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Sravanthi, Yaragani. "ACTIVATE BUZZER AND LED BY USING LDR SENSOR." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem41069.
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This project aims to design a simple circuit system that uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) to activate a buzzer and blink an LED when light falls on the LDR. The LDR, a photosensitive device, responds to changes in light intensity, making it an ideal sensor for light-based activation systems. The working principle is based on the LDR's property where its resistance decreases as light intensity increases. When light falls on the LDR, the reduced resistance causes a change in the circuit's voltage. This change is used to trigger the activation of a buzzer and LED. The LED blinks continuously while the buzzer provides an audible alert. A microcontroller or comparator circuit can be used to process the signal and control the output devices effectively. This project is suitable for applications such as light- activated alarms, object detection systems, and automation systems. It is designed to be cost-effective, energy-efficient, and easy to implement, making it a practical solution for real-world scenarios. The system demonstrates the seamless integration of sensors and basic electronics to achieve automated responses to environmental changes. This project explores the design and implementation of an automated system that uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor to control the activation of a buzzer and the blinking of an LED. The primary objective of the system is to automatically trigger a sound alarm (buzzer) and visual signal (LED blinking) when light falls on the LDR sensor, enabling real-time detection and response to environmental light changes. The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a type of resistor whose resistance decreases with the increase in light intensity. In the absence of light, the LDR has high resistance, while in the presence of light, its resistance significantly drops. This variation in resistance is used to control the circuit's behavior. Key Words: LED, Light Sensing , Circuit Design, Security Systems, Light-Based Triggering, Environmental Monitoring, Alert System, Sensor Activation
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Saha, Sirshendu, Saikat Kumar Bera, Hiranmoy Mandal, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, and Satish Chandra Bera. "Study of an accurate electronic power measurement technique using modified current transformer and potential transformer." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 13 (2019): 3666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219835010.
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In high tension power measurement, potential transformer (PT) and current transformer (CT) are used in order to reduce high tension voltage and current, respectively. But both PT and CT suffer from ratio error and phase angle error, which may produce severe error in power measurement. In the present paper, modified designs of PT and CT are combined to develop an electronic power measurement circuit in order to reduce the measurement errors. The modified PT and CT have reduced phase angle error and ratio error. In the power measurement circuit, the instantaneous product of the outputs of these PT and CT is determined by using a simple light emitting diode (LED)-light dependent register (LDR) or LED-LDR-based product circuit. The operation of the proto type power measurement unit designed in the present work has been experimentally tested and the measured outputs are compared with the readings of laboratory standard wattmeter. The experimental results are reported in the paper. Very good linear characteristics are observed.
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Singh, Satwinder, and Suman Bhullar. "Automatic Street Lighting System Uses NE555 Integrated Circuit and LDR." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 2, no. 1 (2015): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v2i1.234.
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Street light is a raised source of light that is commonly used along walkways and streets when the surrounding turns dark. Presently High Intensity Discharge lamps are used for street lighting system based on principle of gas discharge, but they consume more power and have low CRI. By replacing the HPS with LED lamps we can save a lot of energy, reduce Co2 emissions and using the autoswitching system we can also control power consumptions at the streets and eliminating manpower. With the broad availability of flexlighting technology like light-emitting diode Lamps, the street lighting system is fast reacting, reliably operating, and less power-conserving become reality. This project is all about to eliminate the manpower and reduce the energy consumptions at the street lights. This project includes controlling a circuit of street lights with the help of Transformer, Rectifier, Filter unit, LDR, NE 555 IC,BC 547 transistor, SPDT Relay, LED Lamp, resistance and capacitor during day and night.
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Fırat, Aydemir, and Ali Ebeoğlu M. "A Single-Stage Smart Driver with Automatic Dimming Capability for Multiple LED Strings Biased from a Single Point." Journal of Scientific, Technology and Engineering Research (JSTER) 2, no. 1 (2021): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4698418.
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<em>In this study, a driver system for high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is presented. The proposed driver system is based on flyback converter topology, and it uses single-stage power factor correction with microcontroller support. The driver has two main parts; a source for an LED array, and a control unit including sensors. Instead of using conventional constant voltage or constant current driver topologies, the proposed system adjusts the output voltage by considering the LED parameters, the number of serial and parallel LEDs on the load array, and the data from sensors. Via the current sensor, the output current is measured at specific periods and limited by the microcontroller according to the LED load. Moreover, the microcontroller can detect an open circuit condition on the LED array by following current changes. A temperature sensor and a light-dependent resistor (LDR) are used to increase the lifetime of LEDs.</em> <strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Light-emitting-diode (LED), LED Driver, Smart Driver, LED life, LED array</em>
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Ananda, Ricki, and Muhammad Amin. "UTILIZATION OF BOOSTER CIRCUIT JOULE THIEF FOR GARDEN LIGHTING SOURCE OF VOLTAGE FROM THE SUN." JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) 8, no. 1 (2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v8i1.1305.
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Abstract: Garden lighting from a sun source utilizes a series of joule thieves so that the lighting of the garden lights at night is bright. This research method uses a quantitative method because it must be tested on each module so that it finds that there are three types of module systems to be combined, the booster or joule electronic thief module, the supply media solar module circuit, and finally, the control system with the Arduino nano board. The solar module used is a 1-watt solar module with 1n4004 diodes, which will convert the heat of sunlight into voltage. The voltage will be sent via the IC TP4056 input, the output from the IC TP4056 will charge the 18650 battery, which aims to ignite the booster circuit on the 12 W lamp, or the 3.7VDC input from the 18650 battery capable of turning on the 12W/220VAC led light. While the controller is connected to the LDR sensor and relay when the user makes the command, LDR > 800 of the provisions, the relay position from NC becomes open, or during the day, the relay will be in the NC position and turn off the 12W light in the booster circuit, while at night the relay will remain in the no position, so that it will connect the booster circuit voltage and turn on the 12W lamp (LDR < 800).Keywords: booster circuit; campus park lighting; solar panels Abstrak: Penerangan taman dari sumber matahari memanfaatkan rangkaian joule thief agar penerangan lampu taman pada malam hari terang. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dikarenakan harus diuji coba pada tiap modul, sehingga mendapati ada tiga jenis sistem modul yang akan digabungkan, modul elektronika rangkaian booster atau joule thief, rangkaian modul surya media pensuplly, dan terakhir sistem controller dengan board arduino nano. Modul surya yang digunakan modul surya 1 watt dengan dioda 1n4004, akan mengubah panas cahaya matahari menjadi tegangan . Tegangan akan dikirimkan melalui input IC TP4056, output dari IC TP4056 akan mengisi baterai 18650 yang bertujuan sebagai penyala rangkaian booster pada lampu 12 W, atau input 3.7VDC dari baterai 18650 mampu menyalakan lampu led 12W/220VAC. Sementara controller terhubung kesensor ldr dan relay, ketika perintah yang dibuat oleh user, ldr > 800 dari ketentuan, posisi relay dari nc menjadi open, atau siang hari, relay akan diposisi nc dan mematikan lampu 12W pada rangkaian booster, sementara jika malam hari relay akan diposisi no, sehingga akan menghubungkan tegangan rangkaian booster dan menyalakan lampu 12W (ldr < 800). Kata kunci : panel surya, penerangan taman, rangkaian booster.
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Sanger, Ruddy, Viverdy Memah, Moudy Kambey, and Djamii Olii. "Development of Solar Energy Lamp Using Arduino Uno." JURNAL EDUNITRO Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Elektro 2, no. 2 (2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/edunitro.v2i2.4360.
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This study aims to design an electronic system from solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno and then implement it into a prototype circuit. This solar energy lighting system supports the green energy ecosystem in the implementation of solar cells in the design of cost-effective electronic systems. This automatic solar energy lamp system consists of solar panels and batteries as inputs, LDR and voltage sensors as references and sensors, Arduino Uno and relays as controllers, and LCD and LED lights as output circuits. The implementation results show that solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno can function properly. The solar energy stored in the battery can be used automatically as lighting at night without using electricity from PLN. It can automate the light in the room, eliminating the need to turn them off and on manually.
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Manfaluthy, M., A. Pangestu, R. Arif, and L. A. Sanjaya. "Watt Peak Meter of Solar Panel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, no. 1 (2021): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2019/1/012097.
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Abstract The design of a watt peak meter of solar panel has been carried out using an LDR sensor to obtain the strongest light as the sun moves. The electronic circuit used includes LDR KY018, WEMOS ESP32, servo motor, Solar Charger Controller, INA219 Power Sensor, Battery and 10 A / 5V Relay. The mechanical structure uses angle iron construction which is assembled in such a way as to support solar panels with the SUNLITE Model 156P-20 type. Solar panels are positioned on 2 poles and attach the bolts as the rotary axis. LDR that gets sunlight will provide input to the WEMOS ESP32 to drive the servo motor in line with the direction of the sun in the east - west direction. The result led to an average 93,7% close to number as stated in the data specification of solar panel.
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Madey, Ahmed. "An Arduino experiment to determine the gravitational acceleration using a light interruption apparatus with PLX − DAQ data acquisition tool." Physics Education 59, no. 4 (2024): 043005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ad4442.
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Abstract In this paper the author is presenting a novel experiment for measuring the gravitational acceleration using simple and cost effective apparatus with a regular pendulum, composed of an Arduino Uno and a light interruption circuit with an light dependent resistor (LDR) and an light emitting diode (LED), the data was recorded using PLX − DAQ data acquisition tool for further analysis, the experiment would be useful for introductory physics courses on the subject.
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K, Alice Mary, Sri Harsha V, Raja Kullayappa T, Shaie Charan TN, and Suresh B. "IOT based Automated Scouring of Solar Panels." Journals of Instrumantation & Innovation Science (e-ISSN: 2456-9860) 4, no. 3 (2019): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557249.
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<em>The supply of energy has been one of the major issues for both urban and rural areas. About 60% to 70% of the energy demand of the country is met by fuel wood. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy, which has a great potential and it is radiated by the sun. Renewable energy is important to replace the use of electric energy generated by petroleum and other non-renewable resources. Solar power has become a source of renewable energy and thus the solar energy application to be enhanced. The solar panels are generally employed in dusty environments which are the case tropical countries like India. The dust gets accumulated on the front surface of the solar module and blocks the incident light from the sun. It decreases the power generation capacity of the unit. The power output reduces as much as by 50% if the module is not cleaned for a longer period. This paper deals with the design, fabrication and implementation and to clean the solar modules automatically by sensing the dust present on the module by using LDR circuit and controlled by microcontroller [1−3]. The microcontroller sends message request to the owner through GSM module for the on or off function. Based on the command microcontroller controls the relay connected to the pump. Thus, the pressurized water is made to flow through the surface of the panels, thus the panels are cleaned.</em>
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Kassim, Murizah, Ezril Hisham Mat Saad, and Rosminah Mustakim. "Analysis of Drinks Base Concentration Using Microprocessor Based Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5369.
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This paper presents an analysis of liquid drinks concentration using microprocessor based sensor. A prototype model based on hardware and software is used to run this analysis. The model then is tested and a few type of branded sold drinks base is analyzed on its concentration. The hardware comprises of a portable device that has been design to detect the differences between selected liquid drinks concentration. Those tested experimental drinks are Sunquick Blackcurrant, Sunquick Orange, Greenhill Rose, Greenhill Mango and Dutch Lady Full cream milk. A light dependant resistor (LDR) is used as the sensor to measure the light density through the liquid. The method has obtained the input voltage from the LDR circuit and display the concentration measurement on the liquid crystal display (LCD). Successful output has been gathered from the designing circuit. A printed circuit board (PCB) layout and programming using Basic language is developed and design in the identified hardware and software. This research has produced a data collections and statistical analysis on the identified drinks concentration. Comparison has been made and mathematical concept on the design system has been carried out.
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Suresh, Shreya, Rashmi L, Sowmya Patil, Tanushree S, and Dr Ramakrishna M. "Smart Traffic Light Control System with Automatic Vehicle Speed Breaker." International Research Journal of Computer Science 10, no. 04 (2023): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2023.v1004.06.
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The aim of the project is to design a smart traffic light control system interfaced with a barrier gate and an LDR based traffic light control system. When the signal timing changes a delay is provided with the help of a microcontroller, pop up barrier before the zebra crossing will open or close to allow vehicles to pass. When the signal is red the interfaced barrier gate closes and a buzzer notifies the closing of gate, thereby blocking the traffic but when the signal is green the same barrier opens and allows a proper flow of vehicles to avoid traffic congestion. We provide a time delay for all signals to change and buzzer action by using ESP32 microcontroller. ESP32 microcontroller is used for signal timing change as well as street light control according to LDR. Smart Street light which operates with the help of sensors Microcontrollers are programmed in such a way to adjust their timing and phasing to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit, besides being reliable and compact, is also cost effective. This project presents the way of conservation of energy by reducing electricity wastage as well as to reduce the man power. The project uses light emitting diodes (LED) that do not consume an enormous amount of electricity. LDR is used as a sensor for the functioning of street lights effectively.
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Reddy, K. Niranjan. "Automatic Night Light using Solar and Piezo Power." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35225.
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The objective of this project is to get power continuously from the renewable energy resources. Here the renewable energy resources utilized in this project are solar energy and rain water. Now-a-days using solar power for the generation of electricity has become extremely popular. Particularly within the agricultural fields the usage of solar panels for electricity increasing day by day. The flaw during this concept is whenever there's sun, there'll be solar power production Another project is based on the principle of using hybrid mechanism of mixing solar energy technology with piezo electrical power technology during this project, we'll have hybrid panel i.e., one side it'll have solar array and other side it'll have piezo electric plate.. So whenever the day is sunny, solar array are going to be faced up and whenever there's rainfall, the piezo electric plate are going to be faced up. For sensing the sun, we are using an LDR. solar power may be a very useful renewable source of energy, which can be the solution to the longer term for power, or energy needs, as heating seems to select up rapidly by installing Solar AND piezo electric generator for Street lights, it'll help to spice up the economy of INDIA. during this no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. By using this technique electricity consumption are often reduced which is one among the most advantage also. within the basic circuit of this technique we are using an LDR, solar array, piezo electric transducer, Battery, voltage booster, Transistor, , Resistor and an LED.
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Hasanuddin, N. H., M. H. A. Wahid, M. A. M. Azidin, N. A. M. Ahmad Hambali, N. R. Yusof, and M. M. Shahimin. "Nondestructive Fruit Ripeness Detection System and its Spectral Analyses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.394.
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This work focuses on the nondestructive fruit ripeness detection system at difference maturity stages. The study involved a two-step approach which is the absorption and reflection spectral analysis. In this system, light dependent resistor (LDR) is used as the light sensor and displayed on the LCD screen of its resistivity. Portable spectrometer is adopted for measuring the reflection and absorption before processed by simple electronic Arduino-based circuit. The results of the photonic ripeness detection system show that the ripe fruit has higher light reflection rate in comparison to the unripe fruit. If the average value of the resistance is in between 400-600 the fruit is classified as still in immature period. Where as the resistance of 610-800 indicates the fruit is matured. The growth of fruit determines the difference ripeness levels and its resistivity too.
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Betancourt Perlaza, Juan S., Juan C. Torres Zafra, Máximo Morales Céspedes, Iñaki Martínez-Sarriegui, Carlos I. del Valle, and José M. Sánchez Pena. "An Enhanced Method for Dynamic Characterization of High-Power LEDs for Visible Light Communication Applications." Electronics 11, no. 3 (2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030292.
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Visible light communications (VLC) have been proposed for several applications beyond the traditional indoor scenarios, from vehicular to underwater communications. The common element in all these applications is the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in which the forward current that flows through each LED plays a major role. Therefore, knowing the electrical equivalent of the LEDs is a useful tool for the proper design of the VLC systems. Currently, some measurement instruments exist, such as the LCR (inductance, capacitance, and resistance) meters or impedance analyzers to characterize the main parameters of the LEDs. However, these instruments and measurement procedures are subject to satisfying some requirements, such as a minimum value of the input impedance or the maximum forward current. In this work, the LED LXHL-BW02 is used to obtain its equivalent circuit, using different measurement methods and traditional methods of measurement with our proposed method. The equivalent model is implemented on the simulation tool LTSPICE. Our alternative method can be used for determining the electrical equivalent circuit of LEDs subject to high current variations at very high frequencies, in the MHz range, i.e., in an operating range for VLC applications.
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Ma, Jinliang, Longlong Liu, Zihao Chen, et al. "Interfacial Engineering of Leaf-like Bimetallic MOF-Based Co@NC Nanoarrays Coupled with Ultrathin CoFe-LDH Nanosheets for Rechargeable and Flexible Zn-Air Batteries." Polymers 15, no. 3 (2023): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030734.
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Exploring high-efficiency, low-cost, and long-life bifunctional self-supporting electrocatalysts is of great significance for the practical application of advanced rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially flexible solid-state ZABs. Herein, ultrathin CoFe-layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) nanosheets are strongly coupled on the surface of leaf-like bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived hybrid carbon (Co@NC) nanoflake nanoarrays supported by carbon cloth (CC) via a facile and scalable method for rechargeable and flexible ZABs. This interfacial engineering for CoFe-LDHs on Co@NC improves the electronic conductivity of CoFe-LDH nanosheets as well as achieves the balance of oxygen evolution reduction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. The unique three-dimensional (3D) open interconnected hierarchical structure facilitates the transport of substances during the electrochemical process while ensuring adequate exposure of OER/ORR active centers. When applied as an additive-free air cathode in rechargeable liquid ZABs, CC/Co@NC/CoFe-LDH-700 demonstrates high open-circuit potential of 1.47 V, maximum power density of 129.3 mW cm−2, and satisfactory specific capacity of 710.7 mAh g−1Zn. Further, the flexible all-solid-state ZAB assembled by CC/Co@NC/CoFe-LDH-700 displays gratifying mechanical flexibility and stable cycling performance over 40 h. More significantly, the series-connected flexible ZAB is further verified as a chain power supply for LED strips and performs well throughout the bending process, showing great application prospects in portable and wearable electronics. This work sheds new light on the design of high-performance self-supporting non-precious metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for OER/ORR and air cathodes for rechargeable ZABs.
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Sumarna, Sumarna, Dyah Kurniawati Agustikasa, Agus Purwanto, Nur Kadarisman, Anggiyani Ratnaningtyas Eka Nugraheni, and Dina Dina. "Penyuluhan Alat Deteksi Kesadahan Dalam Air Berbasis Light Dependent Resistor Di Kelurahan Giritontro, Kecamatan Giritontro, Kabupaten Wonogiri." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat MIPA dan Pendidikan MIPA 2, no. 2 (2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jpmmp.v2i2.21916.
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Beberapa daerah di Wonogiri memiliki tanah yang mengandung kapur, sementara itu sebagian masyarakat mengonsumsi air yang berasal dari dalam tanah. Pada kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat tahun 2016 ditemukan permasalahan dalam masyarakat di kelurahan Wonogiri yaitu sulitnya mendeteksi adanya kapur dalam air yang mereka konsumsi. Sebagai akibatnya banyak masyarakat yang menderita penyakit dalam yang diakibatkan pengendapan kapur di dalam tubuh mereka seperti penyakit ginjal. Oleh karenanya, tim PPM Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta membangun sistem pendeteksi adanya kapur dalam cairan berbasis Light Emitting Diode (LED) dan Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). LED digunakan untuk menyinari cairan dengan kadar kapur yang berbeda-beda, kemudian LDR akan mendeteksi cahaya LED yang melewati cairan tersebut. Besar kecilnya nilai luaran LDR akan bergantung kadar kapur dalam cairan. Masyarakat sangat antusias dan mulai menggunakan alat ini untuk mendeteksi adanya kapur di air yang mereka konsumsi. Kata kunci: Kesadahan, LDR, LED Workshop On Detector of Water Hardness Based On Light Dependet Resistor In Giritontro Village, Giritontro District, Wonogiri RegencyAbstract Some areas in Wonogiri contain hardness in its soil, while some people consume water that come from the soil. In community service activity in 2016, we found problems in the community in Giritontro, Wonogiri that is the difficulties to detect the hardness in the water that people consume. As a result, many people who suffer from internal diseases caused by the deposition of lime in their bodies such as kidney disease. Therefore, the PPM team of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Yogyakarta State University built a hardness detection system in liquid based Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). LEDs are used to irradiate fluids with different lime levels, then LDR will detect the LED light passing through the liquid. The size of the LDR output value will depend on the lime content in the liquid. People are very enthusiastic and start using this tool to detect the presence of limestone in the water they consume. Keywords: Hardness, LDR, LED
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kumar Jayam, Yogesh, Venkatesh Tunuguntla, J. B. Sreehari, and S. Harinarayanan. "Artificial photosynthesis using LDR controlled solar relay circuit." Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021): 3837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.1020.
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Annas, Muhamad Azwar, Aris Widodo, Muktamar Cholifah Aisiyah, Izza Eka Ningrum, and Dini Makrufah. "Karakterisasi Sensor Cahaya Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)." MASALIQ 2, no. 4 (2022): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/masaliq.v2i4.516.
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Research on the Characterization of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Light Sensor has been carried out with the aim of understanding the characteristics of the LDR light sensor, for processing changes in the LDR resistance value as a measurement of light intensity and for accessing an 8-bit resolution ADC by entering the LDR light sensor voltage result. The value of the resistance on the LDR depends on the size of the light received by the LDR itself. In addition, the greater the intensity of light hitting the LDR surface, the smaller the resistivity. On the other hand, the smaller the intensity of light hitting the LDR, the greater the resistance value. The basic principle used in the use of LDR resistors as components of this sensor is the change in the resistance value and the amount of current flowing in the circuit. In this experiment, the distance variations of 0cm, 3cm, 6cm, 9cm, 12cm, 15cm, 18cm, 21cm, 24cm, 27cm and 30cm were used. LDR characteristics are slow response in identifying light intensity, the greater the light intensity the smaller the resistivity, LDR can be used to read changes in light intensity and data retrieval can be done with an op-amp and a microcontroller.
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Zaki, M. F., N. Shubayr, R. M. Radwan, and Y. Alashban. "Improving photoluminescence, optical and electrical characteristics of PMMA films with gamma irradiation." Physica Scripta 96, no. 12 (2021): 125880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac454d.
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Abstract Polymeric materials are macromolecules, essentially a combination of numerous repeated subunits. Polymers are innovative and advanced materials that currently have a strong impact on our daily lives. In recent years, polymer use has been prominent due to the materials’ distinctive properties; thus, they entered different fields of science, technology and industrial-biomedical applications.The improvement of photoluminescence, optical and electrical characteristics of non-conducting Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films was studied. Upon gamma irradiation of various doses, the photophysical and electrical properties of PMMA films were investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and the LCR Meter Bridge Circuit technique. The fluorescent response improved the photoluminescence (PL) spectral emission peaks according to gamma values. Strong fluorescence peaks appeared with the highest gamma dose. The UV–Vis results revealed a significant red-shift in the absorption edge as gamma doses increased. This shift exhibits a continuous decrease in the energy band gap values (from 3.50 to 2.60 eV for direct transition and from 3.05 to 1.55 eV for indirect transition). This was due to the formation of carbon clusters, which led to an increase in the electrical conductivity and improved the dielectric parameters of the irradiated PMMA films. Among a variety of measurements presented and discussed in the present study, the electrical measurements showed improved electrical characteristics of gamma-irradiated PMMA films.
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Madhavi, Pillalamarri, Salava V. Satyanarayana, Nakka Shirisha, Neela Chandana, Marella Amulya, and Merugoju Ankitha. "Automatic Night Lamp Using LDR." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 15, no. 1 (2025): 97–100. https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-150197100.
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This project focuses on designing a night lamp that automatically turns on in the absence of light and gets turned off in the presence of light using a light-dependent resistor (LDR). The LDR is a sensor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity, enabling it to detect ambient light levels. When the surrounding light falls below a certain threshold, the circuit activates the lamp using a transistor as a switch. The design is simple, cost-effective, and energy-efficient, making it ideal for applications in homes, streets, and gardens.
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Hashim, Hussain Muhammad Bin, and Dil Mohammad Akbar Hussain. "Security System via LDR." Journal of Applied Engineering & Technology (JAET) 2, no. 2 (2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55447/jaet.02.02.10.
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This thesis presents a hardware design and implementation of a security system that utilized laser beam mechanism alongside light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor with rechargeable battery powered by constant solar energy. In the market nowadays, a wide range type of laser alarms were available each with unique features and specialties. Unfortunately, most of them came with a staggering price and high maintenance cost. Hence, the idea to invent a reasonable low cost laser alarm system is carry out. The aim of this work is to build an eco-friendly laser alarm system using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) circuit as an alternative product for current market’s laser alarm systems. It compose of two separate main circuits, the laser unit and LDR sensory alarm unit while applying mirror field as connecting medium. The LDR sensor is controlled using Arduino, where the solar system requires 11 hours of charging with minimum 5% capacity battery. The work built has been successfully implemented.
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Nadziroh, Faridatun, Fadhilatusy Syafira, and Subhan Nooriansyah. "Alat Deteksi Intensitas Cahaya Berbasis Arduino Uno." Indonesian Journal of Intellectual Publication 1, no. 3 (2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51577/ijipublication.v1i3.92.
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Kemajuan teknologi menjadikan aspek kehidupan menjadi lebih mudah dan sederhana sehingga membuat sistem otomatis lebih diminati daripada sistem manual. Salah satu sistem otomatis yang digunakan adalah alat untuk mengetahui waktu siang dan malam. Dalam penelitian ini dirancang suatu alat pendeteksi waktu siang dan malam dengan memanfaatkan intensitas cahaya di lingkungan sekitar sebagai parameternya. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan sensor LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sebagai penangkap parameter, dimana LDR terbuat dari cadmium sulfida yaitu bahan semikonduktor yang mempunyai resistansi berubah-ubah menurut banyaknya cahaya (sinar) yang mengenainya. Selain itu juga memanfaatkan LED dan buzzer sebagai deteksi indikator. Dengan di dukung Arduino uno sebagai pengendali utama. Arduino berperan mengubah tegangan analog menjadi tegangan digital. sehingga cahaya yang masuk di lingkungan LDR, akan dikonversi menjadi nilai digital sehingga dapat dibaca oleh LDR. Selanjutnya Buzzer yang terhubung ke pin Arduino akan menghasilkan suara ketika terdeteksi adanya cahaya. Hasil dari penelitian ini bekerja dengan baik dibuktikan ketika terdeteksi adanya cahaya yang diterima oleh sensor LDR maka LED On (menyala) dan buzzer On (berbunyi) sedangkan Ketika tidak ada cahaya maka LED Off (tidak menyala) dan buzzer Off (tidak berbunyi). Penelitian ini bertujuan sebagai alat bantu informasi pergantian waktu siang-malam bagi tunanetra.
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Syukron, Ahmad Aftah, and Isnaini Lilis Elviyanti. "Pembuatan Sensor Cahaya dengan Memanfaatkan LED dan LDR Berbasis Arduino Uno." JURNAL KRIDATAMA SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 3, no. 02 (2021): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/kst.v3i02.435.
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The recent technological developments are increasingly sophisticated and easy. So that the general public is easier to use. The development of this technology, then scientists are encouraged to create a new technologies. One that is often developed is the sensor. The aim of this research is to make a light sensor that utilizes LED and LDR as its main components. This light sensor can be used as alight measurement sensor from an optical material such as a fiber optic, or something else. The LDR performance testing as a detector is done by varying the light intensity of the hitting LDR. Test results show that the LDR sensitivity used is linear to the light intensity from the light source. Arduino uno is the main component of ADC. The ADC testing is done by varying the voltage on the arduino uno A0 analog pin from 0 V to 5 V in 0.1 V increments. In this research, the straight line equation y = 1.00532x + 0.00221 and R2 = 0.99988. From the this equation, it is known that the value of y is almost the same as the value of x and linearity is almost close to 1. This shows that the ADC output is almost the same as the input voltage.
 Keywords: Sensor, LED, LDR, Arduino Uno
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Hartawan, Liman, Muhammad Alexin Putera, Marsono Marsono, Stefanus Rewidyo P, and Hadi Firdaus. "Sistem Monitoring Ruang Parkir Kosong Berbasis Sensor Light Dependent Resistor." Jurnal Rekayasa Energi dan Mekanika 2, no. 1 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrem.v2i1.34.
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ABTRAK Penggunaan alat transportasi meningkat dengan sangat cepat, salah satunya adalah mobil. Dampak negatif dari perkembangan alat transportasi ini salah satunya adalah kemacetan dimana – mana, termasuk kemacetan didalam tempat parkir terutama dalam mencari lokasi ruang parkir yang kosong. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membangun testbed sistem monitoring ruang parkir kosong untuk mempermudah pengendara dalam mencari ruang parkir kosong dan memperoleh respon sistem yang dibangun. Sistem ini direalisasikan dalam bentuk model. Modul sensor LDR digunakan sebagai pendeteksi kendaraan dan lampu LED hijau sebagai penanda lokasi ruang parkir kosong pada setiap ruang parkirnya, serta dikontrol oleh mikrokontroler Arduino MEGA 2560. Output modul sensor LDR diproses oleh Arduino untuk menampilkan lokasi ruang parkir kosong terdekat pada layar LCD 20x4. Pada layar LCD juga ditampilkan total kendaraan masuk dan sisa ruang parkir kosong yang tersedia. LED pada lokasi ruang parkir kosong terdekat yang ditunjukan akan menyala dan jika ruang parkir yang ditunjukan tidak digunakan, LED akan off dalam 5 menit. Prototipe sensor kendaraan berbasis LDR telah dibangun pada penelitian ini, yang nantinya akan dipasang di tempat parkir yang sebenarnya. Hasil pengujian intensitas cahaya pada ruang parkir menunjukkan rata-rata intensitas cahaya pada tempat parkir basement yang diuji adalah 28 lux. Prototipe sensor kendaraan berbasis LDR yang dibuat, dapat membedakan status gelap dan terang hingga minimal pada kondisi 6 lux, dengan mengubah setting trimmer pada modul LDR yang digunakan. Kata kunci: Model, prototipe, LED, Arduino MEGA 2560, lokasi ABSTRACT The use of transportation is increasing very fast, one of them is cars. One of the negative impacts of the development of this vehicle for transportation is congestion everywhere, including congestion in the parking lot specially to finding the location of available parking space. The purpose of this research is to build a testbed monitoring system for available parking spaces to make it easier for drivers to find available parking spaces and get the response of the system. The purpose of this research is to build model of available parking space monitoring system. LDR sensor module used as a vehicle detector and a green LED light as a marker for the location of available parking spaces in each parking space, and it is controlled by the Arduino MEGA 2560 microcontroller. The output of the LDR sensor module is processed by Arduino to display the location of the nearest empty parking space on the LCD screen 20x4. The LCD screen also displays the total number of incoming vehicles and the remaining available free parking space. The LED at the nearest empty parking space, which indicated by the system, will light up and if the indicated parking space is not being used, the LED will turn off within 5 minutes. Prototype of an LDR-based vehicle sensor has been built in this research, which will be installed in the actual parking space. The results of the light intensity test in the parking space show that the average light intensity in the tested basement parking lot is 28 lux. The LDR-based vehicle sensor prototype has been made, can differentiate dark and light status to a minimum of 6 lux conditions, by adjusting the trimmer setting on the LDR module used. Kata kunci: Model, Prototype, LED, Arduino MEGA 2560, Location
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WANG, XIAOYUAN, GUANGYI WANG, and XINGYUAN WANG. "DYNAMIC CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF A LDR, MEMRISTOR-BASED CHAOTIC SYSTEM." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 06 (2014): 1450085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500856.
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Based on the achievements of realization of the light dependent resistor (LDR) memristor (MR) analog model, a chaotic system has been proposed in this paper. The construction of such a nonlinear system is firstly shown in this paper, by dissipative characteristic analysis, equilibrium point and stability analysis, the strange attractor is possibly existing at each equilibrium point is confirmed. Also the dynamic characters are discussed, which indicates the nonlinear circuit we built based on LDR MR is a chaotic system.
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Saputra, Renda Sandi. "Development of Learning Media Simulation of Automatic Garden Lights Using the Proteus Application." International Journal of Research in Community Services 3, no. 2 (2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v3i2.270.
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With so many garden lights, gardeners often struggle to turn on or turn on garden lights manually, this study aims to make it easier for park officers or gardeners to turn on or turn off garden lights practically. Automatic garden light is a lighting system that runs automatically, this system can use light sensors such as LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), photodiode and others. However, this circuit system can also use a timer that has been set in time when the circuit or garden lights will turn on and off, this can happen because there is an automatic switch circuit that utilizes the characteristics of one of the light sensors, namely the LDR sensor whose resistance value can change according to Light intensity. During the day, the resistance value of the LDR will be very high and even reach its maximum value of 10k , this makes the current flowing to the base of the transistor very small, to activate the transistor 2N3055 a minimum voltage of 0.9V is needed to the base of the transistor. Because the resistance of the LDR is very large, the voltage that enters the base of the transistor will be very small or even non-existent so that the transistor is like an open switch and does not flow current. One type of automatic switch that is widely used today is a light switch with a light sensor, where the switch will turn off and on automatically because it is affected by the intensity of the light around it. For example, at night, we don't need to press the switch to turn on the lights, because the lights will turn on automatically. The results of this study indicate that the simulation experiment of garden lights using the Proteus application went well, the use of simulation using Proteus also aims to make it easier for us to understand an electronic component and how it works.
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Yeh, Min-Hsin. "(Invited) towards Continuous Health Monitoring Platforms By Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Sensors and Triboelectric Sensors for Noninvasive Lactate Detection." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 34 (2023): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01341875mtgabs.
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Emerging wearable devices with non-invasively biosensing technics have drawn considerable attention to continuously monitor several metabolites in body fluids, such as a tear, saliva, and sweat, to diagnose human health conditions. Most importantly, wearable sensors could offer unique possibilities for online, real-time and non-invasive monitoring of health compared to traditional invasive biosensors. Among lots of analytes, lactic acid concentration in the human body exhibits a high relationship with several diseases such as acute heart diseases, hypoxia, muscle fatigue, meningitis, and cystic fibrosis, and it could also cause muscle pain in athletes. To further boost up the reproducibility and reliability of wearable biosensors to detect lactate concentration levels from human sweat, Ni-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) with various secondary transition metals (Fe and Co) was proposed as electrocatalysts in an enzyme-free electrochemical lactate sensor. According to the mechanism of lactate oxidation on the transition metal-based electrocatalyst, secondary transition metal of Co could serve as the active site for lactate oxidation and facilitate the adsorption of OH- in the alkaline electrolyte. To further increasing the active surface area for enhancing the sensitivity of Ni-based LDH, ZIF-67 derived NiCo LDH was synthesized as the electrocatalyst for non-enzymatic lactate detection. Co-based ZIF-67 served as self-sacrificial templates to fabricate hierarchically structural NiCo LDH with uniform porosity and high electrochemically active surface area to achieve outstanding electrocatalytic performance for lactate sensing. After optimizing the particle size of ZIF-67 and transformation times, ZIF-67 derived NiCo LDH reached the ultrahigh sensitivity of 83.98 μA mM- 1 cm- 2 at an applied potential of 0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl KCl sat’d) in the concentration range from 2 to 26 mM. On the other hand, pioneering works in biosensors for lactate detection in sweat has been encountered major challenges such as noble material usage, immobile power supply, and complicated circuit connection to realize the compact sustainable sensing systems. To solve these restrictions, herein, the self-powered molecular imprinted polymers based triboelectric sensor (MIP-TES) was designed to offer a multifunctional noninvasive approach for specific and simultaneous lactate detection. Free-standing PVDF/graphene flexible electrode modified poly(3-aminophenyl boronic acid) imprinted lactate molecule demonstrated the change of the surface properties afterlactate adsorption. MIP-modified electrode revealed the selective lactate sensing over non molecular imprinted polymers (NIP) electrode through the superior and stable signal change with variation of lactate concentration in human sweat. Moreover, MIP modified lactate sensor was further introduced in the triboelectric nanogenerator system to harvest mechanical energy from contact and separation into electrical output. The more adsorbed lactate led to lower energy barriers and decreasing electrical potential when detecting higher lactate concentration. Self-power triboelectric lactate sensor could directly power the number of LED lights without an external energy supply. Eventually, it was validated the feasible application of wearable sensors on human skin. After introducing noninvasive enzyme-free biosensors and triboelectric sensors, an innovatively continuous non-invasive health monitoring platforms can be achieved for practical applications, especially in the areas of home medical examination and wearable personal biosensors.
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Fachrudin, M. Afif, Zainal Abidin, and Affan Bachri. "THE DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC SAVING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY IN MICROCONTROLLER-BASED PJU LIGHTS." JEEMECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mechatronic and Computer Science) 4, no. 1 (2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v4i1.4402.
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At this time, almost all Public Street Lights (PJU) still use the type of mercury and SON-T lamps, even though the mercury and SON-T lamps absorb a considerable amount of electricity. Public street lighting is usually on almost all nights, and this is a waste of electricity. Public street lighting is usually on most nights and thus is a waste of electricity. Usually, when it is past midnight, the streets are quiet, so the street lighting should be reduced in intensity to save electricity. Based on this problem, this research uses an experimental method (Experiment) to create a design to make efforts in saving electricity. The method used includes electrical and systematic design. The steps taken include the stage of literature research, designing, manufacturing hardware and software, integrating the system, and testing and analyzing the system. Considering these theories, we can know the programming of the microcontroller ATMega 328, Photocell Sensor, PIR Sensor, LED Lights, and Power Supply. This research using several tests, including testing Photocell Sensor, PIR Sensors, LDR Sensors, and LED Lights. Photocell sensor to detect conditions day or night. PIR sensor functions to detect movement, LDR sensor to detect movement, LED lights are used to increase and decrease light intensity. For all the tests above, the results obtained when the PIR and LDR sensors have not detected any movement will dim the intensity of the LED lights. After the PIR and LDR sensors have detected the movement of the LED lights, they will turn automatically bright.
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Ikhsan, Mohammad Alfan. "PENDETEKSI KEKERUHAN AIR DI TANDON RUMAH BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO." Jurnal Qua Teknika 8, no. 2 (2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/quateknika.v8i2.470.
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Air merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Tingkat kekeruhan air selalu berubah-ubah sesuai musim. Alat pendeteksi kekeruhan airdi tandon rumah berbasis arduino uno dibuat dengan menggunakan sensor LDR sebagai pembaca kekeruhan air dengan memanfaatkan karakteristik sensor LDR sebagai sensor intensitas cahaya dalam membaca perubahan intensitas cahaya dan lampu LED sebagai indikatornya. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan pada setiap sampel dapat menunjukan tingkat kekeruhan yang berbeda dan dapat membedakan tingkat kekeruhan air dengan 3 tingkatan kekeruhan. Jika nilai ADC kurang dari 153 indikator LED berwarna hijau akan menyala, air dinyatakan tidak keruh. Jika nilai ADC lebih dari 154 dan dibawah nilai 158 indikator LED berwarna kuning akan menyala, air dinyatakan sedikit keruh. Jika nilai ADC lebih dari 159 indikator LED berwarna merah akan menyala maka air dinyatakan keruh.
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Ikhsan, Mohammad Alfan. "PENDETEKSI KEKERUHAN AIR DI TANDON RUMAH BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO." JURNAL QUA TEKNIKA 8, no. 2 (2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/quateknika.v8i2.470.
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Air merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Tingkat kekeruhan air selalu berubah-ubah sesuai musim. Alat pendeteksi kekeruhan airdi tandon rumah berbasis arduino uno dibuat dengan menggunakan sensor LDR sebagai pembaca kekeruhan air dengan memanfaatkan karakteristik sensor LDR sebagai sensor intensitas cahaya dalam membaca perubahan intensitas cahaya dan lampu LED sebagai indikatornya. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan pada setiap sampel dapat menunjukan tingkat kekeruhan yang berbeda dan dapat membedakan tingkat kekeruhan air dengan 3 tingkatan kekeruhan. Jika nilai ADC kurang dari 153 indikator LED berwarna hijau akan menyala, air dinyatakan tidak keruh. Jika nilai ADC lebih dari 154 dan dibawah nilai 158 indikator LED berwarna kuning akan menyala, air dinyatakan sedikit keruh. Jika nilai ADC lebih dari 159 indikator LED berwarna merah akan menyala maka air dinyatakan keruh.
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Kato, Manabu, Shinichiro Higashi, Yusuke Sugino, et al. "Clinical Efficacy and Openness to New Challenges of Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer." Current Oncology 30, no. 11 (2023): 9824–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30110713.
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Over a century ago, low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy was introduced to treat prostate cancer (PCa). Since then, it has been widely applied worldwide, including in East Asia. LDR brachytherapy has been performed in 88 institutes in Japan. Beneficial clinical outcomes of LDR brachytherapy for intermediate-to-high-risk PCa have been demonstrated in large clinical trials. These clinical outcomes were achieved through advances in methods, such as urological precise needle puncture and seed placement, and the quantitative decision making regarding radiological parameters by radiation oncologists. The combined use of LDR brachytherapy with other therapeutic modalities, such as external beam radiation and androgen deprivation therapy, for the clinical risk classification of PCa has led to better anticancer treatment efficacy. In this study, we summarized basic LDR brachytherapy findings that should remain unchanged and be passed down in urology departments. We also discussed the applications of LDR brachytherapy for PCa in various clinical settings, including focal and salvage therapies. In addition, we highlighted technologies associated with brachytherapy that are under development.
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Deogade, Umang, Ritik Malkhede, Karuna Nimje, Twinkal Patil, Kunal Suryawanshi, and Rahul Burange. "An IOT Based Approach for Monitoring Solar System Parameters using Arduino Microcontroller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (2022): 828–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40402.
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Abstract: The solar parameters monitoring system is the most important system for monitoring solar systems. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy that is generated by solar panels. The parameters that the system measures include voltage, light intensity, and temperature. In the recommended monitoring system, an Arduino Uno microcontroller board is employed. The system includes solar panels, an LDR sensor, an LM 35, an Arduino microcontroller, and resistors. Light. In this system, an LDR sensor detects light intensity, an L35 sensor measures temperature, and a voltage divider circuit monitors the voltage. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.
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Deogade, Umang. "A Review on Monitoring Solar System Parameters Using IoT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (2022): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39856.
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Abstract: The most significant system for monitoring solar systems is the solar parameters monitoring system. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Solar energy is a renewable energy source produced by solar panels. Voltage, light intensity, and temperature are the parameters that the system measures. An Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used in the suggested monitoring system. Solar panel, LDR Sensor, LM 35, Arduino microcontroller, and resistors are used in the system. Light. LDR sensor is used to detect light intensity, L35 is used to measure temperature, and a voltage divider circuit is used to monitor voltage in this system. Keywords: Solar Panel, Monitoring, Renewable Energy, Solar Panel, Arduino Uno.
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Sriwati, Tzal Aedi Al Abshari, Ansar Suyuti, Andani Ahmad, and A. Ejah Umraeni Salam. "Control of light Intensity via Microcontroller for the Efficiency of Electrical Energy." MATEC Web of Conferences 331 (2020): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033106006.
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Lighting is a factor to get a safe and comfortable environment. Good lighting allows one to see objects that are done clearly, and can give a refreshing view. Conversely, if the room has poor lighting can cause eye fatigue, therefore it is necessary to control the intensity of light-based microcontroller to regulate the lighting of a room automatically. his research was made by designing a lighting model using a dimmer circuit based on ATMega328 microcontroller, LDR sensor (Light Dependent Resistor) and Bluetooth HC-06. The working principle of the LDR sensor is receiving light from the outside which causes changes in the input voltage level to the microcontroller while the Bluetooth HC-06 works by connecting a Bluetooth device with a smartphone that has installed the PWM Light Control application. which is then processed by microcontroller output in the form of pulse voltage (PWM) in the dimmer circuit to adjust the dim and bright lights. Results for electricity voltage (Volt), Electricity (Ampere), Light level (Lux) and electrical power used. At each increase from 0-255 PWM which is channeled to the dimmer circuit, the power is 0-13,0357 watts, comparable to before using a circuit of around 13,5036 watts with a percentage of 1. 7% with a 15-Watt lamp, the light conditions are stable in brightness. The distance of control of this tool reaches 26. 15 m with 1 barrier wall and still works with 3 barrier walls with a distance of 21. 45 m. So that the use of electric power and light can be adjusted to the needs.
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Sujan Banerjee, Priyanka Dutta, Sudip Kr. Bid, Debabrata Sarkhel, and Kailash Bauri. "Low-Cost Laser Security System with Intrusion Detection and Alert Mechanism." IJCRT Journal | UGC Approved Journal | Scopus Indexed Journal Norms 14, no. 4 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.61359/2024050027.
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Security becomes necessary factor nowadays. The crime gang improves their technology to perform their operation along with the development of technology. Hence, technology of security should be more improved to protect the crime works. We have decided to make a security project. In this project we have used laser light for security purpose. We know laser light goes through long distance. When any person or object passes through the laser line, the security alarm will start to ring. There are two parts of the system. One is transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter side consists of a pair of dry cell batteries and an on-off switch. The receiver side, there is a focusing LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor to sense the laser ray. It is connected with the main driver circuit which has two parts. One is signal of discontinuity ray and other is alarm circuit. When anybody passes through the ray, the main circuit sense the discontinuity and turn on the alarm circuit. The alarm will be ringing until the off button is pressed. There are two methods of ringing. One is the duration of ringing depends on preset timer and another is reset manually. Any option can be set by DPDT switch. We have used second method for our project. Mirrors are attached at every corner to reflect the ray coming from the laser. The reflected ray coming from the last mirror will hit the LDR directly. The system has built with low cost and high performance. The power consumption of the system is very low.
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Alsaraira, Amer, Khaleel Younes, Samer Alabed, and Omar Saraereh. "Wireless Controlled Robotic Hand using an LED-LDR Sensor." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 5 (2024): 17046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8507.
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The goal of this study is to develop a wireless-controlled robotic hand that is capable of replicating the movements of a human hand. A central objective of the design process is the development of a sensing technique that can accurately capture and translate human hand movements into electrical signals in a sustainable manner. This sensing technology relies on the detection of flexion and extension in the human hand, achieved through the modulation of light transmitted from a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and received by a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR). Five sensors, each corresponding to a finger, are integrated into a glove worn by the user, thereby enabling an intuitive control of the robotic hand. The sensors generate discrete electrical signals with each finger movement, which are then wirelessly transmitted via nRF24l01 modules to the microcontroller of the robotic hand. Subsequently, the microcontroller generates the requisite electrical signals to actuate the servo motors, thereby orchestrating the movement of the robotic fingers to mimic human hand gestures. The robotic hand, comprising 46 individual components fabricated using biodegradable polylactic acid material via 3D printing, successfully achieves its objective of replicating human hand movements. However, a minor delay in milliseconds is observed between human hand movements and the corresponding robotic hand movements. Despite this delay, the developed system shows promise for applications in hazardous environments, such as dangerous chemistry experiments, and enhances safety in the medical laboratory. It may also play a crucial role in remote surgery procedures.
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Zhang, Longxin, Jingsheng Chen, Jianguo Chen, Zhicheng Wen, and Xusheng Zhou. "LDD-Net: Lightweight printed circuit board defect detection network fusing multi-scale features." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 129 (March 2024): 107628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107628.
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M., Khairudin, Riyanto S., and Mohammed Z. "Development of Fuzzy Logic Control for Indoor Lighting Using LEDs Group." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 3 (2018): 1165–73. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i3.8048.
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This paper presents the design and the development of an indoor lighting control based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the FLC can optimize the lighting based on indoor and outdoor lighting environments. The FLC system uses two inputs with Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) as a sensor at indoor and outdoor lighting environments. The output is Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to provide lighting at the room automatically. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to adjust the LEDs lighting in the room. FLC has successfully demonstrated performance to control the output of LEDs as needed. If the LDR 1 input as indoor sensor shows dim, it will automatically turn on brightly. The MSE values for simulation and experiment of LDR 1 and LDR 2 were 34.42 and 30.11 respectively. The results of FLC performance in the simulation work are further validated by an experimental work. Experimental results show similarities compared to the simulation results.
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Szilágyi, László, Guido Belfiore, Ronny Henker, and Frank Ellinger. "20–25 Gbit/s low-power inductor-less single-chip optical receiver and transmitter frontend in 28 nm digital CMOS." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 8 (2017): 1667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717000472.
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The design of an analog frontend including a receiver amplifier (RX) and laser diode driver (LDD) for optical communication system is described. The RX consists of a transimpedance amplifier, a limiting amplifier, and an output buffer (BUF). An offset compensation and common-mode control circuit is designed using switched-capacitor technique to save chip area, provides continuous reduction of the offset in the RX. Active-peaking methods are used to enhance the bandwidth and gain. The very low gate-oxide breakdown voltage of transistors in deep sub-micron technologies is overcome in the LDD by implementing a topology which has the amplifier placed in a floating well. It comprises a level shifter, a pre-amplifier, and the driver stage. The single-chip frontend, fabricated in a 28 nm bulk-digital complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process has a total active area of 0.003 mm2, is among the smallest optical frontends. Without the BUF, which consumes 8 mW from a separate supply, the RX power consumption is 21 mW, while the LDD consumes 32 mW. Small-signal gain and bandwidth are measured. A photo diode and laser diode are bonded to the chip on a test-printed circuit board. Electro-optical measurements show an error-free detection with a bit error rate of 10−12at 20 Gbit/s of the RX at and a 25 Gbit/s transmission of the LDD.
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Muzaki, Asita Shoman, Arief Hendra Saptadi, and Wahyu Pamungkas. "Aplikasi Sensor Cahaya Untuk Alarm Anti Pencuri." JURNAL INFOTEL - Informatika Telekomunikasi Elektronika 3, no. 2 (2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v3i2.95.
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Kasus pencurian di rumah kosong yang ditinggal pergi oleh pemiliknya belakangan ini marak terjadi. Berangkat dari pemikiran ini penulis mencoba merancang alarm yang dapat mendeteksi pergerakan seseorang saat rumah dalam kondisi kosong, ditinggalkan oleh pemiliknya. Alat ini mempunyai prinsip kerja yaitu mendeteksi bayangan seseorang yang melewati titik tertentu. Perancangan dan pembuatan perangkat ini menggunakan sensor cahaya berupa LASER dan LDR yang dirangkai dengan transistor sebagai saklar otomatis serta LED dan telepon rumah untuk melakukan panggilan kepada nomor telepon pemilik rumah. Komponen yang dipakai dalam pembuatan perangkat ini antara lain IC LM7805, LASER pointer, resistor, transistor BC108, LED, relay dan telepon rumah. Perancangan dan pembuatan alat menggunakan software multisim 10.1 sebagai simulator rangkaian, dan software eagle 5.1.1 untuk mendesain jalur rangkaian pada papan PCB. Saat cahaya LASER tidak sampai ke LDR karena terhalang oleh sesuatu, maka rangkaian output yang berupa indikator LED dan panggilan dari telepon rumah akan aktif
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Wijayanti, Ditha Septin, Galih Mustiko Aji, and Arif Sumardiono. "IMPLEMENTASI SENSOR LDR DAN APLIKASI ANDROID UNTUK DETEKSI KEBUSUKAN TELUR." E-JOINT (Electronica and Electrical Journal Of Innovation Technology) 2, no. 1 (2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/e-joint.v2i1.736.
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Telur merupakan bahan makanan yang memiliki nilai gizi yang baik. Telur dapat menurun kualitasnya apabila disimpan dalam waktu yang lama, sebagai konsumen harus teliti dalam menentukan kualitas telur, karna proses pendeteksian yang dilakukan secara manual menggunakan senter dan membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama, tidak semua konsumen mengecek telur yang dibeli apakah baik atau busuk. Sehingga untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, maka perlu adanya pengamatan khusus agar telur yang dijual dalam keadaan layak untuk dikonsumsi konsumen. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, maka dibuatlah sebuah alat yang dapat melakukan proses pendeteksian telur secara otomatis berdasarkan kondisi telur baik dan busuk menggunakan sensor LDR. Alat ini bertujuan mampu mendeteksi telur dalam kondisi baik dan busuk dengan menggunakan sensor LDR dan dapat memonitoring hasil pendeteksian telur melalui smartphone. Pada penelitian ini sensor LDR berfungsi sebagai sensor pendeteksi kualitas telur kondisi baik atau busuk. Ketika LDR menangkap nilai ADC 100 maka telur dikatakan busuk, dan sebaliknya ketika LDR menangkap nilai ADC 100 maka telur dikatakan baik. Setelah melewati proses pendeteksian, indikator LED menyala ketika busuk dan buzzer berbunyi, selanjutnya data telur ditampilkan pada LCD begitu pula pada google spreadsheet dan aplikasi android. Pendeteksian telur menggunakan sensor LDR dapat bekerja dengan baik dan berfungsi sesuai dengan fugsinya. Pengujian ini didapatkan hasil dengan rata-rata nilai ADC telur busuk 45,138 dan telur baik 285,97 dengan 4 kali percobaan dan pengguna dapat memonitoring data kualitas telur pada smartphone.
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Guo, Mingyu, Jiakuan Xia, Qimin Wu, Wenhao Gao, and Hongbo Qiu. "Study on Length–Diameter Ratio of Axial–Radial Flux Hybrid Excitation Machine." Processes 12, no. 12 (2024): 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122942.
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To improve the flux regulation range of the Axial–Radial Flux Hybrid Excitation Machine (ARFHEM) and the utilization rate of permanent magnets (PMs), the effects of different length–diameter ratios (LDRs) on the ARFHEM performance are studied. Firstly, the principle of the flux regulation of the ARFHEM is introduced by means of the structure and equivalent magnetic circuit method. Then, based on the principle of the bypass effect, the analytical formulas of LDRs, the number of pole-pairs, and the flux regulation ability are derived, and then the restrictive relationship between the air-gap magnetic field, LDR, and the number of pole-pairs is revealed. On this basis, the influence of an electric LDR on motor performance is studied. By comparing and analyzing the air-gap magnetic density and no-load back electromotive force (EMF) of motors with different LDRs, the variation in the magnetic flux regulation ability of motors with different LDRs is obtained and its influence mechanism is revealed. In addition, the torque regulation ability and loss of motors with different LDRs are compared and analyzed, and the influence mechanism of the LDR on torque and loss is determined. Finally, the above analysis is verified by experiments.
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Wang, Sheng-Shih, Jyh-Jier Ho, Jia-Jhe Liou, et al. "Effects of Sheet Resistance on mc-Si Selective Emitter Solar Cells Using Laser Opening and One-Step Diffusion." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/208270.
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In order to simplify process procedure and improve conversion efficiency (η), we present new steps of laser opening and one-step POCl3diffusion to fabricate selective emitter (SE) solar cells, in which heavily doped regions (HDR) and lightly doped regions (LDR) were formed simultaneously. For HDR, we divided six cells into two groups for POCl3diffusion with sheet resistance (RS) of 40 Ω/sq (for group A) and 50 Ω/sq (for group B). The dry oxidation duration at a temperature of 850°C was 18, 25, and 35 min for the 3 different cells in each group. This created six SE samples with differentRSpairings for the HDR and LDR. The optimal cell (sample SE2) withRSvalues of 40/81 Ω/Sq in HDR/LDR showed the bestηof 16.20%, open circuit voltage (VOC) of 612.52 mV, and fill factor (FF) of 75.83%. The improvement ratios are 1.57% forηand 14.32% for external quantum efficiency (EQE) as compared with those of the two-step diffusion process of our previous study. Moreover, the one-step laser opening process and omitting the step of removing the damage caused by laser ablation especially reduce chemistry pollution, thus showing ecofriendly process for use in industrial-scale production.
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P. U. Siahaan, A., Nogar Silitonga, Muhammad Iqbal, et al. "Arduino Uno-based water turbidity meter using LDR and LED sensors." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (2018): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14020.
Full textAbstract:
Arduino Uno water turbidity gauge has been successfully designed and manufactured. This tool is made using LDR as sensor and led as a light source to measure the water turbidity value and Arduino Uno for data processing. The existence of this tool is already familiar and comfortable to find. However, the price is relatively higher to make this tool is only owned by certain circles only. Nephelometric Method is a method of measuring the turbidity of water by passing a light source on water so that the intensity of light reflected by the substances causing turbidity can be known. With the use of led as a light source and photodiode as a light detector, and combined with processing using Arduino Uno then the voltage obtained from the LDR sensor in the form of analog data is processed into digital data and can be displayed in the LCD.
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Sapriana, Emmy, and Anton Viantika. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENERANGAN SECARA OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN LIGTH DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)." SIGMA TEKNIKA 7, no. 2 (2024): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33373/sigmateknika.v7i2.6942.
Full textAbstract:
Penerangan merupakan kebutuhan pokok di rumah dan perkantoran, namun sering kali lampu harus terus menyala, terutama di ruangan minim cahaya alami, seperti pada rumah deret di perkotaan. Hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan konsumsi listrik yang tidak efisien, terutama saat cuaca buruk. Salah satu solusi hemat energi yang diusulkan adalah dengan memanfaatkan sensor LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) yang mendeteksi tingkat cahaya di ruangan. LDR secara otomatis mengontrol lampu, memadamkannya saat cahaya alami mencukupi dan menyalakannya saat cahaya berkurang. Sistem ini dirancang menggunakan IC LM3914 sebagai pengatur penerangan dan transistor sebagai driver LED (Ligth Emitting Diode) untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan lampu. Proses pembuatan melibatkan tahapan studi literatur, perancangan blok diagram, perakitan komponen, hingga pengetesan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LDR berfungsi dengan baik dalam mendeteksi cahaya, dan sistem secara keseluruhan bekerja sesuai harapan, dengan variasi tegangan yang diterima LDR mempengaruhi jumlah lampu yang menyala. Namun, penelitian ini masih membutuhkan pengembangan lebih lanjut, termasuk penambahan pengontrol aktivitas di dalam ruangan dan penggunaan remote control untuk fleksibilitas mode. Implementasi sistem ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi konsumsi listrik secara signifikan, membantu menghemat biaya energi, dan mendukung upaya konservasi energi.
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Lidiawati, Wida, Lia Muliani Pratomo, Waslaluddin, and Jojo Hidayat. "Otomatisasi Lampu, Tirai, dan Kipas Angin Menggunakan Mikrokontroler untuk Menghemat Energi Listrik." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 13, no. 2 (2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v13.66-72.
Full textAbstract:
Kebutuhan energi listrik saat ini terus mengalami peningkatan. Hal ini disebabkan karena jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Saat ini, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi listrik, eksploitasi terhadap sumber-sumber energi berbasis fosil terus dilakukan padahal ketersediaan di alam semakin berkurang. Hal ini masih diperparah oleh pemborosan energi, baik yang dilakukan pada tingkat rumah tangga, perkantoran, maupun industri. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini, dilakukan otomatisasi pada perangkat listrik, dalam hal ini, lampu, tirai, dan kipas angin untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan energi listrik. Lampu yang digunakan berupa Light Emitting Diode (LED) dan pergerakan tirai serta kipas diatur oleh motor DC. Pada sistem otomatisasi dibuat rangkaian sensor dengan menggunakan Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Tegangan keluaran dari LDR akan diolah oleh mikrokontroler untuk mengaktifkan aktuator, dalam hal ini LED dan motor DC. Dengan sistem otomatisasi, energi yang digunakan dapat dihemat 50%.
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Dwi Wibowo, Okke, Irzan Zakir, and Aris Sunawar. "PROTOTIPE INSTALASI PENERANGAN RUMAH PINTAR UNTUK APARTEMEN TIPE STUDIO BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER." Journal of Electrical Vocational Education and Technology 1, no. 2 (2020): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jevet.0012.07.
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Abstract 
 This study aims to create an automated system to turn off and turn on the lights. This research used experimental method. This prototype uses Arduino Mega 2560 with the programming language C language simplified with software IDE 1.5.4. an input device consists of three sensor Receiver Passive Infrared (PIR), 1 sensor Microphone (Voice), 1 sensor Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and 1 sensor Light Dependent Resistance (LDR). Hardware output consists of 5 LED lights air conditioning and Solenoid. PIR is used to detect human presence, Voice sensor is used to turn on and turn off the room lights with applause, RFID sensors are used to unlock which is connected with the solenoid, LDR sensor is used to turn on and off lights that exist outside the home. The results obtained are the PIR sensor can only read infrared moving, RFID can not be read when unobstructed metal objects (iron) and LDR sensor works based on the intensity of light around, so it can be concluded that a prototype installation of lighting smart homes to apartment studio type microcontroller based, tools and systems can work in accordance with well-designed. 
 
 Abstrak 
 Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat sistem otomatis dalam mematikan dan menghidupkan lampu. penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen.Prototipe ini menggunakan Arduino Mega 2560 dengan bahasa pemrograman yaitu bahasa C yang disederhanakan dengan software IDE 1.5.4. peralatan input terdiri dari 3 sensor Passive Infrared Receiver (PIR), 1 sensor Microphone (Suara), 1 sensor Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), dan 1 sensor Light Dependent Resistance (LDR).Peralatan output terdiri dari 5 lampu LED AC dan Solenoid. PIR digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan manusia, sensor Suara digunakan untuk menghidupkan dan mematikan lampu kamar dengan tepukan tangan, sensor RFID digunakan untuk membuka kunci yang disambungkan dengan solenoid, sensor LDR digunakan untuk menghidupkan dan mematikan lampu yang ada diluar rumah. Hasil yang telah didapat adalah sensor PIR hanya dapat membaca infrared yang bergerak, RFID tidak dapat membaca bila terhalang objek logam (besi) dan sensor LDR bekerja berdasarkan intensitas cahaya disekitar,sehinggadapatdisimpulkanbahwaprototipe instalasi penerangan rumah pintar untuk apartemen tipe studio berbasis mikrokontroler, alat dan sistem dapat bekerja sesuai dengan yang dirancang.
 dirancang.
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Sintaro, Sanriomi, Ade Surahman, and Catra Adi Pranata. "SISTEM PENGONTROL CAHAYA PADA LAMPU TUBULAR DAYLIGHT BERBASIS IOT." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Tertanam 2, no. 1 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jtst.v2i1.1034.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengendalian cahaya di dalam ruangan, di rumah, sekolah, gudang, atau gedung, dan dapat memberikan laporan dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Dengan mengontrol lampu LED yang digunakan pada malam hari dan servo yang dapat menghidupkan dan mematikan lampu pada waktu tertentu. Sistem ini terdiri dari 3 bagian yaitu sensor, prosesor dan motor. Bagian sensor menggunakan modul sensor Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Kami menggunakan NodeMCU sebagai Prosesor yang digunakan untuk memproses data sensor dan motor. Motor servo digunakan untuk membuka dan menutup seperti katup pada pengontrol cahaya. Sistem monitoring dan kontrol pada perangkat ini memiliki dua sistem kontrol, yang dapat kita gunakan kontrol otomatis atau manual. Saat kontrol otomatis aktif maka kontrol manual akan dimatikan dan akan bekerja dengan sistem yang telah dibuat. Kontrol otomatis pada perangkat ini hanya digunakan pada modul sensor LDR dan lampu LED, yang akan bekerja saat sensor mendeteksi adanya cahaya maka LED akan mati. Hasil nilai dan kondisi akan langsung ditampilkan di aplikasi Blynk. Ketika kontrol manual aktif, sistem juga dapat digunakan secara bersamaan, kontrol otomatis dan kontrol dengan aplikasi Blynk. Dan kontrol manual, hanya digunakan untuk mengontrol lampu pada LED dan servo.
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Shende, Arati, Pooja Gatpade, Shubham Marekar, and Prof Sagar Bhaisare. "Review of Various Technology Automatic Dimming Control of LED Street Light." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 2016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41642.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: In present day, the maintenance of streetlight is one of the major problem for electricity boards in India. Also, there is scope for saving power during off peak time i.e. in from around midnight 12AM to 04AM in the morning. The methods that are currently used to maintain and control the street light is more complex and uneconomical. In this paper a new technique is proposed to control the intensity of LED Street lights using LDR, and to automate street lights using PIR sensors, and LDRs, resulting in power saving. Implementation is done using PIC controller. This paper presents a smart street lighting system which provides a safe night time environment for all road users and pedestrian. The main objectives are to build an automation system of street lighting using a low-cost microcontroller which is PIC and to achieve energy-saving. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is represented as the light module. This system is controlled according to the specific mode. These modes are controlled by two sensors which are Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor. This system can automatically turn on and off the lights according to traffic flow. This system operates during the night and the focus is only for the one-way road at a junction. Street light will be on when only there is road user otherwise, it will turn off. This design can save a great amount of electricity or energy consumption compared to conventional street lights that keep alight during nights. Moreover, the maintenance cost can be reduced and lifespan of the system will increase. As the result, the system has been successfully designed and implemented as a model system. Keywords: PIR, LDR, Streetlights, Power supply, microcontroller
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Shende, Arati, Pooja Gatpade, Shubham Marekar, and Prof Sagar Bhaisare. "Review of Various Technology Automatic Dimming Control of LED Street Light." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 2016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41642.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: In present day, the maintenance of streetlight is one of the major problem for electricity boards in India. Also, there is scope for saving power during off peak time i.e. in from around midnight 12AM to 04AM in the morning. The methods that are currently used to maintain and control the street light is more complex and uneconomical. In this paper a new technique is proposed to control the intensity of LED Street lights using LDR, and to automate street lights using PIR sensors, and LDRs, resulting in power saving. Implementation is done using PIC controller. This paper presents a smart street lighting system which provides a safe night time environment for all road users and pedestrian. The main objectives are to build an automation system of street lighting using a low-cost microcontroller which is PIC and to achieve energy-saving. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is represented as the light module. This system is controlled according to the specific mode. These modes are controlled by two sensors which are Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor. This system can automatically turn on and off the lights according to traffic flow. This system operates during the night and the focus is only for the one-way road at a junction. Street light will be on when only there is road user otherwise, it will turn off. This design can save a great amount of electricity or energy consumption compared to conventional street lights that keep alight during nights. Moreover, the maintenance cost can be reduced and lifespan of the system will increase. As the result, the system has been successfully designed and implemented as a model system. Keywords: PIR, LDR, Streetlights, Power supply, microcontroller