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Journal articles on the topic 'Legal Stratagems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Rafique, Muhammad Omer, Ahmad Sufian Che Abdullah, Mohd Abd Wahab Fatoni, and Asmuliadi Lubis. "Hiyal (Legal Stratagems) in Islamic Finance: Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 6 (2023): e01752. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i6.1752.

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to systematically review the existing literature on the application of Hiyal (legal stratagems) in Islamic finance. The article visualizes the linkages between different authentic works done on the topic and how the topic has evolved through the decades. Theoretical framework: The article visualizes the linkages between different authentic works done on the topic and how the topic has evolved through the decades. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review of published peer-reviewed articles on Hiyal(legal stratagems) was conducted. A comprehen
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2

Rafique, Muhammad Omer, Ahmad Sufian Che Abdullah та Mohd Abd Wahab Fatoni Mohd Balwi. "An Outlook of Ḥiyal (Legal Stratagems) and Its Compilations in Islamic Economic Literature". Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies 8, № 3 (2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ris.vol8no3.3.

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Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) means to find an unconventional way to meet an end in a complicated Shari’ah issue. These stratagems should comply with the Maqasid-e-Shari’ah to remain legal. It has a wide application in today’s versatile cutting-edge Shari’ah matters. The research objective of this study is to explore and analyze the manuscripts and compilations from jurists, for and against the application of Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) in Islamic law in the problem-solving procedure. The study finds that Muslim jurists have strived to develop the Ḥiyal theory as a solution to fulfill the needs of the
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3

Al-Matroudi:, Abdul-Hakim. "Circumstantial Evidence and Legal Stratagems in Sūrat Yūsuf." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 235–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2007.9.1.199.

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4

Sartini Lambajo, Siti Sa’dianti, Nabilah Al Azizah та Sabila Adzkia. "A Critical Analysis of al-Ḥiyal al-Syar'iyyah Concept within the Ḥanafī School Paradigm: Implications and Implementation in Contemporary Financial Transactions". NUKHBATUL 'ULUM: Jurnal Bidang Kajian Islam 10, № 2 (2024): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.36701/nukhbah.v10i2.1732.

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This study examines the concept of al-ḥiyal al-syar'iyyah (permissible legal stratagems) from the Ḥanafī school of thought perspective and its application in contemporary financial transactions. The research aims to analyze the Ḥanafī scholars' views on al-ḥiyal al-syar'iyyah and explore its implementation in financial contracts (mu'āmalah māliyyah). Employing a qualitative approach with normative and sociological perspectives, this study focuses on textual analysis of classical and modern Islamic jurisprudence sources. The findings reveal that the Ḥanafī school considers al-ḥiyal al-syar'iyya
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5

von Senger, Harro. "Stratagems as a Means of Achieving Justice and Spreading Truth." Laws 12, no. 3 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws12030036.

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This contribution is based on the Chinese concept called Moulüe. A unique feature of Moulüe, without parallel in Western praxis-oriented schools of thinking, is its Yin-Yang dimension. The two hemispheres of the Yin-Yang symbol, a white one and a black one, are inseparably interconnected. According to the Moulüe concept, the white hemisphere is the place of transparent, conventional, legal ways to solve problems, whereas the black hemisphere harbors hidden agendas, and unconventional, cunning methods to solve problems, with the 36 stratagems as a central component. A person with Moulüe compete
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Zakaria, Mohamad Sabri B., Muhammed Thabith Muhammed Buhary та Zaid Khaliq. "EVALUATING MURĀBAḤAH FINANCING IN SRI LANKA: PRACTITIONER PERCEPTION". Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, № 05 (2023): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i05.113.

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The most popular service offered by Islamic financial institutions is Murābaḥah financing. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate the historical roots of the Murābaḥah contract and its modern financial derivatives. The legal stratagems (LS) used to create these derivatives are themselves a source of criticism. Hence, the validity of these legal stratagems is analyzed through classical and contemporary literature. In addition, an investigation on the use of Murābaḥah instruments in Sri Lanka is carried out by conducting thematic analysis on interviews with nine respondents who are
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Tarasyuk, Volodymyr, Elina Morhunova, Dmytro Drobotun, Olena Stoyko, and Olena Chyzhova. "Stratagems of political and legal development of Ukraine: problems of actualization and scientific comprehension." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 70 (2021): 784–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.47.

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The aim of the article is to consider the priority areas of state policy and outline initiatives that are of strategic importance to Ukraine. The research topic is state programs (strategic initiatives) in the field of education and science, security and defense, information that will provide the opportunity to lay the foundation for positive changes in society. The study applies methods of scientific knowledge such as the dialectical method, the monographic method, the methods of analysis and synthesis, the system and structural method, the grouping and classification method, the abstract and
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Najem, Mostafa Bassam. "Issues Related to the Higher Objectives of the Sharī‘ah in Order to Tighten the Practice of Islamic Banking." مجلة إسرا الدولية للمالية الإسلامية 7, no. 2 (2016): 120–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55188/ijifarabic.v7i2.285.

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This research sheds light on three essential issues for those dealing with the dilemmas of contemporary Islamic economics. The first concerns legal stratagems (hiyal): their types, their legitimacy and the effect of the motive for using them on the legal ruling. The second concerns combining the opinions of more than one madhab (talfīq), its relation to the issue of pursuing allowances (tatabbu’ al-rukhas) in the contemporary era and the parameters that must be observed when choosing the allowances of scholars. The third is the issue of adopting overruled (marjūh) opinions and abandoning the w
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Nghiem, Dai D. "Use of Kidneys from Anencephalic Donors to Offset Organ Shortage." Uro 3, no. 1 (2023): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/uro3010002.

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Background: It is well recognized that patient survival and quality of life are superior with renal transplantation than with dialysis. Organ availability is far outweighed by the large number of wait-listed patients. Additional stratagems are sought to expand the donor pool, and kidneys from anencephalic infants can be considered a source of organs, until now unexplored. We plan to assess the feasibility of using the kidneys from anencephalic infants for transplantation. Material and Methods: Information about anencephaly, the characteristics of the infant kidneys, the ethical, social and med
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10

Suharto, Ugi. "CONTENTIOUS SALES IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE: ANALYSIS ON THEIR PROXIMITY TO RIBĀ." TAFHIM : IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World 6, no. 1 (2015): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56389/tafhim.vol6no1.4.

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This article discusses four controversial sales in Islamic banking and finance, each having the potentials to be used as legal stratagems (ḥiyal) to cover up the ribawi transactions: bayʿ al-ʿīnah, tawarruq, bayʿ al-dayn, and bayʿ al-wafāʾ (or bayʿ al-istighlāl). Yet, Islamic bank and finance industries in the world rely on such types of sales in their transactions. Malaysian Islamic banks and capital markets depend heavily on bayʿ al-ʿīnah and bayʿ al-dayn, while the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries rely a great deal on tawarruq and bayʿ al-wafāʾ (or bayʿ al-istighlāl). Regarding tawa
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11

Syed, Ehsanullah Agha, and Mustafa Omar. "Hiyal in Islamic finance: a recognition of genuine economic need or circumvention of Riba?" Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 9, no. 4 (2017): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-05-2017-0041.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop a Sharīʿah framework for using ḥiyal in Islamic finance. Ḥīlah (singular of ḥiyal) is an Islamic juristic term which refers to the application of acumen and ingenuity to avoid hardship in one’s commitment to Islamic rulings. It has been used as a legal device in Islamic jurisprudence to actualize a legitimate objective. Particularly, it plays a significant role in financial engineering, as it alleviates financial predicaments with remedies. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted qualitative method of research by using content analysis approach. Inducti
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12

Scarnecchia, Brian. "An integral Natural Law for the global Commons." Quién. Revista de filosofía personalista, no. 19 (June 16, 2024): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.69873/aep.i19.14.

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Integral natural law is a way forward, a “green” approach, that reinvigorates the natural law tradition by providing an ethical foundation, common vocabulary, and shared vision for systems of governance for thewhole global commons by integrating Thomistic natural law principles with environmental ethics, legal principles, and stratagems. The introduction shows that Pope John Paul II originally crafted theterm “human ecology” to underscore the plight of vulnerable human beings given less consideration at law than flora and fauna. Part One then explains that nature is normative in environmental
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ȘOLOGON, Giulia. "Valențe ale principiului loialității administrării probelor în dreptul procesual penal român." Analele Universitării din București Drept - Forum Juridic 2022, no. 02 (2022): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/aubd-fj.2022.2.04.

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"The principle of finding the truth implies the obligation of the judicial authority to carry out an effective investigation, ex officio, as soon as the commission of a crime is brought to their attention. To ensure the fair and efficient nature of this investigation, finding out the truth must be related to two derived principles: the principle of freedom of evidence and the principle of procedural loyalty. Procedural loyalty was originally understood as an obligation of those who participate in the discovery of the truth in any way, regardless of the procedural position they have, to behave
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14

Malkawi, Bashar Adnan Mustafa. "Legislative Exceptions on Civil Responsibility Provisions." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 9 (2023): e1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i9.1243.

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Objectives: These legislative exceptions on civil responsibility provisions are considered a legal stratagem. The term legal stratagem will be used in this article to refer the legislative exceptions on the civil responsibility provisions. The present article is based on the scientific observation of a number of legal theories and their provisions which I believe they are nothing, but a stratagem created by legal regulation violating another legal provisions such as civil responsibility provisions or the binding force of the contract without being provided as an exception over the principle. T
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Manuylov, Eugene, and Yuriy Kalinovsky. "SPIRITUAL IMPERATIVES OF DOMESTIC STATE-BUILDING: AXIOLOGICAL AND SECURITY CONTEXTS." BULLETIN OF YAROSLAV MUDRYI NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY. SERIES:PHILOSOPHY, PHILOSOPHIES OF LAW, POLITICAL SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY 2020, (VOL 1) 44 (2020): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.21564/2075-7190.44.195732.

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Problem setting. The development of a modern, democratic Ukrainian state requires an integrated approach. An important component of this process is the establishment of spiritual values and guidelines that contribute to the development of the Ukrainian nation and the strengthening of its security on the international arena. In this context, the spiritual imperatives of the domestic state-building need not only clarification and modernization, but also protection in conditions of information aggression against our country. Recent research and publications analysis. Problematics of the domestic
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16

Cohen, Amnon. "Communal Legal Entities in a Muslim Setting Theory and Practice:." Islamic Law and Society 3, no. 1 (1996): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519962599186.

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AbstractAlthough there is no term or concept in Islamic law that signifies a communal legal entity, traditional Muslim societies contained several communal entities, such as the Ṭāʾifa or “community”. Such an entity manifests itself in several documents from the sijill of sixteenth-century Jerusalem that deal with relations between the Jewish community and Muslim authorities. For example, when the Jews of Jerusalem attempted to lease a plot for their cemetery, they could not do so as a community, for no such legal entity existed. For this reason, they designated three individuals in whose name
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17

Feldman, Alex. "“Law Enough to Set You Free”: Contract, Community, and Consent in the Comedies of George Farquhar." Eighteenth-Century Life 46, no. 2 (2022): 30–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9664397.

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From his first play, Love and a Bottle (1698), to the masterpiece that crowned his career, The Beaux’ Stratagem (1707), George Farquhar's oeuvre is traversed by legal motifs and legal scenarios, from satirical attacks upon the judiciary, to serious engagements with the law of contract, in contexts as varied as military impressment and spousal neglect. The period that followed the accession of William and Mary, in 1688, and the Bill of Rights to which they assented in 1689, is commonly regarded as being governed by contractual relationships between rational individuals, entering into reciprocal
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18

Smolo, Edib, and Abubakar Muhammad Musa. "The (mis)use of al-Hilah (legal trick) and al-Makhraj (legal exit) in Islamic finance." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 9 (2020): 2169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-01-2020-0009.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concepts of hilah (legal stratagem or legal trick) and makhraj (legal exit) and to examine their relevance and application in the contemporary Islamic financial services and products. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the qualitative research approach to provide a theoretical overview of hilah and makhraj literally and technically and to examine their practical applications in Islamic financial products and services. In particular, this paper evaluates several Islamic financial contracts and examines its practices in light of the im
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Jarajap, Inawati Mohammad Jainie, Mukhlis Anshari, Naimah Naimah, Anwar Hafidzi, and Lutfi Lutfi. "Optimizing Banjar Community Fiqh: Bahilah Practice for the Deceased in South Kalimantan." Potret Pemikiran 28, no. 1 (2024): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/pp.v28i1.3179.

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This study examines the optimization of societal fiqh understanding within the Banjar community, focusing on the bahilah practice related to the payment of fidyah for missed prayers and fasting by the deceased in the Pahuluan community, South Kalimantan. The purpose of this research is to analyze how bahilah—a local tradition for fulfilling religious obligations for the deceased—is conducted and to understand its legal implications within the framework of Islamic law. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data was collec
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20

Espíndola, Juan, and Jorge Omar Rodríguez Ramírez. "Kant’s Spies." Kant-Studien 116, no. 2 (2025): 149–73. https://doi.org/10.1515/kant-2025-2005.

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Abstract This paper examines and critiques Immanuel Kant’s strong opposition to espionage and related “infernal arts” as expressed in Towards Perpetual Peace and the Metaphysics of Morals. While Kant condemns espionage as a dishonorable stratagem that undermines the trust essential for lasting peace, this stance has received limited scholarly attention. The paper argues that Kant’s rejection of espionage is more nuanced than a mere objection to dishonesty; rather, it is rooted in his political and legal philosophy, particularly his views on just war theory and the need for nations to establish
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Holston, James. "The Misrule of Law: Land and Usurpation in Brazil." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 4 (1991): 695–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500017291.

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How do we conceive of law if litigation does not aim to settle conflict, if it is a means to perpetuate and obscure rather than resolve disputes? In this essay, I shall demonstrate the power of an unsettling norm: The Brazilian legal system aims neither to solve land conflicts justly nor to decide their legal merits through adjudication. My argument stresses intention and norm because land law in Brazil is so confusing, indecisive, and dysfunctional in its own terms that one suspects that the cause of these characteristics is not incompetence or corruption alone but rather the force of a set o
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Divinagracia, Anthony Andrew G. "How Selected Pro-Duterte Facebook Pages Framed the ABS-CBN Shutdown Issue: A Discussion on Epistemic Discrediting in Echo Chambers." Philippine Political Science Journal 44, no. 1 (2023): 43–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-bja10041.

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Abstract This article looks into the discursive frames employed by selected pro-Duterte pages on Facebook that tackled the ABS-CBN shutdown and franchise denial issues in 2020. The legal frames were mostly derived from the findings of the lawmakers’ technical working group (TWG). The political frames, meanwhile, include ABS-CBN’s alleged biased reporting, the victory-over-oligarchs narrative pushed by the Duterte administration and other related pronouncements. The article identifies these frames as reinforcing layers to fortify the echo chamber behavior of pro-Duterte pages through an attack-
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Greaves, Richard L. "Shattered Expectations? George Fox, the Quakers, and the Restoration State, 1660-1685." Albion 24, no. 2 (1992): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050812.

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The prevailing view of Quakers in the Restoration era depicts them as a defeated movement no longer on the attack but henceforth under siege. They institutionalized, in the words of Richard Bauman, a strategy “of disengagement from the world's affairs” and embraced “a social policy founded on quietism.” Defeated politically, they were forced, according to this view, to relinquish their efforts to advance the cause of liberty “by militant, political means.” Thus the adoption of the peace principle as a hallmark of the Society of Friends emerged, according to Barry Reay, as a response to politic
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24

Younas, Muhammad Usman, та Muhammad Asghar Shahzad. "کریڈٹ کارڈ کا شرعی حکم:فیصل اسلامی نور کارڈ کا خصوصی مطالعہ". FIKR-O NAZAR فکر ونظر 62, № 1 (2024): 9–28. https://doi.org/10.52541/fn.v62i1.3434.

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Islamic banks are increasingly developing products that cater to modern financial needs while upholding Islamic principles. The Faysal Islami Noor Card, Pakistan’s second Sharīʿah-compliant alternative to conventional credit cards, marks a significant milestone in this endeavor. This paper presents a comprehensive Sharīʿah analysis of conventional credit cards and the Faysal Islami Noor Card. The study is structured in two parts: the first part examines Sharīʿah guidelines on conventional credit cards, drawing from the proceedings, standards, and Fatwas of the International Islamic Fiqh Academ
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Zeitlin, Samuel Garrett. "Francis Bacon on Imperial and Colonial Warfare." Review of Politics 83, no. 2 (2021): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670520001011.

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AbstractThis article offers a textual and historical reconstruction of Francis Bacon's thought on imperial and colonial warfare. Bacon holds that conquest, acquisition of peoples and territory through force, followed by subjugation, confers a legal right and title. Imperial expansion is justified both by arguments concerning the interstate balance of power and by arguments related to internal order and stability. On Bacon's view, a successful state must be expansionist, for two key reasons: first, as long as its rivals are expansionist, a state must keep up and even try to outpace them, and, s
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Udroiu, Mihail, and Mihai Popa. "Prolegomene privind stratagemele neloiale în procedurile penale probatorii." Criminal Law Writings (Caiete de Drept Penal), no. 2 (October 15, 2023): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cdp.2023.2.1.

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Aceste prolegomene urmăresc să pună în lumină bazele unei axiologii emergente conceptualizate să guverneze în mod transcendental motorul epistemic al procesului penal, contribuind pe această cale la construirea unei teorii moderne a probelor și probațiunii. 
 Susținem că dreptul probatoriu al procesului penal și principiile sale trebuie fundamentate inter alia de valori precum liceitatea și loialitatea. Astfel fiind, principiul textual al loialității este conceput să securizeze preeminența dreptului în procedurile penale probatorii, mai presus de simpla conformare formală – dar, frauduloa
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MUHAMMAD OMER RAFIQUE et al. "ANALYSIS OF ḤIYAL (LEGAL STRATAGEMS) CASES IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL LAW". Russian Law Journal 11, № 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i2.666.

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Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) means to meet a permissible end through a legal but unconventional way. It has a wide application in today’s Islamic finance versatile cutting-edge issues. The research objective of this study is to explore and analyze the behavior and tendency of jurists in the application of Ḥiyal (legal stratagems) in Islamic financial law in the problem-solving procedure. The research applies the content analysis method to analyze thirteen cases of financial matters stratagems, purposively sampled from authentic Ḥiyal compilations of reputable jurists. The findings of the analysis
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ALLAKHVERDIEV, A. K. "Compliance and legal stratagems in Islamic law." EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL 2, no. 165 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.46320/2073-4506-2022-2-165-132-133.

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"ANALYSIS OF LEGAL STRATAGEMS CASES IN THE QURAN AND SUNNAH." Al-Turath Journal of al-Quran and al-Sunnah 6, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/turath-2021-0602-10.

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Oberauer, Norbert. "Applied Legal Hermeneutics in 18th-Century Fes: Al-Tāwudī’s Treatise on the Effect of Long Duration in bayʿ al-thunyā Transactions". Islamic Law and Society, 11 вересня 2024, 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10060.

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Abstract The present study is an analysis of a treatise (risāla) by the 18th-century Mālikī al-Tāwudī in which he discusses a doctrinal detail regarding bayʿ al-thunyā, a common stratagem to circumvent the prohibition of interest. I use al-Tāwudī’s text as a lens to reconstruct the hermeneutical perspective of a Muslim jurist of the late premodern era. In the first section, I show that al-Tāwudī’s legal reasoning is strongly informed by the legacy of Mālikī discourse on bayʿ al-thunya, which is one of constant disagreement over the acceptability of the institution. In the course of this confli
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Pitluck, Aaron Z. "“Sometimes it looks fake”: Hiyal and contrivances as tools for exploring aspirations for radical social change." Economic Anthropology, June 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12324.

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AbstractOn one hand, Islamic banking and finance is an aspiration to radically transform banks and the financial system to conform with interpretations of Islamic ethics and morals. On the other hand, such high aspirations patently conflict with the existing global, US$3.6 trillion market dominated by profit‐oriented private banks. These aspirations also potentially conflict with the technical details of how financial products are constructed to be “Shariah compliant.” How do Islamic financial practitioners reconcile their vision of the Islamic good society with the products and processes obse
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Mutaqin, Zezen Zaenal, and Yayan Sopyan. "Forced Marriage and Sex Trafficking under the Guise of Nikah Siri in Indonesia." Studia Islamika 31, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v31i2.39198.

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Prostitution, forced marriage, and sex trafficking have long been practiced in the Puncak area of West Java, Indonesia. The practice is condoned not only by the surrounding community but also by state officials. This paper resulted from our field research, interviews, and observation in the Puncak area. In addition, it includes an extensive literature review, which encompasses the study of Indonesian and international law regulation, academic writing, and media reports. This paper seeks to uncover the reasons why the practices of sex trafficking and forced marriage are tolerated and what has l
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Hitesh, Hitesh. "ETHNO-SOVEREIGN CATASTROPHISM: SOVEREIGNTY, STATELESSNESS, AND THE ROHINGYA CRISIS IN THE AGE OF GLOBAL HUMANITARIANISM." Social Science Review A Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.70096/tssr.240206021.

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The Rohingya crisis is the symptom of a complex landscape of overlapping crises, where the fractures between outdated concepts of Westphalian sovereignty and the sought-after universality of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine become visible in a profoundly tragic manner. The methodical marginalization and eventual extermination of the Rohingya ethnic group—a depiction of coordinated state violence, geopolitical apathy, and moral uncertainty—raises fundamental deficiencies in modern global governance structures. This paper interrogates the epistemic dissonance in international legal p
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al-Bakri. "توظيف النقد الحديثيّ في التوثُّق من نسبة الكتب إلى مؤلِّفيها: دراسة تطبيقية على كتب الحيل المنسوبة إلى الحنفية في القرن الثاني نموذجاً". 31 грудня 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5812450.

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تبحث هذه الدراسة كتب الحيل المنسوبة إلى أئمة المذهب الحنفيّ الثلاثة، إذ يُنسَبُ في الأخبار التاريخيّة كتابٌ مُصنَّف في الحِيَلِ إلى الإمام أبي حنيفة، ويُنسَبُ آخرُ إلى أبي يوسف، وثالثٌ إلى مُحمَّد بن الحسن، والمنسوبُ إلى أبي يوسف محفوظٌ في بعض خزائن المخطوطات، والمنسوبُ إلى محمَّد بن الحسن مطبوع، مُبتغيةً الكشفَ عمّا إذا كانت هذه الكتبُ الثلاثة كتاباً واحداً أم كتباً متغايرة، وما إذا كانت نسبةُ كلِّ واحدٍ منها ثابتةً إلى مَنْ نُسِبَت إليه أم لا، ومنبِّهةً في هذا السِّياق إلى ما وقع من خَلْط بين هذه الكتب وما ترتّب عليه من نتائجَ سلبيّة. ولتحقيق ذلك حاولت هذه الدراسةُ استقصاءَ ما ورد في هذه الك
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35

Asma Rashid. "The Great Game of Space: Space Political Adventurism and Battle for Superpower Status Beyond the Horizons." NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, June 30, 2024, 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.171.

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Wars will not be fought on the grounds in future, but explosions will occur beyond horizons. The subject of advanced strategies of Great Powers, space militarization, and political adventurism of China, USA, and Russia has been extensively inscribed in this research paper. The paper mainly reflects the political stratagem and space arms race of Russia, China, and the USA, which are combating each other for power status in orbits of space. As China and Russia challenge USA dominance in space, the USA seeks to weaponize space to maintain its supremacy and counter these rivals. The evolving inter
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36

El- Khatib, Abdallah Abdulrahman. "Editorial in English." Journal of College of Sharia & Islamic Studies 41, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/jcsis.2023.0355.

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The College of Sharia and Islamic Studies at Qatar University emphasises scientific research, primarily focusing on religious education at the university level. Today, according to the QS World University Rankings, it counts among the top 100 colleges worldwide for theological and religious studies. The college’s interest in scientific research is apparent at the individual and institutional levels. At the individual level, faculty members at the college conduct individual research, which they publish in local and international peer-reviewed journals, amounting to around 100 peer-reviewed arti
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