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Maguina, Marco. "Deconstructing LEED." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21800.
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This paper presents an analysis of data supplied by the US Green Buildings Council on the credits achieved by 117 LEED-certified commercial and institutional buildings. The paper quantifies several relationships, among others it explores the correlation between building energy performance, water consumption and the overall amount of points the projects has achieved. The paper also attempts to identify which credits are not usually selected by type of project, ownership, certification level and climate zone.
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Ektarawong, Annop. "Growth and characterization of graphene on 4H-SiC(0001)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Halvledarmaterial, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-82014.
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Thermal annealing 4H-SiC(0001) substrates to produce epitaxial graphene on Si-terminated SiC was performed using five different procedures, i.e. direct and indirect current heating at different based pressures and a temperature of about 1300 . The aim is to study the effects of graphene growth under different conditions and also to produce large homogeneous graphene. To investigate the prepared samples, two surface analytical techniques, i.e. low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) have been used. LEEM was first used to observe the surface morphologies of the prepared samples. In combination with LEEM instrument, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) was used to verify the existence of graphene on SiC substrate. The number of graphene layer was determined by collecting electron reflectivity at different electron energies. The number of dips observed in the electron reflectivity curve corresponds to the number of graphene layer. The experimental results obtained from LEEM and LEED have demonstrated that a film consisting of fairly large domains of 1 and 2 monolayer (ML) graphene was obtained by direct current heating of SiC under high vacuum (HV) condition with the based pressure of 10-6 Torr. A domain size in the range of up to about 5 to 10 μm have been observed. Meanwhile another graphene film prepared by the same method and the same temperature but under ultra high vacuum (UHV) condition with the based pressure of 10-10 Torr has much smaller domain size of 1 ML graphene compared to that grown under HV condition. We therefore suggested that the based pressure during the graphene growth has a strong influence on the morphology of graphene. This is because the Si evaporation rate is suppressed when heated in a high pressure environment, which normally leads to the improvement of the surface quality. The suppression of the Si evaporation rate has also been verified by a result obtained from the other sample directly heated under much higher based pressure, i.e. in an argon (Ar) environment of 1 atm. In addition to LEEM and LEED, the existence of graphene on SiC substrate has also been verified by the PES measurement. The C1s spectrum of graphene sample grown on SiC(0001) substrate showed three components, i.e. bulk SiC, graphene (G) and the buffer layer (B) located at 283.7 eV, 284.5 eV and 285.1 eV, respectively. The intensity ratios of the three components in the C1s spectrum were also used to estimate the number of graphene layer. The estimated number of graphene layer corresponds to the result obtained from LEEM.
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Capuzzi, Angelo Michael. "Strategic planning for LEED certification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59160.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).
Intel Corporation has recently implemented a "green building" policy, which states that Intel will design all new facilities to achieve a minimum LEED-Silver certification. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a voluntary, consensus-driven rating system used to distinguish high performance, sustainable buildings. Buildings earn "points" in different environmental categories, and the total number of points achieved determines the certification level (Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum). While LEED certification has been successfully applied to many residential and commercial buildings, and occasionally to manufacturing facilities, it has not been applied to many wafer manufacturing facilities (fabs), which house the manufacturing and production of Intel's microprocessors. Wafer fabs have much higher energy and water consumption levels than typical buildings due to their strictly controlled temperature, humidity, and particulate requirements, making LEED certification more challenging for a fab than for a typical building. The objective of this study was to develop a planning strategy case study for Intel to achieve LEEDSilver certification for the construction of a hypothetical new wafer fab. The case study identified the main barriers to achieve LEED certification, including cost, risk, process, acceptance and alignment barriers, and outlined means to overcome them. The LEED criteria were then analyzed to determine the costs, benefits, and risks of pursuing each individual credit. The resulting "portfolio planning" model was then used to optimize a portfolio of credits for Intel to pursue. The final results indicated that for the optimized scenario, LEED-Silver certification could be achieved for a positive NPV of over $130,000. Significant cost savings were achieved through the avoidance of the credits related to energy efficiency and on-site renewable energy generation, credits that pose a significant risk to Intel due to the high energy consumption of a fab. Finally, process improvement recommendations were made for the planning, design, and construction of a LEED certified fab.
Angelo Michael Capuzzi.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Kostelník, Petr. "Studium struktury povrchů metodou LEED." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233833.
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Turner, Megan M. "Is LEED a True Leader? Studying the Effectiveness of LEED Certification in Encouraging Green Building." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/1.
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (or LEED) is the most commonly used green building rating system in the United States, bestowing upon LEED certified buildings the prestige of being considered more sustainable than their non-certified neighbors. The public often assumes that LEED certified buildings are completely sustainable or even net-zero with regards to greenhouse gas emissions, but in actuality buildings certified under the most popular version of LEED are only required to be 15% more energy efficient than required by most state building codes – a far cry from the energy usage cuts needed to stave off global warming. By examining the history of LEED and its parent organization (the United States Green Building Council), contemporary criticisms of the certification system and its widespread adoption, and real-world performance of existing LEED buildings, this thesis seeks to uncover whether the LEED system is an effective tool in the fight against climate change and why it has yet to live up to its name.
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Black, Elissa R. "Green Neighborhood Standards from a Planning Perspective: A LEED for Neighborhood Deelopment (LEED-ND) Case Study." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2008. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/444.
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This study examines the LEED-ND pilot rating program created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) in 2007. The rating system is evaluated based on its application as a broad set of national standards meant to encourage green neighborhood development. The main case study is a master planned community in semi-rural Paso Robles, California. Among other things, the study discovers problems related to the application of the rating system in semi-rural and rural regions of the Western United States. Both the standards used by the rating system and the certification process itself were considered through a case study methodology.
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Amiri, Nasim. "Examination of LEED Certified Building’s Electricity Usage." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2034.
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The number of buildings seeking LEED certification has been growing steadily over the past few years. In this study, three academic buildings which were designed and built to LEED certification standards were targeted in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Their electricity consumption and cost effectiveness were examined and compared with predesigned LEED efficiency models of those three buildings. This research directly examined cost effectiveness of LEED buildings in terms of electricity usage. Three case studies were completed to find the initial and on-going electricity costs of LEED buildings and to verify the LEED standard results. LEED aspects of these buildings were discussed with contractors, architects, project managers, and building maintenance personnel who participated in LEED projects and non-LEED sustainable projects.
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Nilsson, Johan. "Energirelevanta aspekter inom miljöklassificeringssystemen LEED och BREEAM." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-55320.
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Syftet med denna rapport är att granska skillnaden mellan energikategorierna i miljöcertifieringssystemen LEED och BREEAM. Eftersom amerikanska LEED bygger på det brittiska BREEAM finns det många aspekter som liknar varandra. BREEAM utgår ifrån de nationella standarderna i första hand. Om sådana inte finns är det de europeiska som används. Klassningen av byggnaden visar hur bra byggnaden är jämfört med de krav som finns nationellt. Dessa är i sin tur anpassade till förutsättningarna som finns i landet. LEED grundar sig istället på kraven som beskrivs utifrån den amerikanska standarden ASHRAE. Dessa krav är inte anpassade till svenska eller europeiska standarder vilket gör det svårt att jämföra rakt av. Detta innebär att kraven som ställs i ASHRAE och LEED är olika svåra att uppfylla då förutsättningarna i länderna är olika. Till exempel tillhör Sverige klimatzon 6, tillsammans med Chile, Ryssland, Kanada och de nordliga delarna i USA. Detta ger olika utgångspunkter för att klara kriterierna då de naturliga förutsättningarna skiljer sig i olika länder. För att bedöma om en byggnad är energieffektiv behövs någon typ av verktyg för att verifiera byggnaden. För svenska företag som vill visa att de är miljömedvetna och vill ha låga energikostnader behövs någon typ av märkning av byggnaden. Även utländska företag på svenska marknaden letar efter byggnader med bra energieffektivitet som har ett intyg på att byggnaden följer hårda miljö- och byggnationskrav. Det är då en stor fördel att använda stora internationella system som exempelvis LEED och BREEAM som intygar att byggnaden uppfyller de hårda kraven som finns i systemen. Det indikeras med olika certifieringsnivåer beroende på hur väl byggnaden uppfyller kraven. Dessa miljöcertifieringssystem används för att påvisa att byggnaden uppfyller höga krav, men även för att öka eller behålla värdet på byggnaden jämfört med andra likvärdiga byggnader som inte är certifierade. Detta är påtagligt för byggnader med hyresgäster som har som företagspolicy att hyra byggnader med en viss nivå av ett miljöcertifieringssystem eller bara är intresserade att hyra byggnader med låga energikostnader. Om byggnaden inte skulle vara certifierad minskar andelen potentiella hyresgäster och priserna pressas och byggnaden riskerar att stå outhyrd en tid vilket kostar stora summor i stora byggnader. Respektive systems energikategori anses viktigast i båda systemen och det är framförallt reduceringen av energianvändningen som spelar en avgörande roll, även användandet av förnyelsebar energi är en viktig del. Generellt i båda systemen sker liknande ställningstaganden i de flesta frågorna för att reducera byggnaders påverkan av miljön, genom olika förbättringsåtgärder. Sporren för att göra byggnaden bättre är att minska miljöpåverkan, sänka driftkostnaden, öka trivseln, förbättra driften och att uppnå en hög certifieringsnivå. Generellt fås en uppfattning av att BREEAM är enklare att använda än LEED, eftersom den utgår från kraven i BBR. Båda systemen räknar ut en procentuell förbättring eller anger att uppställda värden uppfyllts. Exempelvis räknas reduceringen av koldioxid och energieffektivisering ut procentuellt. I LEED ska även ASHRAE användas utöver BBR och beräknar energieffektivisering utifrån reducering av kostnaden i dollar jämfört med referensbyggnaden.
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Hernandes, Thiago Zaldini. "LEED-NEC como sistema de avaliação de sustentabilidade: uma perspectiva nacional?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-28032009-111851/.
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Proposta: Com o objetivo de subsidiar uma abordagem crítica do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil, este trabalho partiu da análise de suas características intrínsecas, sua evolução e aplicação ao longo do tempo no seu país de origem. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: O trabalho apresenta uma análise do sistema LEED e sua aplicação a partir de: [1] histórico da iniciativa LEED nos EUA; [2] indicações do uso do sistema LEED no Brasil e em outros países; [3] evolução do nível de avaliação do LEED ao longo do tempo e [4] banco de dados de todos os projetos certificados pelo LEED para construções novas (LEED-NC) aproximadamente 264 projetos no total entre 2000 e 2005. Resultados: Essa análise embasou um retrato do sistema no seu país de origem, mostrou os resultados da sua aplicação nos empreendimentos do mercado americano, apresentou o perfil de certificação dos projetos e a evolução dessa dinâmica ao longo de cinco anos. Contribuições/Originalidade: Como resultados, o trabalho apresentou indicações e lições aprendidas com a utilização do LEED no seu país de origem, constatou o início do uso do sistema de avaliação no Brasil e relacionou potencialidades e inconsistências dessa aplicação para o contexto local.Propose: Aiming to support the critical analysis of the LEED system application outside the USA, this work focuses on the evolution of LEED-NC application in its native environment between 2000 and 2005. Methods: This work presents an analysis of the LEED rating system encompassing: [1] LEED initiative history in the USA (from the early versions to the recent ones); [2] indications of LEED use in Brazil and in other countries; [3] evolution of the certification level throughout the different LEED versions; and [4] a data bank with all the LEED-NC certified projects between 2000 and 2005 (approximately 264 projects in total) based on the public search tool of the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) website. Findings: This analysis supported a clear figure of the system use, showing its application results on the American building sector and its implications on other countries outside USA. Collecting the certification profiles of such developments, a historical LEED road map was produced showing the evolution of this dynamic along five years and future trends. Originality/value: The results present lessons learned as guidelines for its eventual use in other countries and evidences of the insertion of the rating system in Brazil, indicating potentialities and inconsistencies for its application in this local context.
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Allenstein, Frank. "LEED- und AES-Untersuchungen an Silicidschichten." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200300575.
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Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Wachstum dünner CrSi2-Schichten auf Si(001). Die Schichtherstellung wurde mittels eines template-Verfahrens in einer MBE-Anlage realisiert. Die Charakterisierung der Schichten erfolgte mittels RBS,AES,LEED,REM,TEM,XRD sowie Widerstandsmessungen.
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Saidy, Madiba. "LEED crystallographic studies for chemisorbed surfaces." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0015/NQ46413.pdf.
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Dirksen, Tyson H., and Mark D. McGowan. "Greening existing buildings with LEED-EB!" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58646.
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Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, Center for Real Estate, 2008.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-92).
The market of existing office buildings is going green. While early adopters of green buildings were owner-occupiers, there is a current wave of nonowner-occupied office buildings seeking Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Existing Buildings certification. This thesis examines the current context in which this dramatic change is transpiring as well as answers the following questions as they relate to this green transformation of existing multitenanted office buildings: * Who is participating? * Why are they participating? * What is the process? * What are the costs? * How is it being financed? Research conducted included literature review and interviews with building owners, property managers, building engineers and brokers in several major metropolitan office markets in the United States. This thesis examines green building rating systems from around the world. We focus on the LEED rating system, the most widely used in the United States, as it provides a good framework for owners and managers to evaluate and benchmark the environmental performance of their building. Our research indicates that a much higher percentage of Class A office building owners and managers are pursuing LEED for Existing Building (LEED-EB) certification, while Class B owners and managers are not. Class B owners face less incentives and greater obstacles when pursuing LEED-EB certification. In chapter four of this thesis, we explore two creative ways that Class B owners and managers may be able to overcome some of these hurdles - Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs) and Power Purchase Agreements (PPA).
by Tyson H. Dirksen [and] Mark D. McGowan.
S.M.in Real Estate Development
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Allenstein, Frank. "LEED- und AES-Untersuchungen an Silicidschichten." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10607562.
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Brambila, Gabriela, Mireya Moleres, Joel Amarillas, Blake Brennan, Haley Koesters, and Nawar Sadeq. "Design of Multistory Historical LEED Building." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/578568.
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The goal of this project was to design a multipurpose three-story building that creates a new hub for businesses and student housing, encompassing a complete transportation, hydrological, structural, and geotechnical design of the building and site while adhering to all applicable building codes. Based on calculations of expected daily trips, turning movement analysis, and Highway Capacity Software analysis, the new site plan is designed to optimize parking spaces, landscaped areas, and access. Along with a newly designed grading plan, a hydrological flood analysis was done to design underground stormwater storage tanks and the final grading plan. The building itself was designed as a steel-braced moment frame designed to support gravity, wind, and seismic loading per the LRFD procedure. Utilizing the LRFD critical load combination the most economical size of structural members including beams, columns, girders, lateral bracing, and connections where chosen. The design was then entered into SAP2000 to model the building behavior. Given the column loads and soil properties, the site s soil bearing capacity was calculated to design isolated footings with reinforcing tensile rebar. Decisions were made to use recycled materials and energy and water efficient systems in order to achieve LEED Platinum accreditation.
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Isaksson, Karl, and Lars Petrén. "LEED - Hur har projekt Gruset 1 påverkats av en miljöcertifiering enligt LEED, "New Construction and Major Renovations"." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-89872.
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Innan årsskiftet 2011-2012 blev Sveriges första lager som är miljöcertifierat enligt LEED färdigställt. LEED står för Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design och är en miljöcertifiering som har funnits sedan år 2000. LEED finns i fyra olika nivåer - certified, silver, gold och platinum. Vilken nivå som projektet når baseras på ett poängsystem som bedömer byggnaden i sju kategorier och projektet som avser vår fallstudie är certifierad i nivå gold. LEED växer ständigt och är idag en internationellt väletablerad miljöcertifiering. Till dagens datum (2012-03-27) finns 31450 projekt (560 miljoner m2 lokalyta) certifierade enligt LEED. Examensarbetet görs för Skanska Hus Sydost och har som syfte och mål att få svar på hur LEED-certifiering påverkat projektering och produktion, hur mycket merkostnad certifieringen har inneburit för projekt Gruset 1 samt hur det påverkat byggnadens mervärde, det vill säga åtgärder som ökar fastighetens marknadsvärde. Utifrån tillgängliga data har vi utifrån fakturor relaterade till miljöcertifieringen beräknat att LEED-certifieringen har resulterat i en tilläggskostnad på 2,11 %. För att nå målet i examensarbetet som nämns i ovanstående stycke har det gjorts intervjuer med följande respondenter: Byggherre/beställare, entreprenörer, konsulter och hyresgäst. LEED har utifrån respondenternas svar framstått som ett bra alternativ även om det har inneburit vissa problem under projektets gång.Before the end of 2011 the first warehouse that is certified under LEED was completed. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design and is a environmental certification that was first launched the year of 2000. LEED is available in four levels - certified, silver, gold and platinum. What level the project will be certified with is based on a point-system that assesses the building in seven categories. This case study was certified with the level of gold. LEED is growing steadily and is now a well-established international environmental certification. At the time of writing (2012-03-27) more than 560 million m2 of commercial (which primarily serves the interests of profit) facilities are certified under LEED and are distributed over more than 31450 projects. This bachelor thesis is done on the behalf of Skanska Region Hus Sydost and includes how a LEED-certification affects the planning and production, how much additional cost the certification has brought to this project and how it affects the buildings value (measures that increase the property's market value) and how the certification is used by involved parties. For this case study it has been estimated that the LEED-certification has resulted in an additional cost of 2.11 %. To achieve the goal of the thesis mentioned in the paragraph above, there have been interviews with the following respondents: developer / clients, contractors, consultants and tenants. LEED is based on respondents' answers appeared to be a good alternative even if it meant some problems during the project.
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Siemon, Catherine Whitney. "A comparison of the energy efficiency of LEED to non-LEED buildings and to their energy models." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041270.
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Kaduvinal, Varghese Jeslin. "The effects of the implementation of grey water reuse systems on construction cost and project schedule." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1447.
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Li, Hiu-lung, and 李曉隆. "Determination of atomic structure of Co/GaN(0001) surface by using LEED Patterson inversion and tensor LEED fitting." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46089263.
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Brobert, Johan, and Waern Leo. "Ett nytt LEED : Ett verktyg för effektivare hantering av poängen Sourcing of Raw Materials i LEED version 4." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326142.
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Certification of buildings is now a big part of the construction industry. The role and importance of certifications is now undeniable. It has a positive impact on the environment, and in the meantime companies can label themselves as eco-friendly. Skanska is one of the biggest construction companies in Sweden. Lately LEED has become the most common certification system they use on larger commercial buildings. A new version has just been released, but how well has the system adapted to a Swedish market and environment, or vice versa? This can be difficult given that the certification system has been developed for an American market. In combination with the eventual problems given the system’s origin, working with LEED on the construction site is also a lot of work. Our Research indicates that approximately 20% of a project engineer’s time is taken up by work with the system. This thesis examines the possibilities of reducing the amount of time LEED takes up. U.S Green Building Council has released a fourth version of LEED. In order to streamline the work with certification, an updated tool has been made that explains the credit Sourcing of Raw Materials and focuses on the essential parts for people who work in construction. In order to do this the previous tool made by Skanska has been studied, along with interviews with employees of the company. USGBC’s LEED Reference Guide is the core of the information regarding the new version. The conclusion is that given the right tools, the work with LEED can be more efficient.
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Hoyer, Jörn. "Aufbau und Kalibrierung eines Raster-LEED-Mikroskops." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984588647.
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Parkin, Sean Richard. "Leed studies on two surfaces of copper." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27614.
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The work presented in this thesis includes investigations using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) of the clean stepped Cu(311) surface and its interactions with sulphur, and also for a half monolayer oxygen superstructure on Cu(110) designated Cu(110)-(2x1)-O. In each case, intensity versus energy (1(E)) curves were measured with a video LEED analyzer for sets of independent diffracted beams for future comparison to the results of multiple scattering calculations.
The clean Cu(311) surface was cut and polished from a single crystal copper rod and cleaned by sputter-etching with argon ions followed by annealing. Intensity measurements were recorded for 14 symmetry inequivalent diffraction beams at normal incidence, followed by six at 10° off normal incidence. Adsorption of sulphur on the Cu(311) surface was carried out by dosing with H₂S followed by its presumed dissociation and loss of hydrogen to the vacuum. This study indicated that S atoms order themselves on Cu(311) only in the [Oil] direction. In addition to experimental work on the Cu(311) surface, a discussion is made of the difficulties associated with the application of LEED to adsorption on stepped surfaces.
The Cu(110)-(2x1)-O stucture was prepared by the adsorption of oxygen on the (110) surface of copper. The conditions necessary to produce the best LEED pattern were found by analysis of adsorption spot profiles, and experimental LEED 1(E) curves were recorded for nine independent beams at normal incidence and a further six at 10° off normal incidence.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Metlen, Tate. "LEED Construction and Performance Standards Mission Accomplishment." Thesis, Old Dominion University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42451.
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CIVINS Capstone ReportCIVINS
The general focus of this project is on the current state of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) building requirements and mission statement accomplishment. The report includes the background, requirements, and performance of LEED certified buildings, and identifies key issues with the current system. In particular, the report explores the failure of buildings construct to LEED standards to achieve the advertised energy savings. Solutions and avenues to implementation of the solutions are then offered.
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Hitchen, Gregory James. "Measurement and analysis of LEED fine structure." Thesis, Hitchen, Gregory James (1990) Measurement and analysis of LEED fine structure. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1990. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51661/.
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LEED fine structure features arise from an interference between the measured beam and a pre-emergent beam internally reflected at the surface potential barrier. Such features are observed at very low energies (typically 0-40eV) and usually consist of a rydberg-like series of peaks converging on the emergence energy of the pre-emergent beam. These features provide a means of determining the shape of the surface potential barrier of a metal.
It is possible to calculate theoretical fine structure spectra by using a barrier model with adjustable parameters. These parameters can be altered to give the best fit to experiment. To obtain an unambiguous fit it is necessary to perform this matching over a range of angles and for multiple peaks within the structure. Thus a good data base for analysis consists of high resolution intensity versus energy spectra at various angles of incidence and azimuths. For this work an electron spectrometer capable of fulfilling these requirements designed and was built. It was used to measure fine structure features from the clean and oxygen covered surfaces of Cu(00l) and Cu(lll).
The success of LEED fine structure analysis depends upon a precise knowledge of the quantities that characterize each spectrum, namely the incidence angle, the azimuth angle and the contact potential difference between the filament emitting the electrons and the crystal surface. These need to be known to a precision that reflects the total resolution of the experiment. In this work techniques were developed for determining these values and these were applied to the data collected from the Cu(00l) and Cu(111) surfaces.
Analysis of this data yielded information regarding the shape of the surface potential barrier. It was also possible to reach some conclusions about the chemisorption sites for oxygen adsorption. The importance of using the full LEED theory for substrate scattering effects in the analysis of fine structure features is also demonstrated.
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Alvarenga, Mario Luiz Viana. "Busca global em LEED usando algorítmo genético." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ESCZ-692M97.
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The atomic structure determination of solid surfaces by LEED (Low Energy Electron Diffraction) is a problem that requires an extensive search in the parameters space that usually includes structural parameters, the Debye temperatures of the first layers and the optical potential, in order to get the theoretical I(V ) curves well fit to the experimental one. Therefore the use of algorithms that can find the global minimum more efficiently is very useful in the LEED analysis. This work presents the results of an application of the Genetic Algorithm method (GA) in the parameters optimization in the LEED analysis. As this is a computational method based on the species evolution it is implemented in a such way that starting from a random chosen initial population of solutions, the GA algorithm search for the best solution through evolution devices such as cloning, recombination and mutation. In the particular case of surface structural determination each individual (solution) is a structural and non-structural parameters set, that are coded in binary strings (chromosomes). In the present implementation the reliability of the solution is obtained by the SATLEED (Symmetric Automated Tensor LEED) code, which calculates the I(V ) curves from structures generated by the GA and does the comparison with experimental I(V ) curves. This comparison is carried out by using the so-called reability factor (R-factor) that quantifies the agreement between curves. The GA uses the R-factor to calculate probabilities of cloning and recombination. Preliminary results of the application of the GA to the structural determination of (111) face of the Ag crystal - where the optimization of three structural parameters plus the Debye temperature of the first layer and the optical potential were performed - showed a good performance. In addition, a second test was carried out using the (110) face of Cu, where four structural parameters plus the Debye temperature of the two first layers and the optical potential were optimized. Finally, the code was used for the Ni(111)(p3 £ p3)R30o ¡ Sn system. Here the optimization problem considered the search on six structural parameters plus the Debye temperature of the first and second layers and the optical potential, a total of nine parameters. Again, we got very good agreement among the obtained through GA and the results obtained
previously through other methods of minimization.A determinação estrutural de superfícies sólidas via LEED (Difração de Elétrons Lentos) é um problema que requer uma busca extensiva no espaço de parâmetros que normalmente inclui parâmetros estruturais, as coordenados atômicas, e não estruturais, como a temperatura de Debye das primeiras camadas e o potencial óptico, de tal forma que as curvas I (V) teóricas possam se ajustar da melhor maneira possível às curvas experimentais. Por isso se faz necessário o uso de algoritmos que possam encontrar o mínimo global de maneira eficiente. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação do Algoritmo Genético (GA) na otimização de parâmetros em uma análise LEED. Este é um método computacional baseado na evolução das espécies, que partindo de uma população inicial aleatória de soluções tais como: elitismo, recombinação e mutação. A qualidade de cada solução é avaliada através do código SATLEED (Symmetric Automated Tensor LEED), que calcula curvas I (V) teóricas através de estruturas geradas pelo GA e faz a comparação com as curvas experimentais. Esta comparação é quantificada através de um fator de correlação. O fator - R, que será tão menor quanto melhor a concordância entre as curvas. O GA usa este fator-R para associar aos indivíduos probabilidades de escolha para os processos de recombinação e clonagem. Resultados preliminares da aplicação do GA na determinação estrutural da face (111) do cristal de Ag - onde foram otimizados três parâmetros estruturais, além da temperatura de Debye da primeira camada atômica e o potencial óptico - mostraram boa ?performance? do método. Um segundo teste foi feito usando a face (110) do Cobre, onde quatro parâmetros estruturais, as temperaturas de Debye das duas primeiras camadas, e ainda, o potencial óptico foram otimizados. Finalmente, o código foi usado para o sistema Ni (111) (?3 X ?3)R 30º - Sn. Aqui o problema de otimização consiste de seis parâmetros estruturais, mais as temperaturas de Debye da primeira e segunda camadas e o potencial óptico, totalizando nove parâmetros. Mais uma vez, conseguimos excelente concordância entre os resultados obtidos através do GA e os resultados obtidos anteriormente através de outros métodos de minimização.
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Sundqvist, Peter, and Maria Porter. "LEED i Sverige och i byggprojektet Borgarfjord 3." Thesis, KTH, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95421.
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This thesis provides a good introduction to the American environmental certification system LEED, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, and trough compar-isons between Sweden and the United States an explanation to the systems design is given. The work is closely linked to a LEED Core & Shell project in Stockholm, Swe-den, where the goal is to reach the second highest rating in LEED - Gold. This thesis gives a broad description of the LEED system and a more profound study of the energy sector, Energy and Atmosphere. Here, for example, an analysis has been made of how the energy consumption of an imaginary building designed according to the requirements of the BBR (Swedish building code) performs in comparison to the Baseline building in LEED. The existing model of Borgarfjord 3, which served as a case study in this work, has al-so been modified to investigate the energy savings that could have been achieved by adding extra insulation to the building. A description of the problems, regarding how the Swedish district heating system (DES) is treated in LEED, is given as well as the suggested modifications. This is an issue that will be pursued during the process of shaping a new, international, version of LEED due to be launched 2012.
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Hu, Peijun. "Surface structural studies by LEED and electron holography." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308960.
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Pise, Madhulika. "Leed Documentation Process: Implementation Barriers for School Projects." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32002.
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The Center for High Performance Learning Environments (CHPLE) at Virginia Tech aims to provide guidance on various issues associated with high performance learning environments, using information gained through the various studies undertaken at the College of Architecture and Urban Studies. One such study is presented in this thesis. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an environmental rating system for buildings, introduced in 1998, is still in the process of development. The USGBC conducted research and introduced various LEED manuals for different building types. For each building type, in order to achieve environmental credits under LEED, evidence must be provided in terms of various documents. The process of collecting and submitting these documents is perceived to be difficult and this study tries to find the barriers to the documentation process as required during LEED certification. Currently, while documenting the credits under LEED, the design team must assume many important responsibilities. Hence this research sought participation from this group of professionals, who are proactive in promoting LEED and also have experience in school design. To understand the design professionals perception about LEED, a semi-structured interview method was adopted to obtain data for this study. Out of a total of 175 invitations, 15 agreed to participate. A questionnaire was developed and the participants were asked to respond. All interviews were recorded, providing the main source of data. IRB approval was obtained prior to the interviews and all the prescribed ethical concerns were addressed during the interviews. The responses to the questionnaire, were categorized as, 1.Barriers for documentation and2.Recommendations from participants for improving the LEED documentation process. The identified barriers were sequenced to understand the interrelationships between different barriers. The recommendations are interpretations and derivations of the participant recommendations. These recommendations could be adopted by the USGBC to improve the process of documentation in LEED. This study may also initiate other studies to help further understand the opinions of school authorities and other project members with respect to LEED documentation.Master of Science
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Eda, Janice. "Sustainable Existing Buildings Through LEED Operations and Maintenance." The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623461.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectLEED, Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, assists our building industry to become more sustainable. This paper examines three case studies of existing buildings which have evolved to become LEED certified through the rating system of LEED: Operations and Maintenance. Understanding how older generation buildings may still rejuvenate and become sustainable will provide benefits for the people, planet, and profit. As with many things, there are some drawbacks when it comes to LEED certification such as their fees and universal approach for credits acquired.
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Cox, Matthew W. "Perceptions of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-New Construction (LEED-NC) green building certification system among LEED-accredited professionals." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014354.
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Lindner, Katrin. "Winkelaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie und Reflexionsanisotropiespektroskopie an kubischem Siliziumkarbid." [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10324548.
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Zuniga-Teran, Adriana A., Barron J. Orr, Randy H. Gimblett, Nader V. Chalfoun, Scott B. Going, David P. Guertin, and Stuart E. Marsh. "Designing healthy communities: A walkability analysis of LEED-ND." ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622730.
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Prevailing city design in many countries has created sedentary societies that depend on automobile use. Consequently, architects, urban designers, and land planners have developed new urban design theories, which have been incorporated into the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) certification system. The LEED-ND includes design elements that improve human well-being by facilitating walking and biking, a concept known as walkability. Despite these positive developments, relevant research findings from other fields of study have not been fully integrated into the LEED-ND. According to Zuniga-Teran (2015), relevant walkability research findings from multiple disciplines were organized into a walkability framework (WF) that organizes design elements related to physical activity into nine categories, namely, connectivity, land use, density, traffic safety, surveillance, parking, experience, greenspace, and community. In this study, we analyze walkability in the LEED-ND through the lens of the nine WF categories. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses, we identify gaps and strengths in the LEED-ND and propose potential enhancements to this certification system that reflects what is known about enhancing walkability more comprehensively through neighborhood design analysis. This work seeks to facilitate the translation of research into practice, which can ultimately lead to more active and healthier societies. (C) 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
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DeArmon, Steven Edward. "A quantitative assessment of a LEED certified campus building." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/36802.
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Aldrovandi, Andrea. "Mobilità sostenibile nella certificazione LEED ND: un caso studio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3730/.
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Ikert, Fernanda. "A Discussão da certificação LEED na relação edifício-cidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94622.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Univesidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Urbanismo, História e Arquitetura da Cidade, Florianópolis, 2010Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T13:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 286193.pdf: 6306905 bytes, checksum: 81e539fa83721d50cda935059e027368 (MD5)
Essa dissertação discute o papel da sustentabilidade atribuída aos edifícios e sua repercussão na qualidade da cidade. Busca identificar as interfaces entre o edifício e a cidade que possam auxiliar nesta qualificação do espaço construído. Foram destacadas as variáveis da morfologia urbana e as variáveis em relação à sustentabilidade espacial como a mobilidade urbana, os usos e atividades e espaço público como fundamentais para a discussão da relação da sustentabilidade do edifício e da qualidade da cidade. Para avançar na compreensão das dimensões da sustentabilidade, tanto em arquitetura quanto em urbanismo, precisamos recuperar a conexão entre essas duas "escalas", e entender as implicações da forma edilícia na geração da forma e espacialidade urbana. Diante da crescente preocupação quanto ao consumo de recursos naturais, principalmente relacionados à edificação, surgiram métodos de certificação que visam a garantir a sustentabilidade do edifício baseado no seu desempenho ambiental. Nesse sentido, foram analisados três estudos de casos nas cidades de São Paulo, Curitiba e Florianópolis, que visam à certificação ambiental, LEED. Nesses casos foram realizadas duas análises, a primeira avaliando as relações diante da mobilidade e vitalidade urbana e a relação com o espaço público no entorno da edificação. E a outra mais específica, em Florianópolis, analisando a relação com a morfologia urbana.
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Sandin, Glenn. "Miljöklassificering av vägar : Praktisk tillämpning av miljöklassificeringssystemet Greenroads i produktionen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-173449.
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This report gives an overview of applications of the Greenroads rating system whichin turn is an environmental review system for roads. The focus of this report isapplications during the construction phase, ie on solutions which adhere to theentrepreneur's area of responsibility as opposed to the designer's. The study was undertaken in cooperation with Skanska (a global contractor andFortune 500 company) which provided a project suitable for an exemplatory study ofGreenroads. Please note that the project in particular was not specifically designedwith Greenroads in mind. Therefore and because of that the site provided anexcellent opportunity to study effects of application contra non-application. The approach of this study was to first review the system, thereafter to performinterviews with key personel at the site in different roles as to receive different viewsof selected points of application. Selected possibilities of application are cathegorizedand presented with comments and suggestions for adoption. Lastly Greenroads is briefly compared to the rating system which today is the mostwidely used by Skanska, LEED. The results of this report is that Greenroads is usableby an entrepreneur to achieve certification for projects not specifically designed withGreenroads in mind. Of particular interest is that this in many cases can be achievedwithout consulting the project designer.
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Gester, Matthias. "Structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial Fe and Co films on GaAs substrates." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338052.
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Knutsson, Erika. "Miljöcertifieringars påverkan för konstruktören." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106067.
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Enligt Naturvårdsverket (2010) står Sveriges bebyggelse för närmare 40 % av landets totala energianvändning och detta måste minskas radikalt. För att skapa en standard och göra det lättare för miljöarbetet har miljöcertifieringar instiftats. Enligt Sweden Green Buildings Council (2015b) finns det i dagsläget 4 stycken miljöcertifieringar: Miljöbyggnad, LEED BREEAM och GreenBuilding. Eftersom miljöcertifieringar blir allt mer populära har Tyréns AB upplevt en större efterfrågan på dessa. De har därför sett ett behov av att få bättre underlag för hur de som konstruktörer påverkas vid projektering för att kunna klara olika miljöcertifieringar. Detta examensarbete behandlar Miljöbyggnad och LEED och valdes därför att de gäller på alla typer av byggnader. För Miljöbyggnad användes ett referensobjekt, ”Kvarteret Jongärdan”. Detta för att dels se vilket betyg byggnaden har och dels för att se vad som krävdes för att uppnå respektive betyg. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att skapa en manual, där konstruktörerna på Tyréns AB får information om hur de berörs av Miljöbyggnad och LEED. För Miljöbyggnad är detta presenterat i form av en checklista. Denna manual finns tillgänglig för konstruktörerna på Tyréns AB och är en sammanfattning av examensarbetet. Slutsatsen av denna rapport är att konstruktören påverkas i större grad vid Miljöbyggnad än med LEED. I Miljöbyggnad berördes konstruktören direkt av ungefär hälften av de 15 delmålen men vid LEED som bygger på ett poängsystem kunde konstruktören bara uppnå 38 poäng av 110. Detta beror på att LEED även tar hänsyn till vilken plats byggnaden är på, mycket runt omkring byggnaden som infrastrukturen och användning av transport. En annan slutsats är att den checklista som skapades för konstruktören även kan användas vid framtida projekt vid liknande byggnader då åtgärderna som vidtogs på referensobjektet ”kv. Jongärdan” visar att alla betyg kunde uppnås. I framtida projekt kan alltså konstruktören använda sig av checklistan och med hjälp av denna klara silver respektive guld för de indikatorerna som konstruktören berörs av. Målet med denna rapport har därmed uppfyllts.The buildings of Sweden stands for almost 40 % of the total energy use and this must change drastically (Naturvårdsverket, 2015).In order to create a standard and make it easier for building environmental work, environmental certifications have been established. Today there are four environmental certifications: “Miljöbyggnad”, LEED, BREEAM and Greenbuilding (Sweden Green Building Council, 2015b). Since environmental certifications have become more popular, Tyréns AB has experienced a larger demand for these and therefore wants more information about how the environmental certifications affect them as structural engineers. This thesis includes the environmental certifications, “Miljöbyggnad” and LEED. These two were chosen to study because they apply to all kinds of buildings. For “Miljöbyggnad” a reference object was used to see what grade it has and what it needed to achieve the other grades in “Miljöbyggnad”. The purpose of this project was to create a manual where the structural engineers get the information they need about how they can achieve “Miljöbyggnad” and LEED. For the certification called “Miljöbyggnad” this is presented in the form of a checklist. The conclusion of this thesis is that the structural engineer is affected more by the certification “Miljöbyggnad” than LEED. About half of the intermediate goals were affected by the structural engineer in “Miljöbyggnad” but with LEED, that consist of a system of points which the structural engineer could only reach 38 points of 110. That is because LEED is dependent on the area being good where the building is to be erected and it also takes into consideration things like infrastructure and the use of transportation. Another conclusion is that the checklist made for the structural engineer can also be used in future projects because the measures taken on the reference object “kv.Jongärdan” show that the criteria for all the different classifications could have been met. In future projects, the structural engineers can use the checklist to help them reach the conditions required for classifications silver or gold in “Miljöbyggnad” with similar buildings. The goal of this project has thereby been achieved.
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Wardell, Charles Cole. "Sustainably Retrofitting Commercial Buildings." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621605.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectThis capstone aims to study what types of sustainable renovation improvements would work best on older commercial buildings in Tucson. The issue being, what different types of upgrades are compatible with the types of buildings and environment in the Tucson area? This was determined with researching and comparing the data from three older buildings, which have undergone renovations and also received LEED certification. The results were significant in that the buildings studied had many similar improvements such as, installing high efficiency HVAC, upgrading insulation, using natural lighting to reduce artificial along with the usage of LED and or CFL bulbs. Low flow water fixtures were also used in all buildings to reduce water usage. The differences were the building in Phoenix also installed solar panels, along with a solar chimney for cooling, as the other two did not due to their locations in Illinois and Michigan. When these renovations were analyzed, many could be utilized in the Tucson environment. However, depending on the type of structure being renovated, the installation of HVAC, and the need for insulation could vary, due to some older buildings being brick or adobe.
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Gopakumar, Thiruvancheril Gopalakrishnan. "Electronic, geometric and functional-group effects in the adsorption of organic molecules STM and STS of ultra-thin layers of Phthalocyanines and Naphthalcyanines on graphite (0001) /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006.
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Wong, Philip C. L. "LEED crystallographic studies for chemisorption on rhodium and zirconium surfaces." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27568.
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The work in this thesis includes crystallographic investigations with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) for the surface structures designated Rh(111)-(√3x√3)30°-S, Rh(111)-(2x2)-0, Zr(0001)-(1x1)-0 and Zr(0001)-(1x1)-N. In each case intensity-versus-energy (I(E)) curves for a set of diffracted beams were measured with a video LEED analyzer, and then compared with the results of multiple scattering calculations made for various structural models. Levels of correspondence between experimental and calculated 1(E) curves were assessed with the reliability index proposed by Pendry, and surface geometries were determined by the conditions
for the best correspondence.
The LEED intensity analyses for both the Rh(111)-(√3x√3)30°-S and Rh(111)-(2x2)-0 surface structures indicate that S and 0 atoms adsorb respectively 1.53A and 1.23A above the "expected" hollow sites of three-fold coordination. These values correspond to nearest-neighbor Rh-S and Rh-0 bond distances equal to 2.18 and 1.98A respectively. For the Zr(0001)-(1x1)-0 and Zr(0001)-(1x1)-N surface structures studied, the multiple-scattering analyses suggest that the first involves 0 atoms occupying octahedral holes between successive bulk Zr layers, and that the substrate Zr layers undergo a fee type reconstruction. By contrast the N atoms in Zr(0001)-(1x1)-N appear to just occupy octahedral holes between the first and second layers of hep zirconium, exactly as reported by Shih et al. for the analogous structure formed on titanium. The LEED-determined Zr-0 and Zr-N bond distances are 2.30 and 2.27A respectively, in very close agreement with the values determined by X-ray crystallography for bulk ZrO (2.31A) and bulk ZrN (2.29A).
A preliminary study of oxygen chemisorption on the Zr(0001) surface has been made in the low-exposure regime with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and with measurements of the width of a half-order LEED beam. Some observations and conclusions are: (i) the diffusion of 0 atoms to the bulk effectively starts at around 236°C; (ii) oxygen adsorbs in a disordered state at room temperature but orders sufficiently to show a (2x2)-type LEED pattern on heating to 220°C; (iii) with increasing 0 exposure, 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the available sites can be systematically filled, prior to the establishment of an ordered (1x1)-0 surface; (iv) the process in (iii) can be reversed by starting with the (1x1)-O surface and heating above 236°C.
LEED and AES have also been used to compare the adsorption and coadsorption of 0₂ and H₂S on the Zr(0001) surface for exposures in the one to five Langmuir regime. The new observations made are: (i) sulfur forms a stable (3x3) surface structure after heating to 600°C; (ii) the Zr(0001) surface with high 0 coverage can still adsorb H₂S, whereas the Zr(0001) surface with high S coverage does not adsorb oxygen in detectable amounts; (iii) for surfaces with adsorbed H₂S the 150 eV to 92 eV Auger peak ratio suddenly increases on heating to 530°C. Observation (iii) has been tentatively interpreted in terms of hydrogen desorption. Finally, a set of 1(E) curves were measured for normal incidence on the Zr(0001)-(3x3)-S surface.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Zeng, Hua Chun. "LEED crystallographic studies for chemisorption on the Cu(100) surface." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29328.
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The work in this thesis includes LEED crystallographic studies with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) for the surface structures designated Cu(100)-(2x2)-S, Cu(100)-c(2x2)-N, Cu(100)-(√2x√2)45°-O and Cu(100)-(2x√2x√2)45°-O formed by chemisorption on the (100) surface of copper. In each case the intensity-versus-energy curves (I(E) curves) were measured with a video LEED analyser for a set of independent diffracted beams, and comparisons were made with the results of multiple-scattering calculations for various structural models. Levels of correspondence between experimental and calculated I(E) curves were assessed with visual comparisons as well as with the reliability indices introduced by Zanazzi and Jona and by Pendry. Surface structures were determined by the conditions for the best correspondence between the measured and calculated I(E) curves, and were analysed with bond length-bond order relationships to check chemical reasonableness.
The Cu(100)-(2x2)-S surface structure was obtained by the adsorption and presumed dissociation of H₂S on the (100) surface of the copper. An initial LEED intensity analysis which assumed the metal atoms remain in their regular bulk positions was made for 16 diffracted beams measured at normal incidence and at one off-normal incidence direction. This study indicated that S atoms adsorb 1.32 Å above the "expected" four-fold adsorption sites, which corresponds to a nearest-neighour S-Cu bond distance equal to 2.24 Å. The second LEED crystallographic study used data measured for the 5 beams at normal incidence to investigate the lateral and vertical relaxations experienced by the four Cu atoms which bond to S. It was found these atoms relax outwards by about 0.04 Å, a result that contrasts with a report from a recent analysis with the angle-resolved-photoemission extended-fine-structure (ARPEFS) method, which indicated an inward relaxation by 0.05 Å for this surface structure. The interlayer spacing between S and the first copper layer obtained by this work differs substantially from that by ARPEFS (1.29 Å and 1.42 Å respectively). Further LEED observations were performed for the S on Cu(100) system to address some beam splitting phenomena observed at higher sulphur coverage. In addition investigations were made to study the constancy of I(E) curves for corresponding beams with varying coverages of sulphur. This can be used to simplify some calculations, and to check the polar angle for a LEED analysis at off-normal incidence.
The Cu(100)-c(2x2)-N structure was prepared by the adsorption of nitrogen activated by an ion gun. The structural conclusions from LEED intensity studies differ markedly from those in two earlier reports in the literature. An initial intensity analysis with ten independent beams (at normal and off-normal incidences) showed that this surface structure involves N atoms incorporated deeply into the expected four-fold sites to become closely coplanar with the topmost copper layer. Each N atom then becomes 5-fold coordinated with bonding to the atom directly below in the second copper layer. A further analysis investigated the adsorbate induced relaxations. This indicated that the N atoms adsorb about 0.06 Å above the topmost copper layer, the Cu-Cu interlayer spacing between the first and the second metal layers increases by 0.04 Å from the bulk value (1.81 Å), and those Cu atoms in the second metal layer directly below N relax downward by about 0.09 Å.
A range of geometrical models have been considered for the oxygen on Cu(100) system. A LEED multiple-scattering analysis with ten independent diffracted beams for the Cu(100)-(√2x√2)45°-O surface indicates for chemisorption of O atoms on the fourfold hollow sites that the agreement is slightly better for coplanar adsorption than for adsorption about 0.75 Å above the topmost copper layer as reported by earlier ARPEFS and SEXAFS studies. A new model proposed here for the Cu(100)-(2√2x√2)45°-O surface has missing rows of copper atoms parallel to the [010] direction. Several versions of this model were considered in a LEED analysis which used 6 diffracted beams for normal incidence. This analysis indicated the O atoms adsorb at 0.5 monolayer coverage in sites adjacent to the missing rows (these sites would correspond to four-fold sites in the regular surface). O is held at close to 0.15 Å above the topmost copper layer, while the topmost Cu-Cu interlayer spacing increases to 2.02 Å; each oxygen atom then bonds to four neighbouring copper atoms with an average O-Cu bond length of 1.91 Å.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Murray, Stephen John. "Structural studies of surface systems using SPA-LEED and STM." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283038.
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Langar, Sandeep. "Routinization of Sustainable Innovation in Public Sector (A LEED Analysis)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33475.
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Innovation can be defined as â The use of non-trivial change and improvement in a process, product or the system that is novel to the institution developing the changeâ (Slaughter1998). And once an innovation is constantly used by an organization on a regular basis, it leads to routinization. Rogers (2003) defines routinization as â when an innovation has become incorporated into the regular activities of the organization and has lost its separate identity.â We also know from the prior research that the innovation could be segregated as per its technical attributes (process or product Innovation), types of innovation (incremental or radical innovation) or economic attributes (direct or indirect economic innovation).Through this study we are trying to observe whether public sector organizations routinize sustainable innovations that are used in the initial projects, and can a relationship be established between the selected attributes of those innovations including process-product, direct-indirect, radical-incremental innovation that may explain their routinization. The LEED Checklist was used as the baseline for studying routinization in public sector organizations. A group of four public sector organizations namely: Arizona State University, University of Florida, City of Austin and City of Seattle were selected on the basis of the constraints that were identified in the early stages of the study. Upon selecting these organizations the LEED Checklists were analyzed and the routinized credits were segregated. The LEED Checklist we segregated on the basis of the attributes of the innovation. To confirm the accuracy of the sorting process an Inter-Rater Reliability was established with the help of an expert panel. The results determined from the segregation process were made to overlap on the routinized credits from the LEED Checklist and the data retrieved was used for the final analysis. During the process of establishing the final results for this research, we segregated the general credits from the prerequisites to avoid any skewing of the results considering that both types of credits were based on different concepts. The results show that public sector organizations do routinize sustainable innovations that were used in the initial projects, and incremental innovation diffuses faster than the radical innovation; product innovation diffuses faster than process innovation; and direct economic innovation diffuses faster than the indirect economic innovation.Master of Science
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Persson, Martin, and John Ekstrand. "Undersökning av en industrifastighets material och resurshantering enligt miljöcertifieringssystemet LEED." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22357.
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Miljöcertifieringssystemet för byggnader, LEED (Leadership in Energy &Environmental Design) lanserades 1998 i USA av USGBC (United States GreenBuilding Council). USGBC är en icke vinstdrivande organisation, vars mål är attbidra till utökat hållbart byggande. Skanskas första byggnad som certifieradesenligt LEED färdigställdes 2001 i den amerikanska delstaten North Carolina. Islutet av februari 2009 offentliggjordes det att Skanska skall införa systemet i sinNordiska organisation.Undersökningen som genomförts handlar om ett av LEED New Constructions sexdelområden, Materials & Resources. Materialhanteringen för ett byggprojekt somSkanska uppfört har analyserats för att avgöra huruvida det skulle kunna erhållapoäng vid en certifiering enligt LEED. Metoden för undersökningen har varitsamtal med materialleverantörer och medarbetare från Skanskas organisation somvarit delaktiga i byggprojektet. Material som använts för undersökningen är LEEDfor New Construction Version 2.2 och projektdokumentation av olika slag. Enligtvår undersökning skulle det byggprojekt som vi analyserat kunnat erhålla tre avtotalt 13 poäng vid en certifiering.The environmental certification system for buildings, LEED (Leadership inEnergy & Environmental Design) was launched in 1998 by USGBC (UnitedStates Green Building Council). USGBC is a non-profit organization aiming foran expansion of sustainable building practices and education. The first ofSkanska’s buildings to be certified according to LEED standards was finished inNorth Carolina in 2001. By the end of February 2009 Skanska made public thatthe system was to be adopted in their Nordic organization.This study examines one of LEED New Construction’s six subcategories,Materials & Resources. The materials handling of a Skanska construction projecthas been analyzed to determine whether it could receive credits if certifiedaccording to LEED. The method used has been verbal contact with materialsuppliers and Skanska staff involved in the construction project. The theoreticalbasis has mainly been LEED for New Construction Version 2.2 and several kindsof project documentation. It is concluded in this study that the construction projectanalyzed could have received three of a total of 13 credits if certified.
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Wirdenius, Dag. "Miljöcertifieringssystemet LEED i Sverige : En uppsats om hur systemet kan förbättras." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95751.
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Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar miljöcertifieringssystemet LEED ur ett internationellt perspektiv. Uppsatsen behandlar den problematik som finns inom systemet och redogör för hur det bör utvecklas för att bli mer fungerande på den svenska såväl som internationella marknaden. I arbetet presenteras även förslag på punkter som bör förbättras eller tilläggas till systemet. Byggnader står för 40 % av den totala energiförbrukningen i Europa och miljöcertifiering av byggnader kan därför spela en viktig roll i att uppnå de gemensamma energi- och klimatmålen såväl som för utvecklingen av en hållbar framtid. Allt fler hyresgäster efterfrågar miljöcertifierade fastigheter och pressen på fastighetsägare ökar, då de måste börja certifiera sina befintliga byggnader för att konkurrera med energieffektiv nyproduktion. Miljöcertifiering ökar fokus mot miljöfrågor, driver på utvecklingen av miljötekniska lösningar och en LEED certifierad byggnad bidrar bland annat till förbättrad luft- och vattenkvalitet, minskad miljöpåverkan, ökat driftnetto och förbättrad hälsa bland hyresgäster. LEED är det miljöcertifieringssystem med störst internationellt spridning och allt fler svenska byggnader registreras och certifieras enligt LEED. Systemet är dock inte anpassat efter svenska förutsättningar. Det finns ett antal punkter som bör diskuteras för att systemet skall förbättras. Idag är certifieringsprocessen för tidskrävande, amerikanska standarder måste användas och det finns även problem gällande uppföljning och granskning av internationella projekt. En del av dessa punkter skulle kunna lösas genom att utbilda svenska granskare som har god kunskap om regionala förutsättningar, lagstiftning och standarder. Vidare skulle systemet kunna förbättra sin bedömning av inomhusmiljö genom att involvera fastighetens hyresgäster mer. Införandet av gröna hyresavtal och estetiska credits till systemet kan öka engagemanget bland hyresgäster såväl som kännedomen om LEED.This bachelor thesis examines the green building rating system Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) from an international and Swedish perspective. The thesis highlights the problems that exist within the system and describes how the system could better accommodate an international market. The report also presents suggestions for improvements and additions to the system. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the European energy consumption and Green buildings are therefore significant in reaching common energy and climate goals. An increasing number of tenants are demanding green buildings and the property owners are therefore forced to certify their existing buildings in order to compete with energy-efficient new construction. Green building rating systems are increasing focus on environmental issues, is pushing the development of technologies and a LEED certified building is contributing to minimized environmental impacts, increased net operating income and improved health among tenants. LEED is the largest international rating system and the number of registered and certified Swedish projects is increasing. However, the system was not developed to be used in Sweden and projects face challenges employing a U.S.-based rating system internationally. The certification process can be time consuming, required American standards may not agree with local regulations and there are also problems regarding the follow-up and review of international projects. Some of the areas of concern could be solved by increasing dialogue with Swedish reviewers that have good knowledge of regional conditions and standards. The system could also improve its chapter about indoor environment by involving the building's tenants more.
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Pacheco, Tathiana Cardoso. "Diagnóstico da gestão de resíduos na construção civil comparação de obras no Rio de Janeiro visando a certificação LEED e obras sem certificação." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4056.
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A implantação de práticas de gestão ambiental nos canteiros de obras se tornou de fundamental importância para o setor da construção civil. Nas obras de edificação que visam obter a certificação LEED, são implementadas práticas que buscam a minimização e o reaproveitamento dos resíduos de construção civil, representando uma possibilidade de redução dos impactos ambientais produzidos pelo setor. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo sobre a geração de resíduos de quatro obras de edificações no município do Rio de Janeiro, sendo que duas delas implantaram práticas para obtenção da certificação LEED. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa através de questionário com profissionais da construção civil buscando identificar a sua percepção sobre construções sustentáveis e gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Desconsiderando o solo de escavação, o entulho foi o resíduo mais gerado em todas as quatro obras, seguido pela sucata metálica, resíduos não recicláveis e madeira. A obra com certificação LEED apresentou o menor índice total de resíduos, 119,23 kg/m2, sendo este valor próximo às médias de países desenvolvidos.The implementation of environmental management practices at construction sites has become crucial for the construction industry. In the works aimed at building achieving LEED certification, are implemented practices that seek to minimize waste and reuse of construction, representing a possibility of reducing the environmental impacts produced by the sector. This paper presents a comparative study on the generation of waste from the works of four buildings in the city of Rio de Janeiro, two of which have implemented practices to obtain LEED certification. In addition, a survey was conducted through a questionnaire with construction professionals seeking to identify their understanding of sustainable buildings and solid waste management. Disregarding the soil excavation, dump the waste was generated over all four works, followed by scrap metal, wood and non-recyclable waste. The LEED-certified project presented the lowest total waste, 119.23 kg/m2, this value being close to the average of developed countries.
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Lee, Chiwon [Verfasser], and R. J. Dwayne [Akademischer Betreuer] Miller. "Development of Ultrabright Electron Sources and Time-Resolved Low-Energy Electron Diffractometer (LEED) / Chiwon Lee ; Betreuer: R.J. Dwayne Miller." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199539163/34.
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Gupta, Kaustav Haider Jawaid. "Toward sustainable design - the excluded issues LEED rating system in India /." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4634/index.html.
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Wehrli, Sara E. "The cost effective redesign of an apartment building using LEED standards." Muncie, IN : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/690.
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Griessl, Stefan Josef Helmuth. "Zweidimensionale Architekturen organischer Adsorbate: Untersuchung mittels STM, LEED, TDS und Kraftfeldsimulationen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200301475.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die experimentelle Untersuchung organischer Adsorbate mit Hilfe der Raster-Tunnel-Mikroskopie im Ultrahochvakuum (UHV) und an ambienten Bedingungen. Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit stehen Untersuchun-gen an selbstassemblierten Monolagen von Trimesinsäure. Eine vorgeschlagene Gast-Wirt-Struktur aus Trimesinsäure wurde erzeugt und mit submolekularer Auf-lösung abgebildet. Ferner ist es gelungen gezielt Gäste in die Wirtstruktur einzu-lagern und zu manipulieren. Als Gäste konnten, neben Trimesinsäure selbst, Coronen, Fullerene und Gold-Cluster gezeigt werden.