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Journal articles on the topic 'Legal documents'
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1
Herrero Pombo, César. "Aproximación al valor legal probatorio de los documentos electrónicos." Tábula, no. 25 (January 31, 2023): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51598/tab.939.
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Si el marco regulatorio se centra en el documento, parece necesario ofrecer pequeñas orientaciones respecto al valor legal probatorio de los documentos administrativos, al menos mientras no se superen ciertos atavismos de papel y prevalezcan determinadas garantías de la preservación centradas en los esquemas estructurados de metadatos y la firma electrónica subyaciendo o envolviendo al contenido.
If the regulatory framework focuses on the document, it seems necessary to offer little guidance regarding the evidentiary legal value of administrative documents, at least while certain atavisms of paper are not overcome and certain preservation guarantees prevail focused on structured metadata schemes and the electronic signature underlying or wrapping the content.
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Sydorenko, O. O. "THE RATIO BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF A LEGAL ACT AND A LEGAL DOCUMENT." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392104.
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The article explores various approaches to determining the relationship between the concepts of a legal act and a legal document. Two approaches to the study of legal acts have been identified: narrow and wide. Depending on the approach chosen, the ratio of legal acts and documents will be determined. With a narrow approach, legal acts and documents practically coincide, but at the same time the document will act as a generic concept, that is, a wider category. With a broad approach, the ratio of legal acts and documents will be exactly the opposite: an act-document from these positions is part of a legal act as a broader concept. Analyzing the essence of a legal act, it can be characterized as the result of the action of a competent legal entity, expressed in a certain form in accordance with the legislation, is focused on the regulation of public relations. From the point of view of the methodology of the study of legal phenomena, the main way to determine the truth of this or that position is its empirical verification, connection with practice. It was stated that there are documents that are not legal acts. So, the methodological premise underlying the characterization of an act through a document can be considered correct. It has been established that the legislator in a number of cases recognizes the legal consequences of the phenomena of social reality, which are not documents: by oral expression of will, actually committed actions, signs and symbols. Despite the prevalence of a wide approach to the study of legal acts in legal science, more attention in their study is given to the acts-documents. Acts-documents are an important type of legal acts. The most significant legal consequences are documented, which is intended to establish such an objective property of law as formal certainty. Legal acts-documents are an important, basic part of both legal acts and documents as broader concepts. So, the optimal time frame capable of solving the task at hand is a “legal document”, which gives rise to legal consequences. At the same time, a legal document will differ from other legal acts in the form of external expression – documentary.
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Kwasman, T. "Two Aramaic legal documents." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no. 2 (January 2000): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00007230.
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The Aramaic clay tablets presented here are legal documents with Neo-Assyrian formularies. These texts are important as they attest to an Akkadian legal tradition and its adaptation to an Aramaic context. The fact that the writing material is clay is exceptional since one would expect an Aramaic document to be written on parchment or papyrus. Published examples of Aramaic documents on clay are relatively uncommon although more are surfacing.
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Of the Journal, Editorial board. "Ukrainian legal documents." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 36 (October 25, 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2005.36.1616.
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The Palestine Yearbook of Internati, Editors. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS." Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 11, no. 1 (2000): 317–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161401x00093.
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The Palestine Yearbook of Internati, Editors. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS." Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 12, no. 1 (2002): 417–568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161403x00136.
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The Palestine Yearbook of Internati, Editors. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DOCUMENTS." Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online 13, no. 1 (2004): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161405x00107.
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Mykhailovska, Ye V., and A. O. Lymonko. "On the technique of drafting administrative and legal documents." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (December 27, 2023): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.06.82.
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The article is devoted to the study of the key aspects of administrative and legal document drafting techniques, since the creation of administrative and legal documents is an integral part of the activities of state bodies and institutions, and the quality of document execution, legal effectiveness, and content of the document depend on the document drafting technique. The author examines the technique of creating administrative and legal documents, their structure, style, and rules for using terminology and official language.
Attention is focused on a detailed description of the structure of administrative and legal documents and the requirements for each part of the document.
The peculiarities of formulating headings to the text of the document; construction of the preamble and its components; design of the main and final parts of the document; style of writing administrative and legal documents are considered.
The author analyzes the use of terminology in administrative and legal documents; the terms should be defined accurately and unambiguously, meet the requirements of current legislation and leave no room for interpretation.
The author offers recommendations for eliminating errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents: the use of the official language (language terms, means and phrases) when writing the text of the document, which directly affect the conciseness and understanding of the text of the document, the correct use of terms and phrases, makes it possible to avoid stylistic and grammatical errors in the drafting of administrative and legal documents. Compliance with the standards of document execution will ensure that the content of the document is understood and has legal effect, such standards include maintaining the appropriate structure of the document, using defined and commonly used terms, following the rules of punctuation, etc. Checking spelling and grammar before starting the process of sending the document is mandatory, as errors in the document can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretation of the text of the document and even legal consequences, the document must comply with the requirements of the law and legal regulations, some administrative and legal documents may contain confidential information that should not be available to everyone, it is important to ensure the right conditions for maintaining the confidentiality of information and proper protection of documents.
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Belov, Sergei A. "Characteristic of legal communication: Addressers of legal acts." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 14, no. 4 (2023): 872–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2023.403.
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The author started description of parties to legal communication in a previous article, on addressee of legal documents. In this item author focuses on the addressers of legal documents — those, who formally issue these documents. Summarizing specifics of addressers in different types of communication (norm-establishing and norm-realization) leads to the conclusion that addresser, issuing power acts, remains to be depersonalized comparing to private persons, acting on their own behalf. This could be explained by the legal principle that power belongs to an authority or to an official, but not to a certain person. Depersonalizing reaches maximum in the case of a statute. Abstract legislator being implied as an addresser of norm, stays in shadow, and this entails a number of practical problems. Author also concludes that Russian legal theory in fact does not recognize establishing legal norms as communication, finding communicative interaction only in realization of norms. While the will of the addresser (initiating legal consequences) is the content of a message in the legal communication, they are performative utterances (in the terminology of the speech acts theory of J. Austin). These acts do not transmit information, but form speech action. At the same time documents, issuing on behalf of private persons (mostly individuals), are often base on strict templates. Sometimes a person, who is formally the addresser of the document, do not takes part in its preparation and even is unable to understand it, therefore the document does not really reflects her or his will, which it formally represents. “Legal personality” of addresser of legal acts could not be a real object for analysis, because in many cases the addresser remains to be an abstract person while the speech of legal documents are so standardized that a few space for individual speech is left.
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Sezonov, Viktor. "Historical and legal principles of formation of the system of legal regulation of document flow in Ukraine." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.4.2020.31.
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The article emphasizes that information is of extraordinary value. It is stated that actions related to the circulation of informationrequire its material consolidation, and the document is considered as material consolidation of information. It is noted that the informationfixed on the material carrier becomes an information product, and the relations arising concerning creation, transfer (movement),storage, destruction of documents, ie relations within document circulation demand their legal regulation.The article presents the most important for science achievements of scientists who studied the document flow and analyzed thehistorical and legal aspects of its formation in Ukraine. It is noted that nowadays scientists pay little attention to the study of the docu -ment as a separate category, do not analyze existing definitions, do not pay attention to the characteristics of the document. It is establishedthat the issue of historical and legal bases of formation of the system of legal regulation of document circulation in Ukraine isconsidered fragmentarily and superficially. Arguments are made in favor of the fact that the document is a material carrier of information,an object created by man in a certain period of time; object of study of various scientific disciplines, the concept of “document”is ambiguous and depends on in what field and for what it is used; it is emphasized that office work plays an important role in the legalsphere.It is proved that today it is extremely important to improve the document management system. It is noted that the issues of creatingand working with personnel documents are partially regulated by labor legislation, financial and economic – the Commercial Codeof Ukraine, documents of the private legal sphere – the Civil Code of Ukraine, documents containing information about the crime – theCriminal Code of Ukraine, accounting documents – in laws Of Ukraine on accounting, documentation of citizens ‘appeals and organizationof work with these documents are detailed in the Law of Ukraine “On Citizens’ Appeals”. The procedure for working with confidentialdocuments that constitute a state secret is considered in the Law of Ukraine “On State Secrets”, the features of working withelectronic documents are disclosed in the laws of Ukraine “On electronic documents and electronic document management”, “On electronictrust services”, etc; emphasizes the need to develop domestic counterparts of international standards for working with documents;it is proposed to adopt special regulatory and administrative documentation that would regulate the implementation of managementactivities.
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Valikonytė, Irena. "The Document in the Hierarchy of Evidence of the Legal Process in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Late Fifteenth Century and the First Half of the Sixteenth Century." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 46 (December 28, 2020): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2020.46.1.
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The discussion on the legal power of documents generated by the researchers exploring the written culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries invites for a more detailed analysis of the usage of a written document in the legal process, the chronology of its legal regulation, the document’s place in the system of evidence as well as its meaning in the legal consciousness of the nobles. The legal proceedings and rulings recorded in the judicial affairs books incorporated into the Lithuanian Metrica reveal the process when, with the development of the written culture and the increase of the demand for documents in the state’s internal affairs, the written document evolved into an independent and sound legal evidence in the judicial process. In the civil cases, primarily concerning the land ownership, the legal power of a written document was recognized already in the middle of the fifteenth century (although there was no peremptory requirement to present written documents in the judicial process), and approved by the extended edition of the First Statute of Lithuania. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the long-lived “colorful robes of justice” (the oath, the gesture, the placing of one’s cap) were replaced in the system of legal evidence by written documents which, from then on, were considered as more reliable evidence than a personal oath, and, in some cases, even a testimony. Eventually, this view found its place in the consciousness of the nobles who documented their transactions and used documents to solve legal conflicts. Moreover, in Lithuania, unlike in the Kingdom of Poland, the judges considered not only the public, but also the legitimate private documents as legal evidence of equal importance. Although, the hierarchy of legal evidence, that prioritized the documents was embedded only in the Second Statute of Lithuania (chapter IV article 52, entitled “On evidence and defense” (O dovodech i otvodech), the analysis of sources allows to decisively affirm that the main source of the aforementioned article was the practice of the courts in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.
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Mohan, Divya, and Latha Ravindran Nair. "Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation for Legal Texts: Unveiling Rhetorical Roles in Legal Case Documents." E3S Web of Conferences 529 (2024): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452904019.
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The swift rise of digitization in legal documentation has opened doors for artificial intelligence to revolutionize various tasks within the legal domain. Among these tasks is the segmentation of legal documents using rhetorical labels. This process, known as rhetorical role labeling, involves assigning labels (such as Final Judgment, Argument, Fact, etc.) to sentences within a legal case document. This task can be down streamed to various major legal analytics problems such as summarization of legal documents, readability of lengthy case documents, document similarity estimation, etc. The mentioned task of semantic segmentation of documents via labels is challenging as the legal documents are lengthy, unstructured and the labels are subjective in nature. Various previous works on automatic rhetorical role labeling was carried out using methods like conditional random fields with handcrafted features, etc. This research focuses on analyzing case documents from two different legal systems: the High Court of Kerala and the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom. Through rigorous experimentation with a range of deep learning models, this study highlights the robustness and efficacy of deep learning methods in accurately labeling rhetorical roles within legal texts. Additionally, comprehensive annotation of legal case documents from the UK and analysis of inter-annotator agreement are conducted. The overarching objective of this research is to design systems that facilitate a deeper comprehension of the organizational structure inherent in legal case documents.
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Sezonov, V. S. "The concept of a document in jurisprudence." Law and Safety 82, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2021.3.23.
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At the present stage of development of legal document science and forensic document research techniques there is a need to expand the concept of the document using the achievements of various fields of knowledge. A document is a multifaceted, generalized concept for all important sources of information. Today, there is no consensus on the classification of legal documents. In our opinion, a document in jurisprudence has the following properties: it is a carrier and source of necessary information, it is in the documents that information is recorded for the first time; has a legal meaning, economic significance, can serve as written evidence, a means of certifying something; allows you to save and extract from the archives, if necessary, information and its processing in the current activities. As the main unit of clerical correspondence, the document performs certain functions and must meet certain requirements for conclusion. All documents according to the method of presentation of the material are divided into documents with a low level of standardization and documents with a high level of standardization. Legal documents in electronic form have a completely different nature. The information that constitutes the essence of an electronic document is limited to the term "file", which in the scientific literature means a specific place on a computer medium with its own specific name. In addition, an electronic document can exist both in the form of a single file (a set of files) and in the form of a link (on the Internet). Therefore, it is considered appropriate to define a legal document as a material object with information recorded on it, which is meaningful for the establishment of legal circumstances and exists in appropriate forms and forms. A legal document is an information object that is compiled in accordance with legal requirements and contains legal information (confirmation of rights, obligations or confirmation of legal facts, events or actions that give rise to certain rights and obligations). The main ways to modernize the current legal norms and provisions relating to legal documents and records are to approve new types of legal documents in electronic form as having the same legal force as paper. Certain provisions require approval of their scope and responsibility for their protection.
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Styazhkina, S. A. "ILLEGAL TURNOVER OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: CRIMINAL LEGAL ASPECT." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 29, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 892–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2019-29-6-892-898.
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The article discusses the issues of criminal liability for encroachments on the procedure of official document circulation. The concept and features of a document and an official document as subjects of criminal law protection are analyzed in detail. Criteria are proposed for distinguishing between a document and an official document, as well as the classification of documents. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of amendments to Article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, made in the summer of 2019, which provide for responsibility for the falsification, production or circulation of fake documents, state awards, stamps, seals or letterheads. The article examines in detail the objective features of the elements of crimes encroaching on official documents, which include the acquisition, sale, stealing, destruction, damage, concealment, as well as forgery of official documents, the sale of fake official documents and their use. The issues of the subjective side of these crimes are considered. The article also focuses on the problems of delimiting the use of obviously fake official documents, the responsibility for which is provided for in paragraph 4 of Article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from crimes, where the use of fake documents acts as a means of committing a crime, such as fraud, illegal obtaining a loan, etc. Suggestions are made on the appropriateness amending a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, providing for liability for encroachment on official documents.
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Goc, Mieczysław, and Dorota Semków. "Ustawa o dokumentach publicznych i jej rola w zapobieganiu fałszerstwom dokumentów." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.4.85-99.
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<p>Forgeries of documents concern almost all types – from ID cards, passports, to money marks and securities. This procedure is a serious threat to proper legal transactions. Security of legal transactions means the need to ensure the credibility of documents by caring for trust in the document as a formal way of ascertaining the law, legal relationship or circumstances that may have legal significance. For this reason, the document benefits from protection in many areas. There are nearly 400 legal acts in the legal system in force in Poland, the subject of which are documents. Representatives of the scientific community, lawyers and experts in the field of document research, however, have for years emphasized the need for a legal act to legally organize the issues of documents. The Act of 22 November 2018 on Public Documents, therefore, constitutes a long-awaited legal regulation and thus is an important element in the process of preventing crimes against the credibility of documents, filling the organizational and legal gap in the broadly understood issue of public documents. The Act had to be a form of coherent, comprehensive legal regulation that would be used in both administrative, civil and criminal law. Its solutions should be considered as correct and necessary in creating a system of public document security. The implementation of the provisions of the Act on Public Documents gives hope for comprehensive regulation of the indicated issues. Both from the perspective of securing the interests of the state and its citizens, the Act deserves a positive assessment of its provisions.</p>
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Zakharova, Maria. "Application of 3D documents in the land cadastre: problems of legal regulation." Geocontext 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2686-8326-2020-33-46.
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The article considers the use of 3D documents in electronic document management and land cadastre. Earth audit (cadastre) within the "Digital Earth" is carried out through 3D documents. The technical nature of 3D documents is clear, but the legal regime is quite complex and poorly understood. In this situation, it is impossible to conduct an audit of the Earth through a 3D document without establishing its legal regime. This article identifies possible ways to develop domestic legislation in the field of digitalization on the example of a 3D document and makes suggestions for improving the current legislation and defining the legal regime of a 3D document, including in relation to the land cadastre.
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Vaver, David. "Copyright in Legal Documents." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 31, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 661–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.60082/2817-5069.1680.
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Bareta, Rizky Dian, Triyono Triyono, and Rahmat Rahmat. "Legal Politics of Electronic Documents in State Finances As Legal Evidence." Jurnal Ilmiah Dunia Hukum 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/jidh.v7i2.3362.
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<p><em>Disruption of digital technology as part of the industrial revolution 4.0 forces changes in human culture to keep up with the times, including in public institutions. Regulating the digitalization of state finances has risks, including electronic evidence in court that is very likely to occur, given that corruption in state finances is still rampant, requiring legal evidence in court. This research is normative research by examining the existence of regulations related to electronic documents in state finances and explaining how electronic documents are formed. In this study, it can be concluded that regulations regarding electronic evidence have been adequately accommodated, although there is still an asymmetry in the classification of electronic evidence itself. Regulations governing electronic documents in the field of state finances still refer to laws regarding electronic information and transactions. These regulations are considered complete, although, in several regulations in the field of state finance, adjustments are still required to support the use of electronic documents in state finances. Electronic signatures are divided into certified and uncertified signatures, but certified signatures make the presence of an ideal electronic document. This research can be used as input for policymakers in implementing electronic documents in state finance.</em></p>
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Senin, Igor N. "Legal Technologies of Creation of Legal Documents." Vestnik of the Omsk Law Academy 15, no. 3 (2018): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2306-1340-2018-15-3-268-271.
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Muninggar, Nur Siti, and Adila Alfa Krisnadhi. "LexID: The Metadata and Semantic Knowledge Graph Construction of Indonesian Legal Document." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21609/jiki.v16i1.1096.
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The Legal Fiction principle stipulates that the government needs to ensure the public availability of all of their legal documents. Unfortunately, the text-based search services they provide cannot return satisfactory answers in retrieval scenarios requiring proper representation of relationships between various legal documents. A key problem here is the lack of explicit representation of such relationships behind the employed retrieval engines. We aim to address this problem by proposing LexID knowledge graph (KG) that provides an explicit knowledge representation for Indonesian legal domain usable for such retrieval purposes. The KG contains both legal metadata information and semantic content of the legal clauses of the legal document's articles, modeled using formal vocabulary from the LexID ontology also presented in this paper. The KG is constructed from thousands of Indonesian legal documents. Since the procedure of writing a legal document regulated by the government is clear and detailed, we use a rule-based approach to construct our KG. At the end, we describe several use cases of the KG to address different retrieval needs. In Addition, we evaluated the quality of our KG by measuring its ability to answer questions and got that LexID can answer questions with the macro average F1 score is about 0.91.
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Hruzd, Oleksandr, Iryna Svitlak, Petro Korniienko, Ivan Khozlu, and Yevheniia Mykhailovska. "Legal problems and prospects for the development of document science in Ukraine: Problems and solutions." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 64 (May 30, 2023): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.64.04.34.
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The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the study of legal document circulation, as a rule, concerns only certain types of documents. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of “legal document circulation”. Achieving the specified goal involves solving the following tasks: establishing those defects that may be contained in the legal document and determining the reasons and conditions for their appearance. To solve the set goals and tasks, the dialectical method, the analysis,the generalization and the abstraction was used. The result of the study was the argumentation of the position that the prevention of negative social phenomena in the legal document circulation should be based on measures of expertise, notarization, approval and registration of legal documents. The conclusion of the study is the substantiation of the statement that the role of the legal document in the mechanism of legal regulation has increased. The value of legal document circulation is determined by the functions performed by a legal document in the process of legal regulation. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of practical recommendations aimed at improving the process of working with legal documents in the future.
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Kamyshanskyi, V., and T. Hudima. "Peculiarities of legal regulation of electronic trade documents circulation." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (December 30, 2022): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.25.
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This article examines the peculiarities of legal egulation of electronic trade documents circulation in Ukraine and internationally (in particular, theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter – the UK)). It is assessed to what extent the national legislation on the relevant issues is suitable for the transfer of such documents by electronic means, and the aspects in which it does not meet the requirements. The authors prove the insufficiency of the norms of the national legislation regulating the circulation of trade documents (bills of lading, bills of exchange, etc.) and the basic laws that define the basic organizational and legal principles of electronic document management and the use of electronic documents (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Circulation»), organizational and legal principles of activities in the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Commerce»), legal and organizational principles of electronic trust services (the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Trust Services») for transition to electronic document circulation of trade documents. With this in mind, and taking into account the obligation of the G7+ countries to promote the use and recognition of electronic transferable records (model laws of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), in particular in developing countries, and the experience of the United Kingdom, the development and adoption of a separate law «On Electronic Trade Documents» (taking into account the norms of existing national legislation and national interests), which would contain a clear concept of trade documents and their classification is substantiated.
The feasibility of developing and recognizing uniform standards at the international level for the transfer of electronic trade documents (in particular, the introduction of new systems and their integration with internal systems by all carriers, customs authorities, etc.), which will ensure such transfer, as well as uniform terms for their implementation, is being determined. It is proved that distributed ledger technologies, in particular blockchain, have significant potential for ensuring the circulation of electronic trade documents.
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Maistrovich, Tatyana V. "Electronic Document: Main Characteristics and its Place in the System of Legal Deposit." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2012-0-1-43-46.
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The article deals with the analysis of the digital document characteristic important for taking the decision of its inclusion in the legal deposit system of documents. Digital document constant and variable attributes are singled out. Concept of the “existence environment” identifying the digital documents specific trends is introduced. The analysis of the digital document correlation to the analog one permitted to make the proposal of inclusion two groups of diigitaL documents in the system of legal deposit.
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Chouhan, Khushi Udaysingh, Nikita Pradeep Kumar Jha, Roshni Sanjay Jha, Shaikh Insha Kamaluddin, and Dr Sujata Khedkar. "Legal Document Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 548–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50123.
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Abstract: Text preprocessing is the most essential and foremost step for any Machine Learning model. The raw data needs to be cleaned and pre-processed to get better performance. It is the method to clean the data and makes it ready to feed the data to the model. Text classification is the heart of many software systems that involve text documents processing. The purpose of text classification is to classify the text documents automatically into two or many defined categories. In this paper ,various preprocessing and classification approaches are used such as NLP, Machine Learning, etc from patent documents.
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Belov, Sergei A., and Kristina V. Tarasova. "Intelligibility of legal documents: legal fiction or presumption?" Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 10, no. 4 (2019): 610–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.401.
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Reig Fabado, Isabel. "Los documentos privados y el Reglamento 1393/2007 de notificaciones y traslado = Private documents and Regulation nº 1393/2007 on the service of judicial and extrajudicial documents." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3896.
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Resumen: El TJUE desarrolla el concepto autónomo de “documento extrajudicial” del artículo 16 del Reglamento 1393/2007 sobre notificaciones y traslado en la Sentencia del TJUE de 11 de noviembre de 2015, Tecom, as. C-223/14. Concretamente, en relación con la inclusión en el mismo de los documentos privados cuya transmisión sea necesaria para el ejercicio de un derecho o de una pretensión jurídica en materia civil o mercantil. Asimismo, incide en la interpretación del modelo de transmisión de documentos extrajudiciales estableciendo un sistema flexible que combina diferentes mecanismos de transmisión en relación de alternatividad y con la posibilidad de utilizarlos simultánea y sucesivamente, sin necesidad de control previo por parte de las autoridades o personal competente.Palabras clave: notificación y traslado de documentos extrajudiciales, Reglamento 1393/2007, documentos privados.Abstract: The CJEU develops further the autonomous concept of an “extrajudicial document” per article 16 of Regulation 1393/2007 on the service of judicial and extrajudicial documents in it’s Judgment of November 11, 2015, Tecom, Case C-223/14. Specifically, in relation to the inclusion of private documents whose transmission is necessary for the exercise of a right or a legal claim in civil or commercial matters. Likewise, it construes the interpretation of the model of transmission of extrajudicial documents establishing a flexible system that combines alternative transmission mechanisms with the possibility of using them simultaneously and successively, without the need for prior control by the authorities or competent personnel.Keywords: notification and transfer of extrajudicial documents, Regulation 1393/2007, private documents.
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Kozlova, Natalia V., and Sofya Yu Filippova. "Problems of occurrence, termination and protection copyright for drafts of official documents." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1026945224020103.
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The authors consider the peculiarities of the legal regime of official documents and their drafts. The article proposes the concept of a work as an object of copyright, highlights the features of the work. The authors substantiate the reasons for the lack of legal protection in relation to information messages, works of folk art, official documents, state symbols and signs. Based on the study of legal doctrine and judicial practice, the authors identify the legal regimes of draft official documents, determine the conditions for the lawful use of such projects. The authors conclude that in the case of sending a draft official document to the authorized body, the object is doubled from the moment the project begins to be used. After the adoption of an official document by the authorized body, such a document is excluded from legal protection and is not recognized as an object of copyright. The authors note that the withdrawal of official documents from legal protection does not exclude the possibility of creating protected works on their basis, in particular, composite, derivative works (collections, translations, etc.), for which an independent copyright of compilers, translators and other persons arises.
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Entin, Entin, Anriz Nazaruddin Halim, and Rifki Ridwan. "TANGGUNG JAWAB NOTARIS ATAS DOKUMEN DIBAWAH TANGAN YANG DIBERI TANDA (WAARMERKING) YANG TANDA TANGANNYA DIPALSUKAN OLEH PARA PIHAK." SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah 2, no. 12 (December 8, 2023): 5044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i12.1889.
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This study aims to explore the responsibilities of notaries in relation to documents under signed hands (waarmerking), particularly in contexts where signatures on such documents are forged by the parties. where tried to answer the question, "What is the responsibility of the notary in cases where the signature on the document under the hand forged by the parties?"That the notary has legal responsibility for the validity of the signature on the document and can be held liable if it is confirmed that the signature was forged. This hypothesis also aims to explore the steps or procedures that can be taken by notaries to prevent and overcome cases of false signatures on documents under a signed hand (waarmerking). The research methodology employed in this study is normative juridical research, which combines interviews with library law research utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The research approach encompasses the Statute Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach, and Case Approach. The technique used to gather legal materials involves identifying and cataloging positive legal rules, literature books, journals, and other relevant legal sources. The analysis of legal materials involves legal interpretation, systematic interpretation, and legal construction methods. In the process of waarmerking documents under falsified hands, the notary acts as a witness who only confirms the agreement of the parties and records it on the deed he books, without being responsible for the content of the document or the authenticity of the signature. Even if the signature on the document turns out to be fake, criminal liability cannot be imposed on the Notary as a public official, since the notary does not have the authority to review the validity or invalidity of the handwritten document submitted to him. In terms of legal certainty, waarmerking by a notary aims to ensure that the legal acts recorded are in accordance with the actual legal requirements, even if the authenticity of the documents is later proven to be false. The principle of" geen bevoegdheid zonder veraantwoordelijkheid " asserts that there is no authority without liability, however, in this case, the notary does not have the authority to review the authenticity of the documents submitted by the parties facing him
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Kabysh, Oksana. "NEW RULES OF REGISTRATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 4(37) (July 7, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2021-4(37)-6.
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The article characterizes the main innovations of the DSTU 4163:2020 national standard of Ukraine «State unified documentation system. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for registration of documents». The scope of DSTU 4163: 2020 is outlined. It is noted that the standard applies to organizational and administrative documents with various information carriers by government agencies, local governments, institutions, enterprises, organizations and other legal entities, regardless of their activities and forms of ownership. The rules of design and placement of details on the corner and longitudinal forms or a blank sheet of paper are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the details that need to be issued in a new way: «Name of the legal entity of the highest level», «Name of the legal entity», «Addressee», «Signature», «Place of the document», «Reference data on the legal entity», «Stamp approval of the document», «Seal of approval (approval) of the document», etc. The peculiarities of creating a new requisite «Note on acquaintance with the document» have been clarified. It is noted that in all details the initial (s) are changed to the first name, which is printed with a capital letter, and the name is indicated in capital letters in almost all details. The requirements for the production of documents using automated or printing means: the use of fonts in sizes 8-12, 12-14 and 14-16 printing points, indents from the left field of the document for details, line spacing for printing text and individual elements of the document, numbering of pages of the document, registration of multiline requisites. Requirements for printing texts of documents of permanent, long-term (over 10 years) and temporary (up to 10 years) storage period are submitted. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the design of documents prepared by several legal entities. Key words: standard, organizational and administrative documents, document details.
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Kopaneva, Tatyana G. "Features of legal documents translation." Humanities and Social Sciences 83, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2070-1403-2020-83-6-180-186.
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Bekmirzaev, I. "Hanafi Legal Documents in Transoxiana." Advanced Science Journal 2014, no. 5 (April 14, 2014): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15550/asj.2014.05.055.
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McBain, Graham. "Legal Documents – Modernising the Formalities." International Law Research 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v8n1p1.
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Bench‐Capon, T. J. M., P. E. S. Dunne, and G. Stamford. "Modelling Legal Documents as Graphs." Information & Communications Technology Law 6, no. 2 (June 1997): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1997.9965761.
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Martins, Crystal Coral, and Dr Gajanan Gawde. "Legal Text Mining Using Legal Judgements." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46368.
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Abstract: Rapid advancements in digital data acquisition techniques have led to massive amounts of data. Above 80 percent of today’s data is composed of unstructured or semi-structured data. The discovery of appropriate patterns and trends to analyse the text documents from massive volume of data is a big issue. Thus, text mining is believed to have high commercial value. Text mining is the process of extracting useful patterns from text data which plays an effective role in decision making task. Here, we will use the legal judgements as the input document then we will apply cosine similarity method to see which judgements are similar and finally we will develop a web application in which the user can search for a particular judgement.
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Kupriyanova, Anastasia, Roman Shkilev, Marina Litwinowa, Tatyana Vorotilina, Kazbek Ahmedovich Tagibov, and Rustem Shichiyakh. "Legal Regulation of The Reliability and Quality of Translations of Official Documents and Texts." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2023): e1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1330.
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Objective: Given that law is a subject area associated with the socio-political and cultural specifics of the given country, the translation of documents and texts of official nature poses a challenging task. Among translators, it is considered one of the most difficult types of translation, as the target language must be particularly precise, clear, and reliable to adequately convey the presented information. The goal of the study is to identify problems in legal regulation of the reliability and quality of translation of official documents and texts and to offer recommendations on their elimination. Methods: The established research goal is achieved through the methods of document analysis and expert survey. Results: The paper identifies the linguistic problems that arise in the process of translation of legal texts and official documents, existing gaps and shortcomings in legal regulation, and measures to improve the process and quality of the translation of legal texts and official documents. Conclusion: Gaps and shortcomings in the legal regulation of translations of legal texts and official documents, especially as applied to Russia, include insufficient legal regulation over the notarization of translations of official documents, the lack of certification or special legal status for translators, and legal regulation of disputable situations.
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Besson, Jeremy, Adomas Birstunas, Antanas Mitasiunas, and Arunas Stockus. "SignaTM – Towards Electronic Document Cross-Border Interoperability." Applied Computer Systems 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acss-2015-0007.
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Abstract Transfer of information-based services to an electronic environment is the accomplished fact. Some of such services lead to creation of electronic documents that are signed by qualified e-signature and have legal value equal to hand-signed documents. In fact, the documents are created not for private use but for an exchange with the others. The main challenge of the electronic document usage is their interoperability. An electronic document is a dual technical and legal artefact that depends on a national legislation system and “lives” within a national platform of electronic documents. Therefore, an electronic document is not a subject of technical standardization only. The paper introduces a new concept for an electronic document cross-border interoperability solution based on creation of original copies for each national electronic document platform of the document signatories.
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Lepish, N., and A. Hryshchuk. "Electronic document circulation: private law and public law aspects." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.01.58.
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The article examines electronic document circulation from the standpoint of private law and public law aspects of legal regulation. A comprehensive analysis of legislative acts of Ukraine in the field of public administration and civil legal relations regarding the regulation of electronic document circulation, identification of key points affecting decision-making in the field of documentation management, carried out using a systematic approach and the method of comparative analysis, historical and comparative methods. Justification of the classification of the regulation of the organization of document circulation regarding the interaction of various subjects with state authorities as objects of law requiring special legal regulation. Attention drawn to the direct interrelationship of legal and technological procedures of documentation, production and protection of documents. The basis for recognizing the legal force and significance of a document is the implementation of technological and legal procedures for documenting information and producing documents. Based on the comprehensive analysis of legislative and regulatory documents, scientific research, on the materials obtained during the study of the functioning of electronic document circulation, distinctive features were formulated that are included in the complex documentary and archival functional requirements for information systems that automate document circulation and take into account the possibility of creating and maintaining multiple document movement schemes in order to ensure the corporate flow of documents, the need to integrate electronic document management systems with other information systems, the possibility of using technological solutions to optimize document management processes, increase the efficiency of information transmission, and eliminate errors during document processing. It indicated that the modular integration model of electronic document circulation in the authorities provides for the possibility of technological connection of a certain number of modules to increase the functionality of the system. An enterprise focusing on digitization should implement electronic document management.
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Solovyanenko, Nina I. "Electronic transport documents in the mechanism of realization and protection of the rights of participants in interoperability activities." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 12 (2023): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520029369-6.
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The article examines the legal mechanism and electronic document management in business, transport and logistics activities in the light of the tasks set by the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030 with a forecast for the period up to 2035, including: overcoming the low level of digitalization, intensification of integration processes, designing an ecosystem of digital transport corridors in the EAEU and their interface with international transport corridors. The legal conditions favorable for the implementation and protection of the rights and interests of participants in transport and logistics operations cover the use of legally significant electronic transportation documents. The creation of a legal model of digital interaction of counterparties (electronic document management) and its consolidation in regulatory legal acts meets the criteria for digital of the transport industry. The author, analyzing the legal basis, as well as the legal features of the exchange of electronic transportation documents and information between the participants of information interaction and sending such documents and information to the state information system of electronic transportation documents, comes to the conclusion about the formation of a digital environment of trust in the field of electronic document management of transportation documents, ensuring the protection of the interests of all its participants. The introduction of platform technologies and smart contracts that allow improving legal interaction between participants in the transportation process in export shipping requires application in the Russian Federation of a paperless (electronic) bill of lading based on a distributed registry in Russia. In this regard, the author considers the legal structure of an electronic transferable record as a promising model of a paperless bill of lading.
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BENAOUDA, Adila. "Legal Translation in Algeria: The Justice Scales to The Test of Equivalence." ALTRALANG Journal 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v5i3.374.
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Legal translation is a specialized area of translation that requires a deep understanding of legal systems, legal terminology, and the cultural context in which the legal document was created. In Algeria, legal translation plays a critical role in facilitating communication and ensuring the accuracy and clarity of legal documents. This paper will explore the challenges and considerations that legal translators in Algeria face, including linguistic, cultural, and legal factors. Through a thorough analysis of legal translation in Algeria, this paper seeks to shed light on the essential role that legal translation plays in promoting access to justice and maintaining the integrity of legal systems in Algeria, where legal translation is particularly important due to the country's unique, complex, and diverse legal system, which combines elements of French civil law and Islamic law, in addition to the multiple official languages, including Arabic, French, and Berber. Moreover, the legal documents that require translation in Algeria range from contracts and agreements to court documents and legal judgments. These documents often have significant legal consequences, making accuracy and precision in legal translation critical. In this context, it is essential for legal translators in Algeria to have specialized training and expertise in legal translation to ensure that legal documents are accurately and effectively translated across different languages and legal systems using all types of equivalence for terms and concepts dealt with and comparative law study for the text to be translated.
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Mariyam, Ayesha, SK Althaf Hussain Basha, and S. Viswanadha Raju. "On Optimality of Long Document Classification using Deep Learning." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i12.5866.
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Document classification is effective with elegant models of word numerical distributions. The word embeddings are one of the categories of numerical distributions of words from the WordNet. The modern machine learning algorithms yearn on classifying documents based on the categorical data. The context of interest on the categorical data is posed with weights and the sense and quality of the sentences is estimated for sensible classification of documents. The focus of the current work is on legal and criminal documents extracted from the popular news channels, particularly on classification of long length legal and criminal documents. Optimization is the essential instrument to bring the quality inputs to the document classification model. The existing models are studied and a feasible model for the efficient document classification is proposed. The experiments are carried out with meticulous filtering and extraction of legal and criminal records from the popular news web sites and preprocessed with WordNet and Text Processing contingencies for efficient inward for the learning framework.
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LANDE, D., ZHAO YANQING, WEI MOJI, ZHU SHIWEI, and GUO JIANPING. "System of annotating of Chinese legal information." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 3(26) (September 26, 2018): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2018.3(26).270631.
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Article is devoted to a method of automatic text summarization of the legal information provided in Chinese. The model of the legal document abstract and the procedure of his formation is considered. To determine the level of importance of sentences, it was suggested to proceed to determine the weight values of separate hieroglyphs, rather than words in the text of documents and abstracts. Also consideration of model of documents as networks of sentences for detection of the most important sentences on parameters of this network was offered.
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Odilovich, Murtazayev Abror. "SPELLING RULES IN LEGAL DOCUMENTS: PROBLEM, CAUSE AND SOLUTION." American Journal Of Philological Sciences 03, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue05-06.
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This article provides opinions and recommendations on the linguistic examination of the text of normative legal documents in the Uzbek language to assess their compliance with the spelling rules, to avoid spelling mistakes in the drafts of normative legal documents, and to prevent such shortcomings. opinions were also expressed about the importance of foreign experience.
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Bahronov, Sherzod. "ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTISE OF DRAFT REGULATORY DOCUMENTS: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue01-06.
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The importance and relevance of environmental expertise of draft regulatory legal acts in the context of a significant increase in the impact of environmental problems on the life of each state, society and person is revealed. In particular, the legislation and experience of foreign countries were analyzed. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, several proposals have been put forward to improve the organizational and legal mechanisms for conducting environmental expertise of draft regulatory legal acts.
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Thambi, Adarsh S., Arpitha Devangavi, Pankaja R, and Aditi Joshi. "‘LAWGIC’: An Application for Automated Legal Document Classification and Retrieval." June 2024 6, no. 2 (June 2024): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2024.2.007.
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This research proposes LAWGIC (where law meets logic), an automated legal document classification and retrieval system leveraging topic modelling using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). LAWGIC utilizes the Indian Kanoon website as its data source, focusing on Supreme Court of India documents. LDA is used to extract meaningful themes from legal documents and assign them to the most relevant topic. This frees legal professionals from manual categorization, improves accuracy, and empowers them to work with greater efficiency. The system also provides a user interface for efficient retrieval and exploration of documents and topics.
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Kore, Rahul C., Prachi Ray, Priyanka Lade, and Amit Nerurkar. "Legal Document Summarization Using Nlp and Ml Techniques." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 05 (May 20, 2020): 25039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v9i05.4488.
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Reading legal documents are tedious and sometimes it requires domain knowledge related to that document. It is hard to read the full legal document without missing the key important sentences. With increasing number of legal documents it would be convenient to get the essential information from the document without having to go through the whole document. The purpose of this study is to understand a large legal document within a short duration of time. Summarization gives flexibility and convenience to the reader. Using vector representation of words, text ranking algorithms, similarity techniques, this study gives a way to produce the highest ranked sentences. Summarization produces the result in such a way that it covers the most vital information of the document in a concise manner. The paper proposes how the different natural language processing concepts can be used to produce the desired result and give readers the relief from going through the whole complex document. This study definitively presents the steps that are required to achieve the aim and elaborates all the algorithms used at each and every step in the process.
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Makhnevich, D. "THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT IN INSTITUTIONS OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION." Zhytomyr Ivan Franko state university journal. Рedagogical sciences, no. 1(112) (May 10, 2023): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/pedagogy.1(112).2023.177-189.
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The article, based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, reflects the experience of implementing electronic document management in institutions of general secondary education. It is shown that the state of electronic document management in educational institutions is unsatisfactory and is at a low level of implementation.
The global spread of information technologies and the development of information relations have made it possible to use technological and telecommunication resources and the Internet in the workplace and in the field of health care. Such a situation requires constant development, improvement and updating of the regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine and the creation of specialized norms and rules in this sphere Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine "On electronic devices. Documents and electronic document flow, electronic digital signature, telecommunications, mandatory copy of documents, National informatization program, communication system with state secrets, protection of information in the information and communication system, etc. The Law of Ukraine "On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Management" establishes the basic organizational and legal principles of electronic document management and the use of electronic documents. Accordingly, the Law gives the following definitions of electronic documents: e-document - a document in which information is recorded in the form of electronic data and the main details of the document, including electronic digital signature. The legal validity of an electronic document (e-document) cannot be denied solely on the grounds that it is in electronic form. However, there are certain legal restrictions on the use of electronic documents as originals. In particular, the original certificate of the right to inheritance cannot be produced in electronic form; the document can only be produced as a copy in accordance with the law, until a centralized place is created to store the original electronic document. Electronic document management in institutions of general secondary education is an element of a high-tech, promising approach that can significantly increase the efficiency of the institution.
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NAZAROVA, Iryna NAZAROVA. "ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY, Vol 22, No 1 (2023) (March 1, 2023): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2023.01.031.
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In modern economy, the format of interaction between counterparties is rapidly changing under the influence of universal introduction of information technology and electronic record-keeping. This ongoing process is developing in conditions of insufficient research on the main characteristics of electronic documents, their essence, and authentication of such documents. The paper investigates the emergence of the legal framework for modern electronic document circulation, systemizes and generalizes current normative and legal acts that regulate the drafting and flow of documents. General provisions for recognizing electronic documents are developed, taking into consideration the adaptation to international corporate accounting standards. Comparative analysis of normative and regulatory acts reveals discrepancies in the drafting and recognition of electronic documents. Thus, the article substantiates the need for a classification of documents in electronic form by methods of creation, storage and authentication.
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Azhimuratovich, Utemuratov Makhmut. "THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEGAL CREATIVITY." International Journal of Law And Criminology 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijlc/volume03issue12-07.
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The theoretical and legal foundations of law creation and the issues of improving its activity and ensuring the strict execution of legal documents are considered in the article. Also, the concept, essence and opinions of the famous foreign and local scholars of jurisprudence are discussed.
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Imamnazarovna, Allayarova Nargiza. "Aspects Of Legal Regulation Of Electronic Document And Electronic Document Circulation In Business." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 02, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume02issue11-02.
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This article discusses the provisions of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulating the field of electronic document management. The article considered the regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulating the issues of drawing up an electronic document and implementing electronic document management, such as: the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On electronic documents and electronic digital signature" dated January 7, 2003; The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Electronic Document Management"; Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Informatization" dated November 24, 2015 No. 418; Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On informatization" dated December 11, 2003 No. 560; Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 26, 2016 No. 11"On payments and payment systems"; Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 1, 2019 No. 578 "On payments and payment systems". When considering the issue of drawing up an electronic document in electronic document management systems, it is clear that the issue of certifying an electronic document with a seal in the necessary cases has not been settled. For a document to be considered signed and certified with a seal, it is necessary that such a signature and seal be included in the electronic document. Today there is a formal obstacle to the electronic document flow of documents, the creation of which is carried out on special paper forms with coats of arms or emblems. This requirement applies to certain types of statutory, financial documents, notarized documents, etc. In connection with the widespread use of information communications, the problem of information security, the existing systems for storing, transferring and processing information, becomes very important for society. Currently, the prevailing epidemiological situation in the country and in the world has significantly accelerated the exchange of data in electronic form in all spheres of society. Almost all activities of the society have switched to the electronic format of information exchange, including entrepreneurship. We hope that in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the development of the digital economy model will have a productive effect on the development of entrepreneurship and help overcome the problems existing in business.
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Thi Hai Van, Nguyen, and Chu Van Ninh. "Perspectives on constitutional responsibility some countries in the world introduction and comparison with Vietnam." Jurnal Cita Hukum 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i2.30616.
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The Constitution is the document with the highest position in the legal hierarchy, acting as the original law, as a basis for other documents in the system of legal documents of each country. The contents are indispensable in most constitutions. With the highest legal position and effect, the constitution plays an important role in ensuring human rights and citizens' rights by recognizing these rights, binding the state's responsibility in realizing these rights. constitutional rights and the constitution is also a document restricting the power of the state. Constitutional liability is an important tool for strengthening and developing democracy, but in practice, not all countries are directly mandated by their constitutions or legal documents constitution as a special form of liability. This article gives a general review of constitutional liability in a few diffe ent nations to compare and offer ideas for considering the constitutional liability institution in Vietnam.