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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Legal idea'
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Bederman, David Jeremy. "The idea of international law in antiquity." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244130.
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Wilson, George Robert. "Investigating the idea of a European Union minimum wage policy : a socio-legal perspective." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22333/.
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This thesis investigates the idea of a European Union (EU) minimum wage policy, exploring what it might look like given the significant obstacles that stand in the way of its realisation. The idea of a minimum wage policy for the EU has a long and varied history and can be traced to the inception of the Single Market. Over the course of European integration, suggestions have been made for the Union to coordinate wages in Member States, against both absolute and relative values. Justifications for intervention have varied but predominately focus on the prevalence of low wage work in Europe. However, the limited competence of the Union to act in the area of pay, coupled with the heterogeneity of industrial relations systems in Member States, makes the realisation of an EU minimum wage at the hands of the Union highly unlikely. In light of these impediments, this thesis articulates an alternative policy. This policy would be instituted by the European social partners and implemented by an 'autonomous' European social partner agreement. Given the scope of social partner agreements, this approach would lead to a more 'transnational' wage policy akin to collective agreements signed between European industry federations and employers' associations organised across national boarders. In outlining the contours of this policy, valuable insights are gained into the operation of the European social dialogue and its potential to serve as an alternative space for societal governance. Furthermore, a potential 'hybrid' regulatory form for such a policy is suggested - between an autonomous agreement and 'new' governance processes - that would improve the effectiveness of its implementation.
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Liuzzo, Scorpo Antonella. "The idea of friendship in the literary, historical and legal works of Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/71655.
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This research project explores an area which had been touched only tangentially, being a comparative analysis of the idea and interpretations of friendship which emerge from the three vernacular collections attributed to the supervision of King Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284): namely the Marian songs Cantigas de Santa María, the law code known as the Siete Partidas and the chronicle Estoria de España. These sources have been examined by adopting a thematic approach which has highlighted the existence of categories such as spiritual, religious and political friendships, as well as other forms of amicable relationships, including those between representatives of different religious, ethnic and social groups. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there was a conscious adoption of a specific lexicon of amicitia which contributed to reinforce either the opposition or the coincidence between friendship, companionship and counsellorship. Despite the undeniable inheritance of both classical eastern and western traditions, the works of the ‘Learned’ King present a peculiar idea of friendship which was deeply affected by contemporary historical contingencies and by the political and cultural projects of a sovereign who wanted to be regarded as a friend of his people, without denying, however, the unbridgeable gap which existed between different social groups. Interestingly, even if the Alfonsine works display a complicated range of relationships which envisage clear differences, they still outline a perfectly-balanced system within which the general and untouchable rules of friendship predominated, although in some cases certain variants were allowed in order to adapt such general requirements to contemporary social and political situations.
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Simons, Penelope C. "The philosophical background to the emergence of the idea of the individualised state in the international legal system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361671.
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Fontan, Patricia. "An Analysis of the Legal Issues of School Voucher Programs for Students with Disabilities and Its Impact on the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5211.
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This study examined the current case law on school voucher programs for students with disabilities and legal protections under IDEA. The idea of school vouchers can be traced back to the 1950s but have taken a new form in the past 13 years. There have been several court challenges to the constitutionality of school voucher programs with mixed results which will lead to court challenges in the future on a state by state basis based on the state's constitution. School vouchers have been developed to target specific populations of students including students with disabilities. But with very little accountability for the private schools accepting the school vouchers, parents are left to make choices about their child's education with the limited information provided to them. Parents of student with disabilities who participate in school voucher programs in order to attend a private school may lose many protections under IDEA, if not all of them. The focus of the study was on the five states with school voucher programs for students with disabilities: Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Ohio and Utah. The review of case law in regards to school voucher programs for students with disabilities demonstrated difference and similarities depending on the state's constitution. This will lead to future case law for school voucher programs for disabilities to be determined on a case by case basis. The legislators developing new school voucher programs for student with disabilities will need to analyze the state's constitution in order to determine if any legal challenges would occur. Federal legislators need to revisit the protections under IDEA for parentally placed private school students with the mindset that more and more school voucher programs for students with disabilities will be developed in years to come. In the reauthorization of IDEA, federal legislators need to determine if more protections need to be provided to parentally placed private school students attending a private school on a school voucher program. Without more protections for students with disabilities, parents may have limited options when participating in a school voucher program and the students may not receive the appropriate special education and related services.Ed.D.
Doctorate
Teaching, Learning, and Leadership
Education and Human Performance
Educational Leadership; Previous Leadership Certification
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Добош, З. А., and Z. A. Dobosh. "Конвергенція справедливості і права: філософсько-правовий вимір: дисертація." Thesis, ЛьвДУВС, 2012. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/746.
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Добош З.А. Конвергенція справедливості і права: філософсько-правовий вимір: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.12 – філософія права / Добош Зоряна Андріївна. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2012. - 195 с.У дисертації із філософсько-правових позицій проаналізовано характер зв’язку справедливості і права. Доведено властивості таких явищ, як конвергентних. При цьому відправною точкою процесу їх конвергенції бачиться виникнення права як способу вирішення конфліктів, що втілило первісні уявлення про справедливість, історичні особливості перебігу (етапи) відображені у сфері дії цих явищ, їхніх змістовних характеристиках, а результат втілений у понятті правової справедливості. Визначено основні напрями конвергенції справедливості і права, які, зокрема, проявляються у здатності справедливості обумовлювати право з позицій моралі, з позицій цінностей, визначати мету права, формувати образ права, забезпечувати призначення права, конкретизувати та раціоналізувати право, виявляти сутність права та визначати першооснову у праві. В процесі загальнофілософської характеристики обумовленості права, зокрема його прояву як природного явища, обґрунтовано висновок про джерельні можливості справедливості щодо природного права.The dissertation deals with the analysis of the character of connection between justice and law in the light of philosophico-legal positions. Attributes of such phenomena as convergent are substantiated. The initial point of the process of their convergence is considered to be the appearance of law as a method of resolving of conflicts, which embody the original ideas on actions of these phenomena, as well as their content attributive features; the result is reflected in the notion of legal justice. Key trends of convergence of justice and law are defined. In particular, they are reflected within the ability of justice to stipulate the law from the points of morality and values, to define the objective of law, to form the appearance of law, to provide the purpose of law, to make law more concrete and rational, to reveal the gist of law and to define the primary basis in law. In the process of generally-philosophical characteristics of determination of law, in particular, its reflection as natural phenomena, the conclusion on the sources abilities of justice concerning the natural law is substantiated.
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Jansen, Martin F. "Funktionswandel der Rechtsanwaltskammern - von staatlichen Zwangsverbänden zu staatlichen Dienstleistungsträgern." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16373.
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In dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich der Autor mit der deutschen Anwaltsorganisation in Form des traditionsreichen Kammermodells. Die anwaltliche Selbstverwaltung durch Rechtsanwaltskammern stellt hierzulande eine besondere Untergliederungsform des Staates dar und verkörpert eine freiheitliche Traditionslinie in der über weite Strecken hierarchisch geprägten Staats- und Verwaltungsorganisation. Dennoch sieht sich das anwaltliche Kammermodell in der Vergangenheit zunehmender Kritik ausgesetzt. Sind die Rechtsanwaltskammern daher möglicherweise als tradierte Relikte deutscher Staatsorganisation zu verstehen? Besteht für die deutsche Anwaltsorganisation ein Modernisierungsbedarf, worin genau liegt dieser und wie ist dies in der Praxis umsetzbar? Hierzu geht der Autor zunächst rechtsvergleichend auf die britische Anwaltsorganisation ein, welche durch den „Legal Services Act 2007“ eine grundlegende Neuordnung erfahren hat und die für die Anwaltsorganisation in den europäischen Mitgliedstaaten insoweit eine Vorreiterstellung einnimmt. Die Anwaltstätigkeit der Solicitors und Barristers ist mittlerweile zur juristischen Dienstleistung in einer „Legal Services Industry“ geworden und die privaten Berufsverbände Law Society und Bar Council haben ihre Regulierungsbefugnisse an den neu eingeführten „Legal Services Board“ verloren, weshalb ihnen fortan originär nur noch die Aufgabe der Interessenvertretung verbleibt. Der Autor unternimmt anschließend den Versuch, praxisnahe Vorschläge für die Modernisierung der Rechtsanwaltskammern zu unterbreiten. Hierzu wird der den britischen Reformen innewohnende „britische Dienstleistungsgedanke“ fruchtbar gemacht und in das anwaltliche Kammersystem implementiert. Im Ergebnis werden die Rechtsanwaltskammern vom Autor als moderne staatliche Dienstleister qualifiziert, denen neben den klassischen Aufgabenbereichen „Regulierung“ und „Interessenvertretung“ unter dem Gesichtspunkt der „Förderung des Berufsstandes“ und im Rahmen des verfassungsrechtlich Zulässigen verstärkt die Aufgabe eines Dienstleisters zugunsten der eigenen Mitglieder zukommen sollte, um deren Zukunfts- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in einem sich stetig anglisierenden Rechtsberatungsmarkt gewährleisten zu können.In this work, the author deals with the german lawyers'' organisation in the form of the traditional chamber model. The lawyers'' self-regulation by Bar Associations (“Rechtsanwaltskammern”) in Germany thereby represents a special subdivision of the state and embodies a liberal tradition dominated by authoritarian state structures and administrative organisation. Nevertheless, in the last years the german chamber model has been encountered to an increasing criticism. Have the German Bar Associations therefore to be regarded as traditional relicts of german government organisation? Is there a need to modernise the german lawyer´s organisation, what exactly is this and how is this implemented in practice? According to this, the author processes on comparative law, namely by analising the british lawyer´s organisation, which has been completely reorganised by the "Legal Services Act 2007" and therefore captures a pioneer role according to lawyer´s organisation in the European Member States. Law practice of solicitors and barristers has now become a part of numerous legal services in a "Legal Services Industry" and the lawyer´s associations Law Society and Bar Council have lost their regulatory powers to the newly established "Legal Services Board", meaning that they are from now on only originally responsible for the representation of lawyers´ interests. The author then attempts to submit practical proposals for the modernisation of the German Bar Associations. For this, the british reforms inherent the "british service idea" which is fructified for and implemented in the german chamber system. As a result, the author qualifies the German Bar Associations as modern service providers, which should get strengthened in addition to their traditional mission areas "regulation" and "representation" from the point of "promotion of the profession", meaning to strengthen their task of providing services for their own members within the constitutionally permissible in order to ensure their future and competitiveness in an ever-anglicised German legal services market.
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Франків, Л. С., and L. S. Frankiv. "Комунікативна взаємодія правоохоронних органів у філософсько-правовій діалогічно-прагматичній проекції: дисертація." Thesis, ЛьвДУВС, 2013. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/806.
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Франків Л.С. Комунікативна взаємодія правоохоронних органів у філософсько-правовій діалогічно-прагматичній проекції: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.12 – філософія права / Франків Лілія Степанівна. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2013. - 217 с.У дисертації міститься комплексне дослідження забезпечення нормативної взаємодії, засобом реалізації якої є правова комунікація у її діалогічнопрагматичній моделі. Акцентовано на філософсько-правовому підході до оцінки параметрів такої професійної діяльності у правоохоронній сфері. Розглянуто історико-теоретичні засади формування взаємодії засобами комунікації, названі принципи, механізми та зміст забезпечення реалізації комунікативно-правових засад організаційної діалогічно-прагматичної мети. Описано особливості професійної взаємодії у правоохоронній діяльності на прикладі діалогічнопрагматичного зв’язку органів внутрішніх справ і митної служби. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо шляхів удосконалення правового діалогу, подолання непрофесіоналізму і конкурентного протистояння. Втілюється ідея розроблення нових освітніх підходів до сучасних трансформацій у сфері юридичної освіти через вироблення засад діалогічної освітньої моделі.The thesis provides a comprehensive study of the ensuring of regulatory interactions by means of implementation of which is legal communication in its dialogic-pragmatic model. Attention is accented on the philosophical and legal approach to the estimation of parameters of such professional activity in law enforcement field. The historical and theoretical principles of interactions formation21 by means of communication are considered, the principles, mechanisms and essence of providing of communicative and legal bases of organizational dialogic and pragmatic purpose are pointed out. The peculiarities of the skilled law enforcement interactions on the example of dialogic and pragmatic connection of internal affairs bodies and customs service are described. The recommendations as to the ways of improvement of the legal dialogue and overcoming of professionalism lack and competitive confrontation are suggested. The idea of the development of new educational approaches to contemporary transformations in the field of law education through the development of principles of dialogic educational model is implemented.
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Dyson, Jessica. "Staging legal authority : ideas of law in Caroline drama." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/366.
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This thesis seeks to place drama of the Caroline commercial theatre in its contemporary political and legal context; particularly, it addresses the ways in which the struggle for supremacy between the royal prerogative, common law and local custom is constructed and negotiated in plays of the period. It argues that as the reign of Charles I progresses, the divine right and absolute power of the monarchy on stage begins to lose its authority, as playwrights, particularly Massinger and Brome, present a decline from divinity into the presentation of an arbitrary man who seeks to impose and increase his authority by enforcing obedience to selfish and wilful actions and demands. This decline from divinity, I argue, allows for the rise of a competing legitimate legal authority in the form of common law. Engaging with the contemporary discourse of custom, reason and law which pervades legal tracts of the period such as Coke’s Institutes and Reports and Davies’ ‘Preface Dedicatory’ to Le Primer Report des Cases & Matters en Ley resolues & adiudges en les Courts del Roy en Ireland, drama by Brome, Jonson, Massinger and Shirley presents arbitrary absolutism as madness, and adherence to customary common law as reason which restores order. In this climate, the drama suggests, royal manipulation of the law for personal ends, of which Charles I was often accused, destabilises law and legal authority. This destabilisation of legal authority is examined in a broader context in plays set in areas outwith London, geographically distant from central authority. The thesis places these plays in the context of Charles I’s attempts to centralise local law enforcement through such publications as the Book of Orders. When maintaining order in the provinces came into conflict with central legislation, the local officials exercised what Keith Wrightson describes as ‘two concepts of order’, turning a blind eye to certain activities when strict enforcement of law would create rather than dissolve local tensions. In both attempting to insist on unity between the centre and the provinces through tighter control of local officials, and dividing the centre from the provinces in the dissolution of Parliament, Charles’s government was, the plays suggest, in danger not only of destabilising and decentralising legal authority but of fragmenting it. This thesis argues that drama provides a medium whereby the politico-legal debates of the period may be presented to, and debated by, a wider audience than the more technical contemporary legal arguments, and, during Charles I’s personal rule, the theatre became a public forum for debate when Parliament was unavailable.
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Savell, Kristin. "Ideal mother/ideal body, constructions of the maternal body in legal, medical and cultural discourses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44074.pdf.
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Ilg, Michael Peter. "The diversity and evolution of competition : an ideal proposed for regulatory design." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/753.
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This dissertation presents a concept of diversity as an ideal of international
economic regulation. The theme of diversity refers to the differentiation of individual
competitive strategies. The first advantage of such differentiation is argued to be as a
means of stable and adaptive progress; increasing the number of possible techniques with
which to meet as yet unforeseen challenges. As the first principle of diversity entails a
method for systemic responsiveness, the second principle gives content to this method
and states that social goals should serve as the incentives encouraging competitors toward
differentiation. The advantage offered by the second principle is that social non-economic
goals may be advanced in the present, as individuals attempt new routes to personal
reward via the satisfaction of collective objectives that previously may have had little or
no economic value.
As an ideal of diversity contemplates a method of systemic incentives, rather than
mandated outcomes, the location of innovation remains individual competitors.
Accordingly, the ideal of diversity is justified and articulated from a basis in individual
rights. Diversity is argued to be the optimal set of principles which individuals would
select if given the ability to design a new competitive system. In joining a method of
differentiation with the added social content of non-economic priority, diversity offers a
unique blend of economic efficiency and equity; or of self-interest and concern for the
welfare of others. Diversity allows an individual to think of their own pursuit of gain, but
also and simultaneously further collective goals by selecting the priorities that should
influence competitors toward differentiation. Other’s welfare becomes a route to
individual success.
The project progresses through three broad conceptual stages. First, international
problems of market failure are considered in light of strategies and the economic
impulses toward self and system defeating cycles of competition. Second, a redefinition
of legal and economic progress is offered to meet conditions of unpredictability, and to
arrive at an evolutionary method that encourages constantly competitive variation with
which to meet society’s future challenges. Third, an evolutionary approach to
international regulation is translated into a priority system of legal rights.
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Afshar, Ali. "The impact of the Russian legal climate on foreign investors." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2006. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28503.
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There is a consensus in the law and development field and international policy circles that a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate is necessary to attract foreign investment into an emerging economy. This research study analyses and attempts to build on this 'Dominant Theory' in the context of Russia. The Dominant Theory has little direct empirical support: the methods that are most often used to assert that law as a determinant of foreign investment are inappropriate to the task, and the findings of such studies are inconsistent and unconvincing. Further, the studies that purport to assert the importance of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate to foreign investors leave three important questions unanswered: - How do foreign investors perceive the host legal climate before investing? - Why do they invest in countries that lack a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate? - What factors affect the importance that foreign investors attach to host legal climates? A range of existing research provides preliminary answers to these questions, suggesting that the Dominant Theory is not entirely accurate. They form the basis of two hypotheses. Interviews of foreign investors and their advisors in London and Moscow are carried out to address the research agenda. The evidence verify the hypotheses. While foreign investors would prefer a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate, and welcome improvements in the quality of the Russian legal climate, it is clear that a notable faction of them do not conform to the Dominant Theory. First, according to the interviewees, the quality of Russia's legal climate does determine whether investors choose to invest there or not. Second, foreign investors can operate successfully in the absence of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate. Finally, the impact of the Russia's legal climate depends significantly on the characteristics of the investor and nature of the investment.
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Arabaghian, Anouche. "L'identite européenne : un developpement progressif par la citoyennete et la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30074.
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Depuis le projet d’origine, l’Union européenne a étendu ses frontières, intégré de nouveaux territoires, de nouvelles traditions politiques et pris une nouvelle forme géographique. Ses frontières « non définies » se sont déplacées, le territoire cédant la place à un espace ouvert. Mais cette évolution n’a pas modifié la nature des interrogations sur son identité, sur l’existence d’une société européenne, sur l’identification des « peuples » européens à leur nouvelle communauté politique et sur l’émergence d’un espace public européen.La problématique de l'identité européenne est que malgré tous les moyens déployés par les institutions supranationales (processus d’harmonisation, d’homogénéisation et de convergence), celle-ci demeure un concept abstrait dont l’expression et l’enracinement dans le tissu social sont encore superficiels. L’Union européenne est une communauté de citoyens, les droits sont codifiés par les traités successifs, mais elle reste une communauté dont l’identité est encore incertaine.Bien que l’identité européenne concerne toute une série de questions qui doivent être saisies concurremment - élargissement, questions des frontières, hybridité politico- institutionnelle, nous l'analyserons notamment à travers le prisme de la citoyenneté européenne et de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. La question suivante sera ainsi posée : la citoyenneté européenne et la Charte européenne contribuent-elles à faire émerger, voire à consolider, une identité européenne?Since the original project, the European Union has extended its borders, integrated new territories, new political traditions and has taken a new geographic form. Its borders "undefined" moved, the area giving way to an open space. But this evolution did not alter the nature of questions relating to its identity, the existence of a European society, the identification of "peoples" to their new European political Community and the emergence of a european public space.The issue of the European identity is that despite all measures deployed by supranational institutions (harmonization process, homogenization and convergence), it remains an abstract concept whose expression and rooting in the social sphere are still superficial. The European Union is indeed a community of citizens, the rights are codified by successive treaties, but it remains a community whose identity is still uncertain.Although the European identity concerns a range of questions that must be considered concurrently - enlargement, border issues, political-institutional hybridity, we will analyze it mainly through the prism of European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The following question will therefore be asked : European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights will they contribute to emerge or even consolidate a European identity?
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Rogalla, Barbara, and com au BarbRog@iprimus. "Framed by Legal Rationalism: Refugees and the Howard Government's Selective Use of Legal Rationality; 1999-2003." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080122.100946.
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This thesis investigated the power of framing practices in the context of Australian refugee policies between 1999 and 2003. The analysis identified legal rationalism as an ideological projection by which the Howard government justified its refugee policies to the electorate. That is, legal rationalism manifested itself as an overriding concern with the rules and procedures of the law, without necessarily having concern for consistency or continuity. In its first form, legal rationalism emerged as a
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Caffera, Gerardo. "Anglo-American legal ideas in the formation of South American private law, 1820-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2ba6e12-3a93-4df6-bfc1-5312867a5c88.
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It is traditionally understood that, following the emancipation of South America from Spain and Portugal, the national private law usually encompassed by the Civil Codes of the newly independent countries was inspired by the French Civil Code, and other civil law models. The aim of this thesis is to explore whether this understanding should be revised in order to account for the influence of Anglo-American law and legal ideas. The thesis proceeds, first, to provide the context for the research: the channels of communication, the actors involved, and the different types of use of Anglo-American legal ideas during the formative period of South-American private law. Then, the three main areas of legislative use and influence of Anglo-American law and legal ideas detected are explored. First, the reform of intestate succession, which was a case of direct, and overt Anglo-American influence. Second, the use of Benthamâs ideas in the abolition of usury laws and laesio, which was a case of direct and conscious, but unacknowledged influence. Finally, the indirect influence of Blackstoneâs works on the drafting of the rules of statutory interpretation on some South-American Civil Codes. Four conclusions, which contradict the traditional account, are drawn. First, that in the process of creation of South-American private law, not only civil law sources of inspiration were used, but also Anglo-American ones, to a much lesser extent, but with a relevant impact nevertheless. Second, that while the process of formation of South-American private law has been described as a creative one by many legal historians, the influence of Anglo-American ideas in the development of the identity of South-American private law has been ignored. Third, that Anglo-American influence gave South-American private law its own identity, making it more liberal than French law in the three fields mentioned above. Fourth, that even in the face of evidence, academic adherence to the traditional view has resulted in an extraordinary relegation of the topic of this thesis.
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Ribbens, D. S. "In quest of the appropriate code for the ideal legal form for the proprietary business enterprise." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233238.
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Gustafsson, Anna. "Vilka motiv ligger bakom den svenska regionreformen? : En idéanalys av vilka motiv som lyfts fram för att legitimera regionreformen där län ska bli regioner senast år 2023." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-49515.
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The aim of this study is to identify the political motives behind the aspiration of the Swedish government to transform 21 counties into 6-9 regions by the year 2023. Two regions were successfully formed in the late 1990’s, yet today little interest is shown by the rest of the country to follow in their footsteps. Despite this, the government shows persistence in its aim to create greater uniformity in how Sweden is geographically divided. A categorization of the motives will indicate whether the new regions will have an administrative, functional or cultural emphasis. The method is an analysis of ideas of two official reports of the Swedish government. By applying four dimensions as the analytical tool, I can conclude that the main motive is more efficiency in public administration. To some extent a demand for more regional democracy and better legal security also prompts the reform. The theoretical frame of the study consists of three types of regionalism. The analysis shows that a combination of region building and old regionalism explains the priorities that seem to shape more clear administrative and symmetrical regions.
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Mogilski, Sara. "French influence on a 20th century 'Ālim : 'Allal al-Fāsī and his ideas toward legal reform in Morocco." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98561.
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This thesis is a study of a 20th Century Moroccan ' alim, 'Allal al-Fasi, and his ideas toward legal reform. The aim of this study is to understand the influence French colonialism had on a traditional scholar and nationalist. This thesis attempts to unearth the way al-Fasi assimilated and advocated many French notions of how a legal system ought to operate.It begins with a discussion of the French colonial discourse surrounding the Moroccan legal system and their subsequent reforms. This is followed by a biographical account of al-Fasi, discussing his role as both nationalist and 'alim. Subsequently, an examination will be offered on al-Fasi's ideology as an 'alim seeking to reconcile the traditional Islamic legal system with modern concepts of justice. Its final section will attempt to show the contradictions in al-Fasi as a nationalist and as an 'alim. This will help to understand how French legal discourse became incorporated into al-Fasi's thought.
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Bolin, Jerie J. "Attitudes on Legal Insanity and the Impact of Race." Wright State University Professional Psychology Program / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wsupsych1564414182185381.
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Lindholm, Johanna. "Sexually exploited youths in the Swedish legal system : Conditions of victimhood." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Barn- och ungdomsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116791.
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This thesis explores how the Swedish legal system, specifically the police and district courts, understand and construct cases of human trafficking for sexual purposes and procuring with under-age victims. It draws on police investigative interviews and court decisions in 22 pronounced district court sentences, involving 36 female youths. Theoretically the thesis primarily builds on social constructionism and the sociology of childhood. Methodologically it builds on coding of forensic interviews, narrative analysis and discourse analysis. Study I explores the informativeness of 24 of the 36 adolescents when interviewed by the police. It shows that the adolescents were informative yet evasive, specifically when asked open questions. Experiences of violence and force as well as interviews conducted soon after the police intervention further contributed to evasiveness. Also evasiveness seemed intimately connected to circumstances in each unique case. Study II scrutinises the image of the ideal trafficking victim by asking how the issue of responsibility is handled when police interviews turn to prostitution. It also analyses which interactive and narrative conditions, related to agency and stake, apply for talk in this specific institutional setting. The findings suggest that in order to sort out the ‘real’ victims, the interrogator needs to pull apart the two categories ‘victim’ and ‘prostitute’ even if there may be problems with this clear-cut distinction since the categories tend to blend together. Further, in this institutional setting to talk about sex can be problematic as it may undermine the victim narrative instead creating a subject with interests. Study III explores how Swedish district courts assess the credibility of alleged victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes and the reliability of their testimonies. The findings indicate that the judges base their assessments on the Swedish Supreme Courts’ criteria of how to understand reliability and credibility but they seemed also to be influenced by extra-legal factors relating to victims’ behaviour. Further, the findings imply that the judges used the Supreme Court’s criteria to argue both for and against credibility. By so doing, their arguments supported the decision reached irrespective of how the adolescents reported or what impression they made. In brief this thesis can be said to point to a legal dilemma when law on paper is applied in practice as each unique adolescent must be recognized by the authorities as fitting the administrative category ‘victim’. When put into practice, categories are rarely neat and clear hence such categorizing becomes a phenomenon negotiated in interaction. Also, this legal context sets up limits and possibilities for the adolescents’ agency and this too can be said to have a bearing on if she is, or is not, constructed as a victim. In short, this thesis shows certain conditions of victimhood.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.
Forskningsfinansiär: Brottsoffermyndigheten genom Brottsofferfonden.
Människohandel/koppleri med barn och unga för sexuella ändamål Vad går att lära av rättsväsendet och brottsoffrens erfarenheter?
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Decoux, Prune. "French Readings in Law Reviews : Les lectures américaines de la doctrine juridique française (1870-1945)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0085/document.
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Alliés et amis de longue date, la France et les États-Unis n'ont cessé d'entretenir des relations depuis la Déclaration d'Indépendance de 1776. Néanmoins, ces échanges ont toujours été réputés extérieurs au domaine juridique, considéré comme inévitablement borné au champ national. Toutefois, l'examen approfondi des revues juridiques universitaires, entre la période 1870 et 1940, démontre la présence indéniable des juristes français dans la pensée juridique américaine, au travers des notes de bas de page, de comptes rendus d'ouvrages ou de la parution d'articles originaux. Grâce à la constitution d'une base de données et à des outils relevant de la bibliométrie, de l'analyse de réseau ou encore de l'iconographie, il a été mis en avant des usages fort différenciés de la référence française. Ces derniers remettent en question la question monolithique de l"influence" pour laisser transparaître une "circulation des idées" soumise à des processus de sélection et à l'emploi de voies de communication baliséesFrance and the United States, long-standing allies and friends, have maintained constant relations since the 1776 Declaration of Independence. Nevertheless, these exchanges have always been considered external to the legal field, considered inevitably limited to the national field. However, an in-depth examination of law reviews between 1870 and 1940 shows the undeniable presence of French lawyers in American legal thought, through footnotes, book reviews or the publication of original articles. Thanks to the creation of a database and tools related to bibliometrics, network analysis and iconography, it has been possible to highlight the very different uses of the French reference. The latter question the monolithic question of "influence" to reveal a "flow of ideas" subject to selection processes and the use of marked communication channels
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Nieto, Rojas Patricia. "El Modelo de Representación de los Trabajadores en la Empresa en el Sistema de Relaciones Laborales Español. Algunas Ideas Para el Debate." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118860.
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In the Spanish legal system, the workplace employee representation but may have certain similarities with the political representation (regulatory origin, not voluntary for the principal, democratic legitimacy) poses a specificity both the subjective perspective, to be circumscribed workers who make up the constituency, as a material arises as to represent the professional interests shared by a community of individuals united by an identical legal relationship derived from belonging to the same company. Its uniqueness is that this function can be assumed, concurrently, for two types: some representatives of elective basis; others, union base. This legal decision set a pluralistic model of subjects, but strongly interconnected functional dimension, due to differing legal natures.En el ordenamiento jurídico español, el modelo de representación de los trabajadores en la empresa aunque pueda tener ciertas similitudes con la representación política (origen normativo y no voluntario para el representado, legitimidad democrática) plantea una especificidad tanto desde la perspectiva subjetiva, al quedar circunscrita a los trabajadores que conforman la circunscripción electoral, como material pues surge para la representación de los intereses profesionales compartidos por una colectividad de sujetos unidos por una idéntica vinculación jurídica, derivada de la pertenencia a la misma plantilla. Su singularidad es que esta función puede ser asumida, de manera concurrente, por dos tipos de sujetos: unos representantes de base electiva; otros, de base sindical, configurando con esta decisión legal un modelo pluralista de sujetos que, aunque fuertemente interconectado en su dimensión funcional, obedece a naturalezas jurídicas distintas.
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Ulloa, Millares Daniel Augusto. "La Titularidad de los Derechos Constitucionales Laborales y su Tratamiento Legal: Ideas sobre el concepto de Trabajador Previsto en la Constitución y las Relaciones Laborales Legalmente Excluidas." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118510.
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En el presente trabajo podemos contemplar un riguroso análisis sistemático de las diferentes normas nacionales e internacionales que forman el bloque de constitucionalidad. Este análisis sirve de base para entender las restricciones que debe respetar el legislador, pero se muestran casos donde el legislador actúa en contra de las mismas, generando la desprotección de ciertos grupos. Sin dudas, este es un trabajo que colabora con el debate sobre la aplicación del derecho del trabajo en general.
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Wolkart, Talita Pimenta Félix. "Base de cálculo em matéria tributária: um caminho para se aferir o bis in idem e a bitributação." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5723.
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-26This work aims to study the incidence of double taxation. In this keynote, we will proceed to its logical classification, then build the species in step with the legal system of positive law and will point out the nuances pertaining to each. As well, we will draw the syntactic parallel of the identity of each legal species and subspecies according to the appearance of the binomial incidence hypothesis and basis of calculation. At the end, we will review the position taken by the Supreme Court in the last decade, offering a complement to current legal analysis
O presente trabalho traz como objeto de estudo a dupla incidência tributária. Nesta tônica, procederemos à sua classificação lógica, posteriormente, construiremos as espécies jurídicas em compasso com o sistema do direito positivo e apontaremos as nuanças atinentes a cada uma. Bem como, traçaremos o paralelo sintático da identidade de cada uma das espécies e subespécies jurídicas conforme a semelhança do binômio hipótese de incidência e base de cálculo. Ao final, analisaremos criticamente o posicionamento adotado pela Corte Suprema na última década, propondo uma complementação à análise jurídica atual
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Glasenapp, Ricardo Bernd. "A igualdade como ideia de justiça social para as pessoas com deficiência nas decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5516.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-12Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis aims to demonstrate how the principle of equality, as the idea of justice, is being interpreted and applied to people with disabilities by Federal Court of Justice in its recent decisions. This theme is justified by the fact to increasingly look for an application of constitutional rights to minority groups. There is, in large part of society, a greater concern with the ideals of equality and justice in the face of numerous cases of violence and disrespect for rights against particular social groups. Analyzing the Federal Constitution in a systemic way, the principle of equality laid down in various constitutional provisions and how it should be interpreted and applied so as to respect the idea of social justice in the search for a freer, fair and caring society be implemented not only through state action and social, but also by the judiciary in its decisions. It is this quest for equality and justice for people with disabilities with the Federal Court of Justice which aims at analyzing the present study. And to make this study possible, a long jurisprudential research was carried out. However, few court decisions involving such issues were located, which shows that there is still a long way to go
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar como o princípio da igualdade, como ideia de justiça, está sendo interpretado e aplicado para as pessoas com deficiência pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em suas recentes decisões. Tal tema se justifica pelo fato de cada vez mais observarmos uma busca da sociedade por uma aplicação dos direitos constitucionais aos grupos minoritários existentes. Observa-se, em grande parte da sociedade, uma preocupação maior com os ideais de igualdade e justiça, mesmo diante de inúmeros casos de violência e desrespeito a direitos contra determinados grupos sociais. Analisando a Constituição Federal de forma sistêmica, o princípio da igualdade, previsto em diversos dispositivos constitucionais, deverá ser interpretado, e aplicado, de forma a respeitar a ideia de justiça social; em que a busca por uma sociedade mais livre, justa e solidária deve ser posta em prática não só através da atuação estatal e social, mas também pelo Judiciário em suas decisões. E é exatamente esta busca por igualdade e justiça pelas pessoas com deficiência junto ao Supremo Tribunal Federal que objetiva analisar no presente estudo. E para que tal estudo seja possível, uma longa pesquisa jurisprudencial foi realizada. Entretanto poucas decisões judiciais envolvendo tais temas foram localizadas, o que demonstra que há ainda um longo caminho a ser percorrido
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Pistinizi, Bruno Fraga. "A evolução histórica das ações afirmativas e a justificação filosófica da decisão judicial." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8741.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-08The principle of legal equality has always been studied by philosophers and studious not only related to law, but from other parts of human knowledge. Together with this principle, the inescapable search for justice displayed as main concern from the states around the globe, due to the consequences from the French and American revolutions on the constitutionalists ideals rose from this movement. Created from the institutionalization of the fundamental warranties, it was formally established the equality on the constitutional text at the same time that the conception of the equality principle does not show as an efficient instrument of warranty among political groups that represent the several social segments. Therefore, it began the dissemination of the Idea of material or substantial equality, based on the reduction of disparity on society, avoiding the continuation of the state of inequality. For that it has been trying to find a way to solidify the public or private policies that tend to accomplish the equality of social sectors historically harmed or that were not benefited from a resources, wealth and opportunities distribution. The global transformation scenario brought out a change on the status quo, having the affirmative actions or policies focus on the unbalanced groups. This dissertation bends on dealing with affirmatives actions at the jurisdictional sphere, highlighting the philosophical aspect of the justification from the judicial decision, granted or inhibited from the discrimination validity. The arguments that link the judge s decision posture, declare relevant effectiveness to the institute, which under the Rawls justice theory or the Dworkin s constructive virtue of law, aim the accomplishment of the equality principle
O princípio da igualdade jurídica sempre foi objeto de estudo por filósofos e demais estudiosos não apenas do direito como de outros ramos do conhecimento humano. Conjuntamente com este princípio a inelutável busca pela justiça figurou como estandarte de preocupação dos Estados, haja vista a consequência libertária que as revoluções francesa e americana provocaram nos ideais constitucionalistas gerados por este movimento. Originada da institucionalização das garantias fundamentais edificou-se a igualdade formalmente disposta no texto constitucional, ao passo que a generalidade da concepção do princípio da igualdade por vezes não se credencia como instrumento eficaz de garantia da isonomia entre os grupos políticos representativos dos mais diversos segmentos sociais. Deu-se início, então, à propagação da concepção da igualdade material ou substancial pautada na redução das disparidades concretas existentes no seio da sociedade, evitando, assim, a perpetuação do destrato do princípio da igualdade. Buscou-se, então, uma maneira de solidificar as políticas públicas ou privadas tendentes a formalizar a realização da igualdade nos setores sociais historicamente desiguais ou que não foram beneficiados em um plano igualitário de distribuição dos recursos, riquezas e oportunidades. O cenário de transformações globais protagonizaram uma alteração no status quo, surgindo, então, as ações afirmativas aceleradoras das iniciativas ou políticas voltadas ao favorecimento dos grupos em desequilíbrio. Esta dissertação debruçou-se igualmente no tratamento das ações afirmativas na esfera jurisdicional, evidenciando o tratamento filosófico da justificação da decisão judicial, concessiva ou inibidora da vigência da discriminação adversa. Os argumentos principiológicos que se associam a postura decisionista do juiz outorgam relevante eficácia ao instituto, o qual seja sob a teoria da justiça de Rawls ou da virtude construtiva do direito de Dworkin objetivam o final a concretização do princípio da igualdade
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Yeldham, Casey. "EU-stadgans tillämplighet på skattetillägg och skattebrott : En fråga om rättssäkerhet?" Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-17751.
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Sammanfattning Uppsatsen behandlar EU-stadgans tillämplighet på det svenska dubbelförfarandet, påförande av skattetillägg och utdömande av straffrättsliga påföljder vid oriktig uppgift. Framställningen baseras på gällande lagtext vid 1 december 2011, men hänsyn har även tagits till lagförslaget avseende den nya skatteförfarandelagen, SFL, som avses träda i kraft den 1 januari 2012. Besvarandet av syftet sker ur ett svenskt perspektiv med beaktande av rättssäkerheten för den enskilde. Det klargörs att EU-stadgans ställning innebär att den skall ha företräde framför motstridig nationell rätt. Vidare kan kravet på klart stöd som HD har uppställt för att underkänna det svenska dubbelförfarandet med stöd av Europakonventionen, inte upprätthållas vid EU-stadgans tillämpning. Ett sådant krav skulle strida mot rättssäkerhetskravet på en bestämd rättskällehierarki, och därmed inte tillförsäkra den enskildes rättssäkerhet. Kravet på likabehandling vid rättstillämpningen för att tillförsäkra den enskildes rättssäkerhet innebär dock inte att det föreligger ett krav på EU-stadgans tillämpning i alla mål avseende det svenska dubbelförfarandet vid oriktig uppgift. Detta eftersom det inte finns anledning att anta att HD eller HFD gör en annan bedömning än den HD nyligen har gjort i NJA 2011 s. 444, trots de konkreta unionsrättsliga anknytningarna i målet. Slutligen klargör uppsatsen även att det emellertid finns skäl att anta att EU-domstolen skulle kunna komma att göra en annan bedömning än HD. Mot bakgrund av EU-domstolens uttalande i praxis om medlemstaternas skyldighet att även inom området för direkt beskattning iaktta unionsrätten vid utförande av olika sanktioner, samt medlemsstaternas lojalitetsplikt, anförs det att artikel 50 i EU-stadgan därför bör tillämpas på det svenska dubbelförfarandet vid oriktig uppgift. Likväl föreligger det inget krav på EU-stadgans tillämpning på det svenska dubbelförandet, med hänsyn till den enskildes rättsäkerhet, ur ett svenskt perspektiv.Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the EU Charter’s applicability on the Swedish double parallel system regarding tax crime and tax surcharge, from a Swedish viewpoint, with consideration for the individual’s requirement for legal certainty. The thesis is based on current law as of the 1st of December 2011, however due account is taken to the new law proposal for the Swedish Tax Assessment/Payment Act, which is expected to be in force on the 1st of January 2012. Also, the thesis clarifies the EU Charter’s supremacy over national law. Furthermore, it is shown that the Swedish Supreme Court’s (HD) requirement for “clear support” in the European Convention to bypass national Swedish law cannot be upheld in respect to the EU Charter, as this would conflict with the requirement for a set legal hierarchy to fulfill the individual’s adequate legal certainty. The Swedish Supreme Court has found that the EU Charter can not be applied to the Swedish double punishment system, regardless of concrete facts in the case being related to EU-law. However, the condition of equal treatment with regards to legal certainty does not result in an absolute requirement for the EU Charter’s applicability on the Swedish system, as there is no evidence that the Swedish Supreme Court will change its assessment of the matter at hand. Nevertheless, it is argued that there is ample reason to believe that the Court of Justice would make a different assessment of the issue, considering the Court’s previous statements with respect to the member states responsibility to regard EU Law even within the field of direct taxation. Therefore, the thesis concludes that although there can be no absolute requirement to apply the EU Charter to the Swedish system, with regards to legal certainty, the EU Charter should nonetheless be applicable.
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Vachet, Claire. "Le droit saisi par l'anarchisme. Étude du discours des militants libertaires (1870-1926)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0241.
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Entre 1870 et 1926, la critique que les anarchistes formulent à l’égard de l’État embrasse celle du droit, et les thèmes qu’ils abordent dans ce domaine sont vastes. Du rejet du contrat social, à celui de la loi, en passant par l’histoire du droit et de l’État, le droit étatique est, pour eux, un ennemi désigné. Les militants pensent alors l’anarchie en contradiction avec ce dernier. L’architecture normative de l’ordre libertaire qu’ils appellent de leurs vœux confère une large place à l’association libre des individus et au consentement de chacun à la norme. Or, elle repose aussi en grande partie sur des fondements naturalistes : leurs références aux sciences naturelles, conjuguées avec les sciences sociales alors naissantes, conduisent les militants à justifier l’anarchie à l’appui des vérités scientifiques admises à leur époque. Les allusions à la nature, au droit naturel et à la morale font de l’ordre libertaire un édifice fortement normatif qui pourrait le rapprocher du droit étatique auquel pourtant il s’oppose. L’étude du discours sur le droit des militants anarchistes pendant la période 1870-1926, à travers le dépouillement des ouvrages et de la presse de propagande, permet de mettre en lumière cette ambivalence. Bien que les juristes résument souvent l’anarchisme à la propagande par le fait, et le réduisent à l’anomie, l’historiographie récente de la pensée juridique tend à affirmer le contraire. Cette thèse démontre ainsi la présence complexe, à la fois implicite et explicite, du droit dans la pensée libertaireBetween 1870 and 1926, anarchists criticism of the state includes criticism of law, and the themes they tackled in this area are vast. From the rejection of the social contract, to the rejection of the law, to the history of law and state, state law is, for them an enemy. Anarchists then think anarchy is in contradiction with it. The normative architecture of the anarchist society gives a large place to the free association of individuals and to the consent of each individual to the norm. However, it also relies on naturalist foundations : the reference to the natural sciences, combined with social sciences, leads militants to justify anarchy in support of the scientific truths accepted in their time. The reference to nature, natural law and morality made the anarchist society a normative order that could bring it closer to state law, which it opposed. The study of the discourse on law of anarchists during 1870 to 1926, through the study of the literature and the propaganda press, highlights this ambivalence. Although jurists often sum up anarchism as “propagande par le fait”, and reduce it to anomie, the recent historiography of legal thought tends to assert the opposite. This thesis demonstrates the complexity of the presence, both implicit and explicit, of law in anarchist thought
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Picchia, Lucia Barbosa Del. "Estado, democracia e direitos na crise do constitucionalismo liberal: uma comparação entre o pensamento jurídico francês e o brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-22042013-141125/.
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A tese tem como objeto compreender, no campo da história das ideias jurídicas, a forma pela qual se equacionou a relação entre democracia e direitos sociais na Constituição brasileira de 1934, utilizando como perspectiva de análise e como baliza comparativa o constitucionalismo francês dos anos 1920 e 1930. Trata-se de um período de particular interesse para o estudo constitucional, tendo em vista a crise das premissas liberais, premissas que, por certo, haviam permitido a expansão democrática, mas que, até mesmo em função disso, se viram insuficientes como resposta única diante da irrupção da questão social. Na França, não há alteração constitucional, e é a doutrina do direito público que absorve a tarefa de responder à nova realidade, o que faz de diferentes modos. No Brasil, se por um lado as premissas liberais não são postas em prática, afastando a massificação democrática nos anos 1930, por outro lado a revolução que leva Getúlio Vargas ao poder e a necessidade de uma nova Constituição obrigam a Assembleia Constituinte a lidar com novas e velhas questões, isto é, tanto com a democracia liberal ainda por se concretizar quanto com os novos direitos sociais que marcam as Constituições modernas. O objetivo da tese é descrever de que forma se travou esse debate no processo constituinte brasileiro, por meio sobretudo dos registros da época, buscando identificar tanto influências quanto semelhanças e divergências com o caso francês, reposicionando a matéria na história das ideias jurídicas.This work examines, from the standpoint of the history of legal ideas, the way in which the relation between democracy and social rights was dealt with in the Brazilian Constitution of 1934, using the French constitutionalism of the 1920s and 1930s both as an analytical perspective and as a point of comparison. This historical period has great interest to constitutional studies due to the crisis of liberal propositions that was taking place; propositions which, of course, had allowed a democratic expansion, but, and even because of that, had proved themselves insufficient as a unique response to the outburst of the so-called social question. In France, there is no change in the Constitutional regime, and it is the legal doctrine that assumes the task of responding in various ways to the new reality. In Brazil, on the one hand, the liberal propositions had not been fully materialized, something that restrained any significant democratic expansion during the 1930s. On the other hand, the revolution that had led Getúlio Vargas into power and the claim for a new Constitution forced the Constitutional Assembly to deal with both old and new problems, in other words, with both the liberal democracy yet to be materialized and the new social rights that characterized modern Constitutions. The aim of this work is to describe the way this debate developed during the Brazilian constitutional process, specially by analyzing the historical sources, and searching to identify influences from, as well as similarities and differences with the French case, repositioning the subject in the history of ideas.
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Rubí, i. Puig Antoni. "Publicidad comercial y libertad de expresión." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7303.
Full textAbstract:
La tesi doctoral Publicidad comercial y libertad de expresión analitza les conseqüències jurídiques de la protecció de la publicitat i d'altres formes de comunicació comercial mitjançant la llibertat d'informació i d'expressió prevista en els articles 20.1 a) i d) de la Constitució. S'examina, en primer lloc, la jurisprudència dictada pel tribunal Suprem Federal dels Estats Units, el Tribunal Europeu de Drets Humans, el Tribunal Europeu de Justícia i el Tribunal Constitucional Alemany. En segon lloc, la tesi analitza els fonaments econòmics, socials i legals que advoquen per la protecció constitucional de la publicitat comercial.
Les conclusions bàsiques del treball apunten a què les comunicacions comercials compleixen les funcions que tradicionalment s'associen a la llibertat d'expressió entre d'altres, promoció de l'autogovern democràtic i foment de l'autonomia individual i que els límits a la seva realització han d'enjudiciar-se d'acord amb el principi de proporcionalitat.
La tesis doctoral Publicidad comercial y libertad de expresión analiza las consecuencias jurídicas de la protección de la publicidad y otras formas de comunicación comercial mediante la libertad de información y expresión prevista en los artículos 20.1 a) y d) de la Constitución.
Se examina, en primer lugar, la jurisprudencia dictada por el Tribunal Supremo Federal de los Estados Unidos, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, el Tribunal Europeo de Justicia y el Tribunal Constitucional Alemán. En segundo lugar, la tesis analiza los fundamentos económicos, sociales y legales que abogan por la protección constitucional de la publicidad comercial.
Las conclusiones básicas del trabajo apuntan a que las comunicaciones comerciales cumplen las funciones que tradicionalmente se asocian a la libertad de expresión entre otros, promoción del autogobierno democrático y fomento de la autonomía individual y que los límites a su realización deben enjuiciarse de acuerdo con el principio de proporcionalidad.
The PhD dissertation Publicidad comercial y libertad de expresión explores the legal consequences of protecting advertising and other forms of commercial speech through freedom of information and expression set forth in articles 20.1 a) and b) of the Spanish Constitution.
It discusses, on the one hand, the case-law by the U.S. Supreme Court, the European Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice and the German Constitutional Court. On the other hand, the dissertation analyses the economic, social and legal underpinnings which support the constitutional status of commercial speech.
The basic conclusions of the research assert that commercial communications perform functions traditionally associated to freedom of expression among others, fostering democracy and promoting individual autonomy and that limitations to commercial speech ought to be scrutinized with resort to the principle of proportionality.
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Hallengren, Anders. "The code of Concord : Emerson's search for universal laws." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för litteraturvetenskap och idéhistoria, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-14223.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work is to detect a pattern: the concordance of Ethics and Aesthetics, Poetics and Politics in the most influential American thinker of the nineteenth century. It is an attempt to trace a basic concept of the Emersonian transcendentalist doctrine, its development, its philosophical meaning and practical implications. Emerson’s thought is analyzed genetically in search of the generating paradigm, or the set of axioms from which his aesthetic ideas as well as his political reasoning are derived. Such a basic structure, or point of convergence, is sought in the emergence of Emerson’s idea of universal laws that repeat themselves on all levels of reality. A general introduction is given in Part One, where the crisis in Emerson’s life is seen as representing and foreshadowing the deeper existential crisis of modern man. In Part 2 we follow the increasingly skeptical theologian’s turn to science, where he tries to secure a safe secular foundation for ethical good and right and to solve the problem of evil. Part 3 shows how Emerson’s conception of the laws of nature and ethics is applied in his political philosophy. In Part 4, Emerson’s ideas of the arts are seen as corresponding to his views of nature, morality, and individuality. Finally, in Part 5, the ancient and classical nature of Concord philosophy is brought into focus. The book concludes with a short summary.
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Chen, Der-han, and 陳德翰. "Study on Han Fei`s Legal Thoughts── the Core Idea of Penalty." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00841012688472380278.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
法律所
98
In the Epoch of Warring Stage, there are three divisions which emphasized on power or tendency , skill or method , legalty or laws in the Legal School . Han Fei thought that Sun-Yen`s ways were just having laws without skills or methods, so the kings gave the traitors opportunities to betray because of no methods to distinguish the false. Han Fei also thought that Sen-Bu-Hai`s ways were just having mthoods without laws,not good at laws,not uniting the orders and laws, so there were many crafties and disloyalties. He said that Sen-Tao was intended to the tendency of nature, and not seeing the power by men ,so the king`s power was unfixed. To sum up, Han Fei estimated to rule the state with the the laws as core , the methods as using, the power as uniting. In fact, the so called laws as Han Fei indicated is the statute laws; methods means the king`s skills on ruling state; power is the king`s power and his intendency. The three factors were king`s tools and interacted. In Han Fei`s legal thoughts,he took it for garnted that the king`s power was the most important. In his opinion,laws and methods were laws in wide meanings, it is the using of king`s rule power . While, if we discuss it in minor perspective , laws and methods means the ruling ways and skills. The keypoints of how the three facters could succeed was on the right using of king`s two poles,that is, penalty and reward. So Han Fei`s theory was constructed on penalty and reward. The theory was based on serious and thick penalty. Also, the article diserted with the main point. Han Fei said that the purpose of richening the state and strengthening the military could be achieved by using serious penalty on people and manipulating the subjects. And the way would lead the state to the happenings of safety , happiness and peace .As the Book of Jan-Jen –Su-Tsen(姦劫弒臣)wrote that the chaos rescued, the riot deleted, the strong not beating the weak, the majority not forcing the minority, the old`s hopes achieved, the youth and the orphans grown, the state peaceful , king and subjects intertrusting, father and son intersupporting ,andwithout any worries about death and at loss. While, the outcome was exactly contrary. His thought led the Chin Dynasty to be the dreadful state which was against humanities and in a riot. Why did Han Fei`s laws become the factors of riot ? What`s the reasons ? Though his thoughts was with the modern statute laws` characteristics ,which is objective ,fair , adjustable and compulsory, he got into the confusion of serious penalty could rule the state basing on the sights of human natural selfishness. If the penalty was used just as the ruling tool , humans` value and esteem was neglected completely, then, the whole society was surrounded with cruel and dreadful atmosphere . Evidently, the serious penalty has its ultimate limitness . As for Han Fei, to richen the state was the final purpose of laws. While, is it really correct to unlimitedly overestimate the king`s power and serious penalty ? Frankly speaking, to maintain the human`s value and esteem is the real ultimate purpose. To manipulate the laws and to be against the humanity are just bringing the more tremendous disasters. This is the lesson from histories and the article`s aim .
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CHEN, YEN-HUNG, and 陳彥宏. "On the Idea of Rule of Law from the Development of Western Legal Thoughts." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17880206991626217926.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
94
The idea of rule of law had been a significant political ideal since ancient time in western society. Even nowadays no one would controvert it, but rule of law still be a controversial ideal. As most people believe rule of law can be a cure-all to solve the entire political problem, I convince it might be a wrong way to understand the fundamental function of rule of law. Rule of law contain two aspect, one is discussing about obey, like who should obey, obey to what, why to obey; the other aspect is concern to how to make sure that obey can rely. From the historical examination, we can easily notice that people rely on law to make life better. Therefore, even we should give up unlimited freedom, obey the rule of law still be only choice. But as the ideal of rule of law had been understand as a best way to sustain human civilization, we still face a strictly problem, that is how to make sure this ancient concept can work well in nowadays. In ancient time, rule of law seems to prevent arbitrary violation form others or government. People need law to know how to life, and how to protect themselves. After the medieval age, rule of law has a more precisely meaning and function, that is protect human right. Under this conviction, limited government, separation of power and other doctrine were bringing out. But as law must passively work out, the function of rule of law still has a gap to protect human right. For that reason, we need to figure out a new outlook of rule of law.
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Adams, Eric Michael. "The Idea of Constitutional Rights and the Transformation of Canadian Constitutional Law, 1930-1960." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/19019.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation argues that the idea of constitutional rights transformed Canadian constitutional law well before the entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Specifically, it locates the origins of Canada’s twentieth-century rights revolution in the constitutional thinking of scholars, lawyers, judges, and politicians at mid-century (1930-1960). Drawing on archival documents, personal papers, government reports, parliamentary debates, case law, and legal scholarship, this work traces the constitutional thought and culture that first propelled human rights and fundamental freedoms to the forefront of the Canadian legal imagination. As a work of legal history, it also seeks to revive the dormant spirit of constitutional history that once pervaded the discipline of Canadian constitutional law.
The Introduction situates the chapters that follow within the emerging Canadian historiography of rights. Chapter Two traces the origins of Frank Scott’s advocacy for constitutional rights to the newer constitutional law, an approach to constitutional scholarship sparked by the social and political upheavals of the Depression, and the influence of Roscoe Pound’s sociological jurisprudence. Chapter Three explores the varied dimensions of the Second World War’s influence on the nascent idea of Canadian constitutional rights. In particular, the rapid rise of the wartime administrative state produced a rights discourse that tended to reflect the interests of property while ignoring the civil liberties of unpopular minorities. Chapter Four examines the rise of a politics and scholarship of rights in the years immediately following the war. In response to international rights ideals and continuing domestic rights controversies, scholars and lawyers sought to produce a theory of Canadian constitutional law that could accommodate the addition of judicially-enforced individual rights. If not entirely successful, their efforts nonetheless further reoriented the fundamental tenets of Canadian constitutional law. Chapter Five reveals the influence of Canada’s emerging constitutional culture of rights on the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada, particularly Justice Ivan Rand and his conception of an implied bill of rights. Together, these chapters demonstrate the confluence of ideology, circumstance, and personality – the constitutional history – that altered the future of Canadian constitutional law.
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劉榮碩. "An Action Research on Elementary Senior Graders' Implementation of Self-governing Activity to Establish Legal Idea and Attitude." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78154059779631388613.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立新竹教育大學
環境與文化資源學系碩士班
101
Abstract This study aims to establish legal idea and attitude for elementary senior graders (Grades 5 and 6). The researcher designs 16 classes of self-governing activities, and adopts on-site action research with observatory record, interview and documentation to collect the research data for one year. The researcher is mainly to explore the following issues: what is the content of these class self-governing activities for cultivating students’ legal idea and attitude toward the law abidance? What is the reason that students are lack of legal idea? What is the action strategy of using the instructional teaching of self-governing activity to improve students’ legal idea? What are the difficulties in conducting these class self-governing activity to improve students’ legal idea and attitude, as well as the coping strategies? In terms of the action strategies, 16 legal education classes of「self-governing activity」are given to students, and these classes are focused on「establishment of class rules」, 「establishment of class cadre organization」and「discussion on life-related issues」, in order to build the law-abiding and mutual-respect idea and attitude for elementary senior students. The research conclusions are shown as follows: 1. Implement class self-governing activities, establish clearly standardized class rules, and make students having experiences in being class cadre, which will have positive influence on establishing the legal idea and attitude. 2. Practically implement class meeting, which will be very helpful to students for learning how to respect others’ opinions, control their own behaviors, and become more familiar with the procedure of democratic discussion. 3. In the class meeting, the research designs related issues of student life and gives students the power of making decision; thus, students will be more actively participated in the meeting process which is very helpful to students for improving their ability of self-management, as well as promotes a better teacher-student relationship. In conclusion, the researcher adopts the research results to propose suggestion to be the reference for school teachers, administrative personnel and follow-up researches as well. Key words: self-governing activity, legal idea、class self-government
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Lay, Kuen-fa, and 賴坤發. "The Idea of No-Litigation in the Legal Field of Traditional China--An Case of 《Minggong shupan qingming ji》." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24207991276890586334.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
社會學研究所
93
The goal of this dissertation is to explore the idea of no-litigation in the legal field of traditional China. We discussed the origin of the idea, its influence on judgment, the basic attitude of people to instance and the real cause of this attitude. This study belongs to the field of Sociology of Law. In order to illustrate the influence of no-litigation, I used the text of Minggong Shupan Gingming Ji, as a case. The Minggong Shupan Gingming Ji is a collection of cases in the Sung dynasty. I used the software WinMax 98 for qualitative research to code and do statistical analysis. To illustrate the difference of the litigation thought, the study compares the differences between the cases of modern and traditional China. At last, in order to explore the real practical impact of no-litigation, I analyzed the common saying about issue and case. This study came to the following conclusion: Firstly, the idea of no-litigation origins from the perspective of harmony and wholeness. It roots from the traditional Chinese country society and culture. In a country society, people familiar with each other think issue and case is an absolute evil thing. Secondly, the practical influence of the idea of no litigation in judgment is to quell the litigation, to ponder the issue depended in human nature, reason and law as a whole. The report is an enlightened article and aims at solving the impact of issue and case. Thirdly, in my qualitative research I found that we can categorize the case into two parts: "adoption, ethics, interest" and "mandarin’s malfeasance, misdeed, litigation of base". The former is similar to a civil case where the judge would mainly base his decision on human nature or the situation of the case and the latter is similar to a criminal case where the judge would mainly base his decision on the law. Punishment is still the main method to solve the issue and the no-litigation aspect always comes in to play in "adoption" and "ethics” cases. In addition to this, the report is full of enlightened words except for in the case of "mandarin’s malfeasance" and "litigation of base". Lastly, the customary hope of the idea of no-litigation is to reduce the issue and case by enlightened people but practically we found that the real cause for the appearance of the idea of no-litigation is not only for harmony, but also for the corruption of mandarin and the strained litigation system. Therefore people will only litigate when they have no choice; otherwise, they usually arbitrate quarrels in their clan.
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Kent, Gerald N. "Ideas for civil justice reform from the classical Nepalese legal system." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16608.
Full textAbstract:
An expanded role for custom and the use of a jury may help to alleviate the problem of
the lack of trust in and reach of the official Nepalese legal system.
The lack of reach and trust has a number of aspects. Delay, cost, corruption, and the
foreign nature of Nepal's British-style adversary system have caused many Nepalis not to
seek justice in the courts. The present civil war has also limited access to justice. Once
the conflict is resolved, the country will be facing a major challenge: how to ensure
access to justice is readily available to all of its citizens.
Ideas for achieving that goal can be found in the roots of Nepal's justice system. Prior to
1854, Nepal had what was perhaps the last classical Hindu legal system in the world.
Under the Hindu sacred literature, the established customs of tribes, groups, and families
were given priority even over the sacred texts. The important role given to custom
helped deal with the immense diversity of Nepal's population, a diversity which still
characterizes the country today. Group decision-making was also a strong feature of
Nepal's classical justice system. This was reflected in the important role of the
panchayat, which might act as a private arbitration board outside the court system or as a
jury within it. The panchayat also investigated, mediated, and decided disputes at the
local level. According to one report, they were involved, to the general satisfaction of all
concerned, in dealing with about half the judicial business of the kingdom. However,
Nepal's first legal code, promulgated in 1854, did not provide that disputes could be
decided by a panchayat. Custom was not to be applied unless it had been enshrined in the
legal code.
An expanded role for custom could help to meet the legitimate aspirations of
marginalized ethnic groups in Nepal. Such a role would need to be carefully defined so
that recognised customs would not conflict with generally accepted human rights
principles. The use of a jury would incorporate the deeply ingrained tradition of group
decision-making in the country. It could also be used as a means of social engineering:
caste distinctions and discrimination against women might be lessened if men and women
from all levels of society participated together in the important task of resolving disputes.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Cai, Zhong-Xun, and 蔡忠勳. "The Research of Han Fei Legal Central Ideal of the School Administration Leadership." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7dhuzj.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺東大學
進修部教育行政碩士班(夜間)
98
The main idea of this study is to explore the relationship between Han Fei legal central ideal and school administration leadership. In that way, it can provide administrative leaders at school with the reference of decision-making with the results of this research. Furthermore, this study adopted qualitative research and conducted with Literature Review and Interviews. Five principals are selected as the subject of this research from elementary and junior higher schools in Hualien County. The researcher proceeds interview one by one. This study found that the majority of principals agree with the views of human nature are selfish and take advantage of self-serving to improve administrative efficiency. Teachers should encourage students more, and punish students less at schools. The principal can evaluate teachers in practical way and manage the school by observing and walking around the school. Besides, school ethics must exist between the upper and lower that can respect for each other. The leader should concern colleagues and master his professional abilities to get the trust of colleagues. Turning to law, it should be discussed in public. When it comes to the administrative decision-making, it should be decided by peers and it will be supported by peers.
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Arabaghian, Anouche. "L'identité européenne : un développement progressif par la citoyenneté et la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9016.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis le projet d’origine, l’Union européenne a étendu ses frontières, intégré de nouveaux territoires, de nouvelles traditions politiques et pris une nouvelle forme géographique. Ses frontières « non définies » se sont déplacées, le territoire cédant la place à un espace ouvert. Mais cette évolution n’a pas modifié la nature des interrogations sur son identité, sur l’existence d’une société européenne, sur l’identification des « peuples » européens à leur nouvelle communauté politique et sur l’émergence d’un espace public européen.
La problématique de l'identité européenne est que malgré tous les moyens déployés par les institutions supranationales (processus d’harmonisation, d’homogénéisation et de convergence), celle-ci demeure un concept abstrait dont l’expression et l’enracinement dans le tissu social sont encore superficiels. L’Union européenne est une communauté de citoyens, les droits sont codifiés par les traités successifs, mais elle reste une communauté dont l’identité est encore incertaine.
Bien que l’identité européenne concerne toute une série de questions qui doivent être saisies concurremment - élargissement, questions des frontières, hybridité politico-institutionnelle, nous l'analyserons notamment à travers le prisme de la citoyenneté européenne et de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. La question suivante sera ainsi posée : la citoyenneté européenne et la Charte européenne contribuent-elles à faire émerger, voire à consolider, une identité européenne?Since the original project, the European Union has extended its borders, integrated new territories, new political traditions and has taken a new geographic form. Its borders "undefined" moved, the area giving way to an open space. But this evolution did not alter the nature of questions relating to its identity, the existence of a European society, the identification of "peoples" to their new European political Community and the emergence of a european public space. The issue of the European identity is that despite all measures deployed by supranational institutions (harmonization process, homogenization and convergence), it remains an abstract concept whose expression and rooting in the social sphere are still superficial. The European Union is indeed a community of citizens, the rights are codified by successive treaties, but it remains a community whose identity is still uncertain. Although the European identity concerns a range of questions that must be considered concurrently - enlargement, border issues, political-institutional hybridity, we will analyze it mainly through the prism of European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The following question will therefore be asked : European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights will they contribute to emerge or even consolidate a European identity?
Thèse de doctorat effectuée en cotutelle avec la Faculté de droit de l'Université Jean Moulin Lyon III
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Lin, Yu-Li, and 林祐立. "The Ideal and Reality of Farm Animal Welfare－Centering on an Examination Analysis for the Legal System in R.O.C." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36437803501324147684.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
Despite the awareness of animal protection in Taiwan has been raised in recent years, people today still disregard farm animal welware. For instance, the news of cruelty to cats and dogs often leads to outbreaks of public anger. Few people care, nevertheless, whether the eggs, meat, or dairy produce which they eat or drink everyday are products of inhumane breeding, inhumane animal transport and slaughter. How are hundreds of millions of animals born to be slaughtered and confined being treated in their short life? What is the reason for changing the miserable situation which farm animals face? To what extent ought we to improve the condition of farm animals? With this aim what part of existing laws must be reformed? To solve these questions, this study adopts literature review and comparative legal analysis as the study methods, analyzes animal protection theories, investigates the legal system and the real situation of farm animal welfare in Taiwan, compares it with that of other countries and regions, and does an examination analysis for the legal system in R. O. C... This theis finds out in view of Taiwan’s legal culture environment, “pianism” can be adopted as the guiding philosophy of the legal policy, and “new welfarism” as the strategy for improving farm animals’ condition, so that the five freedoms of farm animals will be realized gradually without undermining the effectiveness and stability of law. From a legal point of view, instead of being simply objects of rights, farm animals (and all the other painient beings) are in the special status under legal protection. Moreover, farm animal welfare is one of the fundamental national policies in the Constitution of the Republic of China, and realization of farm animal welfare also brings about other commonweal; therefore, the farm animal welfare legislation can be presumed consitutional. Besides, existing farm animal welfare legal system in Taiwan is mainly composed of Animal Protection Act, Animal Industry Act and relevant legal orders and administrative rules. In spite of these numerous rules, various problems of animal welfare occur in animal husbandry, animal transport, and butchery, such as the forced molting of laying hens, “Holy Pig” weight competition, the abuse of feed additives and veterinary drugs; feeding water or food by force; cutting or exsanguinating of animals that are not humanely stunned. Apparently, there are legal loopholes and defects in our legal system. After doing the comparative analysis of the legislation of the European Union, the United States and judgements of leading cases of farm animal law, this study presents several legal amendments respectively relating to the systematization of farm animal welfare codes; the qualification for and the liability of the personnel of the farm, the animal transporter and the slaughter house worker; rules of humane breeding, humane animal transport and humane slaughter; level of the competent authority; the assistance of animal protection groups; the influence of consumers; the animal ethics course in school education. By means of such legal reform, all the people concerned－from producer to consumer, from voter to lawmaker－shall cooperate to reconcile the ideals of farm animal welfare with reality of it.
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Tung, Yu-Po, and 董俞伯. "School Evaluation Leagal system of Ideal School－Taking Yilan Ci-Xin Waldorf school as an Example." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10047001762215488038.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北教育大學
文教法律研究所
99
ABSTRACT This thesis is concerning the evaluation legal system of the ideal school, and it takes Yilan Ci-Xin Waldorf junior high school and elementary school as research example. In accordance with the Article 13 of Educational Fundamental Act, “The government and the people may conduct educational experiments as needed and strengthen research and assessment of education to improve education quality and promote education development.” The enactment of this article legitimizes educational experiments, but it stipulates that we should strengthen research and assessment of experimental education at the same time. Ideal school is one type of the educational experiments. Firstly, this thesis introduces educational experiments and ideal school, and discusses the constitutional basis of ideal school. Yilan Ci-Xin Waldorf School belongs to the types of ideal schools. The purpose of school evaluation is to understand operation effects, estimate and improve the defects of its execution, so as to ensure education quality and promote sustainable development. To comply with the equality principle in the Constitution, the applied evaluation criteria shall be reasonably discriminatory towards the ideal schools, which are different from ordinary public schools. Thus the features of the ideal schools can be manifested. Besides, Ci-Xin Waldorf School is a “private management of public school”, the result of evaluation affects the trustee’s continual right and related rights and duties in the administrative contract. During the process of evaluation, complying with the due process of law in the Administrative Procedure Act is a minimum requirement. Facing the evaluation affairs of ideal school, the government must modify the evaluation system and content according to the individuality and characteristics of each school. Subject to the foregoing, this thesis discusses and analyzes present system and practice of the Yilan Ci-Xin Waldorf School. By way of document analysis, law interpretation and interviewing with experts, I discuss and analyze the evaluation legal system of the ideal school. At last, I conclude on the evaluation legal system and provide recommendations for law amendments.
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Zwierz, Marta. "Zakaz ne bis in idem w prawie administracyjnym." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3660.
Full textAbstract:
Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest zakaz ne bis in idem w prawie administracyj-nym. Autor zakłada, że zakaz ne bis in idem nie dotyczy już wyłącznie norm prawa karnego, ale ma charakter dyrektywy ogólnosystemowej, a więc posiadającej w pewnym sensie znacze-nie także z punktu widzenia norm prawa administracyjnego. Sama rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów poprzedzonych uwagami wstępnymi i zakończonych wnioskami. Autor stosuje formalno-dogmatyczną metodę badawczą.
W pierwszym rozdziale rozważa poszczególne aspekty obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie karnym. Autor udowadnia również, że za sprawą norm prawa międzynarodo-wego doszło do uwolnienia zakazu ne bis in idem spod reżimu prawa karnego.
W drugim rozdziale zwraca uwagę na specyficzną konstrukcję zakazu ne bis in idem jako zasady konstytucyjnej. W tym ujęciu autor stara się określić, czy posiada on charakter wiążący ustawodawcę i organy stosujące prawo. Istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia autora ma także określenie, czy zakaz ne bis in idem wpisuje się do kręgu publicznych praw podmio-towych, czy w dalszym ciągu jest jedynie uzasadnionym oczekiwaniem obywateli. Autor zwraca uwagę na wyraźny podział materii prawnej w obszarze stosowania zakazu ne bis in idem na poziomie konstytucyjnym na dwie sfery: karania i sankcjonowania.
Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań prowadzonych w trzecim rozdziale jest uznanie, iż na zakres obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie administracyjnym wpływa orzecznic-two Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Autor podejmuje się zatem ustalenia za sprawą jakich rodza-jów sankcji administracyjnych obywatele mogą domagać się ochrony prawnej.
W czwartym rozdziale zwraca uwagę na to, że w obszarze prawa materialnego walor ochronny zakazu ne bis in idem ogranicza się wyłącznie do niektórych z wielu możliwych wa-riantów zbiegu sankcji prawnych. Autor stoi na straży przekonania, zgodnie z którym zakres obowiązywania zakazu ne bis in idem znajduje swoje uzasadnienie w aksjologii prawa admini-stracyjnego. Wskazuje zatem na granicę wyznaczoną przez ustawodawcę pomiędzy typowymi środkami policji administracyjnej a środkami przymusu administracyjnego i sankcjami praw-nymi polegającymi na pozbawieniu lub ograniczeniu określonych kategorii uprawnień. Rozwa-ża zarazem jej zgodność w świetle klauzuli interesu publicznego oraz konstytucyjnego wymo-gu proporcjonalności reakcji prawnej na naruszenie obowiązku prawnego.
Piąty rozdział dotyczy proceduralnego aspektu zakazu ne bis in idem w prawie admini-stracyjnym. Autor zakłada, że w tym ujęciu jest on ściśle powiązany z przesłanką procesową res iudicata. Zmierza zatem do wykazania, że ma on znaczenie nie tylko na etapie postępowa-nia sądowoadministracyjnego, ale urzeczywistnia ideę niesioną za pomocą zakazu ne bis in idem już na drodze ogólnego postępowania administracyjnego. W tym rozdziale autor stara się dodatkowo udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy instytucja zagadnienia wstępnego i Rozstrzy-gnięcia tymczasowe mają istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia zakazu ne bis in idem.The subject of the doctoral dissertation is the prohibition of ne bis in idem in adminis-trative law. The author assumes that the prohibition of ne bis in idem no longer concerns only criminal law standards, but that it is a system-wide directive which is, in some sense, also rele-vant from the point of view of the rules of administrative law. The doctoral disservice itself consists of five chapters preceded by preliminary observations and completed proposals. The author applies a formal-dogmatic test method. The first chapter examines the various aspects of the prohibition of ne bis in idem in criminal law. The author also proves that the prohibition of ne bis in idem from the criminal law regime has been liberated by the rules of international law. The second chapter draws attention to the specific design of the prohibition of ne bis in idem as a constitutional principle. In this regard, the author seeks to determine whether it is binding on the legislator and the authorities applying the law. It is also important for the au-thor to determine whether the prohibition of ne bis in idem forms part of the public subjective rights, or remains merely a legitimate expectation of citizens. The author draws attention to the clear breakdown of the legal matter in the area of application of the ne bis in idem prohibition at constitutional level into two spheres: punishment and sanctioning. The starting point for the considerations in the third chapter is that the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal affects the scope of the ne bis in idem prohibition in administrative law. The author therefore undertakes to determine by which types of administrative sanctions citizens can claim legal protection. In the fourth chapter, it draws attention to the fact that, in the area of substantive law, the prohibition of ne bis in idem is limited to some of the many possible options of overlap-ping of legal sanctions. The author guards the conviction that the scope of the prohibition of ne bis in idem is justified in the axiology of administrative law. It therefore points to the bor-der set by the legislator between the typical measures of the administrative police and the means of administrative coerction and the legal sanctions of depriving or restricting certain categories of allowances. It also considers its compatibility in the light of the public interest clause and the constitutional requirement of proportionality of the legal response to breach of legal obligation. The fifth chapter concerns the procedural aspect of the prohibition of ne bis in idem in administrative law. The author assumes that in this regard it is closely linked to the procedural premise of res iudicata. It seeks, therefore, to demonstrate that it is relevant not only at the stage of the judicial procedure, but that it materialates the idea pursued by the prohibition of ne bis in idem by means of a general administrative procedure. In this chapter, the author seeks to further answer the question of whether the institution of preliminary issues and provi-sional decisions are of significant importance from the point of view of the prohibition of ne bis in idem.