Academic literature on the topic 'Legal acknowledgment'

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Journal articles on the topic "Legal acknowledgment"

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HAIM, OFIR. "Acknowledgment Deeds (iqrārs) in Early New Persian from the Area of Bāmiyān (395–430 ah/1005–1039 ce)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 3 (2019): 415–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000718.

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AbstractThe article provides an edition and translation of eight early Islamic acknowledgment (iqrār) deeds written in Early New Persian, which are preserved in the National Library of Israel. The acknowledgment deeds are part of a rich trove of manuscripts known as the “Afghan Genizah”, reportedly found in the area of Bāmiyān in central Afghanistan. Dated between the years 395–430/1005–1039, the eight discussed acknowledgment deeds are probably the earliest extant legal documents written in New Persian. This implies that Islamic legal documents were drawn up in New Persian in the area of Bāmiyān—and perhaps in other eastern Iranian territories—as early as the beginning of the 5th/11th century. Furthermore, a thorough examination of the formulaic structure of these acknowledgment deeds reveals their reliance on Arabic legal formulae, which may reflect an early stage of legal writing in New Persian.
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Not Available, Not Available. "ACKNOWLEDGMENT." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29, no. 4 (2004): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03605310490503588.

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Rekowarno, Rekowarno. "Execution of Recognition of Grosse Documents Made Payable Notary." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, no. 3 (2018): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3405.

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This study, entitled: Implementation of Execution of Deed of Acknowledgment of Debt Groose Created Notary, the problems of this study are 1) How is the execution of the Deed of Acknowledgment of Debt Groose made Notary? 2) What are the barriers and solutions in the execution of the Deed of Acknowledgment of Debt Groose made Notary? The method used in this research using normative juridical approach, which includes research principles of law, the legal systematics, synchronization of law, legal history and comparative law. The results using this method Sociological Juridical conclude that: 1) Execution of a debt recognition grosse deed as authentic deeds in the lending agreement, can only be carried out under the leadership of Chairman of the Court (court fiat) local. Not that grosse deed of acknowledgment of debt which includes the phrase, "As Justice Based on God" the legal force equivalent Court decision that has binding can be carried out executions without trial fiat (parate execution). Precisely because equated with court decisions that have permanent legal force, the implementation of the execution must be at the behest and under the leadership of Chairman of the Court, 2)Barriers execution grosse deed of acknowledgment of debt arose because of noncompliance with formal requirements, the form must be as specified by the Act and the terms of material, which is the amount of debt must be certain or uncertain, the deed must be an acknowledgment of debt unilaterally from the debtor, and not to be confounded with the grosse deed mortgages. These problems can result grosse deed recognition execution request Debt can not be accepted by the President of the Court State and cause grosse deed of recognition The debt does not have the power executorial,Keywords: Execution Groose, Deed of Acknowledgment of Debt, Notary.
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Pietrzak, Helena. "Uznanie ojcostwa nowym sposobem ustalenia pochodzenia dziecka." Prawo Kanoniczne 52, no. 3-4 (2009): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2009.52.3-4.19.

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On 13th June 2009 the amending of the family and guardianship code became effective, which thoroughly reformed the issues of a child’s descent, an aspect of parental authority and significantly influences a change of financial relations and situation in a family. One of the most essential changes is introduction of the institution of “acknowledgment of paternity” instead as so far a declaration on being a child’s father. It applies to the situation when there is no presumption that a husband of the child’s mother is the child’s father or when such presumption is destroyed. Thus the identification of paternity may come through acknowledgment of paternity or by decision of a court. The essence of changes in this regard is a possibility of effective expression of an act of acknowledgment by a biological father having a limited capacity to legal transaction (a requirement of the age of 16) without consent of his legal representative (exclusively before a guardianship court; if there are no grounds for his complete legal incapacitation). Such changes shall undoubtedly result in acceleration of all procedure of acknowledgment, since previously legal representatives of a minor could effectively obstruct going through such formalities owing to financial implications (e.g. child support). Time limits for a mother for confirmation of a declaration on acknowledgement of paternity remain unchanged. The amending of the family and guardianship code introduced also a few changes in acknowledgment of paternity by a minor father who can make a declaration (a strictly personal act) before the superintendent registrar and a child’s mother is to confirm at the same time or within three months of the date of the man’s declaration that such man is the child’s father. Besides, the acknowledgment of paternity may occur before a guardianship court and if abroad, also before a Polish consul or a person appointed to perform functions of a consul, if the acknowledgment concerns a child whose both or one of parents is a Polish citizen (art. 73 § 4 of the family and guardianship court). A catalog of persons entitled to take a declaration in circumstance of a threat to life has also been broadened. Subject to art. 74 § 1 of the family and guardianship code in case of any danger directly threatening life of a child’s mother or a man, whom the child descends from, a declaration necessary for acknowledgment of paternity may be recorded by a notary public or to made on record before a head of a commune (a mayor, a president of a town), a chief official of a district, a governor of a province, a secretary of a district or a commune. The record including the declaration necessary for acknowledgment of paternity should be immediately submit to the registrar’s office competent for preparation of a birth certificate of the child.
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Atmaja, Gede Marhaendra Wija. "Legal pluralism politics towards recognition of social unity in customary law and local regulation." International journal of social sciences and humanities 2, no. 2 (2018): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n2.152.

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The present study at discussing the about Legal Pluralism Politics towards Recognition of the Society Unity of Customary Law and Local Regulations. The two important term was discussed i.e. (1) the political principles of the legal pluralism whether as the recognition direction for the social unity of the customary law; (2) the rationale for the need to recognize the social unity of the customary law with a local regulation. The customary law unity has a specificity that requires flexible regulation in the law, and enforcement to its acknowledgment with local regulations. The utilization wonder, the law can make people happy by ensuring access to their rights. The recognition of customary law unity society guarantees access to rights, in accordance with laws that mandate acknowledgment with local regulations. The legal certainty requires that the law can be formulated, unlike a clear and systematic way. It can be made thus, it is clear about the recognized identity is given for more limited scope and local government to be better recognize local uniqueness.
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Dimas Harapan, Aria, and Andi Safira Yan Istiany. "WANPRESTASI TERHADAP AKTA PENGAKUAN UTANG DIBAWAH TANGAN DENGAN JAMINAN SERTIFIKAT HAK MILIK ATAS TANAH DITINJAU DARI PASAL 12 UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 4 TAHUN 1996 TENTANG HAK TANGGUNGAN ( Analisis Putusan Kasasi Nomor 837 K/Pdt/2019 )." Rechtsregel : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 3, no. 1 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/rjih.v3i1.6623.

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Starting from the need for capital, in practice some people are reluctant to make credit with banks, because the process is considered difficult, and too convoluted. Therefore, some people prefer to borrow a certain amount of money from individuals or what is better known as debt or credit. Talking about the debt and credit agreement, it will be closely related to collateral because every creditor needs a sense of security for the funds he lends. The author's research is made to examine and find out what efforts can be made if there is default in an underhand debt acknowledgment that guarantees the title of title to land without being preceded by a principal agreement, as well as the judge's consideration (Ratio Decidendi) in the Cassation Decision Number 837K / Pdt / 2019 concerning default in the debt acknowledgment. The research method used in this study is a descriptive normative juridical approach, namely research that refers to the legal norms contained in statutory regulations and court decisions. The results of the research obtained by the author in this study are the first consideration of the judge in deciding Case Number 837 / K / Pdt / 2019 is not quite right because in theory the judge's decision overrides legal certainty for a civil case by deciding in default of a debt acknowledgment, which then the judge also also declared null and void the debt acknowledgment. Where based on the provisions of Article 12 of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights, the guarantee which is the object of the author's research, is a forbidden cause that is contrary to the validity of an agreement, so that the legal consequences are null and void from the start without having to obey prior default in the debt recognition deed. So that the author's suggestion is necessary for parties who want to carry out lending and borrowing activities, especially in terms of debt and credit, first understand any rules and legal norms that apply to their actions, so that they will not cause losses among the parties who bind themselves in the future.
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Sitek, Bronisław. "Migration – The Threat or the Chance of Development for the City?" International and Comparative Law Review 11, no. 1 (2011): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0097.

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Abstract The article deals with the phenomena of human migration, especially migration from the rural surroundings to the city structures and legal approach to it. Author describes the acknowledgment and legal regulation of the migration into the city structures in ancient world (e.g. in Roman law), deals with the contemporary legal concepts related to this sort of migration in Polish law and evaluate the impact of EU law approach to this question. Finally author pleads against the protective and closing regulations and call for the open approach to the in-city migration flows.
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Jones, Emma. "Transforming legal education through emotions." Legal Studies 38, no. 3 (2018): 450–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.16.

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AbstractLaw has traditionally viewed emotions as the enemies of rationality and reason, irrational and potentially dangerous forces which must be suppressed or disregarded. This separation and enmity has been mirrored within undergraduate legal education in England and Wales, with its rigid focus on seemingly impartial and objective analysis and notions such as the ubiquitous ‘thinking like a lawyer’. This paper will argue that attempts to disregard or suppress emotions within the law school are both misguided and destined to fail. It will explore the integral part emotions play within effective legal learning, the development of legal skills, and the well-being of both law students and legal academics. It will also consider how developments in legal scholarship and the evolving climate of higher education generally offer some potential, but also pitfalls, for the future acknowledgment and incorporation of emotions within undergraduate legal education in England and Wales. Bodies of literature relating to not only legal education, but also education generally, psychology and philosophy will be drawn on to demonstrate that emotions have a potentially transformative power within legal education, requiring them to be acknowledged and utilised within a more holistic, integrated form of law degree.
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Quinn, William W. "Federal Acknowledgment of American Indian Tribes: The Historical Development of a Legal Concept." American Journal of Legal History 34, no. 4 (1990): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845826.

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Mohamed, Duryana. "Forms of Acknowledgement of Debt in Malaysia: The Legal Implications." Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol. 4(1) 2016 4, no. 1 (2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2016.4.1(3).

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Objective - The purpose of the paper is to discuss different forms or methods of acknowledging debt by the debtor. The paper analysis laws and cases decided by the Malaysian courts. Methodology/Technique - The methodology adopted in this study is by analysing court decisions in various cases on debt acknowledgement. Findings - The findings show that when there is acknowledgement of debt, there are several legal implications. Novelty – The paper Novelty - The paper is original since it focuses on different methods of debt acknowledgment accepted by the Malaysian courts and the legal implications or consequences resulting from such acknowledgement. As far as it is concerned, there is no specific study or compilation has been conducted on the above title. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Payment; Debt; Acknowledgement; Time Barred; Forms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legal acknowledgment"

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Bouteloup, Claire. "Agir pour la reconnaissance du dommage écologique des marées noires : attachements, stratégies et justification. Cas de l'Amoco Cadiz et de l'Erika." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0062/document.

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En quarante ans, la Bretagne a subi en moyenne un naufrage de pétrolier tous les cinq ans. A chaque marée noire, le dommage écologique génère des mobilisations massives, des controverses sur la scène publique et la remise en cause des dispositifs de régulation. Malgré son évidence sensible, ni le régime international d'indemnisation (FIPOL) ni le Droit national n'intègrent l'atteinte environnementale comme motif supplémentaire de responsabilité financière pour les opérateurs. Les dommages de la pollution sont pris en compte à travers, d'un côté, les préjudices économiques et matériels et, de l'autre, les dommages purs à la biodiversité, sous la forme d'actions de restauration des milieux naturels. Les critiques pointent la faiblesse de la dissuasion : les coûts d'une marée noire pour les acteurs du transport maritime pétrolier sont considérés dérisoires au vu des profits et donc peu incitatifs à des comportements plus prudents. Elles réclament également la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques par le Droit, qui ouvrirait la possibilité de conséquences juridiques et économiques concrètes aux faits de pollutions et l'indemnisation des atteintes à l'environnement.Cette recherche s'intéresse aux processus de changement vers la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques des marées noires. Il ne s'agit pas de questionner l'efficacité de la prise en compte des dégradations environnementales par le dispositif de gestion ou les voies juridiques susceptibles de soutenir son intégration dans le Droit - déjà largement explorées - mais d'étudier les réalités du dommage écologique et d'analyser les actions de changement mises en oeuvre par des acteurs pour susciter leur reconnaissance. Cette analyse est conduite à partir de deux cas d'étude, la marée noire de l'Amoco Cadiz (1978) et celle de l'Erika (1999).Nous explorons une voie alternative et élargie de compréhension des atteintes de la marée noire, en considérant que la marée noire endommage aussi des relations plurielles entre hommes et environnement. Grâce à la sociologie pragmatique développée par Thévenot dans L'action au pluriel (2006) nous montrons les réalités plurielles du dommage écologique en termes d'attachements d’hommes à des non humains, que ni la description des écologues, ni celle des attachements de type marchand ne parviennent à saisir. Par ailleurs, à partir d'une analyse stratégique de la gestion de l'environnement (Mermet et al., 2005), nous étudions la manière dont les acteurs élaborent l'action de changement et comment celle-ci porte le dommage écologique. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à la manière dont les enjeux de l'action induisent certains choix de qualification du dommage au tribunal.La recherche propose ainsi de nouvelles connaissances sur le dommage écologique, qui pourraient en renouveler la définition (intérêt théorique). Questionner les atteintes aux attachements pourrait également ouvrir une voie intéressante pour soutenir de nouvelles formes de justification sur la scène publique et favoriser la reconnaissance juridique des dommages écologiques (intérêt opérationnel). Enfin, elle articule deux cadres de pensée jusque-là disjoints en sciences humaines et qui se révèlent complémentaires. En donnant à voir les réalités plurielles, individuelles et collectives, des dynamiques environnementales, cette recherche propose d'enrichir la compréhension de la mise en oeuvre d'une action de changement au-delà des analyses de l'action collective (Cefaï, 2007)<br>Over the last forty years, an oil tanker has sunk off the Brittany coast of France every five years on average. Each time, the ecological damage from the oil slick has mobilised huge numbers of people to volunteer and demonstrate, and generated public controversy and criticism of regulatory procedures. Although oil spills provoke evident impacts, neither the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) nor French Law recognise environmental detriment as a motif for financial compensation by the operators. The damages and pollution are taken into account firstly as economic and material losses, and secondly in terms of damage to biodiversity requiring habitat restoration actions. Critics highlight the feeble deterrent and the lack of incentive for maritime oil transporters to reduce risks: in relation to their profits the costs of an oil slick to them is regarded as derisory. These critics also call for recognition of ecological damages by the law. This would allow environmental pollution to incur economic and juridical responsibilities, and for environmental harm to require compensation.This research project looks at change processes leading to the recognition of ecological damage from oil slicks. We do not add to the existing substantial debate over the efficiency or interest of integrating environmental concerns into conduct rules and the legal system, nor evaluate different methods for doing do. Instead we study the realities of ecological damage, and analyse actions for change implemented by different actors to provoke their recognition. This analysis is based on two case studies: the oil slicks from the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and the Erika (1999).We explore an alternative and wider approach to understanding the harm caused by an oil slick, by considering that it damages multiple relationships between man and the environment. Using the concept of pragmatic sociology (Thévenot, “L’action au pluriel”, 2006) we reveal the multiple realities of ecological damage in terms of the relations between humans and nonhumans. These relations cannot be described in purely commercial nor ecological terms. Using a strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet et al., 2005), we study how actors elaborate an action for change and how the action represents environmental damage. We look particularly at how the challenge of the action leads to certain choices when qualifying the damage to the courts.Thus, the study proposes new information on ecological damage, allowing the definition to be renewed (theoretical interest). By examining ecological damage in terms of harm to human – nonhuman relations, it provides an interesting support for new forms of justification in the public arena, and promotes legal recognition of ecological damage (operational interest). Finally, the study brings together, and shows to be complementary, two conceptual frameworks hereto unarticulated in human sciences. The study reveals the multiple individual and collective realities of environmental dynamics, and thus allows a richer understanding of the implementation of an action for change than a standard analysis of collective action (Cefai, 2007)
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Books on the topic "Legal acknowledgment"

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Beckham, Stephen Dow. Chinook Indian tribe: Petition for federal acknowledgment. USA Research, 1987.

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Quest for tribal acknowledgment: California's Honey Lake Maidus. University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.

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Forgotten tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the federal acknowledgment process. University of Nebraska Press·, 2003.

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Fixing the federal acknowledgment process: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, November 4, 2009. U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Federal acknowledgment process: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session, on oversight hearing on federal acknowledgement process, May 26, 1988, Washington, DC. U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993- ). Federal Acknowledgment Process Reform Act: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, on S. 297, to provide reforms and resources to the Bureau of Indian Affairs to improve the federal acknowledgments process, April 21, 2004, Washington, DC. U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Affairs, United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Indian. Federal Acknowledgment Administrative Procedures Act of 1989: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 611, to establish administrative procedures to determine the status of certain Indian groups. U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Interior and Insular. Federal acknowledgment of various Indian groups: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session on H.R. 3958 ... H.R. 1475 ... H.R. 2349 ... H.R. 5562 ... H.R. 3607 ... hearing held in Washington, DC, July 8, 1992. G.P.O., 1993.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Indian federal acknowledgment process: Hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 3430, to establish administrative procedures to extend federal recognition to certain Indian groups, hearing held in Washington, DC, September 15, 1992. U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Lumbee Recognition Act: Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, on S. 660, to provide for the acknowledgment of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, July 12, 2006, Washington, DC. U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Legal acknowledgment"

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Casolari, Federico. "The Acknowledgment of the Direct Effect of EU International Agreements: Does Legal Equality Still Matter?" In The Principle of Equality in EU Law. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66137-7_3.

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Hasian, Marouf. "Opening Up the “Pandora’s Box” That Comes with Academic, Legal, and Public Acknowledgments of “Colonial Genocides”." In Debates on Colonial Genocide in the 21st Century. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21278-0_4.

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"Acknowledgment." In The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102314-3.00018-5.

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"Acknowledgment by Gene Landy." In The IT Digital Legal Companion. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-59749-256-0.00027-8.

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"Document Nineteen Acknowledgment Of Mahr As Debt (1934)." In Legal Documents from the Judean Desert. BRILL, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004201323.i-582.78.

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"Chapter Two. The Acknowledgment Of Receipt Clause." In Continuity and Innovation in the Aramaic Legal Tradition. BRILL, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004152847.i-234.14.

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Baker, John. "Assumpsit against executors for money." In Baker and Milsom Sources of English Legal History. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847809.003.0017.

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The decision in Slade’s Case (1602) that the action of assumpsit could be brought for not paying a debt left open the question whether it would lie against a debtor’s executors. Executors had been immune from actions by writ of debt, unless there was a sealed acknowledgment of indebtedness, since they could not wage their testator’s law; but wager of law was not relevant in assumpsit. This chapter shows how the availability of assumpsit against executors, to recover debts from a deceased debtor’s estate, was a controversial question between the King’s Bench and Common Pleas, and how it was finally settled in 1611 in favour of allowing the action.
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Gless, Sabine. "The Acquisition of Legal Status by Individuals in Transnational Criminal Proceedings in Europe." In Histories of Transnational Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845702.003.0023.

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Sabine Gless highlights the individual’s journey from an object of government caprice, susceptible to arrest on a foreign warrant without legal protection, to a legally protected defendant in the frameworks of transnational criminal law. Using in particular Germany and Switzerland as examples of different approaches taken in Continental Europe, she maps the evolution of defendants’ rights from domestic criminal justice to European Human Rights from the 19th to the 21st century, and the slow shift from a state-centred understanding of transnational criminal law to the acknowledgment of individual rights under a human rights narrative.
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Encarnación, Omar G. "Digging Up a Painful Past." In The Case for Gay Reparations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535660.003.0003.

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This chapter talks about the Mattachine Society of Washington, DC, an organization that takes its name from the pioneering gay rights organization of the pre-Stonewall era. It looks at Charles Francis, the president of the Mattachine Society and a leading figure among American gay rights activists, who was a former Republican public relations consultant from Texas with close personal ties to the Bush family. It also discusses Francis’s activism aimed at securing an acknowledgment and apology from the US Congress for discriminatory actions taken by the federal government against LGBT Americans. This chapter analyses the Mattachine Society’s briefing paper “America’s Promise of Reconciliation and Redemption: The Need for an Official Acknowledgment and Apology for the Historic Government Assault on LGBT Federal Employees and Military Personnel,” and it emphasizes the mission of the new Mattachine Society on adjusting the legal struggle to secure an apology from the US government.
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Jördens, Andrea. "Aequum et iustum." In Law in the Roman Provinces. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844082.003.0002.

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The relationship of Roman judges to native law has recently been discussed extensively by Alonso (2013) from a juristic perspective. This chapter explores the subject from a more historical viewpoint: What were the underlying principles of Roman legal administration in the provinces, and what place was assigned to pre-Roman legal traditions? The province of Egypt, extensively documented through papyri, can serve to illustrate the general conditions faced by governors throughout the empire: environmental features, local knowledge, and a diverse group of advisers all determined the way justice was administered. Overarching ideals can nevertheless be identified. Roman conceptions of justice included the acknowledgment of non-Roman legal traditions, as long as these were not deemed to violate fundamental principles of humanitas.
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Conference papers on the topic "Legal acknowledgment"

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Боков, Юрий Александрович. "«POLITICAL MATURITY» AS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF POLITICAL CULTURE: ON THE MATERIALS OF THE PRESS OF THE GERMAN STATES OF THE XIX CENTURY." In Образование. Культура. Общество: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Февраль 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ecs295.2021.44.28.003.

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Уровнями политической культуры являются "политическая зрелость" и "политическая инфантильность". На политическую зрелость оказывают влияние различные факторы: мораль, образование, духовность, объём прав человека и др. Избирательное право способствует достижению состояния политической зрелости. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-011-00436. The levels of political culture are "political maturity" and "political infantility". Various factors influence political maturity: morality, education, spirituality, the scope of human rights, etc. Suffrage contributes to the achievement of a state of political maturity. Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-011-00436 “Electoral legal culture of citizens of Germany (1871-1933)".
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Боков, Юрий Александрович. "ASSESSMENT OF THE «CULTURE OF THE VOTER» BY THE OFFICIAL SEAL OF PRUSSIA OF THE XIX CENTURY." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt189.2021.70.81.007.

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В Пруссии XIX века не использовался термин "электоральная культура", но акцентировалось внимание на "культурности избирателя". Официальная пресса отмечала, что культурный избиратель консервативен, сдержан, любит свою страну, принадлежит к христианской конфессии и участвует в выборах. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-011-00436. In the Prussia of the XIX century, the term "electoral culture" was not used, but attention was focused on the "culture of the voter". The official press noted that the cultural voter is conservative, reserved, loves his country, belongs to the Christian denomination and participates in elections. Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-011-00436 “Electoral legal culture of citizens of Germany (1871-1933).
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BOUMAZOUZA, Nassima. "CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL NEEDS THROUGH THE SYMBOLISM OF ABUSE AND BULLYING TARGETING." In International Research Congress of Contemporary Studies in Social Sciences (Rimar Congress 2). Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress2-6.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) states on its website, the one dedicated to the regional office of the Middle East, that there are more than 1000 million disabled people across the globe, which represents approximately 15% of the entire world population i.e. nearly 1 in every 7 people is disabled. It also indicates that the number of the people who suffer from a handicap is on a continuous rise, mainly because of the aging population as well as the exacerbation of chronic illnesses. Moreover, the same organization informs that although this matter is of an extreme seriousness, there is in fact a severe lack of awareness and an unavailability of the necessary scientific information related to this topic. As a matter of fact, there is only a small number of documents that display collections of studies about the policies and responses that the countries have put in place in order to meet the needs of people with disabilities. The data related to disabilities and disabled people points out to an evident lack of concern, on a global scale, when it comes to this particular group that happens to include millions of people all throughout the world. However, and despite the efforts and resources dedicated to accommodate and rehabilitate handicapped people, we still, unfortunately, have a long way to go before we can reach this desired goal. So, does it mean that all these efforts were in vain? In this communication, we will attempt to answer this question through a presentation of the historical evolution of opinions about the meaning of disability and special needs in light of the recent scientific advancements and its impact on the social perception, by shedding the light on the symbolism of the phenomenon of abuse and bullying targeting individuals with special needs. This historical examination shows a clear quantum leap when it comes to the treatment and attitude towards people with special needs, a leap that coincides with the advancement that the scientific research and the pathological classification in the psychology have witnessed in the beginning of the twentieth century. Following these classifications, a number of legal renewals took place, which provided disabled people with several rights that guarantee their protection. Therefore, we can determine that there is indeed a tangible change, albeit the fact that there is definitely and undoubtedly more room for improvement in this regard. Consequently, the denunciations we witness today regarding the abuse and mistreatment of people with disabilities is in fact a product of the collective awareness and the public acknowledgment of the radical shift regarding the conceptual and practical notion of disability. Which in turn, predicts a better and a more prosperous future for a group of people who are in dire need of change.
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