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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Legal informatics'
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1
Castler, Alice. "Big Data : how we can utilize its benefits." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142762.
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Björklund, Wictor. "Personalized pricing through profiling." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-153198.
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Ladisa, Paolo. "Video registrazione con valore legale su iPhone: Legal Rec." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6669/.
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Hong, Myung-Ja. "Access to legal information in Korea." Thesis, City University London, 1992. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8261/.
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The aim of this project is to establish a desirable information environment adjusting to need and behaviour of legal professional in Korea. For this purpose, present situation of information sources in printed form and computerised systems were examined. Printed sources were evaluated based on commonly used criteria title by title. Operation of the two systems, LIRES and SCS, was described based on written documents and on interview with the system designers. Professional's attitudes toward legal information, information sources, and computerisation were surveyed. Responses made a distinction between groups of practitioners and professors to compare the results. Differences in attitudes towards library, information sources, and information seeking habits between two groups were identified. Capabilities of the computerised systems were analysed and compared with the potential users' needs and behaviours as found by the survey. Also, functions of the two systems were analysed by practical use of them, which was carried out by application of five legal questions to each system. According to the analysis, it was identified that the problem of search method which was a main factor of users' dissatisfaction with the printed information sources, could not be completely cleared up by the systems. For development of the information sources, improvement of search method of printed sources was suggested. Also, advancement of the two systems in the direction of utilisation of computer capacity for searching and of expansion of input data adjusting to potential users' needs was recommended. In addition, in order to maximise the use of the two systems, integration of them, by connecting them to the Dacom-Net, and then to the distributed database system as an efficient interface was recommended. The configuration required of such an interface was demonstrated by the example of an experimental system, CONIT.
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Al-Daihani, Sultan M. M. "Information behaviour of Kuwaiti legal professionals." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7600.
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This thesis reports results of a research study into the information behaviour of Kuwaiti legal professionals. The main aims of the research were to investigate the information behaviour and the information needs of Kuwaiti legal professionals, and examine whether the existing legal information sources and services meet their needs. The theoretical framework for this research was derived from the investigation of information behaviour in general, and studies of legal professionals in particular. Wilson's (1996) model of information behaviour was also used to develop the conceptual framework of this research. This model takes into account four types of information seeking behaviour: active search, passive search, passive attention and ongoing search. This model helped in formulating research questions and hypotheses and the design of data collections methods. It was used also as a tool for organising the interpretation and discussion of the research findings. The research methods were designed from a user-centred perspective, including using data collection methods that are supportive of user-centred research. Triangulation was used in data collection by the use of questionnaires, interviews and critical incidents technique. The participants of the research included legal academics, legal practitioners such as state lawyers, prosecutors and private lawyers, law librarians, legal publishers and legal database producers in Kuwait. The results showed that a personal collection is the source used most by Kuwaiti legal professionals. The majority did not use electronic sources such as databases and the Internet. A large percentage also did not use law libraries. The majority of academics sought information themselves, whereas the majority of practitioners relied on the assistance of others. The majority of respondents had no training on the use of information sources. The majority also relied on internal communication as a channel for information exchange more than external communication. The majority of respondents scanned between one or two journals, although journals should be among the major information sources for legal professionals. On the other hand, newspapers ranked first for serendipity for both academics and practitioners. New books were ranked as a first source by practitioners for updating information, whereas journals were ranked first for academics. These results showed the information seeking problems of the legal professionals. This led to the development of the interface requirement for the design of a prototype Kuwaiti Legal Information System (KLIS) interface. The aim of the system was to provide relevant and up-to-date information, and links to other information sources and services in order to improve communication channels at both national and international level. The system also sought to be cost-effective. Finally, a heuristic usability evaluation was undertaken by consulting a number of experts on the system's usability and contents. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations for further research and to stakeholders are made.
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TOYAMA, Katsuhiko, and Yasuhiro OGAWA. "E-Legislation: Infrastructure for Legal Information Sharing." INTELLIGENT MEDIA INTEGRATION NAGOYA UNIVERSITY / COE, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10356.
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Correia, e. Silva Benilde. "Some legal aspects of flight information regions." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59573.
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This thesis broadly seeks to present some relevant legal aspects concerning Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and to analyze State responsibility vis-a-vis FIRs, as well as liability incurred by States on account of acts and omissions while discharging their responsibilities.The first part of this thesis is a presentation of the international rules and regulations applicable to FIRs, their legal implications and the extent to which they create obligations for States.
Some relevant problems (accidents, airspace congestion, unlawful interference) likely to present an additional challenge for the discharge of responsibilities with regard to FIRs are also considered.
Settlement of differences between States deserves special attention and is discussed in the light of the judicial machinery provided under the Chicago Convention 1944.
Finally, the liability of States is analyzed and the need for a strict liability regime and a policy of risk management is considered.
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Royles, Christopher Andrew. "Intelligent presentation and tailoring of online legal information." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343616.
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Stoll, Jane. "Swedish donor offspring and their legal right to information." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-146449.
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All donor offspring conceived under the Swedish Genetic Integrity Act or the now-repealed Act on Insemination, from gametes donated after 1 March 1985, have the right to obtain identifying information about the donor when they are sufficiently mature. Despite this, studies undertaken in Sweden and abroad reveal that many donor offspring will never be able to exercise their right to information because their parents do not tell them how they were conceived. This study examines the regulatory framework established to facilitate access to identifying information for donor offspring in Sweden; the main objective being to determine whether or not the right to information is an effective legal right. In addition to giving an account of the source and scope of the right under Swedish law, Sweden´s possible obligations to donor offspring under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights are explored. A number of measures that could promote the right to information are also considered.
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Ko, Wansuk Matthew. "Auditor's incentive, legal liability and reputation under information asymmetry." Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265134565.
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Rose, Daniel E. "A symbolic and connectionist approach to legal information retrieval /." Hillsdale, NJ [u.a.] : Erlbaum, 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/277923123.pdf.
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Yannopoulos, Georgios. "Modelling the legal process for information applications in law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362733.
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Correia, Rose Mary. "Legal aspects of multimodal telecommunications." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23309.
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The telecommunications industry is being shaped by technological and market developments, and is moving into the 21st Century. The telecommunications technology of the future is integrated services digital networks. ISDN, which is the concept for a future digital telecommunications network for delivery of a wide range of innovative voice, data and video services through satellite systems and the national information highways being developed in several countries, will lead to a Global Information Infrastructure. ISDN development will pose challenges to traditional telecommunications regulation, lead to increased multimodal competition between ground and space-based transmission systems, and erode INTELSAT's market base since future digital ISDN systems will be interchangeable with satellite systems.This study begins in Chapter I with an examination of the emerging technologies and recent market trends which challenge traditional regulation, as well as the importance of upholding regulation in the emerging ISDN telecommunications environment. Chapter II discusses the recent market developments in Canada, the legal implications of emerging technologies for the current regulatory regime, and the need for comprehensive policy and regulation. Chapter III discusses the role of satellites in the emerging global ISDN environment, the mandate of INTELSAT in terms of spectrum/orbit resource management, the regulation of multimodal telecommunications under the INTELSAT Agreement, the challenges to INTELSAT represented by ISDN development, the role of the ITU in the regulation of the emerging global ISDN environment, and the future of INTELSAT in light of competition, technological progress, and regulatory trends. This is followed by a conclusion in Chapter IV.
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Al-Hassany, Ibrahim. "Applying the ENISA IT Risk Assessment for Cloud Computing on Small & Medium Enterprises. A Case Study of Policy/Organizational, Technical and Legal Risks." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48922.
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Herman, Thierry. "Les systemes informatises de reservation, cadre legal et perspectives d'avenir." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44060.pdf.
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Funder, Joshua V. "Biology, information and property : the legal appropriation of plant biotechnology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365449.
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McGill, Amanda S. "Legal professionals' perception of critical information in child custody disputes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45800.
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The purpose of this study was to better understand which components of available information are used by legal professionals when making a child custody recommendation decision in Virginia.Master of Science
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Nobili, Milosh. "GDPR Compliance nelle applicazioni mobile: uno strumento per la cooperazione IT e Legal." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Con l’entrata in vigore del Regolamento Ue 2016/679 in materia di protezione dei dati personali, meglio noto come GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) la progettazione e lo sviluppo delle applicazioni devono procedere in ottemperanza ai principi dettati dal suddetto Regolamento.
Il Sistema Operativo dei dispositivi mobile mette a disposizione delle app alcuni elementi quali contatti, fotocamera, galleria immagini, servizi di geo-localizzazione etc. Tutto ciò si traduce in una notevole mole di dati, spesso anche personali, presenti nel dispositivo. Il dispositivo notifica l’utente mediante una richiesta di autorizzazione per l’accesso alle risorse. Tuttavia è importante che, tale necessità di accedere alle risorse sia adeguatamente informata nella privacy policy dell’app. Le informazioni sul trattamento dei dati devono essere coerenti. Non ci possono essere incongruenze informative tra quanto contenuto nella privacy policy e quanto contenuto e trattato nell’app.
L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è fornire una panoramica del GDPR, per comprendere meglio l’importanza del trattamento dei dati personali da parte di terzi. Analizzare lo stato dell’arte relativo alla gestione dei permessi in Android e alla chiarezza e correttezza delle informative privacy concernente le applicazioni mobile.
Infine proporre un prototipo di tool e sua analisi funzionale, in grado di facilitare la redazione dell’informativa privacy.
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Breaux, Travis. "Legal Requirements Acquisition for the Specification of Legally Compliant Information Systems." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02052009-190839/.
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U.S. Federal and state regulations impose mandatory and discretionary requirements on industrywide business practices to achieve non-functional, societal goals such as improved accessibility, privacy and safety. The structure and syntax of regulations affects how well software engineers identify and interpret legal requirements. Inconsistent interpretations can lead to noncompliance and violations of the law. To support software engineers who must comply with these regulations, I propose a Frame-Based Requirements Analysis Method (FBRAM) to acquire and specify legal requirements from U.S. federal regulatory documents. The legal requirements are systematically specified using a reusable, domain-independent upper ontology, natural language phrase heuristics, a regulatory document model and a frame-based markup language. The methodology maintains traceability from regulatory statements and phrases to formal properties in a frame-based model and supports the resolution of multiple types of legal ambiguity. The methodology is supported by a software prototype to assist engineers with applying the model and with analyzing legal requirements. This work is validated in three domains, information privacy, information accessibility and aviation safety, which are governed by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, and the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, respectively.
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Yannopoulos, George Nicholas. "Modelling the legal decision process for information technology applications in law /." The Hague : Kluwer Law International, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008004619&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hodkinson, Kate. "Information disclosure in clinical practice : a legal, ethical and professional analysis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/information-disclosure-in-clinical-practice-a-legal-ethical-and-professional-analysis(4ed28e32-fa0c-4b5b-9f80-aeb6a4cec9d9).html.
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This thesis analyses information disclosure in clinical practice from a legal, ethical and professional perspective. It examines therapeutic privilege, the duty of candour and the application of virtue ethics to truth-telling in nursing practice. I argue that each of these areas requires further clarity, articulation and application in order to assist the decision-making process of health care professionals and improve disclosure practices. In analysing these areas this thesis recognises the context of disclosure practices in relation to respect for patient autonomy and trust in the patient-health care professional relationship. The first published paper at the core of this thesis considers the status of therapeutic privilege in English law and concludes that further clarification is needed to establish its legitimacy. I argue that the shift in English law towards a disclosure standard judged by reference to the reasonable patient requires a doctrine of therapeutic privilege. There are strong ethical arguments in favour of information disclosure, particularly founded on respect for patient autonomy. As such, further clarification is needed to identify and define the grounds on which this exception exists, when the information can lawfully be withheld and how this exception extends to the rest of the health care team, particularly nurses. The second paper examines the ethical and practical considerations that underpin the disclosure of medical errors to patients. This provides a foundation for a discussion of how the law can best support a duty of candour. I argue for the introduction of a statutory duty of candour and analyse the current legal mechanisms and proposals for addressing this issue. The final paper argues that virtue ethics is a useful approach from which to explore decisions relating to information disclosure. Its explicit focus upon moral character, the role of emotion, intention and the importance of practical judgement are considered from the nurse's perspective. This thesis contributes to the dialogue on information disclosure on a number of levels. In terms of methodological approach, it recognises the importance of the synthesis of law and ethics in addressing issues in clinical practice. It uses an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating both legal and ethical perspectives, to examine the substantive questions as well as incorporating reference to empirical research to further underpin its normative claims. Moreover, this thesis considers the nursing perspective in relation to issues of information disclosure to explore the role of the nurse in decision-making regarding disclosure practices.
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Wenestam, Arvid. "Labelling factual information in legal cases using fine-tuned BERT models." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447230.
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Labelling factual information on the token level in legal cases requires legal expertise and is time-consuming. This thesis proposes transfer-learning and fine-tuning implementation of pre-trained state-of-the-art BERT models to perform this labelling task. Investigations are done to compare whether models pre-trained on solely legal corpus outperforms a generic corps trained BERT and the model’s behaviour as the number of cases in the training sample varies. This work showed that the models metric scores are stable and on par using 40-60 professionally annotated cases as opposed to using the full sample of 100 cases. Also, the generic-trained BERT model is a strong baseline, and a solely pre-trained BERT on legal corpus is not crucial for this task.
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Smeltzer, Gerald Gilbert. "Legal rights to information and skilled employees in the computer industry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24436.
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Canada is currently experiencing the transition to a post-industrial society as the result of the wide spread introduction of information related technologies. This thesis focuses on the legal rights to information of skilled employees who work with modern computer technology. The objective is to assess the adequacy of existing laws to meet the needs of employers and employees and to serve the public interest.
The initial chapters concentrate on the legal principles of trade secrets and breach of confidence as applied to the employment relationship. Patent and copyright protection for software is briefly reviewed but not emphasized.
Against this background, the major portion of the thesis examines the delicate balance between the legal interests of the employer, the employee and the public. Any attempt by employers to limit post employment use of information by employees invokes the doctrine of restraint of trade. This doctrine recognizes an employee's right to use the knowledge and skills developed during employment for the benefit of other employers. The thesis examines the elements of the restraint of trade doctrine as applied to skilled employees in the computer industry.
The creation and development of software is used throughout the thesis to illustrate legal principles. Employers such as software developers are extremely vulnerable to misappropriation of confidential information by their employees. Such employers rely heavily upon the use of restrictive covenants in employment agreements to limit disclosure and to prevent future competition. The remedies for an employee's breach of confidence are reviewed. This chapter concludes that the legal principles governing interlocutory injunctions are inadequate to properly protect the information employer.
The thesis concludes that the present Canadian law is increasingly inadequate to protect a computer industry employer against an employee's unauthorized appropriation of confidential information. In short, the law has not yet recognized the social and technological changes that have greatly increased the vulnerability of the information employer.
If neither the courts nor the legislatures take action, information employers will have to further increase their reliance on the limited and uncertain protection of restrictive covenants in employment agreements.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Burns, Christine Vanda Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Online legal services - a revolution that failed?" Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32468.
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In the late 1990s a number of law firms and other organisations began to market online products which "package" legal knowledge. Unlike spreadsheets, word processing software and email, these products are not designed to provide efficiency improvements. Rather, online legal knowledge products, which package and apply the law, were and are viewed by many as having the potential to make major changes to legal practice. Many used the term &quitrevolution" to describe the anticipated impact. Like any new technology development, many intersecting factors contributed to their development. In many ways they built on existing uses of technology in legal practice. The various information technology paradigms which underpin them - text retrieval, expert systems/artificial intelligence, document automation, computer aided instruction (CAI) and hypertext - were already a part of the "computerisation of law". What is new about online legal knowledge products is that as well as using technology paradigms such as expert systems or document automation to package and apply the law, they are developed using browser-based technologies. In this way they leverage the comparative ease of development and distribution capabilities of the Internet (and/or intranets). There has been particular interest in the impact of online legal knowledge products on the legal services provided to large commercial organisations. With the increasing burden of corporate compliance, expanding role of the in-house lawyer and pressure to curb costs, online legal knowledge products should flourish in commercial organisations and many have been adamant that they will. However, there is no convincing evidence that anything like a "revolution" has taken place. Success stories are few and far between. Surprisingly few have asked whether this "revolution" has failed, or seriously analysed whether it lies ahead. If it does lie ahead, what factors, if any, need to taken into account in order for it to take place? If there is to be no revolution, what value should be placed on online legal knowledge products? In this dissertation I use the findings of my own empirical work, supported by a literature survey, to demonstrate that the impact of online legal knowledge products has been modest. I argue that in order to build successful online legal knowledge products it is necessary to appreciate that a complex system of interacting factors underpins their development and use,and address those factors. I propose a schematic representation of the relationships involved in producing an online legal knowledge product and use the findings of some empirical work, together with a review the literature in related fields, to identify the factors relevant to the various components of this framework. While there are many interacting factors at play, four sets of considerations emerge from my research as particularly important: integrating different technology paradigms, knowledge acquisition, usability, and implementation. As a practical matter, the implication of these findings is that some online legal knowledge products are more likely to be successful than others, and that there are other technology applications that may represent a better investment of the limited in-house technology budget than many online legal knowledge products. I also argue that while most of the challenges involved in integrating different technology paradigms, improving usability, and effective implementation can be addressed with varying levels of effort, the problem of the knowledge acquisition bottleneck is intractable. New approaches to knowledge acquisition are required to overcome the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. I identify some potential approaches that emerge from my research: automation, collaboration and coalition, phasing and simple solutions.
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Otike, Japhet Natandula. "The provision of legal information to, and needs of, the legal community in Kenya : a study of the Eldoret, Kisumu and Nairobi areas." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14151.
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The study investigates the provision of legal information to the legal community in three areas of Kenya, namely, Eldoret, Kisumu and Nairobi. It endeavours to ascertain whether the provision of information in the areas studied is adequate to meet the growing and varying needs of members of the legal community. Data was collected by use of semi-structured interviews and structured observation. Information was collected from members of the legal community in their capacity as users of information, and librarians in their official capacity as providers of information. The study examines the performance of legal information services in the context of user needs and current library and information service provision. It investigates the information needs and information seeking habits of the legal profession, and examines the problems experienced by users and providers of information. The research concludes that the provision of legal information is inadequate to meet the needs of the legal profession. The major causes of this situation are inadequate funding from government, and the negative attitude of decision makers in government ministries and organisations towards libraries. It is observed that if this situation is not addressed, it is likely to have a negative effect on legal development.
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Zhu, Hongwei. "Effective information integration and reutilization : solutions to technological deficiency and legal uncertainty." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34485.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, February 2006."September 2005."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-148).
The amount of electronically accessible information has been growing exponentially. How to effectively use this information has become a significant challenge. A post 9/11 study indicated that the deficiency of semantic interoperability technology hindered the ability to integrate information from disparate sources in a meaningful and timely fashion to allow for preventive precautions. Meanwhile, organizations that provided useful services by combining and reusing information from publicly accessible sources have been legally challenged. The Database Directive has been introduced in the European Union and six legislative proposals have been made in the U.S. to provide legal protection for non-copyrightable database contents, but the Directive and the proposals have differing and sometimes conflicting scope and strength, which creates legal uncertainty for valued-added data reuse practices. The need for clearer data reuse policy will become more acute as information integration technology improves to make integration much easier. This Thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to addressing both the technology and the policy challenges, identified above, in the effective use and reuse of information from disparate sources.
(cont.) The technology component builds upon the existing Context Interchange (COIN) framework for large-scale semantic interoperability. We focus on the problem of temporal semantic heterogeneity where data sources and receivers make time-varying assumptions about data semantics. A collection of time-varying assumptions are called a temporal context. We extend the existing COIN representation formalism to explicitly represent temporal contexts, and the COIN reasoning mechanism to reconcile temporal semantic heterogeneity in the presence of semantic heterogeneity of time. We also perform a systematic and analytic evaluation of the flexibility and scalability of the COIN approach. Compared with several traditional approaches, the COIN approach has much greater flexibility and scalability. For the policy component, we develop an economic model that formalizes the policy instruments in one of the latest legislative proposals in the U.S. The model allows us to identify the circumstances under which legal protection for non-copyrightable content is needed, the different conditions, and the corresponding policy choices.
(cont.) Our analysis indicates that depending on the cost level of database creation, the degree of differentiation of the reuser database, and the efficiency of policy administration, the optimal policy choice can be protecting a legal monopoly, encouraging competition via compulsory licensing, discouraging voluntary licensing, or even allowing free riding. The results provide useful insights for the formulation of a socially beneficial database protection policy.
by Hongwei Zhu.
Ph.D.
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Leslie, Daniel Adeoye. "The legal regime for anti-cyberlaundering." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4373.
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Doctor Legum - LLDAlong with its inumerable wonders, the advent of the internet has brought with it very bad vices. The notion of convenience, which comes with the use of the internet, can be attributed to criminals who wish to disguise the proceeds of their ill-derived funds, or what is better known as cyberlaundering. Cyberlaundering is a phenomenon that seems negligible on face value, but, to the contrary, has very dire effects, especially on national economies, which are in no way trifling.This study describes the problem of cyberlaundering, pointing out the various legal issues pertaining to it. Given that cyberlaundering is a comparatively new crime, which is not yet conceptualized legally, criminal justice authorities find it hard to detect, investigate and prosecute cyberlaundering. An adequate legal regime against cyberlaundering is currently non-existent, as there is presently no concise international or national legal framework in place to contain the problem. Whilst the chief focus of the thesis is to devise a legal framework to combat cyberlaundering, considerable attention is also devoted to the tension that arises between public and private interests, amongst several other legal issues that come to play along the way. This is a debate that necessarily arises when legislatures resort to more radical anti-cyberlaundering laws. The study advocates a middle ground, which leads to the desired end of curbing the exponential growth of cyberlaundering, at the very least.
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Bivins, Peggy Gale. "Implementing plain language into legal documents the technical communicator's role /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002022.
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Jones, Yolanda Patrice Atwood Michael E. ""Just the facts Ma'am?" a contextual approach to the legal information use environment /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2837.
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Clark, Andrew Gerald. "Advances in information technology and the growth of para-legal services in Britain." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387424.
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Ward, Ian Robert. "Misleading government information : an analysis of the legal remedies available to affected citizens." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24439.
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In the twentieth century, a dynamic expansion of its activities and powers has made government a major supplier of information on an enormous range of topics of concern to citizens. Unfortunately, the information which it provides is not always completely reliable: sometimes it is inaccurate, and government is powerless to protect the citizen from the consequences; at others, it proves misleading because government chooses later to disown it. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the legal remedies available to citizens misled by government information.
The analysis has two principal areas of investigation. First, consideration is given to the means whereby the citizen may be able to hold government bound by information which it has provided to him. Separate treatment is given to the situations in which the misleading information deprives the citizen of a benefit or inflicts on him a loss, and in which it subjects him to the risk of criminal liability. Secondly, consideration is given to the possibility of holding government responsible in damages for the consequences of its information being misleading.
Of central importance in this wide-ranging analysis is the issue of the proper role of the courts. This stems from the fact that complaints about misleading government information frequently involve challenges to government decisions. Thus the majority of attempts by citizens to hold government bound by its information are generated by the making by government itself of a decision inconsistent with that information. Again, attempts to hold government responsible in damages for the consequences of providing misleading information commonly involve an allegation that a particular government decision relating to the provision of that information was negligent. It is emphasized throughout this thesis that the courts should refuse assistance to a citizen whose complaint of misleading government information is directed essentially towards a government decision, where that decision involves a determination of the priority of competing interests and values represented in society. The provision of a remedy in such a case would enable the courts effectively to review the choices embodied in value-laden government decisions, and as such would facilitate an unwarranted extension of their constitutional role.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Baumle, Amanda Kathleen. "Lawyers at the 'information age water cooler': exposing sex discrimination and challenging law firm culture on the internet." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4332.
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Prior research has repeatedly documented the existence of gender inequality,
discrimination, and harassment in the legal practice, an occupation that remains maledominated
in terms of both numbers and organizational culture. Despite the availability of
some legal remedies, women attorneys rarely sue their employers, and often do not
challenge discriminatory behavior. In this dissertation, I explore this seemingly
contradictory situation, where lawyers fail to employ the legal system on their own behalf,
and I seek to determine whether the law can in fact be mobilized to challenge and perhaps
change gender relations in the legal practice. Through ethnographic field research and
content analysis of an Internet community, my research examines possible methods by
which the law can serve as a tool to challenge gender discrimination. Further, I assess the
manner in which the Internet community itself can serve as a vehicle for challenging
gender inequality.
In particular, I first explore the role formal litigation might play in promoting
change for women attorneys, determining that attorneys in the Internet community are hesitant to employ litigation to challenge gender discrimination. This reluctance appears to
result in large part from attorneysâ familiarity with the daunting task of establishing a
discrimination case in the judicial system, as well as from a fear that the pursuit of
litigation could inflict damage upon their legal careers.
I then consider whether the law can serve as a useful tool to challenge inequality
when legal discourse is employed within the Internet community to invoke a legal right to
a discrimination-free workplace. I find that attorneys, despite their legal training, call upon
both formal and informal notions of discrimination when confronted with circumstances
colored with inequity. The Internet community itself provides a protected, semianonymous
forum in which to engage in such discourse, thereby subverting many of the
barriers that currently exist to challenging gender inequality in the legal practice. Further,
the community serves as a resource to bring public attention to bear upon law firms,
creating external pressures which encourage a reevaluation of both lay and legal
understandings of prohibited gender discrimination.
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Quinn, Simon R. "Bank credit and legal status in Moroccan manufacturing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:999e2006-bd8e-4902-9bd9-3c0d08f41e46.
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Moroccan manufacturing firms generally choose to incorporate under one of two legal forms: ‘Société Anonyme’ (SA) and ‘Société À Responsibilité Limitée’ (SARL). This thesis is about that choice and its consequence for firms’ access to bank overdraft facilities. In 2001, Morocco made a radical change to its company law regime: it replaced a company law dating from 19th-century France with modern standards of corporate governance and accountability. In Chapter One, I use the two-period FACS/ICA panel to analyse that reform and to evaluate its impact upon manufacturing firms’ access to bank credit. I find that the reform induced a substantial share of SA firms to switch to SARL, and that — relative to firms remaining in the SA status — this caused a significant and substantial withdrawal of bank overdraft facilities. In Chapter Two, I develop a theoretical model in which an agent signals its continuous type by using a variable that may take one of only two values (a ‘binary signal’); this is intended to represent a firm’s choice of legal status. I show that this binary signal provides only ‘coarse information’, and I consider the consequences of this coarseness; I solve for equilibrium conditions and I consider both the role of a principal’s risk aversion and the role of other observable agent characteristics (‘indices’). Chapter Three uses the results of Chapter Two to develop a new structural methodology for the separate identification of information and incentive effects. I apply the method to the data used in Chapter One, on the subset of firms having an overdraft facility in both survey periods (approximately two-thirds of the total sample). I find that, among that limited sample, there is no relevant information asymmetry. I estimate the potential welfare loss and conclude that, in the 95% confidence region of potential information effects and incentive effects, the maximum median welfare loss from information asymmetry is equivalent to approximately only 3% of the median bank overdraft limit. For the sample of firms having an overdraft facility in both survey periods, this challenges the common narrative that information asymmetry is an important reason for bank credit market failure.
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Kutserenko, Kristiina. "Challenges Involved in the Implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in an Information System Development Organization - An Exploratory Study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76569.
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The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a key regulation that deals with the protection of personal data in the European Union. It will be enforced on May 25, 2018. The GDPR brings in significant changes compared to the previous Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC (DIR95). Therefore, the organizations that fall within the scope of the GDPR are required to make their information systems compliant. Due to the complexity of modern software and the magnitude of changes required for the successful adoption of the GDPR, adopting such requirements could be a challenging task. Various works have already been conducted in the past addressing different articles and principles of the GDPR. However, relatively new Legal Technology sector has not been the focus of the GDPR related research. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how a Legal Technology organization is affected by the challenges of implementing GDPR related requirements into its information system. In order to address the aim of the study, a literature review was conducted, followed by a case study in Assently AB, a small-sized organization belonging to the Legal Technology industry. In order to gather detailed information about the challenges of implementing the GDPR in their information system, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the practitioners at Assently. The result of this study is a collection of challenges. This collection of challenges relates to understanding the regulation in order to implement it into information system, creating new tools and processes, reviewing existing tools and processes, human resource availability for the support, management and development of information system and facing possible customer-related issues. The study contributes to the GDPR and Legal Technology related research. Moreover, it can be used by the industry practitioners to prepare for the similar implementations in the future. Furthermore, it will be useful for the emerging Legal Technology organizations who may need to design their information systems in compliance with the GDPR.
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Spiekermann-Hoff, Sarah, and Alexander Novotny. "A vision for global privacy bridges: Technical and legal measures for international data markets." Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2015.01.009.
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From the early days of the information economy, personal data has been its most valuable asset. Despite data protection laws and an acknowledged right to privacy, trading personal information has become a business equated with "trading oil". Most of this business is done without the knowledge and active informed consent of the people. But as data breaches and abuses are made public through the media, consumers react. They become irritated about companies' data handling practices, lose trust, exercise political pressure and start to protect their privacy with the help of technical tools. As a result, companies' Internet business models that are based on personal data are unsettled. An open conflict is arising between business demands for data and a desire for privacy. As of 2015 no true answer is in sight of how to resolve this conflict. Technologists, economists and regulators are struggling to develop technical solutions and policies that meet businesses' demand for more data while still maintaining privacy. Yet, most of the proposed solutions fail to account for market complexity and provide no pathway to technological and legal implementation. They lack a bigger vision for data use and privacy. To break this vicious cycle, we propose and test such a vision of a personal information market with privacy. We accumulate technical and legal measures that have been proposed by technical and legal scholars over the past two decades. And out of this existing knowledge, we compose something new: a four-space market model for personal data.
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Vickers, L. "Whistleblowing at work : the legal implications for employees of making disclosures of confidential information." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1996. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/ec100d8a-65ad-1f5d-b6ef-15393b0d3289/1.
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The thesis examines the nature and extent of protection available to "whistleblowers", employees who disclose to outside bodies wrongdoing or malpractice at work. It begins with a consideration of the philosophical basis for providing protection for such employees. The legal rights of the whistleblowing employee in English law are then considered. In chapter three case law on the duty of confidence is examined and conclusions drawn on its application to employees dismissed for blowing the whistle, with particular reference to whether disclosure of information involves a breach of the employment contract. The general law on unfair dismissal is examined in chapter four to determine the extent to which an employee can claim that a dismissal for raising a concern is unfair. Protection for whistleblowing on specific issues such as race or sex discrimination, and health and safety issues is considered in chapter five. International standards governing the protection of the right to freedom of expression, in particular Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, are examined in chapter six. Chapter seven comprises a comparative study of the protection available to employees who blow the whistle in the USA, where protection exists for whistleblowers both at a constitutional level and in specific legislation. A case study is included in chapter eight in which the position of employees in the National Health Service is examined in detail, with regard to their contractual position and the practical difficulties faced by those who wish to raise concerns about matters at work. A fundamental distinction drawn throughout the thesis is between two types of whistleblowing: "watchdog" whistleblowing, referring the raising of concerns about immediate threats to health and safety or of serious financial loss; and "protest" whistleblowing, referring to the participation of employees in debate on matters that are in the public interest, using specialist informztion gained from their employment. The recognition of these two forms of whistleblowing aids the analysis of the limitations of the legal protection as well as proving useful in the determining the scope of proposed reform. The argument is made that the protection currently available is inadequate and the thesis ends with proposals for legal reform.
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Rollberg, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Algorithmen in der Justiz : Rechtsfragen zum Einsatz von Legal Tech im Zivilprozess / Christoph Rollberg." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220160806/34.
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Josefsson, Lovisa, and Emriksson Frans Apentis. "Graph Visualization of Legal Business Structures." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254654.
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Visualization of complex data is a challenging topic. Data are often stored in spreadsheets making it difficult to get an overview of otherwise inaccessible information. Visualization of data is necessary for getting an understanding of complex structures. Organizations, among them financial institutions, nowadays consist of large owner structures and legal structures. Visualization of these structures is a challenging task due to the many levels of complexity within these structures.This report presents a visualization prototype of the legal business structures of financial institutions. The primary function of this prototype is to facilitate the understanding of complex legal business structures that would be hard to comprehend only from spreadsheets. The development of the prototype was performed using Python and NetworkX and the visualization was constructed as a graph representation. The evaluation of the prototype was conduced with semi-structured interviews together with a demonstration. The evaluation indicated that the utility of the visualization prototype concept can be further improved. The results suggests that a prototype is vital and is of good use for facilitating understanding of data.Visualisering av data är ett svårt problem. Diverse data lagras ofta i textform vilket bidrar till en sämre översikt av datan. Med hjälp av visualisering kan man få en bättre förståelse för komplexa strukturer i datan. Organisationer så som finansinstitut involverar ofta stora ägarstrukturer och legala strukturer. Att kunna visualisera dessa strukturer blir då ett problem på grund av deras komplexitet.I denna rapport presenteras en visualiseringsprototyp av legala affärsstrukturer hos finansinstitut. Huvudsyftet med denna prototyp är att få en bättre förståelse av strukturer som annars är svåra att analysera utifrån enbart kalkylblad. Prototypen implementerades med hjälp av Python och NetworkX och visades visuellt som en graf representation. Evalueringen utfördes med hjälp av intervjuer samt en demonstration av prototypen. Evalueringen visar på att användarna ser en nytta med prototypen vilket tyder på att det finns utrymme för att vidare utveckla konceptet. Resultatet antyder att en visualisering är väsentlig när det kommer till att underlätta analys av data.
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Grèzes, Vincent. "Intelligence Economique et Stratégique : protection et Exploitation des Informations Légales en Europe." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30037.
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Cette recherche porte sur l’identification des informations légales disponibles sur les entreprises en Europe, l’identification de mesures de protection de ces informations, ainsi que les méthodes utiles à leur exploitation dans une démarche d’intelligence économique et stratégique. Les informations légales sont entendues comme les informations structurelles et comptables des entreprises, soumises à une obligation légale de publicité. Les résultats de cette étude présentent un référentiel des informations légales sur les entreprises en Europe, ainsi qu’en Suisse et en Norvège, et l’analyse des différentes possibilités de protection, de collecte et d’exploitation de ces informations dans une démarche d’intelligence économique et stratégiqueThis research focuses on the identification of legal information available on businesses in Europe, the identification of measures able to protect it, and the identification of methods able to exploit it in an economic and strategic intelligence process. Legal information is understood as structural and accounting information about enterprises, subject to legal disclosure requirement. The results of this study present a repository of legal information on companies in Europe, as well as Switzerland and Norway, and the analysis of different options regarding the protection, the collection and the use of this information in an economic and strategic intelligence process
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Binns, Andrew. "Defining a marine cadastre : legal and institutional aspects /." Connect to thesis, 2004. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001042.
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Gualtier, Kenneth. "Information Operations Under International Law: A Delphi Study Into the Legal Standing of Cyber Warfare." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/320.
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The ever-growing interconnectivity of industry and infrastructure through cyberspace has increased their vulnerability to cyber attack. The lack of any formal codification of cyber warfare has led to the development of contradictory state practices and disagreement as to the legal standing of cyber warfare, resulting in an increased risk of damage to property and loss of life. Using the just war theory as a foundation, the research questions asked at the point at which cyber attacks meet the definition of use of force or armed attack under international law and what impediments currently exist in the development of legal limitations on cyber warfare. The research design was based on using the Delphi technique with 18 scholars in the fields of cyber warfare and international law for 3 rounds of questioning to reach a consensus of opinion. The study employed qualitative content analysis of survey questions during the first round of inquiry in order to create the questions for the 2 subsequent rounds. The first round of inquiry consisted of a questionnaire composed of 9 open-ended questions. These data were inductively coded to identify themes for the subsequent questionnaires that consisted of 42 questions that allowed the participants to rank their responses on a Likert-type scale and contextualize them using written responses. Participants agreed that a computer attack is comparable to the use of force or armed attack under international law, but fell short of clearly defining the legal boundaries of cyber warfare. This study contributes to social change by providing informed opinions by experts about necessary legal reforms and, therefore, provides a basis for greater legal protections for life and property.
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Maphakela, Madidimalo Rabbie. "A model for legal compliance in the South African banking sector : an information security perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/725.
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In the past, many organisations used to keep their information on paper, which resulted in the loss of important information. In today’s knowledge era the information super-highway facilitates highly connected electronic environments where business applications can communicate on an intra- as well as inter-organizational level. As business expanded more into the cyber-world, so did the need to protect the information they have. Technology advances did not only bring benefits, it also increased the vulnerability of companies’ information. Information, the lifeblood of an organization, must be protected from threats such as hackers and fraud, amongst others. In the highly regulated financial sector, the protection of information is not only a best practice, but a legal obligation carrying penalties for non-compliance. From a positive aspect, organisations can identify security controls that can help them to secure their information, with the aid of legal sources. But organisations find themselves burdened by a burgeoning number of legal sources and requirements, which require vast resources and often become unmanageable. This research focuses on finding a solution for South African banks to comply with multiple legal sources, as seen from an information security perspective.
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Andersson, Jeff, and Erik Matthiesen. "Avkastning av insiderhandel : Ett mått på andelen privat information i förhållande till publik information." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28992.
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Every day a large numbers of transactions occur by people with different backgrounds. Insiders’ are a part of them and are considered to have an insight in companies that is not accessible to outsiders. This affects the market conditions for the participants when trading stocks, where individual participants regularly have the possibility to earn abnormal returns at the expense of others. Although Sweden, Germany and the United States continually keep developing the insider trading regulation, research shows that insiders’ still have the ability to earn abnormal returns. The difference in insiders’ ability to earn abnormal returns is believed to be because of that the countries are from different legal families, which in turn influence the market conditions where the insider trading occurs. The purpose is to examine whether legal insider trading generates abnormal return relative to index and analyze whether there are differences between the studied countries and what the differences may be due. Method: The study takes ledge in previous research using a quantitative method where 90 sorted companies in Sweden, Germany and the U.S. are used to gather insider transactions between 2006 and 2012. The data is then analyzed with statistical methods to find answers to the purpose of the study. The results shows that insiders have abnormal return for both the buy and sell transactions, which prove that there is an information gap between insiders and external stakeholders. The legal origin may have an effect on the relationship when it is linked to insiders’ abnormal return through ownership concentration and accounting quality, which in turn affects insiders’ ability to generate abnormal returns. The insiders’ position has also shown to have an impact on the abnormal returns, but is not completely consistent with the theory of information hierarchy.Det sker varje dag stora mängder av transaktioner av personer med skilda bakgrunder. Insiders är en del av dem och anses ha insyn i företag som inte är tillgänglig för utomstående. Detta påverkar förutsättningarna för marknadens aktörer vid aktiehandel där enskilda aktörer regelbundet kan tjäna på bekostnaden av andra. Sverige, Tyskland och USA utvecklar kontinuerligt regleringen för insiderhandeln men tidigare forskning visar, trots harmonisering i lagstiftningen, på skillnader mellan länderna. Detta antas bero på att länderna härstammar från olika legala familjer, vilket påverkar förutsättningarna på ländernas respektive marknader, och därför påverkar insiders förmåga till att skapa överavkastning. Syfte är att undersöka om laglig insiderhandel genererar överavkastning jämfört med index och analysera om det finns skillnader mellan de undersökta länderna och vad skillnaderna kan bero på. Studien tar avsats i tidigare forskning och använder en kvantitativ metod där 90 utsorterade bolag i Sverige, Tyskland och USA används för att inhämta insidertransaktioner mellan 2006 och 2012. Materialet analyseras sedan med hjälp av statistiska verktyg för att få svar på arbetes syfte. Resultatet är att insiders har överavkastning för både köp och säljtransaktioner och bevisar att det finns ett informationsgap mellan insiders och utomstående intressenter. Det legala ursprunget kan ha en påverkan på förhållandet då det kopplas till insiders överavkastning genom ägarkoncentrationen och redovisningskvalitén som i sin tur påverkar insiderns förmåga till att skapa överavkastning. Insiderns position visas också ha en påverkan på överavkastningen där en högre position ger högre överavkastning, vilket går i linje med informationshierarkin.
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Yug, Elliott D. "The legal implications of low earth orbit (LEO) : constellations of communication satellites." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22707.
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This thesis explores some of the legal implications of communication satellite constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), specifically the satellite systems that plan to provide Personal Communication Services (PCS). The thesis begins with a brief history of long distance communications and their evolution from wire systems to space-based technology; the types of service providers and users are also indicated. Next, some of the perceived shortcomings of the current telecommunications technology are examined and suggestions are made as to how they could be overcome by LEO-based PCS satellites. The legal requirements, national and international, that need to be met to secure interference-free operation of these satellites and services are explored. Also some of the risks and potential liability producing events are discussed, as well as ways of dealing with them. The thesis concludes that LEO-based communication satellite constellations are feasible, both technically and legally, provided that the relevant legal and technical issues are resolved before the deployment of these systems.
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Mova, Al'Afghani Mohamad. "The role of legal frameworks in enabling transparency in water utilities' regulation." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e7d76ec4-3479-4d12-8fce-9a9f01ca442b.
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This thesis evaluates transparency in the context of water utilities’ regulation by comparing legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Victoria (Australia), England (United Kingdom) and Jakarta (Indonesia). Each of these jurisdictions is selected because of their particular ownership and regulatory model. The thesis analyses whether specific ownership or regulatory models will have implications for transparency. The terms “transparency” and “water utilities’ regulation” are first defined and form the thesis’ analytical framework. This is then applied against the three jurisdictions compared. By evaluating each of the three jurisdictions, the thesis expects to provide explanation on how transparency is enabled or inhibited by the legal frameworks. The thesis recommends a solution by comparing the three jurisdictions and generating “lessons learned”.
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Hullen, Nils [Verfasser]. "Effizienzsteigerung in der Rechtsberatung durch Rechtsvisualisierungstools : Von der Rechtsinformatik zu Legal Tech / Nils Hullen." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118347251X/34.
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Ciftci, Caglar. "Legal Aspects Of Ict Implementation In Turkish Construction Industry." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606235/index.pdf.
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With increasing awareness of gains and importance of the strategic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the implementation rate of ICTs in construction sector is increasing. However, these technologies have not been covered by legal and contractual practices. The industry needs to implement application frameworks and legal re-structuring of the existing related laws and regulations to use ICT in a legal and contractually valid environment.
In this thesis, an EU funded project, eLEGALwhich defines a framework for legal conditions and contracts regarding the use of ICT in construction industry, is selected as a model project to address legal and contractual issues regarding ICT use in Turkish construction industry. Moreover, the applicability of this project&rsquo
s results are discussed by using real cases and defining the barriers, opportunities, methods and tools to use ICT legally admissible in Turkish construction industry.
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Leal-Taixé, Laura [Verfasser]. "Multiple object tracking with context awareness / Laura Leal-Taixé." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2014. http://d-nb.info/1065272502/34.
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TU, Chia Chu, and 杜家駒. "THE LEGAL LOGIC PRACTICE IN LEGAL INFORMATION SCIENCE." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47398753867264828391.
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碩士中國文化大學
法律學研究所
94
A legal expert system can be divided into the regular expert system and the based on case expert system. What the based on case expert system paid attention to is the comparison of the degree similar to case in the past of the cases at present, and the focal point lies in whether the cases are clear. Asking for the answer with the regular correspondence through the fact on the basis of the regular expert system, and the focal point lies in whether regular one's own description accords with logic.Give play to the legal expert system of the function to accord with the basic norm with legal logic practice.
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"Legal protection of information." Center for Information Systems Research, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2304.
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