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Kasian, Marilyn (Marilyn Anne) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Battered women who kill: jury simulation and legal defenses." Ottawa, 1991.
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Bassino, Balta Ariana. "Is it possible to use legal defenses to exempt criminal responsibility for the crime of torture?" THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108373.
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Torture is proscribed in the majority of countries, and prohibited by numerous international instruments. However, torture is nowadays a practice that takes place in many countries, even though there exists a majority agreement in favor of absolute prohibition of this conduct.In the present article, the author analyzes the possibility of using legal defenses to exempt criminal responsibility for the crime of torture. In order to do this, the author examines historical, doctrinal and jurisprudential aspects, concluding than in certain situations it is possible to appeal to traditional legal defenses, particularly selfdefense.La tortura se encuentra proscrita en la mayoría de países, y está vetada por diversos instrumentos internacionales. No obstante, la tortura es en la actualidad una práctica que se lleva a cabo en muchos países, a pesar de un discurso mayoritario de prohibición absoluta de la misma.En el presente artículo, la autora realiza un análisis sobre la posibilidad de aplicar eximentes en el juicio de imputación del delito de tortura. Para ello, examina aspectos históricos, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales, concluyendo que en determinadas situaciones límite se verifican los presupuestos y requisitos de las causas de justificación tradicionales, en particular de la legítima defensa.
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Madavaraj, Samuel. "Legal metaphor in Job 31:35-37." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
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Epps, Susan Bramlett, and Steve Robinson. "Legal Self-Defense for the Academic Advisor." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2574.
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Villar, Ramírez Manuela Rosana. "Limitaciones al ejercicio del derecho de defensa en la etapa de instrucción y el trabajo del defensor de oficio." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/209.
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El presente trabajo de investigación constituye un esfuerzo cuestionador de la realidad jurídica nacional, con la única finalidad de aportar al mejoramiento del sistema jurídico en el que diariamente nos desenvolvemos, mas aun cuando no hemos encontrado significativa preocupación a la realidad carcelaria de los detenidos de escasos recursos.
El sistema penal actualmente está orientado en su parte adjetiva a la constitucionalización del derecho procesal penal, sin embargo los operadores del derecho han absorbidos profundamente las deficiencias del Sistema procesal Inquisitivo que le impiden advertir las vulneraciones a la garantía procesal constitucional del derecho a la defensa en el caso especifico de los detenidos de escasos recursos económicos tiene connotaciones contrarias al debido proceso de modo alarmante.
El valor de la justicia es la luz que guía a los estados democráticos de derechos en el mundo y precisamente los profesionales de las leyes encontramos en el contenido de este concepto el pilar fundamental que inspira nuestro trabajo jurídico-social. Desde nuestras aulas sanmarquinas de pre-grado hemos escuchado por nuestros docentes que la lucha por la justicia es un camino forzado y los abogados tenemos un compromiso especialmente relevante a nivel constitucional, primero como ciudadanos en defensa de la patria y luego como sujetos de derecho, decididos a mejorar el Sistema de Justicia en nuestro país, manifiesto a través de sus diferentes mecanismos de control social. Esto significa que solo a través del autentico cumplimiento de los rolos sociales asignados a los abogados, operadores del derecho, auxiliares del derecho e instituciones del Sistema de Justicia tendremos éxito en nuestro intento por lograr la reforma procesal-penal que incipiente o tardíamente se viene forjando en nuestro país, porque mas allá del cambio de las normas procesales adjetivas o sustantivas esta el cambio de la mentalidad inquisitiva, vulneradora de los derechos ciudadanos, de los derechos fundamentales.
Por tal motivo pretendemos en el siguiente trabajo de investigación de naturaleza jurídico-social determinar cuáles son los factores que limitan el derecho de defensa gratuita de las personas de escasos recursos al inicio de la instrucción judicial en el trabajo del defensor de oficio.Tesis
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Villar, Ramírez Manuela Rosana, and Ramírez Manuela Rosana Villar. "Limitaciones al ejercicio del derecho de defensa en la etapa de instrucción y el trabajo del defensor de oficio." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/209.
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El presente trabajo de investigación constituye un esfuerzo cuestionador de la realidad jurídica nacional, con la única finalidad de aportar al mejoramiento del sistema jurídico en el que diariamente nos desenvolvemos, mas aun cuando no hemos encontrado significativa preocupación a la realidad carcelaria de los detenidos de escasos recursos.
El sistema penal actualmente está orientado en su parte adjetiva a la constitucionalización del derecho procesal penal, sin embargo los operadores del derecho han absorbidos profundamente las deficiencias del Sistema procesal Inquisitivo que le impiden advertir las vulneraciones a la garantía procesal constitucional del derecho a la defensa en el caso especifico de los detenidos de escasos recursos económicos tiene connotaciones contrarias al debido proceso de modo alarmante.
El valor de la justicia es la luz que guía a los estados democráticos de derechos en el mundo y precisamente los profesionales de las leyes encontramos en el contenido de este concepto el pilar fundamental que inspira nuestro trabajo jurídico-social. Desde nuestras aulas sanmarquinas de pre-grado hemos escuchado por nuestros docentes que la lucha por la justicia es un camino forzado y los abogados tenemos un compromiso especialmente relevante a nivel constitucional, primero como ciudadanos en defensa de la patria y luego como sujetos de derecho, decididos a mejorar el Sistema de Justicia en nuestro país, manifiesto a través de sus diferentes mecanismos de control social. Esto significa que solo a través del autentico cumplimiento de los rolos sociales asignados a los abogados, operadores del derecho, auxiliares del derecho e instituciones del Sistema de Justicia tendremos éxito en nuestro intento por lograr la reforma procesal-penal que incipiente o tardíamente se viene forjando en nuestro país, porque mas allá del cambio de las normas procesales adjetivas o sustantivas esta el cambio de la mentalidad inquisitiva, vulneradora de los derechos ciudadanos, de los derechos fundamentales.
Por tal motivo pretendemos en el siguiente trabajo de investigación de naturaleza jurídico-social determinar cuáles son los factores que limitan el derecho de defensa gratuita de las personas de escasos recursos al inicio de la instrucción judicial en el trabajo del defensor de oficio.Tesis
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Sorge, Keith M. "Legal implications of United States ballistic missile defense systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23967.
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Following the extensive use of ballistic missiles in the 1991 Persian Gulf War, there has been a renewed emphasis within the United States to develop and deploy anti-ballistic missile defenses.This thesis examines whether the current ballistic missile defense programs of the United States comply with the limitations imposed by the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The thesis begins with a review of the development of ballistic missiles and the systems designed to defend against them. Next an analysis of the ABM Treaty is offered, including its differing interpretations. The Treaty's legal restrictions are then applied to current ABM defensive systems in various stages of research and development. The thesis concludes with an examination of the various lawful possibilities to modify the restrictive provision of the Treaty.
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Alarcón, Canchari Alan Carlos. "La Función Garantista del Equilibrio Económico Financiero en el Contrato de Obra Pública." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118865.
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The present article seeks to explain, in the frame of cost variations of infrastructure works, the way the legal defense of State has been carried out against the pretension outlined. Then, we will analyze the way this pretensions, far from causing a prejudice to State, they tend to be necessary to achieve the public interests.El presente artículo tiene como propósito explicar, dentro de un escenario de variación inesperada de los costos de una obra de infraestructura, cómo ha sido la defensa legal del Estado contra las pretensiones económicas que se han esbozado, para seguidamente analizar cómo es que estas pretensiones, lejos de constituirse en necesariamente un eventual perjuicio para el Estado, finalmente y dependiendo de la casuística, terminan siendo necesarias para la consecución de intereses públicos.
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Bin, Idris Mohammad Hussin Ali. "Necessity within the legal framework of self-defence against terrorism." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13390/.
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This thesis focuses on the criteria established for the use of force in self-defence in international law. The prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter is subject to exemption by way of approval from the Security Council, or by invoking the right to self-defence. The use of force in self-defence is promulgated in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, but is understood to be restricted by the principles of necessity and proportionality. Since the attacks in the United Stated on 11th September 2001, the law on self-defence has focused on the emergence of non-state actors within the framework of jus ad bellum. In view of this, and the contemporary context, this thesis seeks to reappraise the meaning of necessity in light of terrorism. In particular, the study asks whether the meaning of necessity is affected if self-defence is applied against a non-state actor, and if so, how. It also explores the establishment of the two conditions of self-defence, necessity and proportionality, based on the Caroline incident, and examines how the Caroline doctrine has been interpreted in the formulation of rules incorporated in jus ad bellum. The understanding of necessity in self-defence is also re-evaluated by asking the role of necessity in self-defence framework. It is argued that necessity has two important roles in self-defence law. First, it argued that necessity acts as a requirement to self-defence, specifically by seeking whether an armed attack has taken place, and if so, whether there is an alternative option to the use of non-forcible measures. Second, necessity acts as a limitation to self-defence, establishing that any defensive measures must be employed solely to achieve the legitimate aim of self-defence, which is to halt and repel an armed attack. However, it is difficult to assess necessity as a limitation on the use of force in self-defence when force is directed against terrorist groups.
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Shen, Phoebe. "A Critical Race Theory Intervention into the Cultural Defense Debate." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/911.
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The cultural defense is an informal term that describes the use of cultural information to mitigate criminal responsibility, often used in conjunction with traditional defense strategies such as provocation or insanity. Arguments for the cultural defense include respecting cultural practices under the liberal narrative that frames the United States as a multicultural and pluralistic society. Advocates of the cultural defense recognize the harmful effects of the false universalism of the law. However, the cultural defense has been criticized as essentialist and harmful as it has been used in high profile cases to justify violence against women of color. The cultural defense superficially prioritizes the needs of marginalized communities by acknowledging the importance of culture in the administration of the criminal law. The rationale behind the cultural defense is politically appealing, but the impacts of the defense are incompatible with the goals of antisubordination, which will be further described by Critical Race Theory. Because the debate surrounding the cultural defense has yet to make significant advances, I argue that Critical Race Theory offers an essential starting point in intervening in the debate, ultimately transforming the realm of legal jurisprudence through its explicit race consciousness and examination of racialized power. In particular, I will examine the concepts of intersectionality and interest convergence which will offer valuable perspective into the cultural defense debate.
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Kramer, Greg M. Heilbrun Kirk. "Plea bargaining recommendations by criminal defense attorneys : legal, psychological, and substance abuse rehabilitative influences /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/734.
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Scannell, David Luke. "Legal aspects of the European Union's European Security and Defence Policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614899.
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Jones, Owen H. "Chinamitales: defensores y justicias k’ichee’ en las comunidades indígenas del altiplano de Guatemala colonial." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121916.
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The present article examines the functions of indigenous advocates whose position as ward leaders (chinamitales) in K’ichee’ societies existed in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and continued into the colonial nineteenth century in Guatemala. This was a hereditary legal and administrative position that elites in K’ichee’an society enjoyed as a result and reward of military conquest in the Pre-Columbian era. Chinamitales advocated for the inhabitants of their wards who were both elites and non-elites in land disputes and in criminal matters. They persisted in indigenous communities from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century as officially unrecognized legal advocates who participated in tribunals in indigenous communities at the local level and advocated for their constituents before their indigenous town councils. They also acted in a similar capacity as the indigenous municipal council, making last testaments, nominating candidates for local town council elections and positions in the church laity, collecting tribute, and choosing laborers for the repartimiento. Their advocacy spilled over into colonial judicial proceedings at the regional and high court levels when disagreements arose within indigenous communities over land disenfranchisement and whenever they sensed that the indigenous municipal council was not protecting their interests.El presente artículo examina las funciones de los defensores indígenas cuya posición como líderes de parcialidades (chinamitales) en las sociedades k’ichee’s existió en Mesoamérica precolombina y continuó hasta el siglo XIX colonial en Guatemala. Esta era una posición legal y administrativa que las élites en la sociedad k’iche’ana heredaban gracias a las conquistas militares de sus padres y abuelos en la época precolombina. Los chinamitales defendieron a los habitantes de sus parcialidades, tanto a las élites como a los plebeyos, en las disputas de tierras y en casos criminales. Estas figuras persistieron en las comunidades indígenas desde el siglo XVI hasta el siglo XIX como defensores legales no reconocidos oficialmente, participando en tribunales en comunidades indígenas a nivel local y defendiendo sus distritos ante los Cabildos indígenas. También actuaron en una capacidad similar al Cabildo indígena al producir testamentos, nominar candidatos para las elecciones del Cabildo y del convento, colectar tributo y escoger trabajadores para el repartimiento. Su defensa llegó a afectar procedimientos judiciales coloniales a nivel regional y de la Audiencia de Guatemala cuando surgían disputas sobre la adjudicación de tierras en comunidades indígenas y cuando percibían que el Cabildo indígena no estaba protegiendo sus intereses.
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Lima, Rafael Negreiros Dantas de. "A disputa pelo direito à cidade no campo jurídico uma análise a partir de casos da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16137/tde-10012019-154834/.
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O período pós Constituição Federal de 1988 foi marcado por intensas conquistas normativas sobre as cidades, com legislações avançadas, porém, que não resultaram em uma mudança significativa de concepção de políticas públicas ou na jurisprudência dos Tribunais. A pressuposição do Direito como um sistema autônomo, neutro e universal, que traz soluções para todos os casos concretos, por meio do método dogmático, não permite que se chegue a justificativas satisfatórias para esta inefetividade. A presente dissertação pretende apresentar uma análise sobre como se desenvolve a disputa pelo direito à cidade no campo jurídico, explicitando as abordagens com que este tema é tratado na prática jurídica. Por meio da observação de casos concretos em que há o confronto entre instituições e profissionais jurídicos, busca-se demonstrar como estes concorrem pelo monopólio de impor sua visão de mundo, mascarando as relações de poder pelo discurso jurídico. Além disso, utiliza-se da tópica jurídica para avaliar, em cada caso, como o pensamento dos juristas se desenvolve diante dos problemas aparentemente insolucionáveis. Tomando por base tal metodologia, visa-se a uma apresentação do jogo de poder em torno do direito à cidade que ocorre no campo jurídico, avaliando-se quais as possibilidades da concepção do direito à cidade numa lógica de justiça social, ser consolidada e aplicada efetivamente, conferindo à parcela mais frágil da população o acesso aos bens e serviços da cidade.The period after the Federal Constitution of 1988 was marked by intense normative achievements over the cities, with advanced legislation, however, which did not result in a significant change in the conception of public policies or in the jurisprudence of the Courts. The presupposition of Law as an autonomous, neutral and universal system, which brings solutions to all concrete cases, through the dogmatic method, does not allow us to arrive at satisfactory justifications for this ineffectiveness. The present dissertation intends to present an analysis on how the dispute for the right to the city in the juridical field develops, explaining the approaches with which this subject is treated in the legal practice. Through the observation of concrete cases in which there is a confrontation between legal institutions and professionals, it is sought to demonstrate how they compete for the monopoly of imposing their world view, masking the relations of power by the legal discourse. In addition, it uses the legal topics to assess, in each case, how the thinking of lawyers develops in the face of seemingly unsolvable problems. Based on this methodology, it is aimed at a presentation of the power game around the right to the city that occurs in the legal field, evaluating the possibilities of the conception of the right to the city in a logic of social justice, being consolidated and applied effectively, giving the most fragile part of the population access to the goods and services of the city.
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Mello, Edilson César Rezende de. "Subsídios para reflexão sobre a publicidade odontológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23142/tde-24012001-174921/.
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Recentemente, o capítulo da Comunicação em Odontologia sofreu grande abertura. Inicialmente pensou-se que as infrações pudessem diminuir, na medida em que as restrições à publicidade diminuíram. Entretanto, cresce a publicidade anti-ética em todos os campos de atuação profissional. A partir da promulgação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) a matéria, que antes era dispersa e tratada por outros diplomas legais, ganhou um lugar próprio. Os dispositivos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor são rigorosos nas sanções aplicadas aos infratores, por isso se faz necessária uma adequação da comunicação odontológica em acordo com o novo ordenamento jurídico. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo trazer subsídios sobre os parâmetros doutrinários da publicidade no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, a fim de suscitar uma mais aprofundada reflexão do assunto por parte da classe.Recently, the chapter on dentistry communication has suffered a great opening. At first, lots of people thought that the infractions could have diminished, as long as the restriction to publicity has dwindled as well. However, anti-ethical publicity has increased in all professional fields. From the promulgation of the Consumers Defence Code (CDC) on, this issue, which was sparsely focused and taken care by other legal professionals, has gained its own place in discussions. The CDC dispositions are extremely strict in the sanctions applied to the infringers, that is why it is necessary na adequacy on dentistry communication accordingly with the new judicial arrangements. Therefore, this present study aims at bringing subsidies on doctrinal publicity parameters of the CDC in order to incite a more profound reflection on this issue by part of these professionals.
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Casey, Juliette. "Legal defences for battered women who kill : the battered woman syndrome, expert testimony and law reform." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524675.
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Law's representation of women has long been a source of debate among feminists. In this thesis, I engage with this debate on a number of different levels specifically in the context of battered women who kill. Although three defences are commonly canvassed, self defence, provocation and diminished responsibility, I limit my proposal for reform to the defence of provocation. My particular proposal involves looking at the possibility of combining expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome with the substantive elements ofthat defence in Britain. In part one I begin by setting the defence of provocation in its proper doctrinal framework. Thus, in the introduction I argue that provocation is properly conceptualised as a partial excuse. Using Fletcher's theory of the individualisation of excusing conditions, I highlight the limitations of the reasonable man standard which represents the greatest obstacle at the level of the substantive law for battered women who plead provocation. The tension arises out of, on the one hand, the use of an abstract standard and, on the other, the need to include and give proper recognition to individual experiences. I build on this foundation in chapter one where I look at all ofthe problematic elements of the defence through the lens of advocates practising at the Bar in Scotland. Here I pay particular attention to advocates' attitudes towards using battered woman syndrome evidence in conjunction with provocation. In chapter two I go on to set these problems in the context of a wider feminist critique ofthe reasons for the lack of fit between law and the experiences of women generally. Negatively, feminists attack law's claim to universality and they locate bias at both the level of law's content and form. Positively, they argue that the experiences of women can only be represented properly once law takes account ofthe complexity ofwomen's subjectivity. Here I will focus on one way of describing this complexity; separation and connection. I also explore one formative influence on the doctrine of provocation, that of the man of honour, and I highlight some of the code's possibilities for battered women who kill. The next section comprises three chapters and entails a comparative analysis of the substantive law in England and Scotland on each of the three defences. I go on to suggest that the key difference between how self defence, but more importantly provocation, operates in the two jurisdictions lies in the greater potential for an individualised approach to the reasonableness requirement under English law. In the [mal section I begin in chapter six by describing how the syndrome has been used in other jurisdictions and, drawing on these experiences, I suggest how battered woman syndrome expert testimony could be used to help reinterpret the defence of provocation in Britain in a way which would help overcome many of the problems posed by the reasonableness standard. I argue that the correct classification for the syndrome is as a form of post traumatic stress disorder. Thus, conceptualised, the emphasis is placed on the abnormal nature of the stressor which corresponds with the experiences of battered women who are, most commonly, normal women placed in abnormal circumstances of violence. Finally, in chapter seven I shift the emphasis from the substantive to the evidential. Although the solution, which I explore, comes in the form of evidence, the system of evidence, acts to bar its admission. Chapter seven, therefore, focuses on two rules; the ultimate issue rule but more controversially, the knowledge and experience rule. This rule makes the admissibility of evidence on the battered woman syndrome conditional on the jury's lack of knowledge and experience. Here again, feminist criticisms expose the extent to which the experiences of battered women who kill are excluded by law as well as the reality of the extent of the jury's misunderstanding. These criticisms are not as well developed as criticisms of the reasonable man but feminists are beginning to highlight the need to open up this rule to embrace the range and diversity of women's experiences. Although the use of expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome is by no means a widely accepted reform measure I intend here to present a case for its adoption.
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Hill, Elaine Lawren. "Does the type of legal representation affect sentencing outcomes?" Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354806709.
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Ross, Annie Elizabeth. "Wrongful Convictions as a Result of Public Defender Representation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1761.
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Our criminal justice system works very hard to prevent criminals from harming other individuals; however, unfortunately mistakes happen. One wrongful conviction is one too many. There are multiple factors that can be assumed to be the cause of wrongful convictions. However, due to the lack of directly related research, the determents are not well established. The following research addresses wrongful convictions as a result of public defender representation. Through the process of theory construction, the research uses critical race theory and social disorganization theory to show the relationship between court appointed representation and wrongful convictions. A new theory is also established that is referred to as the partial load reduction theory. This theory establishes the relationship that exists between wrongful convictions and public defender representation and provides solutions as well as new avenues for future research.
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Thornton, J. W. A. "The impact of criminal legal aid finance reduction on the work of defence lawyers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/420763/.
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This thesis investigates the criminal justice system of England and Wales – in particular, the criminal legal aid system: how those who are unable to afford their own defence lawyer are provided with advice and representation. Building on the work of Packer’s criminal justice process models of Due Process and Crime Control; later works critical of Packer’s approach; and Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capital, it constructs a new and enhanced way of understanding and analysing the values at play in the criminal justice process: the toolbox approach. Using this framework, it analyses the findings from empirical research into how changes to defence lawyer fees impact their work. Drawing on 29 in-depth qualitative interviews with solicitors and barristers of varying levels of experience, it uncovers the impact of criminal legal aid finance on defence lawyer behaviour and how this operates. It also makes findings as to the state and operation of the criminal justice process in broader terms. Chapter 1 outlines the legal aid system and introduces the research question in detail. Chapter 2 builds on this by analysing how to answer the research question, discussing the research methods and methodology and introducing the role played by criminal justice process models and Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capital. Chapter 3 considers the literature on criminal justice process models in detail, advancing an argument that criticisms of Packer’s work are useful, but ultimately misplaced. Chapter 4 builds on the foregoing discussion to construct the multi-dimensional analysis tool: the toolbox approach. Chapters 5 and 6 apply this framework to analyse the empirical data and draw conclusions from it about legal aid finance. Finally, in Chapter 7, there are some concluding remarks, which reflect on the overall analysis and consider its implications.
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Bolin, Jerie J. "Attitudes on Legal Insanity and the Impact of Race." Wright State University Professional Psychology Program / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wsupsych1564414182185381.
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Pereira, Terto Neto Ulisses. "Protecting human rights defenders in Brazil : a legal and socio-political analysis of the Brazilian Programme for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228614.
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I show in this thesis, first, that the creation of the Brazilian Program for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (PPDDH) in 2004 was the result of pressure from national and transnational civil society on the Brazilian government to address the targeting of peasant leaders and other activists who, it was argued, should be understood as human rights defenders, and offered special protection as such. Second, I show on the basis of interviews conducted with protected human rights defenders, civil society and state officials, that the programme has provided protection and support to a small but significant number of activists in some areas of the country. Third, most interviewees also pointed to the PPDDH's potential to make broader contributions to the advance of human rights in Brazil, by bolstering human rights activism, empowering organised civil society, redressing the balance of power between dominant and dominated, and changing the workings of the Brazilian State. Finally, however, they indicated the serious shortcomings of the programme such as limited budget and lack of resources, PPDDH's dependence on other actors to provide the protection for human rights defenders, and lack of dedicated legislative framework. These shortcomings reflect a lack of political will to provide sufficient resources as well as a sufficiently robust legal framework for the programme. I end by arguing that organised civil society must build up the necessary political will to demand that the State resource the PPDDH fully and effectively in order for that programme to realise its potential.
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Africa, Adelene R. "An analysis of psychological and legal conceptions of the defence of non-pathological criminal incapacity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13901.
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Bibliography: leaves 59-62.The defence of non-pathological capacity presents challenges for both law and psychology because it acknowledges that psychological factors other than mental illness, are grounds for complete exculpation. In this sense, South African law differs from its Anglo-American counterparts as it recognises that non-pathological factors playa role in negating criminal responsibility. Legal and mental health professionals are instrumental in the application of the defence, but both case law and literature reflect differences in the way in which the defence is understood and applied. Disagreement within and between disciplines adds to the controversial nature of the defence. This study examines the interpretation and practical application of the defence by mental health professionals and lawyers. It explores how participants' understanding of the defence informs its application in practice. A sample of ten participants including mental health professionals (comprising psychologists and psychiatrists) and lawyers (comprising advocates) was chosen, in order that a comparison be drawn between the two groups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted so as to enable in-depth exploration of issues regarding conceptions of criminal responsibility, the role of expert testimony and the conceptual understanding and application of the defence.
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Diener, Keith William. "A Defense of Soft Positivism: Justice and Principle Processes." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172006-125357/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from title screen. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Andrew J. Cohen, William Edmundson, committee members. Electronic text (75 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 17, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
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Gonzales, Justine M. L. "Pretrial Attitudes and Their Influence on Interpretation of Case Evidence and Mock Juror Decision-Making in Insanity Defense Cases." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1528310814095725.
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Nazarovienė, Daiva. "Teisinė sąmonė kaip kriminologinė kategorija." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060322_120757-76896.
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Legal consciousness is one of the most important concepts in criminology, which defines individual or public perception of justice, expectations of legal behaviour and demand for sanctions for the deviation from the rules. The theorized criminological perception of legal consciousness, also modern introductions on this field are passed in review in theoretical part of this study. The positive, the subjective and the modern conceptions of legal consciousness are presented.
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Huseynov, Elshad. "Legal aspects of takeover defence tactics : a comparative analysis between the English and the US systems." Thesis, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 2017. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6699/.
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The primary objective of this research is to make a critical analysis of the current methods of defences for preventing undue acquisitions of small to medium companies by large companies. Although these defences have been practised by the commercial community for a very long time, it is maintained that their effectiveness should still be questioned. The protection of the minority shareholders in a company is one of the reasons for using these defences but, in reality, either they are squeezed out or they themselves surrender to the acquiring company. Most of the published works tend to support the current defence tactics, but in this research an attempt has been made to demonstrate how these techniques have become rather ineffective and the means by which they may be strengthened. This research also demonstrates that from a societal standpoint the rationale behind acquisitions should be reviewed. As this process simply creates unemployment and most of the merged companies feel rather uncomfortable after acquisitions and mergers. The issue of the protection of the minority shareholders should be taken very seriously so that small shareholders may be encouraged to contribute to the capital formation process in small to medium size corporate entities. The protection of the minority shareholders should also be considered as a part of the concept of corporate social responsibility.
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Tsao, Elaine. "The Impact of Jury Instruction Formatting and Insanity Defense Consistency on Juror Knowledge and Decision-Making." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/549.
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Past literature has indicated that jury instructions are not written in ways that result in optimal juror comprehension, and can be improved through various ways of simplification. Prototypes of the insanity defense have also been found to influence juror decision-making. Additionally, individual factors such as attitudes toward and myth endorsement of the insanity defense can influence verdict. The following study explored these effects of jury instruction format, insanity defense consistency, and participant factors on jury understanding and decision-making. Three hundred and eighty jury eligible community members were recruited online for this study. Participants were first asked questions pertaining to attitudes and myths about the insanity defense. Afterwards, each participant read one of two vignettes (an insanity defense consistent case and an insanity defense inconsistent case), and then read one of three jury instructions (traditional, simplified, or flow-chart versions). The participants then reached individual verdicts and answered factual questions about the insanity defense and their perceptions on the defendant. Results indicated that simplified instructions increased participant knowledge over the traditional and flow-chart instructions, but did not influence verdict selection overall. Consistency, myth endorsement, attitudes, and perceptions of the defendant were also all found to contribute to the verdict. These results contribute to the current research on comprehension of jury instructions, especially in the context of an insanity defense case, and may provide additional information for attorneys to consider during the voir dire process.
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Laird, Jessica O. "Suspicious Minds: An Analysis of Insanity and Legal Accountability in American Criminal Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1143.
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This thesis focuses on the treatment of insanity in the criminal law and its implications for the concepts and mechanisms of legal accountability. In order to address this issue, I examined the historical background of the insanity defense and five specific cases that demonstrate the complications arising from insanity’s present legal condition. From this case study I drew the conclusion that, because liability to punishment requires particular internal conditions, criminal responsibility is the proper measure of legal accountability for insane persons. Ultimately, my research demonstrated that insanity occupies a unique position in both the theory of crimes and the theory of punishment and that a trial by jury is not the most appropriate way for adjudicating issues of insanity. In each of these spheres, judges consider how mental conditions relate to criminal responsibility and the role that juries play shrinks as the content of guilt shifts to criminal responsibility. For this reason, I conclude that judges are the best candidates for addressing insanity and its effect on criminal responsibility.
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Doyle, Meredith C. "Gender Inequality in the Law: Deficiencies of Battered Woman Syndrome and a New Solution to Closing the Gender Gap in Self-Defense Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/149.
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Dr. Lenore Walker developed battered woman syndrome to address the issue of domestic violence and to give battered women a defense in situations in which they kill their abusive partners when they are not overtly threatening them. Self-defense law is based on male on male combat. Women are less able to protect themselves in an attack by a man, and so they may preemptively attack their sleeping partners to avoid a situation in which they cannot adequately protect themselves. Battered woman syndrome explains why these battered women act in a way that is irrational to a non-battered person. Walker's theory of learned helplessness explains why the woman does not leave the abusive relationship, and the cycle of violence theory explains why she perceives an imminent threat. Battered woman syndrome is problematic in its legal application because of problems with its scientific validity and reliability. It also furthers gender stereotypes and blurs the line between a justification and an excuse defense. While, Dr. Walker's intentions were good, battered woman syndrome is inadequate. Women's difference from men still have to be acknowledged in cases in which battered women kill their husband's, but social agency framework is a more effective way to acknowledge gender differences. This framework takes into account social circumstances that would explain a woman's actions rather than including pathology. This would explain why the woman did not leave an abusive relationship. To avoid the pathology of BWS while explaining why the woman felt an imminent threat, the defense can turn to a pattern of abuse that helps her reasonably recognize when violence is likely.
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Piccina, Fernanda Vasconcelos Fontes. "O devido processo legal no processo administrativo disciplinar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5612.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-13The present work aims the study of the Due Process of Law and its implications in administrative disciplinary proceedings. It starts with the background of Due Process in the Brazilian legal and a brief historical description of the principle and its analysis, based on the phenomena of constitutionalization of the law. The study of administrative disciplinary proceedings is made, initially from the general approach of this process at the federal level, from the perspective of Law 8112/90, with the analysis of each of its phases, moving after, the study of principles that give concreteness to the Due Process of Law as well as the consequences of its impact on the process under study. The work contains, therefore, the study in furtherance of the principles of due process of law, namely: contradictory and full defense, natural judge, reasonableness and proportionality and, finally, a reasonable duration of proceedings. In items where the above principles are studied, sought to conceptualize them and examine its foundations, scope and direction in the processes of disciplinary sanctions in order to verify their impact in specific cases, as well as the understanding of the Superior Courts on the matter
O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo do devido processo legal e suas implicações no processo administrativo disciplinar. Parte-se da contextualização do Devido Processo Legal no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e de uma breve descrição histórica do princípio e da sua análise, tomando por base o fenômeno da constitucionalização do Direito. O estudo do processo administrativo disciplinar é feito, inicialmente, a partir de abordagem geral desse processo na esfera federal, sob a ótica da Lei 8112/90, com a análise de cada uma de suas fases, passando-se, após, ao estudo dos princípios que conferem concretude ao Devido Processo Legal, bem como as consequências da sua incidência no processo em estudo. O trabalho compreende, assim, o estudo dos princípios concretizadores do Devido Processo Legal, quais sejam: contraditório e ampla defesa, juiz natural, razoabilidade e proporcionalidade e, por fim, a razoável duração do processo. Nos itens em que os mencionados princípios são estudados, buscou-se conceituá-los e examinar seus fundamentos, sentido e alcance nos processos de aplicação de sanções disciplinares, de modo a constatar a sua incidência nos casos concretos, bem como o entendimento dos Tribunais Superiores sobre a matéria
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Beisel, Karen L. "Role of police, prosecutors and defense attorneys in traffic accident investigation and adjudication in Chattanooga, Tennessee." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0326102-211941/unrestricted/BeiselK.pdf.
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van, 't Hooft Joseph. "The Development and Evolution for the Justification of the Use of Lethal Force in Legislation." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1556887597743281.
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Vasconcellos, Helena. "Cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal : uma análise do mutual legal assistance treaty Brasil/Estados Unidos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/90501.
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O presente trabalho examinará a temática da cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal no âmbito das relações Brasil/Estados Unidos. Na primeira parte, será abordada a teoria geral da cooperação jurídica internacional, ocasião em que se analisará o seu histórico, conceito e classificações, elencando-se as suas fontes e fundamentos, bem como os seus princípios basilares para, alfim, estudar-se a cooperação no âmbito da União Européia e do MERCOSUL e, ainda, as redes de cooperação ao redor do mundo. Em seguida, o instituto será estudado nos ordenamentos jurídicos de ambos os países, Brasil e Estados Unidos, cada qual com suas particularidades. O estudo da cooperação jurídica no Brasil envolverá a contextualização histórica do instituto, a análise dos diplomas legais aplicáveis, o estudo das espécies de cooperação e da autoridade central brasileira, e uma breve incursão nas redes de cooperação integradas pelo Brasil e no Anteprojeto de Lei de Cooperação Jurídica Internacional. No âmbito dos Estados Unidos, estudaremos o histórico do instituto, os principais problemas constitucionais enfrentados na utilização da prova produzida no estrangeiro, os Estatutos Federais norte-americanos, as espécies de assistência e os meios coercitivos de obtenção da prova, fazendo ainda uma análise comparativa entre os institutos da letter rogatory e do Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty. Por fim, na parte final do presente trabalho tratar-se-á especificamente da cooperação jurídica no âmbito das relações Brasil/Estados Unidos, analisando-se as outras formas de assistência entre as duas nações, o MLAT Brasil/Estados Unidos e os prós e contras na sua utilização, para, ao final, concentrarmos nossos esforços no polêmico artigo I, item 5, do Decreto n° 3.810/2001 (proibição de utilização, pela defesa, do Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) e na busca de soluções para tão importante problema.This paper will examine the matter of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, between Brazil and the United States. The first part of the paper will study the general theory of international judicial cooperation, analyzing its history, concept and categories, enrolling its sources and foundations as well as the basic principles applicable to the subject, to finally examine judicial cooperation in the ambit of the European Union and MERCOSUL, and the existing judicial networks throughout the world. Following, the issue will be studied within the legal systems of both countries, Brazil and United States, each with its own peculiarities. The study of judicial cooperation within Brazilian legal system will involve the historic background, an analyzis of the laws applicable, the study of the varieties of cooperation and of the Brazilian central authority, as well as a brief incursion in cooperation networks integrated by Brazil, and in the Draft Bill for an International Judicial Cooperation Law. At the United States level, we will study the history of the subject, the main constitutional problems faced in the use of the evidence produced abroad, the American Federal Statutes, the types of assistance and the coercive means of evidence gathering, also making a comparative analyzis between letters rogatory and Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties. Finally, towards the end of the present study, we will specifically address the subject of judicial cooperation between Brazil and the United States, first analyzing the other forms of assistance between both nations, and then focusing in the MLAT between Brazil/United States and its pros and cons, to eventually aim attention at the controversial article I, item 5, of the 3.810/2001 Decree (prohibition of the use, by the defense, of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) and in the search for solutions to such an important matter.
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Yim, Janine M. "Race, Gender, and Stand Your Ground Laws: An Analysis of Homicide and Justifiable Homicide." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/627.
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In 2012, the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin brought national attention to Florida’s Stand Your Ground (SYG) law. As of 2012, more than 20 states have enacted SYG laws. Previous studies suggest that these laws increase homicide, particularly justifiable homicide. However, these studies ignore race and/or gender. This study seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the effect of SYG laws on the number of homicide and justifiable homicide victims and offenders of a given race or gender. Using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Supplementary Homicide Reports between 2000 and 2012, we create a generalized least squares model with random and fixed effects and controls for time-varying state effects and year fixed effects to empirically examine this impact. We find that while SYG laws have no effect on the number of homicide victims or offenders of any race or gender, they significantly increase the number of black and male justifiable homicide victims by 32 percent and 26 percent respectively and the number of white and female justifiable homicide offenders by 34 and 25 percent respectively. These findings suggest that, in terms of justifiable homicide, SYG laws differentially affect racial and gender groups.
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Weiss, Vivian Faria. "Práticas de intervenção de terceiras-partes em audiências de conciliação do PROCON." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5477.
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever algumas das práticas (ações) de intervenção de terceiras-partes nas audiências de conciliação no PROCON. Utilizamos como referencial teórico-metodológico a Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica e Sociolingüística Interacional, além da teoria de Intervenção de Terceiras-Partes e Práticas Sociais. Em um primeiro momento, elaboramos um quadro que sintetiza as características de nosso banco de dados. A partir desse instrumento, selecionamos algumas práticas usadas pelos mediadores do PROCON para facilitar a comunicação entre as partes envolvidas e amenizar o conflito. Ao término da análise, concluímos que as práticas se constroem sobre três eixos: práticas de Mediação, práticas de Conciliação e práticas voltadas para a defesa do Consumidor. Como práticas de mediação, destacam-se: avaliação interacional, pedido de ação futura, pedido de narração, solicitação de proposta; as práticas de Conciliação: avaliação interacional, avaliação da ilegalidade da empresa, autoiniciação de proposta, encaminhamento do caso à justiça; já como práticas dirigidas à defesa do consumidor, citam-se: apresentação da reclamação, pedido de informação e explicação dos procedimentos legais. O estudo evidenciou a orientação dada por terceiras-partes do PROCON quanto às questões de ordem legal nas audiências de conciliação.
The present study is aimed at describing some of the practices (actions) of intervention of third parties in conciliation hearings at PROCON. As a theoretic and methodological reference, we have followed the orientation of Ethnometodological Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, beyond the theory of Intervention of Third-Parties and Social Practices. In a first moment, we have elaborated a frame that synthesizes the characteristics of our data bank. By this instrument we selected the practices used by the mediators of PROCON in order to facilitate the communication between the involved parts and to diminish the conflict. By the end of the analysis we concluded that the practices are constructed in three axles: Mediation practices, Conciliation practices and practices oriented to the consumer defense. As Mediation practices we emphasize interactional assessment, request for future action, request for narrative, requirement of proposal; Conciliation practices: interactional assessment, assessment of the illegality of the enterprise, auto starting of proposal, designation of the case to court; as practices oriented to the consumer defense, we have: complaint presentation, request for information and explanation of legal procedure. The study showed the orientation given by thirdparties of PROCON with reference to legal order questions in conciliation hearings.
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Santana, Anna Paula Sousa da Fonsêca. "Direito fundamental a um processo justo, sob o enfoque do formalismo valorativo e da flexibilização procedimental." Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2013. http://ri.ufs.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4346.
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This study aims to defend value formalism, like the formalism useful to the procedure as a means of achieving a fair process. For both historical analysis is made of the jurisdiction under the focus of the power conferred on the Judge from the Roman State to the present day. Takes the postwar constitutionalism as a starting point to treat the state as insurer of the fundamental rights of the citizen and as a provider of public policies. The process no longer seen as a mere tool in the service of the right
stuff and will be recognized as a fundamental constitutional guarantee, as applied constitutional law. To do so, we start a process permeated by formalism-excessive in search of a value formalism emptying into the necessary balance or balance between the principles of effectiveness and legal certainty. Shows the need and possibility to change the paradigm of legal positivism to the model of principles and rules, as well as the possibility of dialogue in the countries of civil law institutes the common law. Search on the judicial activism the means to achieve the necessary flexibility procedural, either by technical management of litigation, the principle of elasticity, the use of axiological and ontological gaps as well as the principle of proportionality. All analysis aims to find solutions to reach decisions fairer and according with the democratic rule of law.O presente estudo tem por objetivo defender o formalismo-valorativo, ou seja, o formalismo útil ao procedimento, como meio de se alcançar um processo justo. Para tanto é feita a análise histórica da jurisdição sob o enfoque do poder conferido ao Juiz desde o Estado Romano até os dias atuais. Toma-se o constitucionalismo do pósguerra como ponto de partida para tratar do Estado como assegurador dos direitos fundamentais do cidadão e como provedor das políticas públicas. O processo deixa de ser visto como mero instrumento a serviço do direito material e passa a ser reconhecido como uma garantia constitucional fundamental, como direito constitucional aplicado. Para tanto, parte-se de um processo permeado por um formalismo-excessivo em busca de um formalismo-valorativo a desaguar no necessário equilíbrio ou ponderação entre os princípios da efetividade e segurança jurídica. Mostra-se a necessidade e possibilidade de mudança do paradigma do positivismo jurídico para o modelo de princípios e regras, como também a possibilidade de diálogo nos países da civil law de institutos da common law. Buscase no ativismo judicial o meio de concretizar a necessária flexibilização procedimental, seja pela técnica de gerenciamento de processos judiciais, pela aplicação do princípio da elasticidade, do uso das lacunas axiológicas e ontológicas, bem como do princípio da proporcionalidade. Toda a análise visa buscar soluções para o alcance de decisões mais justas e consetâneas com o Estado Democrático de Direito.
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Santos, Jean Carlo Silva dos. "Gestão estratégica da informação como fator condicionante para a definição e implementação de políticas de defesa e segurança nacional no contexto da Amazônia Legal: o caso SIPAM/SIVAM." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/3416.
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Previous issue date: 2007The objective of this work is the study of the existing correlations between the strategical use of the information and the joint and implementation of defense politics and national security in the Legal Amazonian. For in such a way, the proposal was developed from the analysis of the systems of protection and monitoring of the Amazonian (SIPAM/SIVAM), where we search to inquire as these systems have contributed for the definition and implantation of these politics. For the Amazonian, with its natural wealth, threats and vulnerabilities, the perspectives of integration, security and national defense and of sustainable development constitute great challenges to be faced, where the efficient use of the technology is a basic reference that must be incorporated in the strategies and public politics in these areas. One is about a strategical project, conceived with vision of future, protection and development of the . The objective SIPAM/SIVAM the defense and the guarantee of the Brazilian sovereignty in the Legal Amazonian, beyond the systematization and accomplishment of the governmental actions in the region, by means of the intensive use of technological apparatus. In turn, they reflect the priority that the Amazon region has in terms of defense and security for the Country, and symbolize the strategy of the State to protect it. The SIPAM/SIVAM if finds in a boarding line in which the guarantee of the national sovereignty also involves the care with the development of the local population, inside of a proposal educative and integrator. Like conclusion we affirm that of the SIPAM/SIVAM creates a new paradigm for the public administration, where the organizations work with a shared set of information, beyond starting to act of integrated form. Thus, when searching permanently the rationalization of efforts and resources, trying an unknown form of institution relationship where infrastructure and products are shared, the SIPAM/SIVAM creates a new premise for the Brazilian public administration and contributes to give a new direction to the development of the Amazonian.
O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo das correlações existentes entre o uso estratégico da informação e a articulação e implementação de políticas de defesa e segurança nacional na Amazônia Legal. Para tanto, a proposta foi desenvolvida a partir da análise dos sistemas de proteção e de vigilância da Amazônia para a definição e implantação dessas políticas. Para a Amazônia, com suas riquezas naturais, ameaças e vulnerabilidades, as perspectivas de integração, segurança e defesa nacional e de desenvolvimento sustentável constituem grandes desafios a serem enfrentados, em que o uso eficaz da tecnologia é uma referência básica que deve ser incorporada nas estratégias e políticas públicas nessas áreas. Trata-se de um projeto estratégico, concebido com visão de futuro, de proteção e desenvolvimento da Amazônia Legal, uma área vital para o País. O SIPAM/SIVAM objetiva a defesa e a garantia da soberania brasileira na Amazônia Legal, além da sistematização e efetivação das ações governamentais na região, por meio do uso intensivo de aparato tecnológico. Por sua vez, refletem a prioridade que a região amazônica tem em termos de defesa e segurança para o País, e simbolizam a estratégia do Estado para protegê-la. O SIPAM/SIVAM se encontra em uma linha de abordagem na qual a garantia da soberania nacional na Amazônia, além do empreendimento estratégico-militar, envolve também o cuidado com o desenvolvimento da população local, dentro de uma proposta educativa e integradora. A guisa de conclusão afirmamos que o SIPAM/SIVAM cria um novo paradigma para a administração pública, em que as organizações trabalham com um conjunto compartilhado de informações, além de passar a agir de forma integrada. Assim, ao buscar permanentemente a racionalização de esforços e recursos, experimentando uma forma inédita de relacionamento interinstitucional em que infra-estrutura e produtos são compartilhados, o SIPAM/SIVAM cria uma nova premissa para a administração pública brasileira e contribui para dar uma nova direção ao desenvolvimento da Amazônia.
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Matamoros, Alas Virginia. "Support and protection for Human Rights Defenders : To what extent can the international instruments and their corresponding mechanisms provide support and protection for HRDs, especially those that are submitted to criminal prosecution within the national legal systems?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295334.
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This study has aimed at examining the nature and function of the support and protection that is offered and provided to human rights defenders trough a selected few international as well as regional human rights instruments and mechanisms, among them the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders as well as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court on Human Rights. In order to conduct such a study in a fairly limited and concrete way a number of cases were selected of human rights defenders who have undergone or are currently undergoing criminal prosecution and are incarcerated in Guatemala. The selection was based on the notion that apart from murder, criminal prosecution and incarceration of human rights defenders constitutes one of the most harmful and effective ways to actively hinder the continuance of valuable human rights work. Consequently, it impedes the promotion, implementation and protection of human rights on a general level. In regards to this States such as Guatemala have found ways to circumvent their international human rights duties by allowing others or themselves to label human rights defenders as criminal and violent actors, thus taking away the legitimate aspect of their roles and functions when it comes to promoting and safeguarding the enjoyment and exercise of human rights. The examined cases were meant to shed light on the situation for defenders in Guatemala but most importantly they were meant to illustrate a context in which one can examine the role and function that international human rights instruments and mechanisms have to combat such types of situations. The study found that although the concerned instruments and mechanisms such as the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the EU-guidelines on Human Rights Defenders, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court on Human Rights have a positive, important and impacting role in providing support to human rights defenders they have not yet reached/obtained the function of preventing persecution of human rights defenders, most notably of the legal kind. Since these mechanisms can only recommend but not force States to recognize and treat advocates of rights as “human rights defenders” their role and function for this specific purpose becomes less effective. All is not negative however, and the instruments and mechanisms that exist today are an illustration of the ambitions of States to follow international human rights principles and standards, at least to some extent.
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Koutrakos, Panos. "Trade, foreign policy and defence in EU constitutional law : the legal regulation of sanctions, exports of dual-use goods and armaments /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/324099142.pdf.
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Schmidt, Julia Ruth. "European Union as an emerging international military actor and its legal relationship with UN Security Council resolutions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7973.
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The thesis results from a research project, combining elements of European law and public international law. The project focuses on the different forms of the use of force by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Security and Defence Policy as an integral part of the EU’s common foreign and security policy. It examines the conditions under which the European Union can engage in military crisis management missions from the perspective of European Union law as well as from the perspective of public international law. The main emphasis of the thesis is put on the former, analysing the EU’s ambitions to become an international security actor from an inside-out perspective. When addressing the vertical dimension of the EU and the use of force in more detail, the thesis analyses the extent to which the Member States are constrained in the conduct of their national foreign and security policy through decisions by the European Union in the sphere of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. With regards to the EU’s legal relationship with the United Nations, the thesis examines whether and if so to what extent the European Union, although not a member of the United Nations, is bound by UN Security Council resolutions in respect of the use of force. Based on the assumption that the EU is bound by UN Security Council resolutions imposing economic sanctions, the thesis uses a comparative method in order to show that the EU as an international organisation is bound by decisions of the UN Security Council in the sense that the EU is obliged to respect the wording and limits of a UN Security Council mandate to use force once it decides to contribute with an EU mission. If the EU decides not to accept a UN Security Council mandate, the thesis argues that the EU is under the obligation not to undermine the success of a UN authorised military intervention, in the spirit of a loyalty obligation. Apart from analyzing the interaction of the EU and the international legal framework, the thesis also uses a speculative approach in order to examine the implications of silence in the context of the use of force.
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Brandão, Juliana Ribeiro. "Percepções sobre o acesso à justiça: olhares dos usuários da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-25082011-142156/.
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Percepções sobre o acesso à justiça: olhares dos usuários da Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Dissertação de mestrado. Tratando de representações sociais relacionadas à experiência de acesso à justiça junto a assistidos pela Defensoria na área cível, o estudo se volta à reflexão dos significados produzidos nesse acesso. A coleta de dados de base qualitativa foi orientada pela teoria das representações sociais e pela técnica da análise de conteúdo. Conjugando a pesquisa empírica com pressupostos teóricos radicados, sobretudo nos Direitos Humanos e na Teoria do Reconhecimento, propõe-se a investigar em que medida a Defensoria é percebida como uma instituição que proporciona o acesso à justiça.Perceptions about access to justice: the users views of the Public Defenders Office of the State of Sao Paulo. Thesis. The study focuses on the reflection of the meanings produced in the access to justice of beneficiaries of the civil legal aid services provided by the Public Defenders Office. It takes into consideration the social representations related to the experience of access to justice of the aforementioned beneficiaries. The collection of qualitative data base was driven by social representations theory and technique of content analysis. Combining empirical research with theoretical assumptions rooted mainly in Human Rights and the Theory of Recognition, the study aims at investigating the extent to which the Public Defenders Office is perceived as an institution that provides access to justice.
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Almeida, Filho Agostinho Teixeira de. "Decisão monocrática e agravo interno: lesão ao devido processo legal?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8570.
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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os institutos da decisão monocrática e do agravo interno, sob o prisma de metodologia empírica que busca priorizar a realidade pragmática da aplicação do artigo 557 do Código de Processo Civil. Enfocou-se o instituto da decisão monocrática no contexto das minirreformas processuais brasileiras, que tiveram como alicerce o princípio da efetividade processual. Esse princípio pressupõe a duração razoável do processo, garantida na Constituição Federal Brasileira. A partir da constitucionalidade desse princípio, defendeu-se a constitucionalidade do artigo 557 do Código de Processo Civil, que não pode ser considerado abstratamente inconstitucional. Demonstrou-se que a aplicabilidade do artigo 557 pode ser inconstitucional se não atender à técnica da ponderação de valores, que garante a interpretação conforme a Constituição. Analisou-se o agravo interno, sob a premissa do valor da celeridade em cotejo com o devido processo legal, que permeou a subsequente análise do procedimento desta espécie de agravo. Após uma reflexão sobre os institutos da decisão monocrática e do agravo interno, aliada ao exame dos princípios do devido processo legal, ampla defesa, contraditório e motivação das decisões judiciais, passou-se ao exame empírico desses institutos jurídicos. Nessa análise, foram coletados e examinados dados estatísticos, que confirmaram – e, assim, possibilitaram a conclusão da dissertação – a constitucionalidade do artigo 557 e a importância de sua interpretação conforme os referidos princípios constitucionais.
This dissertation has the purpose to analise the institutes of the single verdict and the internal appeal, according to empirical methodology that focus the pragmatic reality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure`s enforcement. This dissertation focused the institute of the single verdict in the context of the reformation of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure, which had as foundation the principle of procedure efectiveness. This principle presupposes a reasonable duration of the suit, secured by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. From the constitutionality of this principal, this dissertation defended the constitutionality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure, which can`t be considered abstractedly unconstitutional. This dissertation proved that the enforcement of the 557 th. dispositive could be unconstitutional if doesn`t suit the technique of the weighing of values, which secures the interpretation according to the Brazilian Federal Constitution. This dissertation analised the internal appeal, under the presupposition of the value of the reasonable duration of the suit in comparison with the due process of law, which motivate the following analysis of the internal appeal proceeding. After a reflection of single verdict and the internal appeal institutes, also with the analysis of due process of law, legal defense, adversary system and the motivation of the judgement, this dissertation analised the empirical enforcement of these institutes. In this analysis, estatistic data have been collected, which corroborate – and, therefore, enabled the conclusion of the dissertation – the constitutionality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure and the consideration of its interpretation according to the mentioned constitucional principles.
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Petras, Christopher M. "The convergence of U.S. military and commercial space activities : self-defense and cyber-attack, "peaceful use" and the space station, and the need for legal reform." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33058.
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The ever-increasing convergence of U.S. military and commercial space activities poses new challenges to the viability of the legal concepts that have traditionally governed the use of outer space, and particularly the military use of space, from the beginning of the space age. This paper will look at two examples of where the melding of U.S. military and commercial space activities necessitates a reexamination of the applicable legal theories. Part I will examine the concept of self-defense in outer space, by considering the legality of the use of conventional military force to defend against "cyber-attack" on its commercial space assets. Part II will examine the concept of the use of outer space for "peaceful purposes" under international law, by focusing on the permissibility of military use of the International Space Station. As private commercial entities increasingly take their place aside State actors in outer space, understanding the impact of space commercialization on the law governing military-related activities in outer space becomes more-and-more important to policymakers, military planners, legal scholars and space law practitioners alike.
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López, Medina Carla. "Quiroz, Alfonso W. Historia de la corrupción en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Instituto de Defensa Legal, 2013, 614 pp., ilustr." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121963.
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Miller, Renee Catherine. "Reflections of the Insanity Defense in German Literature: Enlightenment to Expressionism." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1398896485.
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Steneck, Nicholas J. "Everybody has a chance: civil defense and the creation of cold war West German Identity, 1950-1968." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1124210518.
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Pillay, Shanae. "The legal requirements for the proclamation of Air Defence Identification Zones (ADIZ) : an examination with specific reference to the ADIZ of the Peoples Republic of China." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53180.
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Kuniochi, Hamilton Kenji. "Assistência jurídica aos necessitados: concepção contemporânea e análise de efetividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-09012014-113135/.
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Assistência Jurídica aos Necessitados: Concepção Contemporânea e Análise de Efetividade. Dissertação de Mestrado. Aborda os conceitos de justiça gratuita, assistência judiciária e assistência jurídica. Verifica o tratamento atual quanto ao atendimento das pessoas físicas e jurídicas pela Defensoria Pública, entidades não governamentais, universitárias e pelos advogados liberais. Apresenta parâmetros para atendimento do interessado. Analisa o entendimento dos tribunais quanto à comprovação da pobreza em juízo e a questão do abuso do direito.Legal Aid to the needy: Contemporary Study and Analysis of Effectiveness. Thesis. The study focuses the concepts of free justice, legal aid and legal assistance. It takes into consideration the current treatment about the care of individuals and corporations by the Public Defender Office, the non-governmental entities, universities and the liberal lawyers. Presents parameters for the service concerned. Analyzes the understanding of the courts as to prove poverty in legal proceedings and the issue of abuse of rights.
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Contreras, Carlos. "Quiroz, Alfonso W. Historia de la corrupción en el Perú. Traducción de Javier Flores Espinoza. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos e Instituto de Defensa Legal, 2013. 615 pp." Economía, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118099.
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Blomberg, Christopher B. "Gideon v. Strickland: Ineffective Appointed Counsel and the Right to a Fair Trial." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/709.
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This thesis concerns the violation of the right to a fair trial by the appointment of ineffective public defenders. The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees the right to appointed counsel if a defendant cannot afford it. The first section of the thesis focuses on how the history of the case law which constitutionally mandates effective appointed counsel for all United States citizens who cannot afford otherwise. However, this right is not being fulfilled for millions of American citizens. The judicial system is structured so that many indigent accused criminals are convinced by their overworked and underpaid public defenders to plead guilty. This "meet and plead" style of representation expedites the trial process at the expense of indigent defendants. The second section covers the epidemic of fair trial rights violations in the United States. In order to fix this problem there are solutions that the Supreme Court, trial courts, and the legislature can address. The third and final section concludes the thesis with a discussion of possible remedies for the deficiencies of the American public defender conglomerate.