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1

Manikandan, Nanthini, Srinivansan M, Shanmugananth Elayaperumal, and Abinaya Paneerselvam. "Prevalence Of Hamstring Tightness And Associated Risk Factor Among Non-Professional Football Players." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 6 (2025): 84–91. https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2844.

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Background: Hamstring tightness is a common issue among football players, particularly nonprofessionals, due to inadequate training, poor flexibility, and muscle imbalances. Tight hamstrings can lead to a higher risk of injuries, affecting performance and long-term musculoskeletal health. Identifying the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its associated risk factors can help implement targeted prevention strategies1. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its risk factors among non-professional football players. Method: This cross-sectional observational study included 50 non-professional football players aged 18-25. Participants were assessed using the Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Risk factors such as inadequate warm-up, training load, and muscle strength imbalances were evaluated using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems. Results: Analysis of 50 participants revealed an average SLR test score of 48.3° ± 11.4° for the right leg and 48.76° ± 10.43° for the left leg, indicating a significant prevalence of hamstring tightness. The mean LEFS score was 49.47 ± 10.83, showing functional limitations among players. Factors such as inadequate warm-up, insufficient strength training, and fatigue were significantly associated with hamstring tightness. The correlation between the lower extremity functional scale and risk factor analysis is Significant. Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of hamstring tightness and associated risk factors among non-professional football players. Preventive measures, including structured warm-up routines, strength training, and flexibility exercises, are essential to reduce hamstring tightness and prevent injuries⁵.
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Sharif, Arbela, Sajid Mehmood, Basit Mahmood, Ayesha Siddiqa, Muhammad Aleem Altaf Hassan, and Mahad Afzal. "Comparison of Hamstrings Flexibility among Regular and Irregular Muslim Prayer Offerers." Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences 3, no. 1 (2023): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55735/hjprs.v3i1.126.

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Background: Muslim prayer (salaat/namaz) is a moderate exercise, the body's muscle contraction is both isotonic and isometric during its performance. Two main flexion postures of salaat Rukku and Sujood have a positive effect on the flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles. Objective: To explore the effects of Rukku posture on the flexibility of hamstring muscles in female students and to promote the physical benefits of Muslim prayers on the normal population. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 400 students, 200 of them were regular prayer offerers and 200 were irregular prayer offerers. Both groups were selected with the help of a questionnaire about the number of prayers offered regularly and posture used for praying and some other questions of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The flexibility of the hamstring muscles was measured by the chair sit and reach test and the straight leg raise test. SPSS v20 was used to calculate the data and the quantitative variables are represented as mean and standard deviation, both groups were compared through the paired sample t-test within groups and between groups performed. Results: On comparison of both groups regular prayer offerers and irregular prayer offerers for hamstring flexibility. It is found that the mean score of the chairs sit and reach test of the regular prayer offerers group is 0.9 for the left leg and 1.3 for the right leg and in irregular prayer offerers for the left leg is -2.0 and for the right leg is -1.8. The mean score of the straight leg raise test regular prayer offerers group, for the right leg is 72 and for the left leg is 64 and in the irregular prayer offerers group, it scores 54 for the right leg and 52 for the left leg. Conclusion: It concludes that Ruku's posture has a significant positive effect on hamstring flexibility. Female students perform Muslim prayers regularly and five times have more flexible hamstring muscles when compared with irregular prayer offerers. Lack of physical activity and prolonged use of computer and mobile phones is causing poor body postures and musculoskeletal pains among the young population.
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O’Connor, Siobhán, Noel McCaffrey, Enda F. Whyte, Michael Fop, Brendan Murphy, and Kieran A. Moran. "Is Poor Hamstring Flexibility a Risk Factor for Hamstring Injury in Gaelic Games?" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 7 (2019): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0304.

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Context:Hamstring injuries are a leading cause of injury in Gaelic games. Hamstring flexibility as a risk factor for hamstring injury has not yet been examined prospectively in Gaelic games.Objective:To examine whether hamstring flexibility, using the modified active knee extension (AKE) test, and previous injury are risk factors for hamstring injury in Gaelic players and to generate population-specific AKE cutoff points.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:School and colleges.Patients (or Other Participants):Adolescent and collegiate Gaelic footballers and hurlers (n = 570).Intervention(s):The modified AKE test was completed at preseason, and hamstring injuries were assessed over the course of one season. Any previous hamstring injuries were noted in those who presented with a hamstring injury.Main Outcome Measures:Bilateral AKE scores and between-leg asymmetries were recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curves were implemented to generate cutoff points specific to Gaelic players. Univariate and backward stepwise logistic regression analyses were completed to predict hamstring injuries, hamstring injuries on the dominant leg, and hamstring injuries on the nondominant leg.Results:Mean flexibility of 64.2° (12.3°) and 64.1° (12.4°) was noted on the dominant and nondominant leg, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curves generated a cutoff point of < 65° in the AKE on the nondominant leg only. When controlled for age, AKE on the nondominant leg was the only predictor variable left in the multivariate model (odds ratio = 1.03) and significantly predicted hamstring injury (χ2 = 9.20,P = .01). However, the sensitivity was 0% and predicted the same amount of cases as the null model. It was not possible to generate a significant model for hamstring injuries on the dominant leg (P > .05), and no variables generated aPvalue < .20 in the univariate analysis on the nondominant leg.Conclusions:Poor flexibility noted in the AKE test during preseason screening and previous injury were unable to predict those at risk of sustaining a hamstring strain in Gaelic games with adequate sensitivity.
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Bhosle, Dr Pooja, and Dr Syed Rais Akhter Rizvi. "Comparison of Mulligan Bent Leg Raise (BLR) Versus Traction Straight Leg Raise (TSLR) Technique in Hamstring Tightness in Sewing Machine Operators with Low Back Pain." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, no. 3 (2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220712.

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Background and Objectives: Mulligans Bent Leg Raise (BLR) and Traction Straight Leg Raise (TSLR) both have been showed improvement in hamstring flexibility. The objective of the study was to find the comparative effect of Mulligans Bent Leg Raise (BLR) over Traction Straight Leg Raise (TSLR) in hamstring tightness in sewing machine operators with low back pain. Methods: 40 sewing machine operators with Hamstring tightness in terms of Lack Of Active knee extension test more than 200 were randomly allocated in two groups. Group A (N=11; M=8, F=9) Mulligans Bent Leg Raise Technique and Group B (N=20; M=9, F=11) received Traction Straight Leg Raise technique. The outcome was assessed in terms of hamstring flexibility by Back saver sit and reach test and disability by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire at pre and post intervention. Results: The result of present study demonstrated that Both the interventions in group-A (BLR) and group-B (TSLR) were found to be individually effective in treating sewing machine operators with hamstring tightness and low back pain in increasing BSSR in both right and left side and decreasing the disability. But, while compared the post test outcomes in between the groups, there was no much difference in between the groups. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study concludes that both the interventions of Mulligans BLR and TSLR were individually effective in increasing the flexibility of hamstring and decreasing the disability due to low back Pain.
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Naz, Salma, Saima Riaz, Muhammad Atif Javed, Rehan Ramzan Khan, Hafiza Neelam Muneeb, and Muhammad Sulman. "Comparative Study for Effectiveness of Cryostretching and Static Stretching on Hamstring Flexibity in Young Females." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (2022): 1216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221641216.

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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of cryostretching and static stretching on hamstring flexibility in young females. Methodology: A quasi experimental trial was done, using non probability convenience sampling technique. Thirty young female students from Clinic of Riphah international university having hamstring tightness with at least 10 degree deficiency from 180 degree of Active Knee Extension (AKE) test upon goniometry reading were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated by lottery method into treatment and control group. The leg that showed more tightness considered as treatment leg in both groups. After 5 minutes warm up, pretreatment reading of both groups were noted. Then treatment group received cryostretching technique and control group received static stretching technique as a treatment. After treatment reading was recorded by using AKE Test as a data collection tool and results were analyzed on SPSS 17 version. Results: The mean age, BMI, Right leg and left leg circumference of treatment group is given respectively 24.00±3.40, 24.42±5.20, 49.06 ±7.05 and 49.06±6.80. Both groups showed improvement in hamstring flexibility, but treatment group show greater increase in flexibility (p=0.00). Conclusion: It was concluded from result of this study that both cryostretching and static stretching showed increase in the flexibility of hamstring muscle but cryostretching showed greater increase in flexibility of hamstring muscle. Keywords: Joint flexibility, Muscle stretching exercises, Range of motion, Active knee extension test.
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Davis Hammonds, Autumn L., Kevin G. Laudner, Steve McCaw, and Todd A. McLoda. "Acute Lower Extremity Running Kinematics After a Hamstring Stretch." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 1 (2012): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.1.5.

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Context: Limited passive hamstring flexibility might affect kinematics, performance, and injury risk during running. Pre-activity static straight-leg raise stretching often is used to gain passive hamstring flexibility. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of a single session of passive hamstring stretching on pelvic, hip, and knee kinematics during the swing phase of running. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Biomechanics research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-four male (age = 21.2 ± 1.4 years) and female (age = 21.3±2.0 years) recreational athletes. Intervention(s): Participants performed treadmill running pretests and posttests at 70% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. Pelvis, hip, and knee joint angles during the swing phase of 5 consecutive gait cycles were collected using a motion analysis system. Right and left hamstrings of the intervention group participants were passively stretched 3 times for 30 seconds in random order immediately after the pretest. Control group participants performed no stretching or movement between running sessions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Six 2-way analyses of variance to determine joint angle differences between groups at maximum hip flexion and maximum knee extension with an α level of .008. Results: Flexibility increased between pretest and post-test in all participants (F1,30 = 80.61, P<.001). Anterior pelvic tilt (F1,30 = 0.73, P=.40), hip flexion (F1,30 = 2.44, P=.13), and knee extension (F1,30 = 0.06, P=.80) at maximum hip flexion were similar between groups throughout testing. Anterior pelvic tilt (F1,30 = 0.69, P=.41), hip flexion (F1,30 = 0.23, P=.64), and knee extension (F1,30 = 3.38, P=.62) at maximum knee extension were similar between groups throughout testing. Men demonstrated greater anterior pelvic tilt than women at maximum knee extension (F1,30 = 13.62, P=.001). Conclusions: A single session of 3 straight-leg raise hamstring stretches did not change pelvis, hip, or knee running kinematics.
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Tozim, Beatriz Mendes, Daniele Moraes De Lorenzo, Mariana Giglio Furlanetto, Mary Hellen Morcelli, and Marcelo Tavella Navega. "Analysis of agreement between assessment tools for hamstring flexibility in elderly." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 12 (August 15, 2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2014.12.187.

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Introduction : The aging is characterized by a reduction in the effectiveness of skills, among them the loss of the flexibility. The hamstring muscles may be affected by the decreased flexibility occurs when elderly can present limitation of gait, low back problems and osteomuscular. Among the techniques used to evaluate the flexibility of the hamstring muscles are the Sit and Reach Test and Computerized Photogrammetry evaluation of the popliteal angle . However, the scientific literature doesn’t provide consistent data on the correlation of these forms of evaluation. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the sit and reach test and Computerized Photogrammetry evaluation of the popliteal angle used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles in elderly women. Method: This was a cross-sectional, observational study, consisting of 39 elderly, healthy. The evaluation was composed by forms with personal details and physical examination (body weight, height and body mass index), and the evaluation of tests to measure the flexibility of the hamstring muscles (Sit and reach test and Computerized Photogrammetry evaluation of the popliteal angle). The correlation of the data was done by using the Spearmam’s rank correlation coefficient, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results: The data showed a positive correlation between Sit and Reach Test Computerized Photogrammetry and the popliteal angle of the right leg (r=0.4690, p=0.0026) and the left leg (r=0.3604, p=0.0241). Conclusion: The data from this study allow conclude that the tests for assessing hamstring flexibility in elderly women, the Sit and Reach Test and Computerized Photogrammetry evaluation of the popliteal angle are complementary because it doesn’t correlate strongly.
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Soylu, Ç., B. Kılınc, ES Atalay, TY Şahan, D. Türker, and N. Ün Yıldırım. "Can Stretching Your Hamstrings Unlock Your Jaw? Investigating the Surprising Connection Between Hamstring Flexibility and Jaw Function." Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 27, no. 12 (2024): 1364–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_239_24.

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Background: The hamstring muscles play a crucial role in posture and movement, with interventions such as stretching and myofascial release commonly used to improve flexibility and muscle function. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting the hamstrings may influence distant structures like the masseter muscle through myofascial connections, highlighting the need for studies investigating these systemic interactions. Aim: To assess the immediate effects of hamstring stretching alone or combined with myofascial release of the hamstring muscle on masseter muscle activity, pressure pain threshold, active mouth opening, hamstring flexibility, and forward head flexed posture in recreationally active participants. Methods: Thirty healthy young adults aged 18–25 years participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to two groups: one receiving static hamstring stretching and the other receiving stretching plus myofascial release. Masseter muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography. Pressure pain threshold (PPT), hamstring flexibility (maximum hip flexion and active knee extension), maximum mouth opening (MMO), and forward head posture [tragus-to-wall distance (TWD)] were assessed before and after the interventions. Results: Treatment led to significant improvements in masseter muscle electromyography (EMG) activity (Group I: Right P = 0.001, Left P = 0.002; Group II: Right P < 0.001, Left P = 0.003) and active knee extension in both groups (Groups I and II: Right P < 0.001, Left P < 0.001), reflecting significant enhancements in muscle activity and flexibility. Mild improvements were also noted in masseter PPT (Group I: Right P = 0.037, Left P = 0.042; Group II: Right P = 0.035, Left P = 0.041), although MMO and TWD remained stable, indicating no significant changes posttreatment. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups in response to interventions across all measured parameters, demonstrating that both groups experienced similar improvements and confirming the efficacy of the treatments administered. Conclusion: The study found that the treatments significantly improved masseter muscle activity and knee extension flexibility, with mild enhancements in pain thresholds. However, there were no significant effects on jaw opening (MMO) or posture (TWD). The lack of significant differences between the groups suggests that both treatment protocolsare equally effective. These findings indicate the potential for incorporating the interventions into clinical practice to improve musculoskeletal function in both the jaw and lower limbs.
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Connor, Siobhán O., Noel McCaffrey, Enda Whyte, and Kieran Moran. "Reliability of a Modified Active Knee Extension Test for Assessment of Hamstring Flexibility." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 20, no. 4 (2015): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2015-0007.

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Context:Hamstring injuries are prevalent among team and field sport athletes, and poor flexibility has been theorized as a risk factor. The active knee extension test has been proposed as the gold standard for assessment of hamstring flexibility. Many variations of this test are employed, each of which utilizes a complex apparatus that is difficult to transport, time-consuming to set up, and often unavailable to most clinicians. Thus, a method that utilizes inexpensive and readily available equipment is needed for screening.Objective:To establish the intertester and intratester reliability of a modified active knee extension test that requires minimal equipment.Design:Reliability study.Setting:Athletic therapy facilities.Patients or Other Participants:Fifteen male athletes (19.5 ± 0.6 years) free from any orthopedic or neurological disorders were recruited from a convenience sample of collegiate students.Intervention(s):Three testers participated in three training sessions before data collection. Participants completed three trials of the modified active knee extension test and returned the following week at the same time and day to repeat the process.Main Outcome Measure(s):The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence interval, and the standard error of measurement were calculated to assess inter- and intratester reliability.Results:High ICC values were found for intertester reliability (right leg = .98; left leg = .99) and intratester reliability (right leg = .78−.89; left leg = .79−.94).Conclusions:The modified active knee extension test utilizes readily available equipment and offers a quick, reliable, and low-cost alternative for measurement of hamstring flexibility.
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Agopyan, Ani. "Hamstring Flexibility Is Not Correlated with Isokinetic Knee Muscle Strength in Female Modern Dancers." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 33, no. 2 (2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2018.2016.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bilateral isokinetic knee extensor and flexor muscle strength relative to hamstring flexibility in female modern dancers. METHODS: 20 trained university-level female modern dance students (mean age 23.8±3.8 yrs) volunteered for the study. Concentric isokinetic peak torque (PT, in Nm), peak torque % of body weight (PT%BW, in Nm/kg), and total work (TW, in J) of the knee extensor and flexor muscles for each leg were measured with a dynamometer at a velocity of 60, 180, and 300°/s. Hamstring flexibility of both limbs was assessed by a goniometer with the subjects in a supine position using the active straight leg raise (SLR) test. Participants were divided into flexible (n=10) and highly flexible (n=10) groups based on their hamstring flexibility. RESULTS: The flexible and highly flexible groups had significant differences (p≤0.05) for the right (flexible, 119.7±4.3°; highly flexible, 137.7±2.6°) and left active SLR tests (flexible, 120.6±5.3°; highly flexible, 138.3±4.5°). No significant differences were found between the flexible and highly flexible dancers for concentric knee extensor and flexor muscle strength in all selected parameters (p≤0.05). There were also no significant correlations between flexibility and bilateral PT, PT%BW, and TW scores (60, 180, and 300°/s) of dancers at the concentric contraction (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hamstring flexibility (for both the flexible and highly flexible groups) is not correlated with knee strength and has no impact on torque and work production during maximal concentric isokinetic knee muscle action in university-level female modern dancers.
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Raza, Ali, Kiran Haq, Jawwad Naveed, Sajjad Ali, and Iqra Rizwan. "IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF POST FACILITATION STRETCH TECHNIQUE ON STRAIGHT LEG RAISE WITH/WITHOUT THORACO-LUMBER DIRECT MYOFACIAL RELEASE IN NON-SYMPTOMATIC ADULTS." Rehabilitation Journal 06, no. 04 (2022): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/trj.v6i04.205.

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Background: Hamstring tightness is a condition which if it is remaining untreated it could be related later on to the posture imbalance and movement restriction. There are many techniques to increase the elasticity of hamstrings. Post facilitation stretching (PFS) along with thoraco-lumbar direct myofascial release (MFR) technique is emerging as a novel therapy for improving hamstring muscle length. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of post facilitation stretching technique on SLR with/without thoraco-lumber direct myofascial release on straight leg raise among non-symptomatic adults. Methods: A randomized control trial (RCT) was conducted at FIMS College of rehabilitation Abbottabad Pakistan after approval from HOD. A total of n=24 non symptomatic adults were recruited through non-probability convenient sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were non symptomatic adults with tight hamstrings, age group 18 to 40 years, normal healthy adults, both gender groups, SLR (passive) of 80° degree or less, finger floor distance of 5 cm or more. The participants were than randomly divided into two control group (n=12) and experimental group (n=12). The post facilitation stretch technique was applied in both groups, but experimental group additionally received thoraco-lumber direct myofascial release technique as well. To assess the total mobility of the lumbo-pelvic region and hamstring elasticity fingertip to floor distance was measured and straight leg raise test with the help of goniometer. The data was collected at the baseline and immediately after session. Results: The mean age of the study participant was 23.41±2.31 years. The pre-post analysis showed that right and left straight leg raise (SLR) as well as fingertip floor distance were significantly (p<0.001) improved immediately after the intervention with large effect size. When compared both groups immediately after the intervention, experimental group which received myofascial release in addition post facilitation stretch showed more significant improvement with large effect size in right & left SLR and fingertip floor distance (p<0.001) as compared to control group where only post facilitation stretch technique was applied. Conclusions: The present study concluded that post facilitation stretch along with the thoracolumbar direct myofascial release technique significantly improve hamstrings flexibility. The efficacy of thoracolumbar direct myofascial release has contributed in increasing SLR and Finger Floor Distance tests parameters. Keywords: hamstring, muscle length, myofascial release, muscle energy technique, post facilitation stretch, stretching exercises.
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Kaur, Navpreet, Akhoury Gourang Kumar Sinha, Arushi Mishra, Vaneet Kumar, Md Mohiuddin, and Sohel Ahmed. "A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Swedish Massage and Foam Roller Massage on Hamstring Flexibility and Lower Limb Power in Female Athletes: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University 19, no. 4 (2024): 686–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_238_24.

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Background: The available research is inadequate to determine the relative impact of Swedish massage and foam roller massage on hamstring flexibility and explosive power. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of Swedish massage and foam roller massage on hamstring flexibility and explosive power in female athletes. Methods: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial was performed on a sample of 30 female athletes, who were divided into two groups of similar size. The first group had a foam roller massage, while the second group received a Swedish massage for 5 min on each leg on the posterior aspect. The outcome measurements of passive knee extension test (PKET), vertical jump height, and vertical jump power were collected both before and after the intervention. Results: The result of the study reported that both groups showed a significant improvement in PKET, vertical jump test, and vertical jump power. However, only PKET in the left leg of foam roller massage group did not show any significant improvement. This study found a significant difference in between-group comparison in all outcome variables. Hamstring flexibility (right and left), vertical jump height, and power were increased significantly in both the groups. However, in comparison with Swedish massage (20%, 13%, 19%, and 15%), the gain in flexibility and explosive power was less in the foam roller group (10%, 7%, 8%, and 4%). Conclusion: Regarding flexibility, the impacts of Swedish massage are superior from self-foam roller massage. Additional research is required to investigate the impact of these methods on various performance indicators. CTRI Number: CTRI/2019/10/021528
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Kristiani, Taurisia, Damayanti Tinduh, I. Putu Alit Pawana, and Soenarnatalina Melaniani. "Effect of uphill treadmill exercise on standard therapy to hamstrings tightness in patients with knee osteoarthritis at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya." Retos 68 (June 22, 2025): 1464–76. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115899.

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Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis causes excessive muscle contraction during walking, increased muscle tension in patients accompanied by changes in muscle stiffness related to hamstring tightness. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) is a measurement used to assess hamstring tightness using a gravity inclinometer. Objective: To evaluate the effect of uphill treadmill exercise as an addition to standard therapy on hamstrings tightness in patients with grade II-III knee osteoarthritis at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Methodology: The control group received standard therapy (TENS and Q-bench) while the treatment group received standard therapy plus uphill treadmill exercise (8-degree inclination, speed 1.1 m/s, 30 minutes, 2x/week, for 5 weeks). Hamstring tightness was evaluated using SLR with a gravity inclinometer at three points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 20 days after the final exercise. Results: The treatment group's value compared to the control group in early-late right ΔHT (p=0.029; Cohen's D=0.78) and early-late left P ΔHT (p=0.02; Cohen's D=1.12). Discussion: Uphill treadmill exercise added to standard therapy significantly improved hamstring tightness in both legs with moderate to large effect sizes. The eccentric contractions during inclined walking likely contributed to reduced muscle tension and improved flexibility. Conclusions: Additional uphill treadmill exercise produced meaningful changes in hamstring tightness in both legs for patients with grade II-III knee OA compared to standard therapy alone.
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Fatihin, Khoirul, Gigih Siantoro, and Muhammad Muhammad. "Kondisi Fisik Atlet Bola Voli Putra Puslatda Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid 19." Gelanggang Olahraga: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga (JPJO) 5, no. 1 (2021): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v5i1.2585.

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This study aims to determine the physical condition status of the East Java Central Java Volleyball Athletes before and during the COVID 19 pandemic. This research method is descriptive quantitative with secondary data from the results of the East Java KONI test on male volleyball athletes at the East Java Central Java before and during the COVID 19 pandemic. The results showed the averages obtained were as follows, 1) the results of the physical condition test before the pandemic, namely sit ups 37.92, russian twist 12.56, medicine ball throw 7, superman back hold 59.69, vertical jump 67.57, running jump 78.07, single leg squat left 2.61, single leg squat right 2.61, hamstring 0, chin up 7.57, bronco 7.44, sprint 20m 3.05, sit and reach 19.92, flexibility upper body left -4.57, upper body flexibility right -1.78, upper body back flexibility 0, ankle flexibility left 15, ankle flexibility right 15.69, juggling 1.28 and average speed reaction 0.23; 2) the results of the physical condition test during the pandemic,namely sit ups 39.79, russian twist 11.74, medicine ball throw 8.31, superman back hold 40.79, vertical jump 68, running jump 78.50, single leg squat left 2 .92, single leg squat right 2.92, chin up 8.43, sprint 20m 3.18, sit and reach 19.64, upper body flexibility left -4.29, upper body flexibility right -4.07, upper flexibility body back 3.93, left ankle flexibility 15.54, right ankle flexibility 15.86 and juggling 0.64. The conclusion, that the physical condition of the male volleyball athletes from the East Java Central Java Province, still had not reached the target both before the pandemic and during the COVID 19 pandemic. However, during the COVID 19 Pandemic there were several components of the athlete's physical condition that increased even though the training process during the COVID 19 pandemic was carried out at home. 
 Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic,Men’s Volleyball Athlete Puslatda East Java Physical Conditions, Volleyball.
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Çetin, Ebru, Celal Bulğay, Sezen Çimen Polat, Halil İbrahim Cicioğlu, and İmdat Yarim. "Effect of Ballistic Warm-Up on Isokinetic Strength, Balance, Agility, Flexibility and Speed in Elite Freestyle Wrestlers." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 11 (2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i11.3635.

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The aim of this study is effect of ballistic warm-up on isokinetic strength, balance and some parameters in male elite freestyle wrestlers. 13 elite freestyle wrestlers at the age of 20.2±2.1 yrs, with 174.5±7.1 cm height and 81,67±15,36 kg weight participated in the study. Measurements were performed two different warm-up protocols. Running protocol at submaximal level on the treadmill for 10 minutes was applied for every wrestler. Ballistic Warm-up protocol involved 13 different movements for multi-muscle groups lasting for 10 minutes. Flexibility, speed, agility, balance, hand grip and isokinetic leg strength parameters were measured. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was performed to find the difference between the protocols. Consequently, differences were found in flexibility, right hand grip strength, right posteromedial and posterolateral balance, left posteromedial and posterolateral balance, left and right hamstring and quadriceps strength parameters. Ballistic warm-up protocol can be more effective in many parameters, especially strength compared to ordinary warm-up.
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Ahmad, Hafiz Zohaib, Abdul Rehman, Nida Aslam, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Usman Khalid, and Muhammad Ahmed Sajjad. "Comparison of post isometric relaxation and post facilitation stretching techniques on hamstring muscle flexibility in collegiate athletes: A randomized clinical trial." Foundation University Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33897/fujrs.v4i1.344.

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Background: The multi-jointed nature of the hamstring muscles causes them to shorten which impacts the biomechanics of the pelvis and lumber region. Hamstring tightness is more common in women than in males. Objective: To compare the effect of post-isometric relaxation and post-facilitation stretching in improving hamstring muscle flexibility among collegiate athlete's athlete. Methods: Study was a randomized clinical trial. Patients following the inclusion criteria from Pakistan Sports Board, Lahore were categorized in two groups; group A and group B. Male patients aged from 18 to 35 years, with a history of hamstring muscle tightness (bilateral) or acute hamstring injuries were included. Group A was treated with post isometric relaxation and conventional treatment while group B received post facilitation stretching and conventional treatment; for 4 weeks and with 3 sessions per week. The baselines data was taken for range of motion, sit and reach test, active knee extension test, and straight leg raise and lower extremity functional scale. Results: There were a total of 17 male volunteers in each group. Group A's mean age was 28.58±3.9, years whereas group B's mean age was 29.25±4.4 The groups' respective Lower Limb Functional Scores (LEFS) were 58.41±4.84 in group A and 40.52±2.85 in group B, with a p-value of less than 0.05. Lower limb functional score (LEFS) within the groups with p <0.05 was 22.17±8.63 and 40.52±2.85. Conclusion: The current investigation found that post-isometric relaxing and stretching both improve hamstring flexibility. Clinical Trial Number: NCT05727501
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Gyanpuri, Vyom, Chhandamayee Mohanty, Neetu Rani Dhiman, and Venkatesh Mishra. "Manual therapy on Plantar Fascia affects Superficial Back Line Flexibility: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." Journal of Scientific Research 66, no. 04 (2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2022.660407.

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Background and Aim: Myofascial Release (MFR) is a soft tissue mobilization technique that has been widely researched and supported to increase muscular flexibility and joint range of motion along superficial back line (SBL) structures. The purpose of the present study is to examine and compare the acute effects of MFR and post-isometric relaxation (PIR) applied on plantar fascia, on flexibility of superficial back line (hamstring muscle). Design: This was a pilot single blind randomized control trial (RCT). Participants: Thirty young healthy students (24 boys and 6 girls; mean age 21.46±0.97) Methods: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed, and baseline measurements for the Toe-Touch test (TTT) and active straight leg raise test (SLRT) were obtained. Subjects were then randomly assigned to the MFR group and the PIR group. The MFR group received the technique on plantar surface of the feet by applying a gentle and sustained pressure into the myofascial connective tissue. The PIR group received the technique on plantar flexors by placing them in stretched position, performing isometric contraction followed by relaxation and lengthening. Both interventions will be performed for 10 minutes. Afterwards, the Toe Touch Test and straight leg raise test were re-assessed. Results: Before and after intervention SLRT (both right and left) and TTT difference (within group differences) is statistically significant (p<0.05) in both MFR and PIR group. Between-group comparison also shows significant difference in both groups with p<0.05. The MFR group showed a significant difference in the SLR test and Toe Touch test compared to the PIR group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that MFR on the planter fascia was immediately effective for improving flexibility of the SBL for the hamstring muscle.
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Wrona, Hailey L., Ryan Zerega, Victoria G. King, et al. "Ability of Countermovement Jumps to Detect Bilateral Asymmetry in Hip and Knee Strength in Elite Youth Soccer Players." Sports 11, no. 4 (2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11040077.

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Clinicians frequently assess asymmetry in strength, flexibility, and performance characteristics as a method of screening for potential musculoskeletal injury. The identification of asymmetry in countermovement jumps may be an ideal method to reveal asymmetry in other lower extremity characteristics such as strength that otherwise may require additional testing, potentially reducing the time and burden on both the athlete and clinicians. The present study aims to examine the ability of asymmetry in both the single-leg and two-leg countermovement jump tests to accurately detect hip abduction, hip adduction, and eccentric hamstring strength asymmetry. Fifty-eight young male elite soccer players from the same professional academy performed a full battery of functional performance tests which included an assessment of hip adductor and abductor strength profiles, eccentric hamstring strength profiles, and neuromuscular performance and asymmetries during countermovement jumps. Bilateral variables attained from both the single-leg and two-leg countermovement jump tests included concentric impulse (Ns), eccentric mean force (N), and concentric mean force (N) computed by the VALD ForceDecks software. Average maximal force (N) was calculated bilaterally for the strength assessments. Asymmetry was calculated for each variable using 100 × |(right leg − left leg)/(right leg)| and grouped into three categories: 0 to <10%, 10% to <20%, and 20% or greater. Analyses were performed for the two higher asymmetry groups. The accuracy to detect strength asymmetry was assessed as the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for positive and negative tests. The outcomes from the accuracy assessments suggest that the single-leg countermovement jump concentric impulse variable at the 20% threshold is indicative of a youth male soccer player having hip adduction strength asymmetry while also demonstrating more accuracy and applicability than the two-leg countermovement jump concentric impulse variable.
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Theodorou, Eleni, Marios Christou, Andreas Apostolidis, Marios Tryfonidis, Nikolaos Zaras, and Marios Hadjicharalambous. "The Effect of Spinal Asymmetries on Physical Fitness Parameters in Young Elite Soccer Players." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (2022): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122497.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of spinal asymmetries on specific physical fitness parameters in young elite soccer players. Fifty male soccer players, all members of the under 17 (U17) and 15 (U15) National teams of Cyprus, were initially evaluated for thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and scoliosis asymmetries. Based on the spinal asymmetries’ initial evaluation, soccer players were categorized into the asymmetry group (AG) and normal group (NG) per spinal asymmetry. Hamstring and lower-back flexibility, countermovement jump (CMJ) and lower body isokinetic maximum force were evaluated between AG and NG. CMJ with arm swing was lower in kyphotic posture AG compared with the NG (AG: 41.70 ± 3.59 cm, NG: 44.40 ± 4.34 cm; p = 0.028). Single leg CMJ was lower in both legs in scoliotic posture AG compared with the NG (right: AG: 17.42 ± 1.86 cm, NG: 19.16 ± 2.42 cm, p = 0.008, left: AG: 17.54 ± 1.33 cm, NG: 19.97 ± 2.91 cm; p = 0.002). Sit-and-reach flexibility was lower in scoliotic posture AG (AG: 20.44 ± 5.76 cm, NG: 24.82 ± 6.83 cm; p = 0.024) and higher in lordotic posture AG (AG: 25.95 ± 6.59 cm, NG: 21.73 ± 6.45 cm; p = 0.04) both compared with the NG. No significant difference was found for quadriceps and hamstrings concentric peak torque between the AG and NG (p > 0.05). The current study revealed that kyphotic and scoliotic posture asymmetries deteriorate neuromuscular explosiveness performance and diminish lower limbs’ flexibility in young International-level soccer players.
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Leary, Miriam, James Thomas, Ryan Hayes, and Lori Sherlock. "Evaluation of an Occupational Exercise Training Program for Firefighters: Mixed Methods Pilot Study." JMIR Formative Research 4, no. 9 (2020): e17835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17835.

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Background Occupational exercise training programs can improve overall health and fitness in firefighters, but evidence beyond clinical and performance outcomes is needed before fire departments invest in and successfully adopt health promotion programs. Objective This mixed methods pilot study sought to pair clinical and performance outcomes with participants’ qualitative feedback (eg, participants’ enjoyment, lifestyle behavior changes, and team structure) with the goal of informing recommendations for future programs. Methods Professional firefighters participated in a 14-week occupational exercise training program with assessments conducted pre- and posttraining. Clinical outcomes included weight, BMI, body fat percentage, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Performance outcomes included the sharpened Romberg balance test, 1-repetition maximum leg press and bench press, graded exercise test (estimated VO2max), knee range of motion, shoulder flexibility, and hamstring flexibility. Self-administered surveys (Short Form-36, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Barriers Self-Efficacy Scale, and Barriers to Being Active Quiz) were completed. In 3 private focus groups of 3 to 4 participants, firefighters' experiences in the training program and their health behaviors were explored. Results Male firefighters (n=14; age: mean 36.4, SD 2.6 years) completed 20 training sessions. There were no significant changes to weight (P=.20), BMI (P=.15), body fat percentage (P=.16), systolic blood pressure (P=.12), estimated VO2max (P=.34), balance (P=.24), knee range of motion (left: P=.35; right: P=.31), or hamstring flexibility (P=.14). There was a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (P=.04) and significant increases in shoulder flexibility (P<.001) and leg press 1-repetition maximum volume (P=.04). Participants reported improvements in overall health, endurance, flexibility, and mood as well as improvements to team environment and health behaviors around the station; however, there was a decline in overcoming barriers to physical activity. Conclusions A 14-week program of exercise training in firefighters elicited improvements in clinical, performance, and self-reported physical activity outcomes. This occupational exercise training program for firefighters increased time spent exercising, improved team building, and led to physical and mental health benefits. Results from this pilot study set a broad, informed, and meaningful foundation for future efforts to increase firefighter participation in occupational fitness programs.
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Lee, Su-Ji, Ji-Won Kim, Dong-Yeop Lee, et al. "Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Applied Sciences 14, no. 11 (2024): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14114825.

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This study investigated the effect of digital therapeutics on ROM, flexibility, dynamic balance, satisfaction, and adherence. A sample of 34 volunteers was randomly assigned into a Digital Therapeutic Group (DTG) (n = 17) and a Non-Digital Therapeutic Group (NDG) (n = 17). The groups performed four calf muscle stretches and two hamstring stretches for 4 weeks. Flexibility and balance were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the exercise program. A survey was conducted to assess subjects’ satisfaction, and exercise performance record papers and video records were assessed for exercise adherence. The paired t-test was used to compare the two populations before and after the program. The independent t-test was used to compare the change scores between groups. In the pre- and post-comparison within each group, the DTG group showed significant differences in all items except the dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) (p < 0.05). The left straight leg raise (SLR) was significantly different (p < 0.05), and there was a significant difference in exercise satisfaction and participation between the two groups (p < 0.05). DTG showed improved flexibility, dynamic balance, and higher exercise satisfaction and adherence than NDG. The application, providing lower extremity stretching, can improve dorsiflexion ROM, flexibility of the lower extremity, dynamic balance, exercise satisfaction, and exercise adherence.
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Boneth-Collante, Milena, Claudia Lucía Ariza-García, Julián David Corredor-Vargas, Andrea Paola Villamizar-Niño, and Martha Liliana Hijuelos-Cárdenas. "Validez y reproducibilidad de la prueba Back-Saver Sit and Reach en niñas de 7 y 8 años." Revista Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud UDES 2, no. 2 (2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20320/rfcsudes.v2i2.60.

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Background: The back saver sit and reach (BSSR) test is probably the most frequently quantitative tool used to estimate hamstring flexibility in the school and physical-sporting field due to its simplicity and quickly implementation. However, there is limited scientific evidence to justify its use in colombian girls. Objective: To assess the validity and intra-rater reliability of the BSSR in girls of a school from Bucaramanga. Mathodology: A study of evaluation of diagnostic technology was done in 64 girls (7-8 years), selected by convenience. BSSR test and straight leg raising test (SLRT) were conducted on two consecutive occasions by the same researchers. It was calculed the Pearson (r) or intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficient with their respective confidence intervals (95% CI 95%). Results: The global validity was good (r=0.61 (95% CI 0.43-0.75) – r=0.66 (95% CI 0.49-0.78)), while intra-rater reliability was very good in the left lower limb [ICC= 0.90 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.96)] and right lower limb [ICC = 0.88 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.95)]. Conclusion: BSSR test has good reliability and validity for assessing lower limb flexibility in girls aged 7 to 8 years.
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Lau, Caren, Ruby Yu, and Jean Woo. "Effects of a 12-Week Hatha Yoga Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength and Endurance, and Flexibility in Hong Kong Chinese Adults: A Controlled Clinical Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/958727.

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Objective. To examine the effects of a 12-week Hatha yoga intervention on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility in Chinese adults.Methods. 173 adults (aged 52.0 ± 7.5 years) were assigned to either the yoga intervention group (n=87) or the waitlist control group (n=86). 19 dropped out from the study. Primary outcomes were changes in cardiorespiratory endurance (resting heart rate (HR) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)), muscular strength and endurance (curl-up and push-up tests), and lower back and hamstring flexibility (the modified back-saver sit-and-reach (MBS) test).Results. Compared to controls, the yoga group achieved significant improvements inVO2max(P<0.01), curl-up (P<0.05) and push-up (P<0.001) tests, and the MBS left and right leg tests (bothP<0.001) in both genders. Significant change was also found for resting HR between groups in women (P<0.05) but not in men. Further analysis comparing participants between younger and older subgroups yielded similar findings, except that the older participants in the yoga group failed to improve resting HR or the curl-up test versus control. Adherence (89%) and attendance (94%) were high. No serious adverse events occurred.Conclusion. A 12-week Hatha yoga intervention has favorable effects on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility in Chinese adults.
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Luh Putu Surya Sintia Dewi and Anak Agung Gede Eka Septian Utama. "Risk factors of reoperative post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction." Kinesiology and Physiotherapy Comprehensive 2, no. 1 (2023): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.62004/kpc.v2i1.12.

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Background: ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is a surgical procedure to graft the ACL using tendon tissue to restore joint fixation and stabilization functions. Rehabilitation management is performed by physiotherapy in ACLR phase III patients to increase strength, balance, and functional motion control of patients with rehabilitation and exercise adaptation interventions. Case Description: On June 09, 2022, the patient was playing basketball, when the patient heard his leg "pop" due to sudden stopping and turning movements while playing basketball. The patient took the initiative to go to the hospital because his leg was painful and was advised to do an MRI, the results of the MRI examination stated that the patient had an ACL and Meniscus rupture. The patient has undergone ACL reconstruction surgery and partial lateral meniscectomy on July 20, 2022, the patient has been doing physiotherapy since the first postoperative day until now entering the 10th week, the patient still feels something is stuck in the knee, and feels that left leg is stiff and weak when moved. Conclusion: There is an increase in ROM measurement results, muscle strength, segment circumference, hamstring and trunk flexibility, functional knee, and decreased pain scale. It is hoped that this case can be used as a reference for providing exercise interventions in patients with ACL postoperative conditions, especially phase III with other comorbidities.
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Malka, Iris, and Iacob Hanțiu. "The Influence of Harmonic Gymnastics on Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Health and Well-Being of Older Adults: A Pilot Research." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 65, no. 4 (2020): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.65(4).32.

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ABSTRACT. Background. Physical activity (PA) is highly recommended for older adults in order to improve physical functioning, health and well-being. Aims. The purposes of this pilot research were: to investigate the influence of Harmonic Gymnastics (HG) on flexibility, dynamic balance, health and well-being of older adults, and to verify the feasibility of the research tools. Methods. In this pilot research 15 healthy men and women, mean age 58.7 (6.5), from Tel Aviv, Israel, volunteered to participate in the research program, which included 50 min. of HG practice, three times a week, for six weeks. Three questionnaires – SF-36 Health and quality of life questionnaire, The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the Mindfulness Awareness Assessment Scale (MAAS) – and two physical skills testing equipment – Y Balance Test (YBT) and the Back Saver Sit and Reach test (BSSR) – were used to assess the subjects. Results. Post-test results showed significant improvements of total score of health and well-being by SF-36 (p < 0.05) and body awareness by MAAS (p <0.0001), but no significant results for SF-36 (0.0629) subscales nor for the global PA measured by GPAQ (p= 0.391). Participants improved hamstring flexibility (p < 0.05) and dynamic balance of right leg (p < 0.001) and left leg (p = 0.00001). Conclusions. This pilot research indicates the feasibility of YBT, BSSR, MAAS and SF-36. HG was found to be tailored for older adults. Older adults improved functioning capabilities, body awareness, health and well-being after the program.
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Dominado, Noel L. "An Assessment of the Physical Fitness of Senior High School Learners: Basis for the Development of a Home-Based Physical Fitness Plan." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 4, no. 9 (2023): 3223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.09.14.

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This study was conducted to determine the Physical Fitness Levels of Learners during the Lockdown Period: Basis for the Development of a Home-Based Physical Fitness Plan: To achieve the purpose of the study, the descriptive research design was used. Seventy-six (76) eleventh graders Health Optimizing Physical Education Accountancy, Business Management learners of Senior High School in Magalang Stand Alone 2 in the School Year 2020-2021 served as respondents of the study. The result revealed that body mass index marked a case of overweight and underweight, the respondents’ health-related fitness show above normal, needs improvement cardiovascular endurance, fair and needs improvement muscular strength. However, some are fair and need improvement in hamstring flexibility, and needs improvement in left shoulder girdle flexibility. Furthermore, the skill-related fitness of the respondents shows poor, fair, and needs improvement agility. Furthermore, poor and needs improvement balance, fair and needs improvement coordination. However, needs improvement and developing performance speed. Lastly, needs improvement in the leg, while needs improvement in reaction time. It is suggested the development of effective preventive strategies for all unfit students who are at high risk of being underweight and overweight and the design of programs that will enhance the fitness of students’ health and skill-related fitness.
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Nadeem, Abdul Hanan, Muddsar Hameed, Hamaida Akbar, et al. "Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effectiveness of Post Isometric Relaxation versus Static Stretching in Lower Limb Flexibility among Asymptomatic Healthy Individuals." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (2023): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i5.3152.

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Purpose: The objective of this study was to observe the effectiveness of Post isometric relaxation versus static stretching in lower limbs among asymptomatic healthy individuals. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was carried out in students of Shifa Tameer e Millat University from December 2021 to July 2022. 49 participants of both genders were included through non probability convenient sampling on the basis of inclusion criteria of both genders with age range of 18-25years. Participants with any history of any trauma, fractures, meniscal injuries, systemic illness and any lower limb musculoskeletal deformities were excluded from the study. A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographics; a standard questionnaire; Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and outcome measures; active knee extension, straight leg raise, standard sit and reach and finger to floor distance tests were used. The participants were divided into two groups, Group A received post isometric relaxation technique and Group B received static Stretching. The data collected was analyzed by using SPSS software version 21. Results: The mean age of participants in Post Isometric Relaxation group was 22.083±1.44 and 21.72±1.62 in Static Stretching group. The with group analysis showed significant results as p value was less than 0.05. Whereas for between group analysis p value was greater than 0.05 so no significant improvement was observed at post level. Conclusion: The current study concluded that no treatment technique was superior than the other as both were equally effective for hamstring flexibility in asymptomatic individuals.
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B Shetty, Chaithra, Haripriya S, and Lin Menachery. "Effectiveness of Mulligan Bent Leg Raise Technique for Hamstring Tightness in a College Level Badminton Player: A Case Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 8 (2024): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240822.

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Introduction: Badminton demands quick reactions, precise footwork, and balance. Flexibility is crucial, correlating with effective lunge step execution. Hamstring tightness increases injury risk, and thus role of flexibility in conditioning programs is very important. Shortening of hamstring due to various factors impacts flexibility and increases susceptibility to injury. Physiotherapy techniques such as Mulligan Bend Leg Raise can potentially address this issue. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Mulligan Bent Leg Raise technique for hamstring tightness in a college-level badminton player. Materials and Method: In this study, the participant underwent four weeks of supervised physiotherapy intervention involving Mulligan Bent Leg Raise technique and patient education. Outcomes were assessed using the popliteal angle measurement and the Sit and Reach test. Results: Improvements were observed in hamstring flexibility and overall range of motion, as indicated by increased popliteal angles and sit-and-reach measurements. Conclusion: Treatment using Mulligan Bent Leg Raise is effective in enhancing hamstring flexibility, evidenced by improved popliteal angle measurements and Sit and Reach Test measurements. Beneficial for badminton players, it may have advantages to athletes across sports. It is recommended for patients with hamstring tightness for comparable benefits. Key words: Mulligan Bent Leg Raise, Hamstring Tightness, College level Badminton players
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Tai, Mohammed Zaid, Megha Bandawde, Tushar Palekar J., and Diksha Gondkar. "To compare effectiveness of mulligan bent leg raise versus myofacial release in physiotherapy students with hamstring tightness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 5, no. 01 (2017): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.5.1.6.

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Various stretching technique have been used to improve muscle flexibility in rehabilitation and sports .Mechanisms involving the efficacy of a stretching technique were studied and certain conclusions indicate one technique better than the other. The aim of the present study was to measure hamstring flexibility after giving Myofacial Release Technique (MFR) and Mulligan Bent Leg Raise (BLR) and comparing the effects between the two techniques. A study was conducted among 30 asymptomatic physiotherapy students ranging from 18 – 25year of age with bilateral hamstring tightness and were randomized to one of the two groups- Myofacial Release Technique (n=15) and Bent Leg Raise Technique (n=15).Hamstring Flexibility was measured using Sit And Reach Test before the treatment after a week of treatment and follow up at the end of 2nd week. Analysis revealed that both Myofacial Release Technique and Mulligan Bent Leg Raise Technique has improved hamstring flexibility bilaterally, but Mulligan Bent Leg Raise Technique was more effective than Myofacial Release Technique as there was significant increase in flexibility after giving Mulligan Bent Leg Raise Technique.
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Younas, Malia, Ruhama Shahzad, Bakhtawar Zulfiqar, Ayesha Iqbal, Sana Amjad, and Hassan Javed. "The Effectiveness of SLR Stretching and Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching on SLR Range Among Asymptomatic Females with Hamstring Tightness." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 1 (2024): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.193.

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Background: Hamstring muscle tightness is a significant factor that impedes performance in daily and sports activities, necessitating the need for effective stretching techniques to enhance hamstring flexibility. This is particularly important for an active, physically fit lifestyle, as hamstring tightness is linked to various musculoskeletal issues and injuries. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of Passive Straight Leg Raise (SLR) stretching and Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching in improving hamstring flexibility among asymptomatic young females with hamstring tightness. Methods: In a quasi-experimental trial conducted at the Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital and Riphah International University, Lahore, 50 female participants aged 20-40 years with unilateral hamstring tightness were randomly assigned to either the Passive SLR stretching group or the Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching group. The efficacy of the stretching techniques was assessed using the active knee extension test, measured with a goniometer, both pre- and post-treatment. Results: The Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching group showed a significant improvement in hamstring flexibility, with the mean post-treatment active knee extension significantly increasing from the pre-treatment measurement (p-value = 0.000). In contrast, the Passive SLR group showed no significant change in flexibility (p-value = 0.872). The study also highlighted the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle among participants and its potential contribution to reduced hamstring flexibility. Conclusion: The study concludes that Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching is an effective method for improving hamstring flexibility in young, asymptomatic females, suggesting its incorporation into physical therapy practices. This finding is particularly relevant for populations prone to hamstring tightness due to sedentary lifestyles. Keywords: Hamstring Flexibility, Pelvic Tilt Control Stretching, Passive Straight Leg Raise, Young Females, Muscle Tightness, Physical Therapy, Sedentary Lifestyle.
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Williams, Jeffrey G., Hannah I. Gard, Jeana M. Gregory, Amy Gibson, and Jennifer Austin. "The Effects of Cupping on Hamstring Flexibility in College Soccer Players." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (2019): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0199.

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Context: College soccer players suffer from hamstring injuries due to inflexibility and repetitive motions involving intense hamstring lengthening and contraction during sport. Although it is a popular intervention for muscular injury, there exists limited evidence of the effects of therapeutic cupping on hamstring flexibility. Objective: To determine the effect of cupping therapy on hamstring flexibility in college soccer players. Design: Cohort design. Setting: Athletic training clinic. Patients: A total of 25, asymptomatic, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III soccer players (10 males and 15 females; age = 19.4 [1.30] y, height = 175.1 [8.2] cm, and mass = 69.5 [6.6] kg). Intervention(s): A 7-minute therapeutic cupping treatment was delivered to the treatment group. Four 2-in cups were fixed atop trigger point locations within the hamstring muscle bellies of participants’ dominant legs. Control group participants received no intervention between pretest and posttest measurements. Main Outcome Measures: Pretest and posttest measurements of hamstring flexibility, using a passive straight leg raise, were performed on both groups. Passive straight leg raise measurements were conducted by blinded examiners using a digital inclinometer. An independent samples t test was used to analyze changes in hamstring flexibility from pretreatment to posttreatment with P values set a priori at .05. Results: An independent samples t test demonstrated no significant difference in change in hamstring flexibility between participants in the treatment group and those in the control group (t23 = −.961, P = .35). Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated no statistically significant changes in hamstring flexibility following a cupping treatment.
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N, Remya, Elsa Reethu, and Manju Unnikrishnan. "Comparison of Immediate and Long Term Effects of Neurodynamic Sliding, PNF Stretching and Static Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility in Young Adults with Hamstring Tightness." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 9 (2022): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220922.

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Hamstring flexibility is reduced due to postural adaptations and this can cause limitations in joint range of motion and muscular imbalance and can affect physical performance of a person. The Neurodynamic sliding technique, PNF stretching and Static stretching are three different techniques that have shown improvement on Hamstring flexibility. The aim of the present study is to compare the short term and long term effects of Neurodynamic sliding, PNF stretching and Static stretching on Hamstring flexibility in young subjects with hamstring tightness. A comparative study was conducted on 63 subjects, who were divided into 3 groups, A, B and C. Group A received Neurodynamic sliding, Group B received Static stretching and Group C received PNF Stretching. The intervention was given 3 times per week for 4 weeks, Pre and post test of Hamstring flexibility were assessed using passive knee extension test, Straight Leg Raise and Active Knee Extension test. Follow up values were taken after one month. The results from all three outcome measures suggest that Group B has greater short term effects when compared to other groups (p<0.05), whereas, group A have greater long term effect than group B and group C (p<0.05). The study concluded that both interventions significantly improved Hamstring flexibility, but Static stretching has greater immediate effect in improving Hamstring flexibility than other two types of stretching, whereas, Neurodynamic sliding have more long term effect. PNF stretching has immediate effects but was less significant than static stretching and their effects where not carried to long term. Key words: Hamstring flexibility, hamstring tightness, Neurodynamic sliding, PNF stretching, Static stretching, Active knee extension, Straight leg raise, passive knee extension
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Hall, T., K. Anuar, B. Darlow, P. Gurumoorthy, M. Ryder, and T. Smith. "The Effect of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise in Participants with Short Hamstrings." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32, no. 5 Suppl (2003): S56—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v32n5sps56.

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Hamstring strains are a common athletic injury. Increasing hamstring flexibility is a common goal for athletes, coaches and sports medicine clinicians. Appropriate muscle flexibility assists in preventing or minimising injuries, as well as enhancing performance.
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Catherine Hermawan Salim, Astrid Komala Dewi, and Yurita Mailintina. "Program Screening Fleksibilitas Hamstring Gratis untuk Masyarakat Umum: Upaya Deteksi Dini Masalah Kesehatan dan Pencegahan Cedera." Panggung Kebaikan : Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial 1, no. 3 (2024): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.62951/panggungkebaikan.v1i3.428.

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objective to provide free hamstring flexibility screening services to the general public and can increase public awareness of the importance of hamstring flexibility in maintaining health and preventing injuries. Method: Participants who come for the screening session will be given information about the importance of hamstring flexibility and hamstring flexibility measurements will be made using the Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test. The examination method is carried out before and after the hamstring flexibility screening is carried out. In addition, participants were also given education on ways to improve hamstring flexibility and prevent injuries. Through education and free screening services, this program helps people to understand their health conditions and take appropriate preventive measures and increase public awareness of the importance of maintaining healthy muscles and joints to improve the overall quality of life. Results: Evaluate the test results to determine the level of hamstring flexibility of each participant, record each participant's hamstring flexibility test results on the data form. The data obtained using the pre and post tests with the results each showed an increase in values of 9.25 degrees. Conclusion: The results of the analysis showed that the average hamstring flexibility experienced a very significant increase before and after the intervention hamstring flexibility screening. Therefore, this study makes an important contribution to understanding the importance of improving hamstring flexibility in maintaining health and preventing injury.
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Imran Farooqui, Sumaira, Zulekha Saleem, Ashbeel John Edgar, and Shahida Abbass. "ASSESSMENT OF HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY RETENTION THROUGH SIT-AND-REACH BOX IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH NONSPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 5, no. 1 (2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.5.1/006.

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OBJECTIVES Administrationof sit and reach (SR) box as an intervention tool for retaining the hamstring flexibility as a treatment regime in order to prevent as well predict future low back pain complications. Improvement of hamstring flexibility through SR box, administrationof SR box as an assessment tool in patients with reduced hamstring flexibility causing low back pain complications. Also implementation of SR box for training purpose in clinical practice to evaluate the efficacy of the SR box in retention of hamstring flexibility in both genders. STUDY DESIGN A quantitative experimental study inclusive of simple random sampling was done. The independent variables were age and gender. Flexibility retention and treatment were the dependent variables which were assessed by a Sit-and-reach box. MEASUREMENTS The subject pool for this study consisted of 40 volunteers that were selected on the basis of simple random sampling and were recruited in the study after assessing hamstring tightness through toe-touching, straight leg raise and piriformis test to exclude any specific pathology or disorders. RESULTS Flexibility showed marked increase in most of the applicants on 5th trial after a 4 week training regime by sit and reach box. CONCLUSION Achievements in flexibility are preserved for no less than 2 weeks after a stretching program. It additionally created the impression that 2 sets; each consisting of 3 repetitions of a sit-and-reach test is adequate for boosting extensive increment in flexibility. KEYWORDS Sit-And-Reach, Stretching, Flexibility, Hamstring, Low Back Pain, Straight Leg Raise.
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Castellote-Caballero, Yolanda, Maríe C. Valenza, Emilio J. Puentedura, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, and Francisco Alburquerque-Sendín. "Immediate Effects of Neurodynamic Sliding versus Muscle Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility in Subjects with Short Hamstring Syndrome." Journal of Sports Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/127471.

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Background. Hamstring injuries continue to affect active individuals and although inadequate muscle extensibility remains a commonly accepted factor, little is known about the most effective method to improve flexibility.Purpose. To determine if an isolated neurodynamic sciatic sliding technique would improve hamstring flexibility to a greater degree than stretching or a placebo intervention in asymptomatic subjects with short hamstring syndrome (SHS).Study Design. Randomized double-blinded controlled trial.Methods. One hundred and twenty subjects with SHS were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: neurodynamic sliding, hamstring stretching, and placebo control. Each subject’s dominant leg was measured for straight leg raise (SLR) range of motion (ROM) before and after interventions. Data were analyzed with a3×2mixed model ANOVA followed by simple main effects analyses.Results. At the end of the study, more ROM was observed in the Neurodynamic and Stretching groups compared to the Control group and more ROM in the Neurodynamic group compared to Stretching group.Conclusion. Findings suggest that a neurodynamic sliding technique will increase hamstring flexibility to a greater degree than static hamstring stretching in healthy subjects with SHS.Clinical Relevance. The use of neurodynamic sliding techniques to improve hamstring flexibility in sports may lead to a decreased incidence in injuries; however, this needs to be formally tested.
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Winkelmann, Zachary K., Ethan J. Roberts, and Kenneth E. Games. "Acute Effects and Perceptions of Deep Oscillation Therapy for Improving Hamstring Flexibility." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 6 (2018): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0044.

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Context:Hamstring inflexibility is typically treated using therapeutic massage, stretching, and soft tissue mobilization. An alternative intervention is deep oscillation therapy (DOT). Currently, there is a lack of evidence to support DOT’s effectiveness to improve flexibility.Objective:To explore the effectiveness of DOT to improve hamstring flexibility.Design:Randomized single-cohort design.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twenty-nine healthy, physically active individuals (self-reported activity of a minimum 200 min/wk).Interventions:All participants received a single session of DOT with randomization of the participant’s leg for the intervention. The DOT intervention parameters included a 1∶1 mode and 70% to 80% dosage at various frequencies for 28 minutes. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using passive straight leg raise for hip flexion using a digital inclinometer. Patient-reported outcomes were evaluated using the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score and the Global Rating of Change (GRoC).Main Outcome Measure:The independent variable was time (pre and post). The dependent variables included passive straight leg raise, the GRoC, and the participant’s perceptions of the intervention. Statistical analyses included a dependentttest and a Pearson correlation.Results:Participants reported no issues with sport, activities of daily living, or quality of life prior to beginning the intervention study on the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score. Passive straight leg raise significantly improved post-DOT (95% confidence interval, 4.48°–7.85°,P < .001) with a mean difference of 6.17 ± 4.42° (pre-DOT = 75.43 ± 21.82° and post-DOT = 81.60 ± 23.17°). A significant moderate positive correlation was identified (r = .439,P = .02) among all participants between the GRoC and the mean change score of hamstring flexibility. Participants believed that the intervention improved their hamstring flexibility (5.41 ± 1.02 points) and was relaxing (6.21 ± 0.86).Conclusions:DOT is an effective intervention to increase hamstring flexibility.
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S Krishna, Harish, Shridhar Shetty, and Nayak Kruti Krishna. "Correlation Between Hamstring Flexibility and Eyes Open Stork Balance Test in Dominant Leg Among Middle Aged Adults - A Pilot Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 14, no. 9 (2024): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240945.

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BACKGROUND: Balance is the ability to maintain the body’s position over its support area and is crucial for performance. It involves managing the alignment of the body against gravity and other forces. Musculoskeletal system with posture, the configuration of body joints, is essential for maintaining balance and body orientation in standing positions, which is vital for daily activities and sports. Hamstrings are particularly important in maintaining the alignment of the pelvis and lower limbs. Tightness in these muscles can reduce flexibility which affect the range of motion and alter lower body biomechanics. It is found that the prevalence of hamstring tightness is high and hamstring tightness increases from childhood to 40-49 years. This may lead to balance issue due to fatigue of intrinsic foot muscles. OBJECTIVE: To find the relationship of Hamstring flexibility with Eyes Open Stork Balance Test among middle aged adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 15 older adults from tertiary hospital in Karnataka. Hamstring flexibility was assessed Active Knee Extension (AKE) test and balance was assessed by using Eyes Open Stork Balance Test (EOSBT). RESULT: A strong positive correlation between hamstring flexibility and eyes open stork balance test (r=0.987; p<0.001) was observed and was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there is a positive correlation between Hamstring flexibility and eyes open stork balance test in dominant leg in middle aged adults. Key words: Hamstring Flexibility, Eyes Open Stork Balance Test, Balance, Hamstring tightness, Intrinsic foot muscle
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Anak Agung Gede Eka Septian Utama, I Dewa Gd Alit Kamayoga, M. Widnyana, and I Putu Yudi Pramana Putra. "Relationship between core muscles, leg arch, hamstring and lumbar flexibility on pop-up ability among surfers." Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2023): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51559/ptji.v4i1.65.

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Background: Surfing is a sport that requires alternating high, medium, and low intensity at one time. Surfing combines three phases, namely paddling, pop-up, and wave-ride. The surf pop-up phase is characterized by a change from a paddling position to a standing position on the surfboard in one dynamic motion. During this transition, a surfer must move 75% of his body weight in less than one second. Pop-up movement is a unique challenge for the human motor system because it must be done quickly, with sufficient strength, on a moving and unstable surface that requires the readiness of the bio motoric component to avoid injury. This study aimed to see the relationship between core muscles, leg arches, hamstring, and lumbar flexibility on pop-up ability among surfers.
 Methods: The research uses analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples was 80 people with inclusion criteria, men aged 20-40 years and at least one year of surfing experience. Core muscles were measured using the curl-up test, the footprint test measured leg arches, hamstring flexibility by the sit and reach test, lumbar flexibility by the modified Schober's test, and pop-up ability using the time to pop-up. The research was conducted in Badung regency.
 Results: This study showed a significant and strong relationship between core muscles (r= 0,57, p-value< 0.001), leg arches (rs= 0.33-0.43, p-values= 0.009 - <0.001), hamstring and lumbar flexibility (rs= 0.31-0.50, p-values= 0.013 - <0.001) on pop-up ability among surfers.
 Conclusion: There were significant relationships between the core muscles, leg arches, hamstring and lumbar flexibility on pop-up ability among surfers.
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H’ng Ming Zhan, Kshtrashal Singh, and Karthikeyan Jayabalan. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULLIGAN BENT LEG RAISE TECHNIQUE VS PNF HOLD-RELAX WITH AGONIST CONTRACTION IN IMPROVING HAMSTRING RANGE OF MOTION AND MUSCLE PERFORMANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 18, Conf 1 (2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ye134b50.

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Background: Hamstring tightness is a common issue that can hinder athletic performance and increase the risk of injury. Effective interventions are needed to enhance hamstring range of motion (ROM) and muscle performance. This study aims to compare two manual therapy techniques: the Mulligan Bent Leg Raise technique and the PNF Hold-Relax with Agonist Contraction technique. Objective: The primary objective is to compare the immediate effects of these two techniques on hamstring ROM and muscle performance. Secondary objectives include evaluating participants’ perceived comfort during the interventions and exploring the practical application of both techniques in clinical settings. Methods: A review of literature, focusing on randomized controlled trials involving participants aged 18–35 years, was conducted. Participants were divided into two groups: one receiving the Mulligan Bent Leg Raise technique and the other undergoing PNF Hold-Relax with Agonist Contraction. Pre- and post-intervention measurements of hamstring ROM and muscle performance were collected. Immediate effects were recorded and analyzed to compare outcomes between the two techniques. Results: Preliminary results indicate significant immediate improvements in hamstring flexibility and muscle performance for both techniques. Literature supports the effectiveness of both the Mulligan and PNF techniques in enhancing hamstring function. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that both the Mulligan Bent Leg Raise and PNF Hold-Relax with Agonist Contraction techniques effectively improve hamstring flexibility and muscle performance. Implications: This study provides valuable insights for physiotherapy practice, equipping clinicians with evidence-based strategies to address hamstring tightness and dysfunction. By integrating these techniques, physiotherapists can achieve rapid improvements and enhance overall treatment outcomes.
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Erol, Erkan, Ramazan Yildiz, Ayse Yildiz, Fatih Emre Dogan, and Bulent Elbasan. "Acute effects of three different stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility in professional football players." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (2023): Article8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.15.2.08.

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Introduction: Hamstring injuries are common in physically active people and athletes. Lack of hamstring flexibility is the one of the most important characteristics of hamstring injuries in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of three different stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility in professional football players. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five male football players between the ages of 18–20 years old were involved in the study. The participants were divided into 3 groups: static stretching, neuromobilization and Mulligan traction straight leg raise (TSLR), respectively. Each participant’s dominant lower extremity was assessed with a straight leg raise test (SLR) using a goniometer before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant difference in the SLR range of motion before and after the intervention in all groups. There was no difference in the range of SLR between the groups at the beginning and at the end. However, the increase in the SLR range of motion was significantly higher in the Mulligan TSLR group. Conclusions: It was concluded that all 3 stretching techniques are effective in increasing hamstring flexibility in football players. However, the Mulligan TSLR technique could provide a greater increase in the range of motion than other techniques.
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Delvaux, François, Cedric Schwartz, Thibault Decréquy, et al. "Influence of a Field Hamstring Eccentric Training on Muscle Strength and Flexibility." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 04 (2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1073-7809.

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AbstractMuscle strength imbalances and poor flexibility are frequently described as risk factors for hamstring injury. Preventive strategies include eccentric exercises, but the influence of field eccentric exercises on these risk factors remains unclear. We investigated the influence of a field hamstring eccentric program on hamstring strength and flexibility. Twenty-seven amateur athletes were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=13) or control group (n=14). In the intervention group, participants were involved in 15 sessions of four eccentric exercises. Peak torque, hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios, passive and active flexibility were analyzed. No significant modifications of strength, passive or active flexibility were observed in the control group (p>0.05). Hamstring eccentric peak torque (+7.1%) and functional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios (9.3%) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in the intervention group, but not concentric strength (p<0.05). Passive straight leg raise was significantly increased by 11.4° (+12.7%, p<0.001), but not active flexibility (+3.1%, p>0.05). In conclusion, a 6-week eccentric program, including four field exercises for hamstring muscles, is an effective method of improving eccentric strength, functional ratios and, especially, passive flexibility. As this program may be easily implemented in a real-world context, this association of multiple eccentric exercises might be useful in an injury prevention strategy.
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Shafique, Sidra, Sara Aabroo, Hafiza Neelam Muneeb, and Umair Arshad. "COMPARISON OF SCIATIC NERVE GLIDING AND LOWER EXTREMITY DYNAMIC STRETCH ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN ATHLETES." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 12, no. 1 (2023): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.12.1/019.

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Background: Hamstring muscles are targeted among football players. Sciatic nerve gliding improve hamstring flexibility among football players. Objective: To compare the effects of sciatic nerve gliding and lower extremity stretching on hamstring flexibility among football players. Methodology: In this randomized clinical trial 20 male athletes were selected which divided in two groups. One group was given sciatic nerve gliding while other lower extremity stretches. Athletes with age of 18-30 years, male foot ballers who regularly exercise 2 to 3 times a week for 30 minutes for 6 weeks were included. Goniometer was used to collect data by performing straight leg raise and Active knee extension test. Results: The results showed that the mean age and SD was 21.30±1.809. Comparison of treatment within group was checked by Wilcoxon Rank test showed significant results (P was less than 0.05 )and between group comparisons was checked by Mann Whitney test and found sciatic nerve gliding gave more improvement in Athletes performance ( p value was less than 0.05 for straight leg raising and active knee extension test. Conclusion: It was concluded that sciatic nerve gliding gave more effective results than lower stretching in increasing hamstring flexibility among football players.
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Voglar, Matej, Anja Grandovec, and Rok Vatovec. "Effects of Foam Rolling on Strength and Flexibility of Hamstring Muscles." Sport Mont 20, no. 3 (2022): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.221013.

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Foam rolling is frequently implemented in warm-up prior to an exercise session. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of a short bout of foam rolling on maximal knee flexion strength along with active and passive hamstring flexibility. Methods: Fourteen healthy young participants were included in this within-subject randomized controlled trial. After warm-up a short bout (two sets of 60 s) of foam rolling was performed on the intervention leg (counterbalanced leg dominance) while the contralateral leg was used as a control. Measurement of peak knee flexion torque and hamstring passive and active range of motion were performed on both sides in counterbalanced order. An analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate differences between the two groups. Results: Our results did not show significant differences between the intervention and control leg for any of the assessed parameters. Conclusion: The main findings are that a short bout of foam rolling does not affect maximal knee flexion strength and that the foam rolling intervention does not further affect flexibility although hamstring passive flexibility increases following a warm-up. Based on our results we conclude that short bouts of foam rolling can be used prior to exercise, as they have no deleterious effect on muscle performance. Foam rolling before exercise should be recommended solely based on individual preference.
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Irfan, Afia, Rafia Mannan, Aleena, ., Saima Riaz, Sajid Rashid, and Rehan Ramzan Khan. "Effects of Mulligan's Bent Leg Raise Technique on Hamstring Flexibility and Lumbar Spine Mobility in Healthy Females." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 1 (2023): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171407.

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Objective: To assess the effects of Mulligan's bent leg raise technique on hamstring flexibility and lumbar spine mobility in healthy females. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial with ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04716205 was conducted. The 48 participants were split into two groups. Mulligan's bent leg raise (BLR) technique and static stretching were given to the experimental group, while only static stretching was given to the control group. The outcome variables were modified Schober's (MST) and active knee extension tests (AKET). The assessment was completed at the outset, and post-treatment values were obtained after the first and second weeks of therapy. Results: Mean value of MST in the Control group pre-treatment was 3.27±0.33 and 4.11±0.37 at 1st-week post-treatment and 4.81±0.32 at the 2nd-week post-treatment, which was less significant than the experimental group. The findings revealed that the experimental group had significantly higher mean values for both the active knee extension test and the modified Schober's test than did the control group. Conclusion: This research concluded that Mulligan's bent leg raise technique combined with static stretching is more effective than static stretching alone in treating hamstring flexibility and spinal mobility. Keywords: Hamstring tightness, Mulligan BLR, Static stretching, flexibility
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Razzaq, Maryam, Zahid Mehmood Bhatti, Umber Nawaz, Hafiza Muriam Ghani, Zaib-Un Nisa, and Maryam Hina. "Comparative Effects of Mulligan’s Two Leg Rotation Technique and Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Flexibility." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (2022): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22165102.

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Aim: To compare the effects of the Mulligan two-leg rotation technique (TLR) and the Muscle Energy Technique (MET) on hamstring flexibility. Methods: The Double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted among 108 subjects including both males and females with the age group of 18-35 years and on examination having hamstring tightness measured by an Active Knee Extension (AKE) Test. Group A was given Mulligan’s Two leg rotation (TLR) technique with routine physiotherapy, and Group B was given Muscle energy technique (MET) with routine physiotherapy. A total of 12 sessions were given to both groups, 3 sessions per week. Data was calculated at baseline and after every 6th session. Results: Group A had 50% males and females and Group B had 53.7% males and 46.3% females. There was a significant improvement in the flexibility of the hamstring with the application of Mulligan-TLR and MET. However, the increase in AKE range of motion was higher in MET compared to the Mulligan TLR group. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean between the two groups and shows a significant difference in values of Numeric Pain Rating scale (NPRS) (P˂0.005) and AKE (P˂0.005) after 12 sessions. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that both techniques are effective in improving hamstrings flexibility but better results are shown with MET. Therefore, it is concluded that both can be administered in clinical practice for improving hamstring flexibility. Keywords: Knee, Low back pain, Pain
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Selmani, Anilë, and Bujar Begu. "The Asymmetry Level of Hamstrings Strength in Female U16 Basketball Players." KOSALB International Journal of Human Movements Science 4, no. 1 (2025): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.70736/2958.8332.kosalb.53.

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Study aim(s): This study aims to assess hamstring strength asymmetry in female basketball players under 16 years old using both bilateral and unilateral Nordic Hamstring Test. The goal is to identify right-left leg strength differences that may influence injury risk and performance, yet often go undetected in regular training. Methods: The observational study, with a cross-sectional design includes 10 female basketball players under the age of 16 who train regularly with the "United Basketball" U16 team, under the framework of the Kosovo Basketball Federation (KBF). Hamstring strength asymmetry was assessed using the bilateral and unilateral Nordic Hamstring Tests using, with data collected via the My Jump 3 application. The measured parameters included torque (Nm), percentage of maximum torque (% of max τ), breakpoint angle (⁰), and asymmetry level (%). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The statistical methods applied the Shapiro-Wilk test, descriptive statistics, percentiles, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and a standard formula for calculating asymmetry level. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between body weight ─ attributable to muscle mass ─ and asymmetry (r = 0.681, p = 0.030). BMI showed a similar non-significant trend (r = 0.614, p = 0.059). In contrast, height and lever length exhibited weak correlations with asymmetry. Torque was higher in the right leg (455.24 Nm) compared to the left leg (370.85 Nm). The measured asymmetry was 5.09%, indicating a slight dominance of the right leg. Conclusion: In U16 female basketball players, a 5% asymmetry between the left (370 Nm, 102.3°) and right leg (455 Nm, 103.5°) in torque and breakpoint values suggests an acceptable level of functional variation. This asymmetry is likely influenced by muscle mass, which contributes to strength balance and neuromuscular control. These findings highlight the importance of targeted unilateral hamstring training to reduce injury risk in dynamic, sport-specific movements.
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AKINOĞLU, BIHTER, BÜŞRA PAKÖZ, ADNAN HASANOĞLU, and TUĞBA KOCAHAN. "Investigation of the relationship between sit-and-reach flexibility and the height, the leg length and the trunk length in adolescent athletes." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 13, no. 4 (2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.4.04.

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Background: ‪‪The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the Sit-and-Reach (SR) test and the height, the leg length, and the trunk length of the male and female adolescent athletes, and to obtain relative SR test results using these anthropometric values. Material and methods: ‪‪Fifty-six adolescent athletes were included in the study. The athletes’ trunk, hip, and hamstring flexibility were evaluated with the SR test (traditional). The height-relative SR, leg length-relative SR and trunk length-relative SR test values were calculated by proportioning each data with the SR test values. Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis were used according to the distribution status. Statistical significance was taken as p<0.05. Results: There was a very strong positive correlation between the traditional SR and all relative SR in female and male athletes (r:0.991/0.996; p<0.05). Traditional values of SR flexibility were similar between genders; however, relative SR according to the height, the trunk length, and the leg length were found to be higher in female athletes. Conclusions: ‪We think that the height-relative SR, leg length-relative SR and trunk length-relative SR values will give more accurate results in comparing trunk, hip, and hamstring flexibility. Therefore, we suggest that flexibility should be evaluated with relative SR tests, and its practical use should be increased.
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Megasari, Putu Santi Krishna, Ni Luh Nopi Andayani, Susy Purnawati, and Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini. "THE INTERVENTION CONTRACT RELAX HAMSTRING AND HOLD RELAX QUADRICEPS BETTER THAN CONTRACT RELAX HAMSTRING AND ISOTONIC EXERCISE QUADRICEPS IN IMPROVING FLEXIBILITY OF HAMSTRING ON WOMEN OF PKK AT BANJAR JAMBE BELODAN, DESA DAUH PEKEN, TABANAN." Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mifi.2018.v06.i01.p05.

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ABSTRACT
 Lack of physical activity to excessive physical activity, pregnancy and lack of exercise in women affects the hamstring muscle shortening if left unchecked will cause a loss of flexibility in the muscles. This study is an experimentalresearch design with Two Group Pre and Post Test Design involving 22 samples were divided into 2 groups: treatmentgroup 1 with intervention Contract relax hamstring and hold relax quadriceps and treatment group 2 with interventionContract relax hamstring and Isotonic exercise quadriceps , Paired samples t-test showed the value of p = 0.000 in bothgroups. 22.82 (SB 7.85) cm in group 1 and 16.54 (SB 6.43) cm in group 2. The test results independent sample t-testshowed the value of p = 0.000 on the difference increased flexibility of the hamstring muscles. The conclusion of thisstudy is the contract hold-relax relax the hamstring and quadriceps better than contract relax the hamstring andquadriceps Isotonic exercise in improving the flexibility of the hamstring on Women of PKK in Banjar Jambe Belodan,Desa Dauh Peken, Tabanan.
 Keywords: hamstring tightness, flexibility of hamstring muscles, stretching, contract relax, hold relax, Isotonicexercise
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Pagare, Venus K., Pooja M. Ganacharya, Aarti Sareen, and Tushar J. Palekar. "EFFECT OF NEURODYNAMIC SLIDING TECHNIQUE VERSUS STATIC STRETCHING ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS WITH SHORT HAMSTRING SYNDROME." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 17, no. 02 (2014): 1450009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957714500092.

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Purpose: To compare the effects of Neurodynamic Sliding Technique with static stretching on hamstring flexibility in healthy young football players with short hamstring syndrome. Methods: 30 male football players within age group 18–25 years with short hamstring syndrome i.e. initial passive straight leg raise (SLR) ≤ 75° participated in the study. Participants were excluded if they exhibited any hamstring injury within the past year or presence of any history of neurological or orthopedic disorder affecting the lower extremities (e.g. Peripheral neuropathy, femur fracture, meniscal injury, low back pain, etc.) the participants were randomly assigned to either Neurodynamic Sliding Technique group or static stretching group. The same researcher provided the intervention to both the groups for three sessions on three different days over a period of one week. Passive SLR was measured pre-intervention, immediately after 1st session and after three sessions. Results: Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) revealed significant improvement for both the groups but no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Thus, both the techniques are equally effective to improve hamstring flexibility in football players with short hamstring syndrome.
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