Vancouver marked the beginning of a new era, whose performers, such as Guan Yinglian, had an enormous impact on the community. Finally, the Victoria/Vancouver-based Lun On company led Cantonese opera troupe to return to United States, which in turn commenced the golden era of Cantonese opera in North America. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the significance of Triangle Route between Victoria, Vancouver and Seattle.

The Memorial to the Murdered Jews in Berlin, inaugurated in 2005, and the Monument to the Victims of State Terrorism within the Memory Park (Parque de la Memoria) in Buenos Aires, partially unveiled in 2007, have been controversial from start to finish. While these sites differ in many respects, Germany and Argentina share a history of dictatorial regimes that murdered civilians on a massive scale. The Nazis implemented the genocide of millions of Jews and other minorities during World War II. In Argentina, the junta-led state repression was responsible for the “disappearance” and subsequent murder of thousands of civilians between 1976 and 1983. Decades later, new governments in Germany and Argentina acknowledged the responsibility of their respective states for these mass murders by memorializing the victims with a national monument in the capital city for the first time. This study of two memorials develops a model and method for analyzing the memorialization of recent tragedies that share several basic characteristics: the state creates a self-indicting national memorial to the victims of state-sponsored mass murder in the absence of their bodies. Analyzed as sites of conflicting performances and as performances themselves, these memorials illuminate the ways in which people engage with them, and how an architecture of absence triggers embodied memory through somatic experience. While death tourism and architourism are a key to their success in attracting visitors, they also pose a threat to their commemorative role. Besides assessing the success and failure of these memorials, Sion explores the ways in which these sites are paradigmatic and offers a model for analyzing a transnational circuit of commemorative practices.

O conhecimento se fabrica nos múltiplos circuitos da linguagem e em conexões estabelecidas nos próprios efeitos dos saberes humanos. As dinâmicas dos discursos, as práticas de ensino e os territórios das artes são algumas fronteiras que deslizam entre conceitos e experiências, significantes e significados. Em As palavras e as coisas, Michel Foucault (2007) reflete que “a linguagem representa o pensamento como o pensamento se representa a si mesmo”. Nesses termos, a produção crítica e intelectual constrói um jogo em que os textos se transformam em repositórios daquilo que somos e buscamos representar através das palavras. Cada repositório pode ser classificado como uma cena que opera dentro e através da linguagem, de modo que sua força é determinada por sua capacidade de intervir nas práticas sociais e, consequentemente, transformá-las. É reconhecendo a presença da diversidade produzida nas esferas do conhecimento humano que o livro Conexões: Linguagens e Educação em Cena, organizado por Nathalia Bezerra da Silva Ferreira, José Wandsson do Nascimento Batista, Lívia Karolinny Gomes de Queiroz, Isabela Feitosa Lima Garcia e Ana Flávia Matos Freire, representa um espaço de circulação de ideias e práticas críticas imprescindíveis para estudantes, professores e pesquisadores das Letras e outros campos de estudo. As demandas acerca da linguagem, da cultura e da sociedade nunca se esgotam. Dessa forma, abrem-se novas margens e cenários de saberes relacionados à Linguística, Literatura, Educação e à História que nos ajudam a interpretar e aperfeiçoar o entendimento das relações de poder e das interações entre os sujeitos. É urgente que, em nossas experiências docentes e discentes, exerçamos o papel de mediar a produção do conhecimento entre a academia e outras organizações sociais, criando visibilidades para que os espaços dos saberes sejam cada vez mais democráticos e inclusivos. O livro reúne textos-cartografias – produzidos por professores, alunos de pós-graduação e demais pesquisadores – que lançam perspectivas multidisciplinares das instâncias da linguagem, da educação e da formação política – envolvendo vários atores sociais – e promovem estratégias de leitura diante dos desafios da contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, o capítulo de abertura, intitulado “A modalidade volitiva em relatos de pacientes que superaram a Covid-19”, André Silva Oliveira descreve e analisa através da modalidade volitiva os comportamentos de pessoas que divulgaram seus relatos na internet acerca da superação da doença. No contexto da pandemia que enfrentamos atualmente torna-se relevante a vigilância dos efeitos desta enfermidade que se instaura no imaginário dos sujeitos. No Capítulo 2, intitulado “Reflexões sobre a linguística e a semiótica: revisão teórica e um exemplo de aplicação”, Jancen Sérgio Lima de Oliveira investiga as distinções e as semelhanças entre a linguística e a semiótica tendo como ponto de partida a produção de imagens no mundo contemporâneo. Em outro espectro de pesquisa, no Capítulo 3, “Gêneros orais: objetos de ensino como suporte às aulas de língua portuguesa”, George Pereira Brito inscreve um estudo para situar os gêneros orais no ensino de língua portuguesa, atentando para o papel dos docentes no desenvolvimento da oralidade como uma prática fundamental na formação estudantil.No Capítulo 4, “As interfaces da leitura: decodificação e compreensão leitora”, de Alessandra Figueiró Thornton, discute a formação leitora dos estudantes da Educação Básica, destacando a necessidade de políticas que desenvolvam as habilidades relacionadas à proficiência leitora nas escolas. Lidando com outras molduras da linguagem, mais precisamente no campo da literatura, no Capítulo 5, “Vozes femininas tecendo a resistência no enfrentamento às violências nos contos de Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres, de Conceição Evaristo”, escrito por Maria Valdenia da Silva, Maria José Rolim, Diely da Cruz Lopes e José Ronildo Holanda Lima, observamos uma análise das profundas marcas da violência de gênero representadas na literatura de Evaristo e os atos de resistência das personagens, que lutam para produzir outras escrevivências no tecer do texto literário. Ainda no contexto dos estudos literários, Nathalia Bezerra da Silva Ferreira, no Capítulo 6, “Ressignificações no conto de fada ‘Entre a espada e a rosa’, de Marina Colasanti”, estuda as ressonâncias entre o conto “Entre a espada e a rosa”, de Marina Colasanti e o conto “Pele de Asno”, de Charles Perrault. A autora explora o imaginário da literatura infanto-juvenil e confronta ambas as narrativas para identificar intertextos e rastros entre o texto clássico e o moderno. No Capítulo 7, intitulado “A morte com véu branco: uma análise da poesia de Emily Dickinson”, Brena Kézzia de Lima Ferreira e Francisco Carlos Carvalho da Silva analisam a obra poética de Dickinson com foco na representação da morte e suas figurações simbólicas que acentuam as incertezas da existência humana. Expandindo as cenas de pesquisa, no Capítulo 8, “A formação leitora: uma proposta metodológica com um poema de Manoel de Barros”, André de Araújo Pinheiro, Kamilla Katinllyn Fernandes dos Santos e Verônica Maria de Araújo Pontes desenvolvem um procedimento metodológico baseado em jogos teatrais e sequências básicas para fornecer estratégias e dinâmicas de leitura que visam propiciar maior proficiência leitora entre os sujeitos participantes.Tomando como ponto de discussão os fundamentos do letramento literário, no Capítulo 9, “Novas práticas de leitura literária à luz do teatro do oprimido”, Danyelle Ribeiro Vasconcelos situa as práticas de leitura do texto literário dentro de uma perspectiva crítico-reflexiva, gerada a partir do livro Capitães da Areia, de Jorge Amado, em diálogo com o método teatral do Teatro do Oprimido, desenvolvido por Augusto Boal, com o intuito de transformar o ato de ler literatura em uma prática emancipatória, em que o território da sala de aula passa a ser o palco de jogos dramáticos, onde os alunos assumem importantes papeis sociais. No Capítulo 10, “Letramento na educação infantil a partir do livro A vida íntima de Laura, de Clarice Lispector”, os autores Nadja Maria de Menezes Morais, Laís Correia Teófilo de Souza, Jôse Pessoa de Lima e Marinalva Pereira de Araújo traçam um perfil da formação leitora e infantil baseada nas experiências de leitura literária. Nesse contexto de aprendizagem, o livro de Lispector permite estimular a reflexão em torno da importância do letramento literário desde os primeiros anos da vida escolar. Em conexão com a temática, em “Multiletramentos na escola: proposta de leitura do hipertexto ‘Um estudo em vermelho’, de Marcelo Spalding”, Capítulo 11, Angélica Benício Alves e Sandro César Silveira Jucá, atentos acerca das novas situações comunicativas geradas por ambientes virtuais, exploram a existência de gêneros literários digitais e refletem sobre suas aplicabilidades na sala de aula para promover práticas de leitura e, como resultado disso, desenvolver condições de multiletramento nos espaços educacionais. Dando continuidade, em “O ser criança e a sexualização infantil em face ao discurso midiático: O Caderno Rosa de Lori Lamby”, Capítulo 12, Elane da Silva Plácido e Maria da Conceição Santos tomam como objeto de estudo o livro Caderno Rosa de Lori Lamby, da escritora Hilda Hilst, para analisar as nuances da personagem Lori em face da influência midiática no processo de sexualização e adultização do corpo infantil, provocando impactos na identidade da criança. É por meio do Capítulo 13, designado “Canciones que el tiempo no borra: memorias, censura y canciones bregas en el contexto de la dictadura civil-militar en Brasil (1964-1985)”, escrito em espanhol por Lívia Karolinny Gomes de Queiroz, Isaíde Bandeira da Silva e Edmilson Alves Maia Júnior, que aprendemos sobre os efeitos da censura na arte, mais precisamente na música brega, tida como manifestação artística imprópria aos valores defendidos pelo regime militar no Brasil (1964-1985). Os autores examinam os impactos da censura na sociedade da época, mas também enunciam como a música pode expressar as contínuas tensões de um momento histórico. Maria Julieta Fai Serpa e Sales, Francinalda Machado Stascxak e Maria Aparecida Alves da Costa refletem em “O vínculo entre o estado e a igreja católica no Brasil imperial (1822-1889) e sua reverberação na educação”, Capítulo 14 desta coletânea, a relação da Igreja Católica com o Estado na época do império, identificando as implicações deste vínculo na história da educação brasileira. Por sua vez, o Capítulo 15, “As contribuições da teoria histórico-cultural para o ensino na educação infantil: uma revisão de literatura”, assinado por Camila Alvares Sofiati, foca na compreensão do processo de aprendizagem infantil a partir das teorias de Vigotski, em que o trabalho pedagógico com crianças é observado. Já no Capítulo 16, intitulado “Proposta e currículo no contexto educacional do ensino infantil brasileiro”, também de Marcus Vinicius Peralva Santos, o autor produz um panorama de pesquisas sobre propostas curriculares direcionadas ao ensino infantil no Brasil, averiguando como os projetos políticos pedagógicos contemplam as novas demandas da sociedade contemporânea. No capítulo seguinte, “As contribuições do NTPPS na aprendizagem de língua inglesa numa escola pública de Pacoti – CE”, Capítulo 17, as autoras Francisca Marilene de Castro Rodrigues e Isabela Feitosa Lima Garcia contextualizam os desafios do ensino de língua inglesa nas escolas brasileiras e apresentam princípios metodológicos que visam dirimir as problemáticas em torno da aprendizagem do inglês, reforçando a necessidade de produzir um modelo de ensino que coloque no centro do processo o conhecimento do aluno em relação às interfaces de cognição. Dessa forma, as autoras abrem perspectivas positivas para o ensino-aprendizagem do idioma em questão.O Capítulo 18, “A utilização do blog pelas escolas estaduais de educação profissional de Juazeiro do Norte – CE”, as autoras Maria Francimar Teles de Souza e Rosa Cruz Macêdo abordam o blog como uma ferramenta digital fundamental na divulgação de atividades escolares e mapeiam seus usos em escolas estaduais de ensino profissionalizante na cidade de Juazeiro do Norte – CE. Em outro contexto de pesquisa, no Capítulo 19, “Intervenções inter/multidisciplinares em crianças disléxicas”, Wanda Luzia Caldas de Brito e Maria Josefina Ferreira da Silva investigam, através de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, questões relacionadas à dislexia em crianças e como tal condição afeta o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem nos anos escolares, evidenciando a necessidade de que os profissionais sejam subsidiados de informações sobre como lidar com o diagnóstico deste transtorno e, consequentemente, possam proporcionar um bom ambiente de ensino. No Capítulo 20, intitulado “A importância da interação e do material adaptado para o processo cognitivo do aluno com necessidades educacionais especiais”, Samara de Oliveira Lima, Sanara Macedo Sousa e Sabrina de oliveira Marques abordam o progresso do aluno com Necessidade Educacional Especial (NEE) e a importância de sua inclusão no contexto escolar. Para isso, os autores entendem que o professor tem um papel importante no processo de acolhimento e na ação de produzir materiais adaptáveis para o ensino. Traçando outro cenário de reflexão, no horizonte do Capítulo 21, nomeado “O papel do tutor no contexto da educação a distância: uma análise dos estudos brasileiros até 2020”, Marcus Vinicius Peralva Santos concentra-se na função do tutor no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da educação a distância, trazendo à tona os desafios que os profissionais da área enfrentam e as necessidades oriundas de suas práticas. Já no Capítulo 22, “O ensino remoto na visão docente: desafios e perspectivas”, Elizete Pereira de Oliva Leão e Mauricio Alves de Souza Pereira avaliam as condições do ensino remoto a partir da experiência de professores de uma escola pública da cidade de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Os dados levantados pelos autores apontam para problemas que precisam ser superados, especialmente relacionados ao acesso das mídias digitais e à formação continuada dos docentes, para que estejam preparados para o uso de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs). O capítulo seguinte aborda práticas do contexto de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas. “O processo de elaboração das organizações didáticas no contexto da residência pedagógica de língua portuguesa”, Capítulo 23, George Pereira Brito e Maria Beatriz Bezerra de Brito dedicam-se a examinar as produções de Organizações Didáticas de um programa de residência pedagógica para o ensino médio desenvolvido pela Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, com o objetivo de dar suporte aos alunos bolsistas para que tenham em mãos materiais adequados para o ensino de português. No horizonte da educação básica e suas diversas disciplinas, o Capítulo 24, com o título de “Química verde: análises das concepções de alunos do ensino médio”, de autoria de Michelle de Moraes Brito, Kariny Mery Araujo Cunha, Francilene Pereira da Silva e Márcia Valéria Silva Lima, atende às demandas da educação ambiental, uma vez que, preocupadas com os vários níveis de degradação do meio ambiente, as autoras analisam a percepção de alunos do ensino médio acerca das problemáticas ambientais, na perspectiva da Química Verde, atribuindo a importância de formar sujeitos mais conscientes acerca dos problemas ocasionados pela ação humana na natureza. No Capítulo 25, “As licenciaturas em química ead e presencial nos IF: uma análise dos projetos pedagógicos de cursos e as implicações na formação docente”, os autores Dylan Ávila Alves, Nyuara Araújo da Silva Mesquita, Raiane Silva Lemes e Abecy Antônio Rodrigues Neto avaliam cursos de licenciatura em Química de Institutos Federais em sua modalidade de Ensino a Distância (EaD) e comparam as suas especificidades – direcionadas aos alunos – com o modelo de ensino tradicional. Nos dois últimos capítulos, percebendo a emergência das novas tecnologias nas práticas educacionais, Karina Pereira Carvalho, Mariana da Costa Teles, Marcelo Augusto Costa Vilano e Vinícius Pedro Damasceno Lima destacam, no Capítulo 26, “Ensino remoto da matemática a partir das tecnologias digitais: a importância dos jogos digitais como ferramenta auxiliar da aprendizagem”, o papel de jogos digitais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da matemática e como essas ferramentas auxiliam no desenvolvimento de habilidades de raciocínio lógico e cognição. Em diálogo com a área, no Capítulo 27, “A modelagem matemática utilizada para ensinar funções e aplicações”, Karina Pereira Carvalho trabalha com a modelagem matemática como princípio norteador do ensino das funções e aplicações, objetivando apresentar soluções para lidar com as dificuldades dos alunos relacionadas ao tema. Apresentadas as coordenadas iniciais de cada capítulo do Livro Conexões: Linguagens e Educação em Cena, convidamos o leitor para que adentre nas páginas desta coletânea e deixe fluir essas cenas de aprendizagem na sua formação humana. Como declara Paulo Freire, no livro Educação como prática da liberdade (1967), “há uma pluralidade nas relações do homem com o mundo, na medida em que responde à ampla variedade dos seus desafios.” Nesse sentido, esta obra fornece diversos olhares sobre alguns desafios que os autores e autoras enfrentam em suas experiências humanas. Suas contribuições são plurais e buscam responder as problemáticas da linguagem, da educação, da literatura e da sociedade que os cerca. Uma última assertiva: os conhecimentos são mutáveis, o que permanece é o desejo de produzir novos pensamentos e afetos transformadores.

AbstractDecision-making belongs to one of the most prominent principles in the nerve system of living species. The crucial trade-off between time to decide (speed) and accuracy is essential for a creature to react to environmental stimuli and most importantly, relevant for survival. In-depth studies of coherent motion tasks in primates, based on two-choice decision experiments, led to a profound understanding of neuronal information processing and even bridged the gap to behavioural psychology. Three fundamental processing stages are needed to successfully perform a two-choice decision experiment based on a saccadic eye movement task: the neuronal representation of the sensory signal, the integration of the incoming stimuli and the comparison of the accumulated information to a threshold for a final decision. In accordance to the results of decision-making experiments with primates, an analogue electronic decision-making circuit was developed. Our concept study includes a LED-matrix showing moving light dots (i.e. the tasks screen in primate experiments), an array of photo diodes (i.e. retina of the primate, sensory evidence), a Hassenstein-Reichardt Detector (HRD) based motion detection (i.e. a correlation-type motion detector with a high biological relevance, based on an inhibitory circuit and delay lines) and finally a signal integration circuit. The latter stage represents the decision-making unit and is realised through an inhibitory mutual coupling of the accumulated signals. The entirely analogue circuit is based on integrate and fire relaxation oscillators to mimic firing neurons. We would like to emphasise that the presented real time decision-making system is closely related to biological information pathways in nerve systems. Neither a digital computer nor programming is necessary for decision-making, which might be an interesting approach for real time data processing in autonomous robots.

AbstractEnsuring the provision of sustainable and secure electrical power for ingestible/implantable medical devices (IMDs) is crucial for facilitating the multifaceted capabilities of these IMDs and preventing the need for recurrent battery replacements. Using photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting in conjunction with an external light source can be advantageous for an optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) system to enable energy self-sufficiency in IMDs. This study investigates the performance of OWPT using commercial monocrystalline silicon PV cells exposed to an 810 nm Near-infrared (NIR) LED light. The ethical concerns are addressed by utilizing porcine samples (ex vivo approach), eliminating the need for live animal experimentation. The experimental setup employs porcine meat samples with several compositions, e.g., pure fat, pure muscle, and different layers of fat-muscle. The primary goal of this initial study is to analyze the open-circuit voltage output (VOC) of the PV against received optical power in the presence of biological tissue. Our study demonstrates that PV cells can generate voltage even when exposed to light passing through porcine samples with a thickness of up to 30 mm. Furthermore, the VOC values of PV cells attained in this study meet the required voltage input level for supplying current IMDs, typically ranging from 2V to 3V. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into OWPT systems in the future, where monocrystalline silicon PV cells can be employed as energy harvester devices to supply various IMDs utilizing NIR light.

To address the safety of the home or other facility, a microcontroller-based solar-powered anti-theft automated security system is developed with arrays of sensors to detect possible intrusion incidents. The designed system produces three kinds of alarms (Buzzer, bi-color LED, and SMS) with a security breach notification through an LCD, based on the data from its interfaced sensors (Motion Sensor, Fire Sensor, and Glass-break Sensor). The controller used to control all aspects of the system is Atmega8. A Light Depended Resistor (LDR) and a Potentiometer (POT) are used to build the Motion Sensor; Temperature Detector LM35 is used as the Fire Sensor; and a sensitive metal strip is used to build a custom Glass-break Sensor. WIFI module with IOT is used to design an SMS generating system as one of the alarming methods. The designed system is found to be consumed very low power with a 5V supply since when it is ON, the bi-color LED (0.1watt) requires only 0.98µA and 23.5mA of current, and 4.88mW and 117.5mW of power during its state change; and the Buzzer consumes only 0.49mW of power when it is ON. The system is designed with the consideration of incorporating for security enhancement Technique.The design of simple hardware circuit enables every user to use this wireless home security system with ultrasonic sensor, Gas sensor, Smoke sensor and Motor driven door locking system at Home. Whichgreatly improving the anti-theft security performance of outdoor advertising lighting.

Fuel indicator is an integral part of any automotive instrument cluster. Measurement of the fuel remaining in the reservoir is an important factor in order to calculate the distance which can be travelled with the remaining fuel. Different types of fuel indicator systems are available in the market which are prone to non linearity and mechanical loading. In India, the percentage of people using mopeds are comparatively high and replacement of the fuel tank if damaged demands a very big-budget affair. therefore it calls for a solution. Consequently, the paper proposes to design and fabricate low-cost fuel indicator system which overcomes these vulnerabilities. The system addresses the problem of non-linear behaviour of fuel level indicator typically employing a float and a potentiometer. The system uses an LED as a source of light and a number of LDR’s as receivers. As the light passes through the optical opening in the tank it gets diffused, absorbed and reflected through the fuel. The amount of light received on the other side is a function of fuel present in the reservoir. Since there is multiple receiving points (LDRs) whose readings are averaged, the readings have negligible effect from the turbulence within the reservoir due to the shaking of vehicle itself. In the fabrication of the a signal condition circuit is used in order to convert resistance in voltage and is assembled with an Arduino that quantifies and presents the volume on an LCD.