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Journal articles on the topic 'Leed diffraction'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

VAN HOVE, M. A. "COMPLEX SURFACE STRUCTURES FROM LEED." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 02 (1996): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9600228x.

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The complexity of surface structures solved routinely with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) has increased dramatically in recent years. This paper describes the evolution of the complexity that has become achievable, provides illustrations of complicated structures solved recently, and discusses the outlook for the future.

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2

Venables, J. A., C. J. Harland, P. A. Bennett, and T. E. A. Zerrouk. "Electron diffraction in UHV SEM, REM, and TEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100170700.

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Electron diffraction techniques are widely used in Surface Science, with the main aim of determining atomic positions in surface reconstructions and the location of adsorbed atoms. These techniques require an Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. The use of a focussed beam in UHV electron microscopes in principle allows such techniques to be applied on a microscopic scale. Most obviously this has been achieved in the Low Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM), where the corresponding diffraction technique, LEED, can now be used to investigate local areas with different surface structures, and to fol

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3

HENZLER, M. "CAPABILITIES OF LEED FOR DEFECT ANALYSIS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 03 (1997): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9700047x.

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A diffraction pattern using low or high energy electron diffraction may be employed via the (integral) intensity of the spots to derive the atomic positions within a unit of a periodic arrangement. Spot profile analysis (SPA) provides information on periodic and nonperiodic arrangements of units as superstructure domains, terraces or facets, strained regions and so on. The first point will be the instrumentation suited for that type of analysis (SPA-LEED, SPA-RHEED and ELS-LEED, the latter using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy simultaneously with SPA). It will be discussed ho

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4

Goritzka, Jan C., Benjamin Herd, Philipp P. T. Krause, Jens Falta, J. Ingo Flege, and Herbert Over. "Insights into the gas phase oxidation of Ru(0001) on the mesoscopic scale using molecular oxygen." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 21 (2015): 13895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp06010e.

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We present an extensive mesoscale study of the initial gas phase oxidation of Ru(0001), employing in situ low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), micro low-energy electron diffraction (μ-LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).

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5

MORITZ, W., J. LANDSKRON, and T. GRÜNBERG. "ANALYSIS OF THERMAL VIBRATIONS AND INCOMMENSURATE LAYERS BY LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 03 (1997): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000456.

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The multiple scattering theory of LEED is briefly reviewed, and recent developments concerning the analysis of thermal vibrations with LEED and the analysis of lattice modulations in incommensurate layers are discussed. Usually only isotropic thermal vibrations have been considered in LEED structure analyses. This restriction can be overcome by an extension of the theory to anisotropic and anharmonic vibrations, allowing not only a higher precision in the determination of structure parameters but also the study of dynamical processes with LEED. In the case of incommensurate layers the satellit

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6

Ichinokawa, Takeo. "Scanning Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Microscopy Combined with Scanning Tunnling Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (1990): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100180264.

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A ultra-high vacuum scanning electron microscope (UHV-SEM) with a field emission gun (FEG) has been operated in an energy range of from 100 eV to 3 keV. A new technique of scanning low energy electron diffraction (LEED) microscopy has been added to the other techniques: scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), secondary electron microscopy, electron energy loss microscopy and the others available for the UHV-SEM. In addition to scanning LEED microscopy, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been installed in the UHV-SEM-.The combination of STM with SEM covers a wide magnification range from 105 to

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7

Balzuweit, Karla, Thais MIlagres, Von Braun Nascimento, Vagner de Carvalho, Edmar Soares, and Luiz Ladeira. "LEED and TEM analysis of Bismuth Telluride." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314098052.

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Bismuth Telluride has recently been identified as a 3D-topological insulator [1] as well as Graphene [2]. Topological insulators are a quite recent discovered quantum mechanics characteristic of materials where essentially the surface band structure is completely different from the bulk. Bismuth Telluride, for example has its semi-metallic behavior changed into a conducting one. However it has been well known, as an excellent thermoelectric material [3]; with relatively high thermoelectric coefficients at room temperature. Bismuth Telluride is a relatively easy material to obtain and different

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8

LIU, Y., J. WANG, M. H. XIE, and H. S. WU. "INCOMMENSURATE METALLIC SURFACTANT LAYER ON TOP OF InN FILM." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 06 (2006): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008967.

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The surface structure of InN film heteroepitaxially grown on a GaN buffer layer by MBE is followed by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The metallic surfactant layers on top of the InN surfaces show an incommensurate structure rather than being disordered. The metal in the incommensurate structure induces additional diffraction spots in the LEED. Based on the Auger experiments, not only In atoms but also Ga are present on the surface of the InN films.

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9

SEUBERT, A., and K. HEINZ. "ITERATIVE IMAGE RECOVERY IN HOLOGRAPHIC LEED." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 03n04 (2002): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02003949.

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We report that the quality of atomic images reconstructed directly within the framework of holographic low energy electron diffraction can suffer from considerable atomic displacements. These are due to serious disturbances of the holographic object wave which exist when the object owns the same translational symmetry as the arrangement of beam splitters, for example when the latter induce a substrate reconstruction. We propose and test an iterative procedure for reducing these disturbances by a hybrid combination of the holographic reconstruction and some data fitting procedure. A reliable at

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10

Seubert, A., D. K. Saldin, J. Bernhardt, U. Starke, and K. Heinz. "Avoidance of ghost atoms in holographic low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 12, no. 26 (2000): 5527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/12/26/301.

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11

DHESI, S. S., S. D. BARRETT, A. W. ROBINSON, and F. M. LEIBSLE. "COMBINED USE OF QUANTITATIVE LEED AND STM ON Cu(100)-c(2×2)N SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 01, no. 04 (1994): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x94000813.

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Quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) has been used in conjunction with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to demonstrate that these two techniques are complementary and that quantitative LEED can be used in surface analysis without the need for computationally intensive theoretical calculations. We present LEED intensity-voltage (I-V) curves from Cu (100)-c(2×2) N surfaces and make qualitative comparisons with quantitative LEED data that exists in the literature. The implications of these comparisons are discussed with respect to other studies of this system.

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12

SALDIN, D. K., X. CHEN, J. A. VAMVAKAS, et al. "HOLOGRAPHIC LEED: A REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 05 (1997): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97001176.

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We review the basic ideas of holographic LEED, and the latest progress in the field. We compare several proposed computer reconstruction schemes. Using experimental diffuse LEED data from O/Ni(001) and K/Ni(001) surfaces, we show that the capability now exists for filtering out the effects on the diffraction patterns of possible long-range order amongst the adsorbates, thus making holographic LEED much more analogous to photoelectron holography. Inclusion of a scattered-wave kernel to compensate for the variation of the magnitude of the reference wave at the positions of potential object-wave

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13

Ismail, Ismail, Rongying Jin, David Mandrus, and Earl Ward Plummer. "Surface Structural Analysis of the Layered Perovskite Ca1.9Sr0.1RuO4 by Low Energy Electron Diffraction I-V." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2018): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.7.1.8497.

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Abstract – The atomic structure at surface of the layered perovskite Ca1.9Sr0.1RuO4 has been studied by Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) I-V. The perovskite Ca1.9Sr0.1RuO4 of single crystal was cleaved in ultra high vacuum chamber (the pressure in the chamber was about 1x10-10 Torr). The experiments were conducted at room temperature (T=300 K). The sharp LEED pattern was observed which indicates that the surface of Ca1.9Sr0.1RuO4 is flat and it is a well ordered crystal. LEED I-V data, nine equivalent beams of the layered perovskite Ca1.9Sr0.1RuO4 were recorded at room temperature. LEED

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14

KRUPSKI, A., and S. MRÓZ. "LEED INVESTIGATION OF THE Pb AND Sb ULTRATHIN LAYERS DEPOSITED ON THE Ni(111) FACE AT T=150–900 K." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 06 (2003): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005773.

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The atomic structure of ultrathin lead and antimony layers deposited on the Ni (111) face in ultrahigh vacuum at a substrate temperature ranging from 150 to 900 K was investigated with the use of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). LEED patterns corresponding to p(1×1), p(3×3), p(4×4), [Formula: see text] structures and p(1×1), p(2×2), [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] structures for the adsorption of Pb and Sb, respectively, on the Ni (111) face were observed. Experimental LEED intensity-versus-energy [I(V)] spectra have been collected for the clean Ni (111) and for the [Formula: s

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15

VAN HOVE, M. A. "ANOTHER UNUSUAL ADSORPTION SITE FOR ALKALI ADSORPTION ON A METAL, FOUND BY AUTOMATED TENSOR LEED ON A NOTEBOOK COMPUTER: ${\rm{Rh}}\left( {111} \right) - \left( {\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3 } \right)R30^ \circ -{\rm{Na}}$." Surface Review and Letters 01, no. 01 (1994): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x94000035.

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The surface structure of [Formula: see text] has been analyzed with dynamical low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) at 30 K: a simple Na overlayer is found adsorbed in the unusual hcp-hollow site. LEED theory and computer power have progressed to the point where such a detailed surface structure determination, which includes fitting many structural parameters, is routinely possible even with a portable computer, in this instance a 486/25 MHz notebook computer, using automated tensor LEED.

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16

Chamberlin, S. E., C. J. Hirschmugl, H. C. Poon, and D. K. Saldin. "Geometric structure of (011)(21) surface by low energy electron diffraction (LEED)." Surface Science 603, no. 23 (2009): 3367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2009.09.029.

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17

Rous, P. "The tensor LEED approximation and surface crystallography by low-energy electron diffraction." Progress in Surface Science 39, no. 1 (1992): 3–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6816(92)90005-3.

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18

Ludwig, C., B. Gompf, W. Glatz, et al. "Video-STM, LEED and X-ray diffraction investigations of PTCDA on graphite." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 86, no. 3 (1992): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01323733.

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19

YU, Z. X., S. Y. TONG, SHIHONG XU, SIMON MA, and HUASHENG WU. "STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE 1 × 1GaN(0001) SURFACE BY QUANTITATIVE LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 06 (2003): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005657.

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A quantitative structural determination of the Ga-polar 1×1 (0001) surface of GaN is performed by quantitative low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The global best-fit structure is obtained by a new frozen LEED approach connected to a simulated annealing algorithm. The global minimization frozen (GMF) LEED search finds that the ordered structure consists of 1 ML of Ga adatoms at atop sites above Ga-terminated bilayers. The Ga adatoms are bonded with a Ga–Ga bond length of 2.51 Å. The spacings within surface bilayers show a weak oscillatory trend, with the outmost bilayer thickness expanding

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20

JONA, F. "STEPPED SURFACES: A CHALLENGE FOR QUANTITATIVE LEED ANALYSIS." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 05 (1999): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x99000585.

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Determination of the atomic structure of stepped surfaces by quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis is very difficult when the spacings between layers parallel to the surface become significantly smaller than about 0.9 Å. For most of the computer programs widely used in LEED crystallography the problem is caused by numerical instabilities and lack of convergence. However, the CHANGE computer program has had remarkable success on surfaces with interlayer spacings as small as 0.5 Å. Advantages and disadvantages of this program are briefly discussed. CHANGE is now available

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21

Touge, Mutsumi, Satoru Anan, Shogo Wada, Akihisa Kubota, Yoshitaka Nakanishi, and Junji Watanabe. "Atomic-Scale Planarization of Single Crystal Diamond Substrates by Ultraviolet Rays Assisted Machining." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.66.

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The ultra-precision polishing assisted by the ultraviolet rays irradiation was performed to achieve the atomic-scale planarization of the single crystal diamond substrates. This polishing method is a novel and simple polishing method characterizing by a quartz disk and an ultraviolet irradiation device. The principle three crystal planes of the diamond substrate were polished by this method. The polished surfaces were evaluated by an optical interferometric profilers (Wyko), an atom force microscope (AFM) and LEED (low-energy electron diffraction). The surface roughness of the polished diamond

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22

Bauer, E., A. Pavlovska, and I. S. T. Tsong. "In Situ Nitride Growth Studies by Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) and Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600009946.

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Nitride films play an increasing role in modern electronics, for example silicon nitride as insulating layer in Si-based devices or GaN in blue light emitting diodes and lasers. For this reason they have been the subject of many ex situ electron microscopic studies. A much deeper understanding of the growth of these important materials can be obtained by in situ studies. Although these could be done by SEM, LEEM combined with LEED is much better suited because of its excellent surface sensitivity and diffraction contrast. We have in the past studied the high temperture nitridation of Si(l11) b

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23

Horstmann, Jan Gerrit, Gero Storeck, Bareld Wit, et al. "Structural phase transitions and phase ordering at surfaces probed by ultrafast LEED." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920508005.

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We demonstrate the capability of ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction to resolve phase-ordering kinetics and structural phase transitions on their intrinsic time scales with ultimate surface sensitivity.

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24

Zeng, H. C., and K. A. R. Mitchell. "Further observations with low-energy electron diffraction for the Cu(100)-(2 × 2)-S surface structure: spot-profile and multiple-scattering analyses." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 5 (1987): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-068.

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This study involves analyses by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) for surface structures formed by S adsorbed on the (100) surface of copper. A LEED spot-profile investigation for a surface that shows a (2 × 2) diffraction pattern, supplemented by the effects of antiphase scattering, indicates that the domain boundaries do not correspond to microregions with local c(2 × 2) structure but rather that the beam elongations observed are consistent with local regions of the c(4 × 2) type in the approach to ¼ monolayer coverage. Diffracted-beam intensity-versus-energy curves calculated for the (

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25

PENDRY, J. B. "THE CASE FOR ORDER-N METHODS IN LEED THEORY." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 05 (1997): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97001000.

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Low energy electron diffraction experiments have superb sensitivity to surface structure, but rely on sophisticated theory for their interpretation. Advances in computer power, and developments in the theory itself, enable us to handle surface structures of moderate complexity. For future advances we must look to a completely new approach and the case is made for order-N methods which follow the time evolution of a point source of electrons to generate all beams for all angles of incidence and all energies in one shot.

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26

Gajdardziska-Josifovska, M., J. K. Weiss, and J. M. Cowley. "Energy-filtered convergent beam RHEED rocking curves from cleaved (100) surface of MgO." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087446.

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Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) has been used extensively to observe changes in surface reconstructions by analyzing the geometry of the RHEED pattern and to monitor growth of layers in MBE systems by measuring the changes of the intensity of the specular spot with time. RHEED is also capable of yielding the structure of the surface by using dynamical diffraction theory to analyze experimental reflection rocking curves. These rocking curves trace the change in the intensity of the RHEED spots as a function of the angle of incident illumination. They are equivalent to the in

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27

Rochford, L. A., A. J. Ramadan, S. Holliday, T. S. Jones, and C. B. Nielsen. "The effect of fluorination on the surface structure of truxenones." RSC Advances 6, no. 71 (2016): 67315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14158g.

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The surface structure of partially fluorinated truxenone (F<sub>3</sub>-truxenone) molecules on Cu (111) has been probed using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED).

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28

Spence, J. C. H., H. C. Poon, and D. K. Saldin. "Convergent-Beam Low Energy Electron Diffraction (CBLEED) and the Measurement of Surface Dipole Layers." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 1 (2004): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040346.

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We propose the formation of LEED patterns using a highly convergent beam forming a probe of nanometer dimensions. A reflection rocking curve may then be recorded in many diffraction orders simultaneously. Multiple scattering calculations show that the intensity variations within these rocking curves is as sensitive to the parameters describing the surface dipole layer as conventional I/V scans. However the data may be collected from areas sufficiently small to avoid defects and surface steps, radiation damage controlled by use of low voltages, and the information depth selected by choice of th

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29

Riedl, Christian, and Ulrich Starke. "Structural and Electronic Properties of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC (0001)." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.219.

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The structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) are investigated by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and angle resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS). Fingerprints in the spot intensity spectra in LEED allow for the exact determination of the number of layers for the first three graphene layers after being correlated with the electronic bandstructure obtained from ARUPS using He II excitation. Our analysis includes the consideration of samples with different doping levels. A possible influence of the polytype 4H- or 6H-SiC is discussed. LEED b

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30

Heringdorf, F. J. Meyer Zu, D. Kähler, M. Horn-Von Hoegen, et al. "Giant Faceting of Vicinal Si(001) Induced by Au Adsorption." Surface Review and Letters 05, no. 06 (1998): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9800150x.

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4° vicinal Si(001) shows perfectly ordered terraces with a width of 4 nm which are separated by double steps. Adsorption of Au at 800°C results in a dramatic change of the step morphology: the surface decomposes into areas which are perfectly flat with a (001) orientation and (119) facets, which compensate for the macroscopic miscut. Extremely straight superterraces with a length limited only by the size of the sample (here 4 mm) and a width ranging from 400 nm to 4 μm are formed by massive Si mass transport. The extreme aspect ratio of 1:10 000 of this submicron structure is attributed to a h

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31

Riedl, Christian, J. Bernardt, K. Heinz, and Ulrich Starke. "Evolution and Structure of Graphene Layers on SiC(0001)." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.563.

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The evolution and structure of graphene layers on 4H-SiC(0001) and the corresponding interface are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The surface is characterized by the so-called (6p3£6p3)R30± reconstruction, whose structural properties are still unclear but at the same time are crucial for the controlled growth of homogeneous high-quality large-terrace graphene surfaces. We analyse the properties of three phases in this reconstruction with periodicities (6p3£6p3)R30±, (6£6) and (5£5). Their LEED intensities strongly depend on the s

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Wichtendahl, R., R. Fink, H. Kuhlenbeck, et al. "SMART: An Aberration-Corrected XPEEM/LEEM with Energy Filter." Surface Review and Letters 05, no. 06 (1998): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x98001584.

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A new UHV spectroscopic X-ray photoelectron emission and low energy electron microscope is presently under construction for the installation at the PM-6 soft X-ray undulator beamline at BESSY II. Using a combination of a sophisticated magnetic beam splitter and an electrostatic tetrode mirror, the spherical and chromatic aberrations of the objective lens are corrected and thus the lateral resolution and sensitivity of the instrument improved. In addition a corrected imaging energy filter (a so-called omega filter) allows high spectral resolution (ΔE=0.1 eV ) in the photoemission modes and back

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CHEN, WENHUA, HUASHENG WU, WING KIN HO, B. C. DENG, GENG XU, and S. Y. TONG. "THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF Si(111)-$(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})$R30°-Ga DETERMINED BY AUTOMATED TENSOR LEED." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 03 (2000): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0000035x.

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The atomic structure of the Si (111)-[Formula: see text]R30°-Ga surface has been studied by comparing measured low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity (IV) curves with calculated IV spectra using the method of automated tensor LEED. The experimental LEED IV curves used in this work contain many beams and a wide energy range. The results show that the Ga atoms occupy T4 sites, at 2.62 Å above the second-atomic-layer Si atoms. The Ga–Si vertical spacing is 1.44 Å and the bond length between the Ga atom and the first-layer Si atom is 2.52 Å. Large bucklings are found in the first and sec

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Wong, P. C., and K. A. R. Mitchell. "Studies on surfaces of Zr(0001) that contain oxygen and show (2 × 2)-type low-energy electron diffraction patterns." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 5 (1987): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-062.

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Oxygen chemisorption on the Zr(0001) surface has been studied in the low-exposure regime with Auger electron spectroscopy and measurements of the width of a half-order low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) beam. The new observations and conclusions are as follows. (i) The diffusion of O atoms to the bulk effectively starts at around 236 °C. (ii) Oxygen adsorbs in a disordered state at room temperature and orders sufficiently to show a (2 × 2)-type LEED pattern on heating to 220 °C. (iii) With increasing O exposure, 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the available adsorption sites can be systematically fill

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35

Sakamoto, Y., Y. Fukui, J. Takeuchi, S. Hongo, T. Urano, and M. Yoshimura. "Adsorbed Structures of Ba on Si(110) Surfaces Studied by LEED and STM." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 02n03 (2003): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03004937.

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Adsorbed structures of barium on Si(110) surfaces have been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Several structures of "10 × 1," "12 × 2," 11 × 6 and streaky 4 × n were observed by LEED at annealing temperatures of about 775°C, 800°C, 900°C and 1100°C, respectively, after a-few-monolayer deposition of Ba at room temperature. In the STM experiment periodic structures of "10 × 6" and 11 × 6, and a rearrangement of pentagon pairs which is the unit structure seen on the terrace for the clean Si(110) "16 × 2" surface, were observed.

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36

Cantero, Esteban D., Lara M. Solis, Yongfeng Tong, et al. "Growth of germanium on Au(111): formation of germanene or intermixing of Au and Ge atoms?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 28 (2017): 18580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02949g.

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We studied the growth of Ge layers on Au(111) under ultra-high vacuum conditions from the submonolayer regime up to a few layers with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Direct Recoiling Spectroscopy (DRS) and Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED).

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37

Pussi, Katariina, and Renee D. Diehl. "LEED analysis of the surface structure of decagonal Al–Co–Ni using its W-approximant as a model structure." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 224, no. 1-2 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zkri.2009.1060.

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AbstractThe analysis of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensities from quasicrystal surfaces requires the use of periodic model structures that contain the same structure features as the quasicrystal. In this paper, we present the analysis of LEED data from 10-fold decagonal Al–Co–Ni using the W approximant structure as the model. A preference was found for an Al-rich termination of the surface, with very little relaxation of the surface planes relative to the bulk structure. This result is similar to the results of an

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38

GLANDER, G. S. "HOLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF KIKUCHI ELECTRON DIFFRACTION DATA FROM ${\rm Si}(111)(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}){\rm R}30^\circ{\rm -Al}$." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 01 (2003): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03004627.

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Holographic analysis was applied to Kikuchi electron diffraction data collected from the [Formula: see text] structure to produce real-space images of the surface structure. Methods for calibrating the initial diffraction data are fully described. The images clearly show features caused by the Al atoms in the T4 absorption site. Measurements of the Al–Si bond length and the height of the Al above the top layer of Si agree with the values known from dynamical LEED studies.

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39

Sharma, H. R., K. J. Franke, W. Theis, et al. "Investigation of the twofold decagonal Al71.8Ni14.8Co13.4(10000) surface by SPA-LEED and He diffraction." Surface Science 561, no. 2-3 (2004): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.05.100.

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Porter, S. J., and J. A. D. Matthew. "The relation of electron diffraction to surface magnetism-spin-polarised LEED from nickel (110)." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 1, SB (1989): SB13—SB16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/sb/003.

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Tong, S. Y., and Huasheng Wu. "Direct inversion of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) IV spectra: the surface Patterson function*." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 14, no. 6 (2002): 1231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/6/310.

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GOONEWARDENE, A. U., R. L. KURTZ, and R. L. STOCKBAUER. "OXIDATION OF Mg(0001) STUDIED BY LEED AND ESDIAD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 24n25 (2001): 3296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201007658.

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The oxidation of Mg(0001) was studied using LEED (Low Energy Electron Diffraction) and ESDIAD (Electron Stimulated Desorption Ion Angular Distributions) with supplemental information from STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy). In agreement with previous work, two kinds of oxide were observed: a sub-oxide consisting of subsurface oxygen and ionic MgO. From 0 to 8 L (Langmuir=1×10-6 Torr Sec) oxygen exposure, the 1×1 LEED pattern obtained for clean Mg(0001) becomes diffuse and almost disappears, indicating that the initial stages of oxidation lead to a disordering of the surface. At higher oxygen

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43

Lalmi, B., C. Girardeaux, Alain Portavoce, Bernard Aufray, and Jean Bernardini. "Reactive Diffusion of Thin Si Deposits into Ni (111)." Defect and Diffusion Forum 323-325 (April 2012): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.323-325.421.

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Low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) were used to study the reactive diffusion of one monolayer of silicon deposited at room temperature onto a Ni (111) substrate. We have done isochronal and isothermal kinetics by AES, and we observed in both cases a kinetics blockage on a plateau corresponding to around one third of a silicon monolayer. STM images and LEED patterns both recorded at room temperature just after annealing, reveal formation of an ordered hexagonal superstructure corresponding probably to a two-dimensio

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44

GETZLAFF, M., R. PASCAL, H. TÖDTER, M. BODE, and R. WIESENDANGER. "PREPARATION OF HIGHLY ORDERED GdFe2 ALLOYS." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 05 (1999): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x99000731.

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The monolayer of the highly ordered GdFe 2 alloy was prepared on top of a W(110) substrate and characterized by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The crystallographic arrangement of the ultrathin films does not coincide with the bulk structure (C15 Laves phase). This is due to the large misfit between the lattice constant of the Laves phase and the W(110) substrate. A structure model for the ultrathin GdFe 2 films on W(110) is proposed basing on atomically resolved STM images and LEED studies.

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45

IWAMI, M., N. HATTORI, T. FUJIMOTO, et al. "STUDIES OF $4{\rm H}\mbox{--}{\rm SiC}(0001){\rm Si}(\sqrt3\times\sqrt3)$ AND (0001)C(3×3) SURFACES AND THEIR METALLIZATION PROCESS BY NI USING STM, AES AND LEED." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 05n06 (2000): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x00000555.

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Several methods have been tried to prepare clean surfaces of 4H–SiC(0001)Si and C, whose surface atomic, or electronic, structures have been studied by LEED (low energy electron diffraction) STM (scanning tunneling microscopy) and AES (Auger electron spectroscopy). Some sequential chemical treatments, for example, agitation in an organic solvent and dipping in HF solution, followed by the heating of a SiC wafer in UHV (ultrahigh vacuum, below 10-7 Pa) at 950°C, gave either a [Formula: see text] or 3×3 superstructure, observed by LEED (low energy electron diffraction), for the SiC(0001) Si or C

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Qian, W., and J. C. H. Spence. "Theory of transmission low-energy electron diffraction." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 696–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100149313.

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Interpretation of the images from a point source electron microscope requires a detailed analysis of transmission low energy electron diffraction. Here we present a general approach for solutions to the mixed Bragg-Laue case in transmission LEED (100-1000eV), based on the dynamical diffraction theory of Bethe. However, the validity of the dynamical diffraction theory to low energy electrons can be justified by its connection to the band theory for low energy crystal electrons.Assume that the incident beam forms a plane wave and the crystal is a thin slab. According to Bethe, the total electron

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Lee, W. Y., S. Soubatch, and Ulrich Starke. "Temperature Induced Phase Transformation on the 4H-SiC(11-20) Surface." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.673.

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The atomic structure of the 4H-SiC(11 2 0) surface including possible phase transformations via Si deposition and annealing has been investigated using low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sample is initially prepared by hydrogen etching before loading into the ultra-high vacuum system. The sample is then out-gassed to remove oxygen from the surface. To explore the existence of ordered surface phases, Si is deposited on the sample at 850°C for 15 minutes followed by a series of s

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Shin, J., S. V. Kalinin, H. N. Lee, et al. "Surface stability of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films in vacuum." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 12 (2004): 3447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0480.

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Surface stability of nearly defect-free epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition was studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and electron spectroscopies. Even after exposure to atmosphere, surfaces exhibited distinct LEED patterns providing evidence of unusual chemical stability. Surface order disappeared after heating to 200 °C in vacuum. To investigate, SrRuO3 thin films were annealed up to 800 °C in high vacuum and examined for chemical state and topography. Formation of unit-cell deep pits and the Ru-rich particles begi

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BLUM, B. "SINGLE CRYSTAL ALIGNMENT METHOD FOR LEED EXPERIMENTS WITH UNGRADED TILT SAMPLE-HOLDERS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 04 (1997): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97000626.

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Good visual alignment of single crystal Cu(100)-p(1× 1) and c(2×2)-Bi surfaces was obtained, with an ungraded tilt sample-holder, by iteratively varying (i) the current in three sets of orthogonal Helmholtz coils around the LEED chamber, and (ii) the sample tilt, at low and high electron energies, respectively, until the observed diffraction patterns were symmetric at all energies. LEED I–V profiles of beams nominally equivalent by symmetry are shown for a total of 16 nonequivalent beams, between the two surfaces investigated. For Cu(100)-c(2×2)Bi, where magnetic field elimination was more acc

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ATREI, A., U. BARDI, E. ZANAZZI, G. ROVIDA, M. SAMBI, and G. GRANOZZI. "STRUCTURE OF A SINGLE ATOMIC LAYER OF NICKEL DEPOSITED ON THE Pt(111) SURFACE DETERMINED BY LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 02 (1999): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9900024x.

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The structure of ultrathin films of Ni deposited at room temperature on the Pt (111) surface has been determined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity analysis. The first monolayer of Ni grows pseudomorphically on Pt (111) despite the 11% mismatch between the lattice parameters of nickel and platinum. The results of the analysis also show that the Ni atoms occupy face-centered-cubic sites on the substrate surface. These results in part confirm previous data obtained by X-ray photoelectron diffraction, but also provide more reliable data on the site assignment.

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