Relevant bibliographies by topics / Left Digit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Left Digit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Left Digit"

1

Savelkouls, Sophie, Katherine Williams, and Hilary Barth. "Linguistic inversion and numerical estimation." Journal of Numerical Cognition 6, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v6i3.273.

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Number line estimation (NLE) performance is usually believed to depend on the magnitudes of presented numerals, rather than on the particular digits instantiating those magnitudes. Recent research, however, shows that NLE placements differ considerably for target numerals with nearly identical magnitudes, but instantiated with different leftmost digits. Here we investigate whether this left digit effect may be due, in part, to the ordering of digits in number words. In English, the leftmost digit of an Arabic numeral is spoken first (“forty-one”), but Dutch number words are characterized by the inversion property: the rightmost digit of a two-digit number word is spoken first (“eenenveertig” – one and forty in Dutch). Participants (N = 40 Dutch-English bilinguals and N = 20 English-speaking monolinguals) completed a standard 0-100 NLE task. Target numerals were read aloud by an experimenter in either English or Dutch. Preregistered analyses revealed a strong left digit effect in monolingual English speakers’ estimates: e.g., 41 was placed more than two units to the right of 39. No left digit effect was observed among Dutch-English bilingual participants tested in either language. These findings are consistent with the idea that the order in which digits are spoken might influence multi-digit number processing, and suggests linguistic influences on numerical estimation performance.
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Sion, Guy, Rahav Tal, and Shai Meiri. "Asymmetric Behavior in Ptyodactylus guttatus: Can a Digit Ratio Reflect Brain Laterality?" Symmetry 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091490.

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The digit ratio, an indicator of brain laterality, is the ratio of the second and fourth digits on the left (L24) or right foot (R24). Much of the research on the digit ratio and brain laterality focuses on primates, rather than other species such as reptiles. We tested whether the digit ratio in the gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus was associated with behaviors attributed to brain laterality. We examined risk-taking behavior (time spent under cover), foot preference (which foot was the first to start moving) and the side from which geckos bypassed an obstacle, in relation to the digit ratio. Geckos with longer fourth digits on their left hind foot (higher digit ratio) spent more time under cover. Geckos starting to move with their left leg were much more likely to bypass obstacles from the right side, and vice versa. This is the first evidence of laterality being associated with the digit ratio in reptiles. Comparisons among vertebrates are needed in order to decipher the evolutionary origin of the commonalities and peculiarities of brain asymmetry and disentangle the patterns and drivers of our evolutionary tree.
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A, Ebeye O. "Anthropometric study of the 2D:4D digits ratio in Urhobo people of Southern Nigeria." International Journal of Forensic Medical Investigation 3, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21816/ijfmi.v3i2.57.

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ABSTRACT Background: Anthropometric study of the 2D:4D digits ratio in Urhobo people of Nigeria was carried out to determine the values of 2D and 4D lengths and ascertain if there are sexual differences between the 2D:4D ratios of male and female Urhobos. Materials and Method: A total of 300 volunteered (146 males and 154 females) Urhobo people were employed in the study aged 18 and above. The lengths of the index (2D) and ring (4D) digits were measured with a Vernier Caliper and 2D:4D digit ratios were calculated. Results: Results from the presents study showed that males had higher right index digit (R2D) lengths and ring digit (R4D) length compared to females. It was also revealed that males had higher left ring digit (L4D) lengths compared to females. However, females had higher left index (L2D) finger lengths compared to males. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that males had lower 2D:4D digits ratios compared with that of females and this was statistically significant (P<0.05).
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Fischer, Jean-Paul, and Christophe Luxembourger. "The Battle between the Correct and Mirror Writings of a Digit in Children’s Recognition Memory." Education Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070183.

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Recent research into character reversals in writings produced by occidental children has shown that they mainly reverse the left-oriented digits (1, 2, 3, 7, and 9) and therefore appear to apply a right-orienting rule. But do they produce similar reversal errors when asked to recognize the digits? In an experiment, based on eye-tracking observations of 50 children (Mage = 5.4 years), children had to point towards a target digit in a 2 × 2 matrix also containing three distractor digits, one of which was the mirror-reversed writing of the correctly written target digit. This recognition task led to a true “battle” in children’s memory between the two writings of the target digit. This battle is shown in the graphical abstract that represents a heat map from a sub-sample of children (on the left side) and the fixation points map from an individual child (on the right side). Rather than following the predicted right-orienting rule, the children’s responses appeared to be biased towards digits in the right-hand column of the 2 × 2 matrices (when the reversed target digit was not in the same column as the correctly written target digit). As a whole, these findings support the hypotheses that many 4- to 6-year-old’s representations of the digit writings are unoriented in their memory and that these children may adopt different solutions to overcome this lack of orientation depending on whether they write or read.
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Brouwer, Gijs Joost, Vanessa Arnedo, Shani Offen, David J. Heeger, and Arthur C. Grant. "Normalization in human somatosensory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 5 (November 2015): 2588–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00939.2014.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure activity in human somatosensory cortex and to test for cross-digit suppression. Subjects received stimulation (vibration of varying amplitudes) to the right thumb (target) with or without concurrent stimulation of the right middle finger (mask). Subjects were less sensitive to target stimulation (psychophysical detection thresholds were higher) when target and mask digits were stimulated concurrently compared with when the target was stimulated in isolation. fMRI voxels in a region of the left postcentral gyrus each responded when either digit was stimulated. A regression model (called a forward model) was used to separate the fMRI measurements from these voxels into two hypothetical channels, each of which responded selectively to only one of the two digits. For the channel tuned to the target digit, responses in the left postcentral gyrus increased with target stimulus amplitude but were suppressed by concurrent stimulation to the mask digit, evident as a shift in the gain of the response functions. For the channel tuned to the mask digit, a constant baseline response was evoked for all target amplitudes when the mask was absent and responses decreased with increasing target amplitude when the mask was concurrently presented. A computational model based on divisive normalization provided a good fit to the measurements for both mask-absent and target + mask stimulation. We conclude that the normalization model can explain cross-digit suppression in human somatosensory cortex, supporting the hypothesis that normalization is a canonical neural computation.
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Prakoso, Teguh Iman, Mohammad Thohar Arifin, Udadi Sadhana, Dik Puspasari, and Meira Dewi Kusuma Astuti. "Ekspresi Reseptor Estrogen, Reseptor Progesteron Dan Digit Ratio Pada Pasien Meningioma." Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v7i2.518.

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Latar belakang Meningioma merupakan tumor jinak intrakranial primer yang dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) sangat dipengaruhi oleh paparan hormon androgen prenatal khususnya estrogen dan testosteron. Tujuan Mengetahui hubungan reseptor estrogen (ER) dan reseptor progesteron (PR) dengan Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) pada pasien meningioma. Metode Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional study. Jumlah sampel sebesar 25 pasien meningioma yang dilakukan pemeriksaan ER dan PR. Pengukuran Digit Ratio dilakukan di poliklinik dan bangsal bedah syaraf RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Uji statistik menggunakan uji spearman. Hasil Digit Ratio kanan, kiri dan selisih kanan-kiri dengan nilai rerata 1,0046; 1,0021 dan 0,0492. Uji spearman, hubungan Digit Ratio kanan, Digit Ratio kiri dan Selisih Digit Ratio kanan kiri dengan PR didapatkan masin–masing nilai p = 0,5 (r = 0,1), p = 0,8 ( r = 0,1), dan p = 0,3 (r = 0,2). Hubungan Digit Ratio kanan, Digit Ratio kiri dan Selisih Digit Ratio kanan kiri dengan ER didapatkan masing–masing nilai p = 0,4 (r = 0,2), p = 0,5 ( r = -0,1), dan p = 0,9 (r = 0,1). Secara statistik terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah antara Digit Ratio kanan, Digit Ratio kiri, selisih Digit Ratio kanan kiri dengan ER dan PR pada pasien meningioma Simpulan Terdapat hubungan yang sangat lemah antara reseptor estrogen (ER) dan reseptor progesteron (PR) dengan Digit Ratio pada pasien meningioma. Kata kunci : Reseptor Estrogen, Reseptor Progesteron, Digit Ratio, Meningioma. Background Meningiomas are primary intracranial benign tumors that are affected by the balance of estrogen and progesterone. Digit Ratio (2D: 4D) is strongly influenced by exposure to prenatal androgen hormones especially estrogen and testosterone. Objective To determine the relationship between estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) with Digit Ratio (2D: 4D) in meningioma patients. Method Analytical observational research with cross-sectional study design. The total sample of 25 meningioma patients who underwent ER and PR examinations. Digit Ratio measurements were performed at the clinic and neurosurgical ward of RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. The Spearman test was used for the statistical test. Results Right, left and right-left difference digit ratio with mean value of 1.0046; 1,0021 and 0,0492. After Spearman test, the relationship between right Digit Ratio, left Digit Ratio and Difference between right and left Digit Ratio with PR was p = 0.5 (r = 0.1), p = 0.8 (r = 0.1), and p = 0.3 (r = 0.2). Correlation between right Digit Ratio, left Digit Ratio and Difference between left and right Digit Ratio with ER was p = 0.4 (r = 0.2), p = 0.5 (r = -0.1), and p = 0.9 (r = 0.1). Statistically there is a very weak relationship between right Digit Ratio, left Digit Ratio, difference between right and left Digit Ratio with ER and PR in patients with meningiomas. Conclusions There is a very weak relationship between estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and Digit Ratio in meningioma patient. Keywords: Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, Digit Ratio, Meningioma.
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Lin, Keh-Chung, Sharon A. Cermak, Marcel Kinsbourne, and Catherine A. Trombly. "Effects of left-sided movements on line bisection in unilateral neglect." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2, no. 5 (September 1996): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770000148x.

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AbstractThirteen patients with left neglect performed line bisection under four conditions: no cue, visual cueing involving the report of a digit placed at the left end of the line, circling the left-end digit, and digit circling plus tracing of the line with the right index finger from its left end to its midpoint before bisection. Digit circling plus finger tracing was unequivocally more effective in reducing left neglect than digit circling alone, which was in turn more effective than visual cueing; indeed, digit circling with tracing completely abolished the rightward bisection bias. Thus continuously directing visuomotor control to the left side of the line (even with the right hand) until bisection is performed reduces neglect more than only requiring patients to attend to left-sided visual cues. The facilitatory effects of the cueing procedures may reflect their differential efficacy in constraining as well as attracting attention and action to the left part of the target line. These findings have implications for neglect rehabilitation. (JINS, 1996, 2, 404–411.)
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Repetto, Luca, and Alex Solís. "The Price of Inattention: Evidence from the Swedish Housing Market." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 6 (November 23, 2019): 3261–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz065.

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Abstract Do behavioral biases affect prices in a high-stakes market? We study the role of left-digit bias in the purchase of an apartment. Left-digit bias is the failure to fully process digits after the first, perceiving prices just below a round number (such as $3.99) as cheaper than their round counterpart ($4). Apartments with asking prices just below round millions are sold at a 3%–5% higher final price after an auction. This effect appears not to be driven by differences in observables or in real estate agents’ behavior. Auctions for apartments listed just below round numbers are more competitive and attract more bidders and bids.
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Lacetera, Nicola, Devin G. Pope, and Justin R. Sydnor. "Heuristic Thinking and Limited Attention in the Car Market." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 2206–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2206.

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Can heuristic information processing affect important product markets? Analyzing over 22 million wholesale used-car transactions, we find evidence of left-digit bias in the processing of odometer values, whereby individuals focus on the number's leftmost digits. The bias leads to discontinuous drops in sale prices at 10,000-mile odometer thresholds, along with smaller drops at 1,000-mile thresholds. These findings reveal that information-processing heuristics matter even in markets with large stakes and easily observed information. We model left-digit bias in an inattention framework and structurally estimate the inattention parameter. Empirical patterns suggest the results are driven by final customers rather than professional agents. (JEL D12, D44, D83, L81)
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Black, F. William. "Neuroanatomic and Neuropsychologic Correlates of Digit Span Performance by Brain-Damaged Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.815.

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Digit repetition performance was examined in samples of adult brain-injured patients having confirmed unilateral lesions. The primary purposes of the study were to investigate the sensitivity of forward and backward repetition to the effects of lateralized brain lesions and to assess the differential neuroanatomic and neuropsychologic substrates of the two forms of digit repetition. Digit repetition, especially digits backward and particularly by patients with left-hemisphere lesions, was significantly lower than would be predicted on the basis of intelligence. However, impaired repetition was not invariably a consequence of brain damage. Correlational data suggested but could not confirm hypotheses about either the functional or the neuroanatomic substrate in differential performance on digits forward and backward. Problems implicit in using measures having a high intellectual loading in clinical studies are discussed, as are suggestions for further research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Left Digit"

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Kupadakvinij, Naree, and Saruta Cholviroj. "Internationalization of Pricing Strategy : A case study on 9-Ending Prices using by Thai and Swedish retailers." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10633.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The quantitative research approach is the chosen method in order to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The collection of data will be mainly concentrated on primary data through brochures from retailers in both countries. Evaluation of the price endings for advertised products in the brochures from Thai and Swedish retailers founded the distinctions between the use of 9-ending prices in many ways such as the way the retailers used left and right digits for price endings, the way they set the prices compared between the same product category and the same product sub-category.
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Sokolova, Tatiana. "Mental Arithmetic in Consumer Judgments : Mental Representations, Computational Strategies and Biases." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHEC0006/document.

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Dans ma thèse, j’étudie les représentations mentales et les processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent le calcul mental sur le marché. Cette thèse contribue à la recherche de prix psychologique en décrivant de nouveaux facteurs qui influencent les jugements de prix des consommateurs. En particulier, je découvre facteurs qui rendent les consommateurs plus ou moins susceptibles d’arrondir les prix vers le bas (Essai 1) et les facteurs qui déterminent leur tendance à se fixer sur les différences de pourcentage (Essai 3). En outre, cette recherche fournit de nouvelles perspectives à la littérature de budgétisation mentale en identifiant des stratégies de calcul mental qui conduisent à des estimations panier de prix plus précis (Essay 2). Dans l'ensemble, ma recherche va contribuer à notre compréhension des jugements de prix des consommateurs et proposer des contextes et des stratégies conduisant à des évaluations de prix plus précis
In my dissertation I look at mental representations and cognitive processes that underlie mental arithmetic in the marketplace. This research contributes to behavioral pricing literature by outlining novel factors that influence consumers’ price difference judgments. Particularly, I uncover factors that make consumers more or less likely to fall prey to the left-digit anchoring bias (Essay 1) and factors that determine their tendency to rely on relative thinking in price difference evaluations (Essay 3). Further, this research provides new insights to the mental budgeting literature by identifying mental computation strategies that lead to more accurate basket price estimates (Essay 2). Overall, I expect my research to contribute to our understanding of consumers’ price judgments and suggest contexts and strategies leading to more accurate price evaluations
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Wang, Jyh-Wen, and 王志文. "On the Conditions Affecting the Left-Digit Effect." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4nfgg3.

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博士
國立中央大學
企業管理學系
104
The left-digit effect describes what happens when product prices are presented in a certain way, for example at one cent below a whole number. The influence exerted means that prices are encoded at significantly different levels when the leftmost digit is changed to a lower level (e.g., $3.00 and $2.99), but this is not the case if the leftmost digit remains unchanged (e.g., $3.20 to $3.19). It has been shown that the leftmost digits can exert a disproportionate influence on the encoding of the perceived magnitude of a price when the leftmost digits differ and when the two prices being compared are closer (e.g., $3.99 vs. $5.00 compared to $3.99 vs. $6.00). The left-digit effect has been shown to have a big impact on the perceived numerical difference. However, in prior research relatively little was known about the possible impact of moderating variables on the left-digit effect. In this dissertation, an analog model adapted from the numerical cognition literature (Adaval and Monroe 2002; Monroe and Lee 1999) is used to explore how the left-digit effect and perceived numerical difference may be influenced by physical and psychological factors, and a much wider price level. Eight experiments are carried out to assess the conditions under which the left-digit effect occurs or weakens with the goal at providing a deeper understanding of the processing mechanisms that underlie this form of perceptual distortion. Further, it is hoped that this endeavor will contribute to our understanding of the boundaries to the left-digit effect. The results of study 1 show that a nine ending price affects the perceived difference between two compared prices only if the leftmost digit changes, as in Thomas and Morwitz (2005). In study 2, the empirical study of the left-digit effect to is extended to non-nine ending numbers. Similarly, three digit numbers ending in 7 (e.g., 297 vs. 300) can also be underestimated in the same way as numbers ending in 9 (e.g., 299 vs. 300). Study 3 to study 6 seek to explore the effect of price font size, distance between digits, and orientation (horizontal vs. vertical) on the relationship of left digit and perceived difference between two compared prices. The results indicate that the left-digit effect does not occur when the font size of the target price is magnified, the distance between the price digits is increased or the prices are displayed using a vertical model. In short, price font size, the way the price is displayed, and physical separation between the digits can affect numerical difference perceptions when comparing two prices. In studies 6 and 7 are designed to explore how the left-digit effect and perceived numerical difference may be influenced by both the digit size and the number of digits. In study 6, a comparison of regular and sale prices, specifically three digit integers with different leftmost digits, shows that consumers perceive the price discount to be larger when the left digit is small (e.g., 1 or 4) than when it is large (e.g., 7). The lower the two prices being compared, the more likely it is that the left-digit effect will occur. The results of study 7 show that the perceived discount is likely to diminish when the number of digits is increased to produce a four digit integer. In other words, the number of digits can affect perceptions of the numerical difference when comparing two prices. Thus, the effect of a left-digit change to produce a nine-ending price would be weaker for higher-priced products. The findings indicate the existence of a novel boundary to the left-digit effect. Study 8 is designed to further to explore how the dimensions of psychological distance and motivation affect the left-digit effect. The results suggest that the left-digit effect occurs when participants have a time constraint or have a low motivation to process information; it does not occur when participants have sufficient motivation to process information and the time constraint is less. In other words, when the motivation to deal with information is high and there is little pressure, consumers are more likely to process information systematically which tends to weaken the left-digit effect.
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Yu, Shu-li, and 游曙吏. "The effects of left-digit phenomena, NFC, and purchase involvement on the perception of prices for consumption goods." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v7a695.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用外語研究所
94
In order to increase their sales, companies endeavor to lure and stimulate consumers to purchase products through promotional activities, particularly monetary promotions. However, not all monetary promotions influence consumers to purchase products because differences in consumer characteristics and behaviors, such as need for cognition (NFC) and purchase involvement, create different attitudes toward promotions. The question of whether consumers treat a nine-ending price to be cheaper than a zero-ending price has been discussed for long. Recent researches indicate that the left-digit effect has a significant impact on the revenue of firms. A number of researchers suggest that prices with left-digit effects increase the revenues of companies. Although monetary promotions such as left-digit effect and nine-ending prices influence consumers to purchase more, NFC and purchase involvement may be a couple of the important elements that affect the purchase decision of consumers. NFC as one of the elements that affects the purchase decision of consumers has been robustly discussed; this study involves a further research of the question of whether NFC can be one of components that influences consumers who are affected by the left-digit effect. Consumers with high and low NFC and purchase involvement exhibit different purchasing behaviors. In other words, different levels of NFC and purchase involvement cause consumers to select different products. Different considerations and attitudes toward consumption can be classified into high and low price cognition. This research investigates the viewpoint that different monetary promotions cause different perceptions of price because of different levels of NFC and purchase involvement among consumers. For the purpose of this study, the questionnaire survey method is employed. Four hundred and fifty nine undergraduate university students, 135 males and 314 females in the age group of 17 to 25, from the Department of Business Administration participated in the survey. The results of the first study provide the foundation for the framework. We find that different levels of NFC affect the purchasing inclination of consumers. Not all left-digit effects encourage consumers to purchase products; left-digit effects influence consumers only if they have a low NFC. In addition, we find that different levels of purchase involvement may not be limited to a lower or same left digit. Bearing in mind individual differences, questions regarding whether promotional activities are associated with personal relevance, whether those activities or products can captivate consumers’ interests, and whether consumers can afford the products play an important role for companies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Left Digit"

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King, Brian. "wNAF*, an Efficient Left-to-Right Signed Digit Recoding Algorithm." In Applied Cryptography and Network Security, 429–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68914-0_26.

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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Essential Mathematics." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0005.

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Significant figures are the number of digits in a measured or calculated value that are statistically significant or offer reasonable and reliable information. Significant figures in any measurement usually contain digits that are known with certainty and one digit that is uncertain. To determine the number of significant figures, follow these rules. 1. All nonzero digits (1–9) are significant. For example, 125 has 3 significant figures and 14.44 has 4 significant figures. 2. Leading zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit in the number are not significant. They are only used to fix the position of the decimal. For example: • 0.007 has one significant figure • 0.000105 has 3 significant figures • 0.000000000015 has 2 significant figures 3. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. For example: • 5.005 has 4 significant figures • 50.05 has 4 significant figures • 500.0000075 has 10 significant figures 4. All zeros to the right of the decimal point in a number greater than 1 are significant. For example: • 25.00 has 4 significant figures • 0.1250 has 4 significant figures • 0.2000 has 4 significant figures 5. Zeros at the end of a number may or may not be significant. They are significant only if there is a decimal point in the number. For example: • 1500 has 2 significant figures • 1500. has 4 significant figures • 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 has 3 significant figures • 404,570,000 has 5 significant figures • 404,590,000. has 9 significant figures Rounding off is a process of eliminating nonsignificant digits from a calculated number. The rules governing rounding off are summarized below: 1. If the nonsignificant digit is less than 5, round it and all digits to its right off. For example, 100.5129 is equal to 100.5 if rounded off to 4 significant figures. 2. If the nonsignificant digit to the right of the last digit to be retained is a 5 followed by zeros, the last digit is increased by one if it is odd, and is left unchanged if it is even. For example, 64.750 is 64.8 to 3 significant digits, but 25.850 is 25.8 to 3 significant figures.
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Érdi, Péter. "Ranking games." In Ranking, 127–59. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935467.003.0006.

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This chapter starts with a discussion of the magic power of round numbers and left-digit effects, and it then deals with two popular ranking games concerning colleges and countries. A recurring theme in our complex world pertains to the question of whether it is possible to summarize the performance of an organization faithfully with a single score. Schools are complex social organizations that serve a variety of purposes, and measuring their progress toward these goals is obviously tricky. Students, admissions offices, and college administrators are the major stakeholders in the college ranking game. Ranking colleges not only provides a passive mirror of the institutional landscape but also drives changes within the institutions. Similarly, ranking countries both reflects the current state and motivates change. While some believe that the idea of the nation-state is outdated and a source of conflict, countries remain a primary means of controlling people, organizing society, and managing the distribution of wealth. Measuring corruption and freedom within countries is difficult, and the ranking of countries based on these measurements is discussed.
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Agwu, Edwin. "Contemporary Management Approaches to the Global Hospitality and Tourism Industry." In Contemporary Management Approaches to the Global Hospitality and Tourism Industry, 45–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2204-2.ch003.

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This chapter describes how the era of brick and mortar, hitherto called the analogue years, has given way to the era of digits where everything functions with the touch of a button. From agriculture to banking, health to education, information search to manufacturing; and the hospitality and tourism sector is not left out. Information and communication technologies (ICT) has changed the way businesses are done in contemporary ways. The business environment and their managers have been challenged to think of how to integrate the opportunities posed by technology into their business models for competitive advantages.
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Wei, James. "Product Marketing." In Product Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159172.003.0015.

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A marketer should follow the maxim of the 4th century BC strategist Sun-zi, who said “Know self, know opponents, hundred battles, hundred victories.” We are the chemical processing industries (CPI), which is a collection of firms that manufacture and sell a range of products that involve chemistry and employ many chemical engineers. The buyers are consumers, businesses, governments, and foreigners. When we consider selling a product to a buyer, we pay particular attention to profitable and growing markets where our product has a relative advantage over competition. It takes a bold pioneer to introduce a new product that requires the creation of a new market. Let us study the sellers of chemical products, which are collectively called the CPI. These manufacturers are skilled in the use of chemical reactions and separations to make their products, and they employ many chemical engineers and chemists, often in highly responsible positions. Many of the firms in the CPI are also our suppliers of raw materials and intermediates, our customers for our products, and our competition in making and selling their products. The Statistical Abstract of the United States is published annually by the U.S. Census Bureau, which groups all the economic activities in the United States into 11 divisions by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). The manufacturing division is divided into 20 sections designated by two-digit numbers. The manufacturers that involve chemistry intensively are listed in table 9.1, by two 2-digit numbers, such as: 20 Food, 28 Chemicals, and 29 Petroleum Refining. The table lists the number of establishments, the number of employees and value of shipment in 1996. The SIC 28, “Chemical and Allied Products,” is the basic supplying industry to the other sectors. Table 9.1 also gives the subdivision of SIC 28 into three-digit subsectors, such as: 281 Industrial Inorganics, 283 Drugs, and 286 Industrial Organics. The subsectors of 281 and 286 form the core of the Chemical and Allied Products, as they provide raw material and intermediates for the rest of the subsectors, such as 282 Plastics and 287 Agricultural chemicals.
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6

Taber, Douglass F. "Chloranthalactone (Liu), Rumphellaone A (Kuwahara), Lactiflorin (Bach), Echinosporin (Hale), Harveynone (Taylor), (6,7-deoxy)-Yuanhuapin (Wender)." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0082.

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The lindenane sesquiterpenes, exemplified by chloranthalactone 4, display interesting physiological activity. Bo Liu of Sichuan University assembled (Organic Lett. 2011, 13, 5406) 4 by opening the epoxide 1 to the carbene, which cyclized to 3. Establishment of the relative configuration of sidechain stereogenic centers is a continuing issue in carbocyclic synthesis. Shigefumi Kuwahara of Tohoku University paired (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 705) Sharpless epoxidation, to prepare 5, with the Stork epoxy nitrile cyclization, leading to (+)-rumphellaone A 7. Three competing structures had been put forward for the structure of (+)-lactiflorin 10. Thorsten Bach of the Technische Universität München settled (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 1261) this controversy by preparing the most likely structure, 10, and showing that it was congruent with the natural product. A key step in the synthesis was the tethered 2+2 cycloaddition of 8 to give 9. The conversion of a carbohydrate to a carbocycle is a powerful strategy for the enantiospecific construction of natural products. En route to (–)-echinosporin 14, Karl J. Hale of Queen’s University Belfast added (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 3024) the allene 12 to the enone 11, prepared from glucose, to give the cyclopentene 13. Richard J.K. Taylor of the University of York prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6619) the enone 16 by oxidation of m-iodophenol 15 followed by asymmetric epoxidation. Reduction followed by deprotection and Pd-mediated coupling delivered (–)-harveynone 17. Some of the daphnane diterpene orthoesters, exemplified by (6,7-deoxy)-yuanhuapin 20, are single-digit nanomolar inhibitors of protein kinase C. Paul A. Wender of Stanford University, in the course of initial studies to optimize this remarkable activity, prepared (Nature Chem. 2011, 3, 615) 20 by way of the thermal cyclization of 18 to 19.
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7

Ferguson, Rex. "Impressions." In Identification Practices in Twentieth-Century Fiction, 29–73. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865568.003.0002.

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In 1901, fingerprinting was first implemented by Scotland Yard for the purposes of criminal identification, usurping Alphonse Bertillon’s anthropometric system of body measurements in the process. Recording identity in the imprint left by a body’s digits allowed for the identification of individuals on a mass scale, ‘fixing’ their identity with apparently incontrovertible certainty. But in this chapter it will be argued that the fingerprint also served as an example of a much more enigmatic and ‘impressionistic’ identity. Gathering together the most noticeable and telling features of how fingerprints were first thought of as a means of identification, lines of comparison are then drawn with two other discourses which have a similarly impressionistic basis: firstly the early writing of Sigmund Freud and, secondly, the Literary Impressionism of Joseph Conrad. Focusing especially closely on Conrad’s Lord Jim (1900) the chapter argues that while the eponymous ‘Jim’ remains obscure even by the novel’s conclusion, the identity of the narrator, Marlow, is made apparent throughout the narration: Marlow essentially smears his prints all over the text. In lifting prints, analysing traces, and reading impressions fingerprinting, psychoanalysis and Literary Impressionism read identity in the signs made during its contact with the external world—signs which had to subsequently be enhanced, analysed and represented by authoritative experts who could make such identity visible.
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8

Trinkaus, Erik, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Maria B. Mednikova, and Maria V. Dobrovolskaya. "The Sunghir Human Hands." In The People of Sunghir. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381050.003.0016.

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As the interface between the body and technology, in all of its myriad forms, the skeletal hand morphology of Late Pleistocene humans has received increasing attention since the work of Sarasin (1932) and especially Musgrave (1970, 1971, 1973), as paleoanthropologists have documented a series of contrasts between archaic Homo and recent human hand bones (e.g., Vlček 1975; Trinkaus 1983b; Vandermeersch 1991; Niewoehner et al. 1997; Niewoehner 2001, 2008; Crevecoeur 2008; Lorenzo 2007; Trinkaus in press). However, since there were major changes in human technology between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, and especially with the Mid Upper Paleolithic (MUP), the comparisons of concern should be between late archaic humans and early modern humans. For the Early Upper Paleolithic, the latter include relatively complete hand remains from Nazlet Khater 2 and scattered hand bones from Tianyuan 1 and Brassempouy (Henry-Gambier et al. 2004; Crevecoeur 2008; Shang and Trinkaus 2010). There are then relatively abundant hand remains from the MUP (Verneau 1906; Matiegka 1938; Mallegni et al. 1999; Sládek et al. 2000; Trinkaus 2006c; Trinkaus et al. 2010, 2014), including some immature ones (Mallegni and Parenti 1973; Sergi et al. 1974; Trinkaus et al. 2002b). Yet few of them have been described in detail. In this context, the Sunghir manual remains are described and select aspects are compared across Late Pleistocene samples (principally features that appear to change with the emergence of modern humans). For these descriptions and comparisons, the Sunghir 1 hand bones are paleontologically well preserved. Of the 54 bones potentially present for Sunghir 1 (not counting pollical sesamoid bones), 49 are known, and none sustained more than minor marginal erosion. The originally missing bones include one pisiform bone and four distal phalanges from the ulnar digits. During and after excavation, the right and left hands were mixed, so that the bones have been sorted based on morphology and (for the ulnar middle and distal phalanges) size.
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9

"account was developed from an analysis of the various elements to be accounted for. The logic that prevailed in the selection of the order of presentation of charges was based on the distinction be­ tween the major economic and financial operations usually con­ ducted by the firm. First, production operations necessitate the purchase of material, the payment of wages to employees and of taxes to the state, and the incurring of various operating expenses. Next, a category was created to register financial charges resulting from the firm’s financing policy. Finally, a category was devoted to the cost of permanent productive means related to the period: depreciation of fixed assets. On the revenue side of the trading account, resources coming from the sale of production or pur­ chased goods were shown first, since they result from the primary activity of the firm. Next, sales revenues from two secondary sources were shown in separate categories. Production by the firm of its own fixed assets, which was considered revenue since it represented a transfer of charges to the balance sheet, also ap­ peared under a separate heading. Finally, a category was allocated to revenues from financial operations such as interest and divi­ dends. Aside from financial accounting provisions, the plan con­ tained an important section on cost accounting. As mentioned earlier in the case of the CNOF Plan, to maximize both the stan­ dardization of financial accounting and the flexibility and adapt­ ability of the cost accounting system, the plan reserved a separate class for cost accounts, number 9. Separation of cost accounting also favored the progressive introduction of cost accounting, with­ out delaying the application of the financial accounting section of the plan. The role assigned to cost accounting by the plan was threefold, including the periodic determination of: 1. The cost of manufactured or purchased products; 2. Inventories, using the perpetual inventory method; 3. The results of operations by each branch or subdivision of the firm's activities In the general plan, a main structure for industrial accounting was prescribed, leaving the problem of application to particular cases to company plans. Two measures ensured the flexibility and adaptability of the plan. First of all, the use of the decimal system meant that any account could be subdivided by adding extra digits to the account number. Secondly, the free accounts left in the general plan could be used to fill specific needs. 294." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 350. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-51.

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10

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Conference papers on the topic "Left Digit"

1

Angello, Leonard C., and Carlo Castaldini. "Combustion Tuning Guidelines: Understanding and Mitigating Dynamic Instabilities in Modern Gas Turbine Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54081.

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DLN combustors used in modern utility Combustion Turbines (CTs) must operate within tight tolerances of equivalence ratio, fuel/air mixing and turbulence in order to deliver single digit NOx emission performance, while maintaining combustion stability and design power output. As lean NOx emissions from large CTs are driven to increasingly lower levels, even small changes in combustion conditions or manufacturing tolerances can lead to the onset of combustion instabilities and acoustic combustion noise. If left unattended, dynamic oscillations in ultra-low NOx premix combustors can produce resonant acoustics that can in turn cause adverse impacts on performance, including the ability to deliver capacity, or the premature failure of critical system components and emergency shut-downs. For example, it is widely accepted that extreme changes in ambient temperature, or minor changes in fuel composition and temperature, or the use of power augmentation techniques under certain conditions, can lead to combustion instabilities. EPRI is leading a multi-task program to map the operating regime for stable combustion in modern DLN combustors; identify key operating conditions that most influence the onset of combustion instabilities; and develop DLN tuning guidelines based on users’ experience and vendors’ monitoring and control systems. The overall objective of these projects is to maximize the operational flexibility of modern CTs based on implementation of active monitoring and control guidelines aimed at anticipating, preventing, and effectively responding to the onset of combustion-induced dynamic instabilities and CT noise. This paper briefly discusses the dynamics of combustion instabilities in premix DLN combustors; presents the preliminary results from detailed parametric analysis of a large database; and our findings on DLN tuning approaches such as modulating fuel flows and changing inlet guide vanes, that can be used effectively to control combustion instabilities.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Left Digit' for particular source types:
Journal articles
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