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Journal articles on the topic 'Legals status'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Economides, Kim. "Centre-periphery tensions in legal theory and practice: can law and lawyers resist urban imperialism?" International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i2.2012.3126.

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This paper questions some basic assumptions of legal theory, education and practice from the perspective of rural, remote and regional (RRR) legal communities beyond the metropolis. Legal ideologies and values fundamental to the legitimacy of the modern state, such as the Rule of Law, are embedded in most law curricula and reinforced at every stage of the educational continuum, and commonly assert that law, legal rights and access to courts of law apply equally regardless of physical location or social status. Despite this, indigenous and other excluded groups living in peripheral communities frequently experience law differently from their urban counterparts, as do legal professionals living and working outside the city. The key issue examined concerns how centre-periphery tension should best be managed in the future regulation of law and lawyers. What kind of policies and strategies may genuinely assist social inclusion and to what extent should law and legal practice accommodate diversity? How and to what extent should lawyers and para-legals represent the interests of communities rather than private individuals in RRR areas of Australia? What kind of training and technological support do they require? The paper aims to set out some choices that confront policymakers while drawing upon international experience that may offer some guidance.

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2

Lubeńczuk, Grzegorz. "Nabycie i utrata statusu prawnego przedsiębiorcy." Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe 21, no. 36 (September 17, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/szn.2018.21.36.153.

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3

Zangna, Esmail Najmadin, and Aso Hamashin AbdulKarim. "Legal Status of the Loaned Public Employee." Journal of Legal and Political Studies 7, no. 2 (December 22, 2019): 430–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10164.

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4

Norton, Richard. "United States gives legal status to digital signatures." Biometric Technology Today 8, no. 7 (August 2000): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-4765(00)07002-8.

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5

K, Neetu. "Women’s Status and Legal Rights in Indian Constitution." Contemporary Social Sciences 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/57470.

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6

Hébert, L. Camille. "The Legal Status of Bullying in the United States." Revue de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rdctss.1814.

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7

Žalimas, Dainius. "Special Theme: International Legal Status of the Baltic States." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 1, no. 1 (2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221158901x00056.

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8

RICHARDSON, James T. "Legal Status of Minority Religions in the United States." Social Compass 42, no. 2 (June 1995): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776895042002008.

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9

Kruk, Emil. "Legal Status of Animals in Poland." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.119-131.

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The article is of a scientific and research nature and it is aimed primarily at outlining the legal status of animals and to what extent legal regulations governing this status determine the level of humane protection of animals in Poland. To achieve this goal, first of all, the concept of “animal” needed to be made more specific, the principle of dereification discussed and its normative scope outlined, and the characteristics of an animal as a specific tangible good needed to be presented. The need to address the issue is determined primarily by the awareness that the way of human life and human attitude to animals has been changing with the development of civilisation. In any case, the changes that have taken place in this area in recent decades make the title issue topical and conducive to verify previous findings. It is assumed that the research carried out will contribute to the development of an optimal model of legal protection of animals and to the development of legal science. The very dissemination of the results is to raise the social awareness of the legal status of animals, which is one of the conditions of further progress of civilisation.

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PARKSOO-GON. "The Legal Status of autonomous Intelligent Robots." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 31, no. 2 (October 2018): 46–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2018.31.2.46.

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11

Krivokapić, Boris. "PRAVNO UREĐENJE POLOŽAJA PRIVATNIH VOJNIH KOMPANIJA." FBIM Transactions 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/fbim.09.09.01.06.

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In our time, private military and security companies, known as private military companies (PVK), are becoming increasingly important. Their growing number, increasing financial and armed strength, the fact that they employ an increasing number of people, and especially the very nature of their business in terms of providing services in the field of security, intelligence, weapons, logistics, etc., up to direct participation in armed operations, even those outside the borders of the state in which they are based, lead to the fact that these entities have an increasing role not only in events within individual states but also in international relations. After a brief review of the concept of PVK and some of the legal issues related to them, the author deals with the problem of international regulation of the position of PVK at the universal and regional level and considers the Montreux Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers and some other documents. The author concludes that everything indicates that it is necessary to create new international legal frameworks at the universal level as soon as possible, which would regulate the most important issues such as defining the most important terms; unification of conditions and ways for the establishment, licensing, and registration of PVK; rights and obligations of PVK and their staff; international supervision of PVK and their staff; the responsibility of all actors involved; the difference between a PVK staff member and a mercenary; rules related to the crossing of PVK weapons and equipment across state borders, etc. For now, much remains controversial - what and how should be regulated by a universal international treaty, who should be its members, what mechanisms of international supervision should be provided for, etc., and even on whether it is at all necessary at this time.

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12

Irhin, Igor' V. "Constitutional-legal status of unincorporated territories of the United States." Pravovedenie 62, no. 3 (2018): 484–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2018.304.

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This article is dedicated to constitutional-legal status of unincorporated organized and unorganized territories of the United States. In the light of the provisions constitutional-legal status of the unorganized territory of Samoa illustrates the absence of clear demarcation lines between the institutional forms of organized and unorganized territories. Also drawn attention to the fact that unincorporated territories are in a unique legal position — they belong to the United States, but they are not part of this state. Indicates the methods used to integrate the unincorporated territories into the United States. It is indicated that the generalizing features of the constitutional-legal status of the unincorporated territories of the United States are the fragmentary application to them of the provisions of the national Constitution and the limited scope and resources for participation in shaping and implementing decisions made at the national level. Attention is focused on a discriminatory approach on the part of the United States with respect to the political rights of citizens living in unincorporated territories. The point is that the population of these territories is not entitled to participate in the election of Congress and the President of the United States and only some territories (USA Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico) delegate their representatives to the House of Representatives. In the conclusion is formulated that such an approach does not comply with international legal standards of human rights, including those signed by the United States Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. It is emphasized that the scope of competence of some unincorporated territories may be broader than that of the states. Also within the framework of this article, the constitutional legal parameters of legislative, executive and judicial authorities of the unincorporated territories of the United States are considered. Attention is focused on the role and importance of federal authorities in determining and modifying the constitutional-legal status of unincorporated territories. It was concluded that diversified models of unincorporated organized and unorganized territories are peculiar indicators of the complex asymmetric structure of the USA.

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Irkhin, Igor V. "Constitutional-legal status of unincorporated territories of the United States." Pravovedenie 62, no. 3 (2018): 484–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu25.2018.304.

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14

Fedulova, N. "Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: Positions of Coastal States." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2008): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2008-8-68-75.

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15

Le, Tang Thanh Trai. "The Legal Status of the Refugee in the United States." American Journal of Comparative Law 42, suppl_2 (1994): 577–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/42.suppl2.577.

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16

Rich, Ben A. "Current legal status of advance directives in the United States." Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 116, no. 13 (July 2004): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03040929.

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17

Taleh oğlu Allahverdiyev, Ömər. "Legal regime of refugees - legal and real situation in national and international legal practice." SCIENTIFIC WORK 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/77/222-226.

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Mövzunun əsas məqsədi milli qanun və beynəlxalq hüquq konvensiyalarının həm nəzəri, həm də təcrübi vəziyyətində qaçqın anlayışı, qaçqın və məcburi köçkün statusunu almış şəxslərin hüquqi və faktiki əsaslarının fərqləndirilməsi, qaçqın statusunun verilməməsi və itirilməsi halları, habelə qaçqınların hüquqları və vəzifələri, onlara tətbiq olunmalı güzəşt əsaslandırılmışdır. Bununla yanaşı, mövzu müqayisəli milli qanun və beynəlxalq konvensiyaların hüquqi təhlili, analiz və sintez, induksiya və deduksiya kimi müvafiq tədqiqat üsullarından istifadə edilmişdir. Mövzuda müasir dövrdə qaçqın statusunu almış şəxslərə milli qanun və beynəlxalq konvensiyaların tətbiq olunmasının həm hüquqi, həm faktiki əsasları, həm də müasir dövrün problemlərini nəzərə alaraq qaçqınların hüquqi rejimi ilə bir sıra məsələlər təhlil edilmişdir. Mövzunun praktiki əhəmiyyəti qaçqınların hüquqi rejimi ilə bağlı bəzi aktual məsələlər 1999-cu il tarixli “Qaçqınların və məcburi köçkünlərin statusu” haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının qanunu, “Qaçqınların beynəlxalq statusuna” dair 1933- cü il Konvensiyası, “Qaçqınların statusu haqqında” 1951-ci il Konvensiyası və ona cüzi dəyişiklər olunmuş “Qaçqınların statusuna dair” 1967-ci il Protokolu müqayisəli şəkildə həm nəzəri, həm də təcrübi əsaslarla təhlil olunaraq qanunvericiliyin təkmilləşdirilməsi istiqamətində tövsiyyələr olunmuşdur. Açar sözlər: qaçqın, məcburi köçkün,status, vəzifə, güzəşt Omar Taleh Allahverdiyev Legal regime of refugees - legal and real situation in national and international legal practice Abstract The main purpose of the topic is to define the concept of refugee in both theoretical and practical terms of national law and conventions of international law, to distinguish between legal and factual grounds of refugees and IDPs, cases of nonissuance and loss of refugee status, as well as rights and responsibilities of refugees. In addition, relevant research methods such as legal analysis, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction of comparative national law and international conventions were used. The topic analyzes a number of issues related to the legal regime of refugees, taking into account both the legal and factual basis for the application of national law and international conventions to those who have received refugee status in modern times, as well as the problems of modern times. Practical significance of the topic Some topical issues related to the legal regime of refugees The Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the Status of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons of 1999, the Convention on the International Status of Refugees of 1933, the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees, which has been slightly amended. Key words: refugee, IDP, status, position, privilege

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18

Khakimjanovich., Davlyatov Valisher. "Legal Status Of A Legal Consultation Office In The Development Of The Institute Of Advocacy." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 04 (April 26, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue04-04.

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19

Ceyhun qızı Qasımova, Əminə. "The problem of international legal status of the Caspian Sea." SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/63/103-106.

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İnternational legal status of Caspian Sea has long been a controversial subject among littoral states. Determining a status of the Caspian Sea as a lake, a sea, or a specific body of water, also, specifying the international legal status and regime caused disagreement among the five Caspian Sea littoral states. As a result, it made more tough to resolve the issue of the legal status of the Caspian Sea. On August 12, 2018, the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea was signed by the leaders of the Caspian littoral states in Aktau, Kazakhstan. Although this convention did not fill all the necessary gaps, it eliminated a historical problem. The main point of the convention is the naming of the Caspian Sea "a watershed surrounded by the coastal areas of the parties." The use of the term "Sea" is only conditional. Key words: Caspian Sea, Enclosed Sea, Semi-enclosed Sea, İnternational Lake, İnternational Legal Status, İnternational Legal Regime, Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone.

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20

Humbat Hasanli, Shabnam. "Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin Beynəlxalq Hüquqi Statusu." SCIENTIFIC WORK 76, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/76/133-137.

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The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is an international tribunal established in 1959 under the auspices of the Council of Europe, an international organization. The Court is a judicial body to which individuals, communities, legal entities and other States may apply under certain procedures and rules in the event of a violation of the fundamental rights provided for in the European Convention on Human Rights and its Additional Protocols. The 47 members of the Council of Europe recognize the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Although the use of the Council of Europe's flag by the European Union today is confusing, the European Court of Human Rights is a body of the Council of Europe, an almost separate international organization, and not of the European Union. However, the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights are indispensable minimum standards for the European Union. All this is the topic of the article “International legal status of the European Court of Human Rights” is very relevant today. Key words: Europe, human rights, judiciary, international law system, ECHR Şəbnəm Hümbət qızı Həsənli Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin Beynəlxalq Hüquqi Statusu Xülasə Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsi (AİHM) 1959-cu ildə beynəlxalq təşkilat olan Avropa Şurasının nəzdində yaradılmış beynəlxalq məhkəmədir. Məhkəmə Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Konvensiyası və onun əlavə protokolları ilə təmin edilən əsas hüquqların pozulması halında fiziki şəxslərin, icmaların, hüquqi şəxslərin və digər dövlətlərin müəyyən prosedur və qaydalar çərçivəsində müraciət edə biləcəyi məhkəmə orqanıdır. Avropa Şurasının 47 üzvü Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin yurisdiksiyasını tanıyır. Bu gün Avropa İttifaqının Avropa Şurasına məxsus bayraqdan istifadə etməsi müxtəlif çaşqınlıqlara səbəb olsa da, Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsi Avropa İttifaqının deyil, demək olar ki, ayrıca beynəlxalq təşkilat olan Avropa Şurasının orqanıdır. Bununla belə, İnsan Hüquqları üzrə Avropa Konvensiyası və Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin məhkəmə təcrübəsi Avropa İttifaqı üçün əvəzolunmaz minimum standartları təşkil edir. Bütün bunlar “Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin beynəlxalq hüquqi statusu” adlı məqalə mövzusu müasir dövr üçün olduqca aktualdır. Açar sözlər: Avropa, insan hüquqları, məhkəmə, beynəlxalq hüquq sistemi, AİHM

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21

احمدی, فضل احمد. "منزلت معاهدات بین‌المللی در نظام حقوقی افغانستان." ghalib quarterly journal 36, no. 1 (August 4, 2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.58342/.v11i36.33.

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جذب معاهدات بین‌المللی، یکی از نیازهای عمدۀ دولت‌ها در جهان معاصر است؛ از‌این‌رو، هر دولتی با توجه به ضرورتِ زیست بین‌المللی و حفظ منافع ملی و ارزش‌های بین‌المللی به جذب معاهدات بین‌المللی روی می‌آورد؛ در‌حالی‌که معاهدات از یک‌سو متعدد و مختلف است، از جهت دیگر، این معاهدات حامل قواعد معینی‌است که مستلزم اجرا در نظام‌های حقوقی داخلی می‌باشد. دولت افغانستان در زمان جمهوریت سوم با‌توجه به این نیاز به تعداد بسیاری از معاهدات بین‌المللی محلق شده است؛ چنان‌که «مجموعه معاهدات» سازمان ملل متحد نشان می‌دهد، این کشور صد‌و‌پنجاه‌و‌پنج مورد امضا‌، تصویب و الحاق دارد. با‌توجه به این مطلب، سوال اصلی تحقیق این است که با امعان نظر به روش‌های بین‌المللی‌گرایانه و دولت‌محورانه در زمینۀ جذب معاهدات بین‌المللی، دولت افغانستان در زمان جمهوریت سوم کدام روش را برگزیده و در عین حال چه منزلت و اعتباری برای معاهدات بین‌المللی قائل می‌باشد؟ روش بررسی این پژوهش، ‌توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر داده‌های کتاب‌خانه‌یی است که پس از جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و با استفاده از قوانین موجود، موضوع و مسأله مورد تحلیل و تجزیه قرار گرفته است. نتیجۀ این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که رویۀ عملی دولت افغانستان در زمان جمهوریت سوم در قبال جذب معاهدات بین‌المللی، به‌صورت دقیق بر وفق هیچ کدام از نظریات مطرح شده نیست؛ در‌حالی رویۀ دولت افغانستان در جذب معاهدات بین‌المللی بینش بین‌المللی‌گرایانه است، در تعیین منزلت معاهدات و اجرای آن‌ها با گرایش دولت‌محورانه عمل کرده است. با این حال، در بسیاری از موارد هیچ رویه قابل تعیین نیست.

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Verbitskaya, Tatyana V. "THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL STATUS OF STATES ACTUALLY POSSESSING NUCLEAR WEAPON." State power and local self-government 9 (September 4, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1247-2019-9-30-34.

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23

김문환. "Recent Consumer Credit Issues in the States." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 22, no. 2 (February 2010): 305–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2010.22.2.305.

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김영국. "Legislation Trend and Task for Legal Status of Insurance Solicitor in Korea." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 27, no. 2 (October 2014): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2014.27.2.9.

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Hye-Jeong Kim and Ki Kwang-Do. "A Current Status and Improvement of Korean Sentencing Guideline on Sexual Molestation." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 29, no. 3 (February 2017): 155–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2017.29.3.155.

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26

Latos-Miłkowska, Monika. "Status prawny jedynej reprezentatywnej zakładowej organizacji związkowej." Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne 2019, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0032-6186.2019.12.4.

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27

Kuzmin, Sergey L. "Динамика правового статуса Монголии в XX в." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-58-67.

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This article is aimed at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of Qing Empire till the mid XX century. As it is shown, Mongolia was not part of China but was in vassal — suzerain relationship with the Manchu Dynasty of Qing Empire. Qing ‘new policy’ of Chinese colonization destroyed this relationship which led to national liberation movement of Mongols. Dynasty abdication and the formation of the Republic of China gave new legitimate ground for independence Mongolia. Declaration of independence of Mongolia on December 29, 1911 as the culmination of this movement was legitimate and was not a revolution. The treaty signed in 1912 between Russia and Mongolia may be considered as de jure recognition of the independence but not the autonomy of Mongolia. The rightful recognition of the autonomy was recorded in the agreement of 1915 between Russia, China and Mongolia. Outer Mongolia became the state under the formal suzerainty of China and the protectorate of Russia. The abolishment of autonomy and occupation of Outer Mongolia by China in 1919 was illegal. In 1921 baron R. F. Ungern reinstated the autonomy and in fact the independence of Outer Mongolia. From the take-over of the Mongolian People’s Party until adoption of constitution by the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924 the country status was undefined. From 1924 until recognition by China in 1946 the Mongolian People’s Republic was de facto independent country with the implied (silent) recognition by the USSR. Reunion of Inner Mongolia and Barga with the Outer Mongolia / Mongolian People’s Republic was the historical choice of their peoples.

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Nodirbek, Salaev. "PREVENTIVE LEGAL STATUS OF CONVICTS IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 04 (April 26, 2020): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue02-03.

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Nodirbek, Salaev. "PREVENTIVE LEGAL STATUS OF CONVICTS IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 04 (April 26, 2020): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue04-03.

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Marusenko, Roman. "Legal Status of Animals in Ukraine and Poland." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 1 (July 2, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2018.1.59-70.

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The article deals with the analysis of animals’ legal status via examples of Polish and Ukrainian legislation. The examples of inaccurate usage of legal terminology is this sphere (concerning subjects and objects) are analyzed. Legislative attempts to assign the status of subjects of law to animals in Ukraine and Poland are discovered. Remarkable examples from world judicial practice are revealed. Historical parallels are shown. Conclusion of possible solutions taking into account present understanding of nature of law and the aim of proposed changes in legal regulation is made.

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Radulović, Srđan. "Legal status of pets and pretium affectionis." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 59, no. 89 (2020): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-28570.

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In domestic legal theory, as well as in judicial practice of the Republic of Serbia, there is a widely accepted standpoint that animals are property items, i.e. living movable assets in property law, and property items which increase the risk of damage in tort law. However, both views have been seriously challenged by the adoption of the Animal Welfare Act, and the subsequent amendments introduced into the Serbian criminal legislation. These norms have ultimately contributed to creating a solid base for reconsidering the legal status of animals and treating them as highly distinctive subjects of law. The current legal status of animals, including pets as a special legal category of animals which is the focal point of this paper, is debatable. Yet, the mere hint that there is a possibility to finally overcome the traditional "animal = object" concept creates an obligation to review all other civil law provisions and principles de lege lata, and especially de lege ferenda. In particular, using both analytical and normative method, the author analyzes the relevant provision of the Civil Obligations Act and the Draft Civil Code of Republic of Serbia, and examines the likelihood of awarding compensation (damages) for pretium affectionis (special affection and attachment) in case of death or injury caused to a pet.

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Palmer, Edward L., and George L. Little. "THE PLIGHT OF BLACKS IN AMERICA TODAY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, no. 4 (January 1, 1993): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.4.313.

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This article examines the historic plight, current status, and future challenges of Blacks in the United States within the contexts of education, housing, employment, poverty, crime and the legal system. It is concluded that the Reagan administration legacy of a “colorblind society”, social program cutbacks, and Supreme court appointments dealt a devastating blow to opportunity and progress for Blacks and that the current and future challenges will require a concerted effort, concern and involvement by all sectors of society.

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이동기. "The Implementation Process and Status of UNIDROIT Convention(1995) - Compare to UNESCO Convention(1970) -." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 22, no. 1 (August 2009): 109–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2009.22.1.109.

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Davydova, Marina L., and Vladislav O. Makarov. "Legal status of the actors of the experimental legal regimes (regulatory sandboxes) in Russia." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 34, S2 (August 18, 2022): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol34ns2.932.

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El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar el estatus legal de los actores en los regímenes legales experimentales rusos (cajas de arena regulatorias). Esta investigación analiza categorías de actores de regímenes legales experimentales (sandboxes regulatorios), según lo dispuesto por la legislación rusa actual. Distingue dos grupos principales de actores según su rol en los regímenes legales experimentales (sandboxes regulatorios). La metodología de investigación se basa en la lógica formal, el análisis sistémico y estructural, y la interpretación de las normas legales. El estudio distinguió dos grupos de actores de regímenes jurídicos experimentales (sandboxes regulatorios): actores participantes y actores reguladores. El primer grupo incluye iniciadores, contendientes, sujetos y participantes. Este último comprende los organismos reguladores y autorizados, la organización de la comunidad empresarial, las autoridades de coordinación y el Banco de Rusia. La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el estatus legal de los actores de regímenes legales experimentales (sandboxes regulatorios), una institución previamente desconocida en Rusia. Proporciona una descripción de los sujetos involucrados en el establecimiento de un sandbox regulatorio, según lo dispuesto por la legislación nacional, y hace una distinción entre los actores participantes y reguladores.

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Vylegzhanin, Alexander N., and Elena V. Kienko. "Consultative meetings of non-Arctic states on the status of the Arctic." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 2 (2021): 296–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.204.

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The article, in the context of the contemporary status of the Arctic, examines the legal and political documents adopted by China, Japan and South Korea in regard to their arctic policy, including those agreed upon by these three States. The alarming reaction to such documents in the Arctic coastal states, firstly, in the USA and Canada, is also considered in the article. Relevant western scholars’ arguments are scrutinized, such as the increase of “China’s military power”; China’s “insatiable appetite” for access to natural resources in the Arctic; the argument that “China seeks to dominate” the Arctic and the situation when “the Arctic Council is split”; the notion that China makes other non-Arctic States create separate legal documents concerning the regime of the Arctic Ocean. The article concludes that the western interpretation of such documents is alarming only in relation to China. The research shows that up till now there are no grounds for such estimations of China’s negative role. However, statements by Chinese officials as cited in the article and some provisions stipulated in “China’s Arctic policy” contradict the common will of the Arctic coastal states in regard to the legal regime of the Arctic Ocean as reflected in the Ilulissat Declaration of 2008. In such a dynamic legal environment, new instruments of collaboration are in demand, which might involve China and other non-Arctic states in maintaining the established legal regime of the Arctic. Thus, the new instruments would deter the creation (with unpredictable consequences) by China, Japan and South Korea of new trilateral acts relating to the status of the Arctic.

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Barkova, Olga. "The Legal Status of Russian Emigrants in the United States, 1917—1939." ISTORIYA 11, no. 8 (94) (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840011004-3.

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Voitsikhovskyi, A. V., M. I. Marchuk, and Y. S. Logvynenko. "International legal status of “unrecognized states” as special political and territorial entities." Law and Safety 84, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2022.1.12.

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Problems of determining the status of so-called unrecognized states in terms of modern international law are revealed. It is noted that the desire of different territorial entities to secede in recent years increasingly leads to the emergence of “unrecognized states” as special political and territorial entities, whose existence is one of the sources of conflict in modern world politics. Many works by both domestic and foreign scholars are devoted to the problems of determining the international legal status of “unrecognized states” and their domestic political development. However, a significant disadvantage of these scientific works is that their authors do not seek to develop general theoretical methodological approaches to the study of the phenomenon of “unrecognized states” and to determine the criteria of insolvency and non-recognition. It is noted that the study of the international legal status of self-proclaimed “unrecognized states” requires theoretical and methodological understanding, which is possible with a comprehensive scientific approach to this topic. Thus, in the current conditions of development of international relations, scholars in the field of international law, international relations and political science are faced with the task of finding optimal methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of the phenomenon of “unrecognized states”. An integrated approach to its study will help to determine the features of their domestic political development, to identify the relationship between the main trends in their formation and international legal status. The results obtained will determine the prospects for the recognition of such political and territorial entities (“unrecognized states”) with a special status and the development of their capacity. The purpose of the article is to define the term “unrecognized states”, to conduct a scientific and theoretical analysis of its content and consider the existing preconditions for its formulation, as well as to clarify the place of such political and territorial entities (“unrecognized states”) in international law. The objective of the article is to clarify the substantive characteristics of the term “unrecognized states”, the international legal status of such entities and analyze the principle of the right of peoples to self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity in the context of the emergence and existence of “unrecognized states”. The conflict in modern international law between the principle of the right of peoples to self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity, which are a prerequisite for geopolitical disputes in the current conditions of international relations is shown. Given the complexity of the practice of recognizing such entities, it was noted the need to develop clear legal norms that would regulate the procedure for the formation of such political and territorial entities (“unrecognized states”) as subjects of international law.

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Thomas, Darlene K. "The legal status of AIDS at the workplace in the United States." Medical Anthropology 10, no. 2-3 (March 1989): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.1989.9965964.

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Galas, M. L. "Legal Regulation of the Status of Workers in the EAEU Member States." Economics, taxes & law 13, no. 4 (2020): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2020-13-4-148-156.

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Alharbi, Yousef N. "Current legal status of medical marijuana and cannabidiol in the United States." Epilepsy & Behavior 112 (November 2020): 107452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107452.

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Borisov, Nikolai A. "EX-PRESIDENTS OF THE POST-SOVIET STATES. LEGAL STATUS AND POLITICAL PRACTICE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 3 (2022): 60–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-3-60-92.

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Despite the extensive political and legal practice of regulating the status of a president who has ceased to perform his duties, that institution still remains insufficiently studied. On the basis of the author’s methodology the article solves the problem of the correlation between the formal status and informal influence of post-Soviet ex-presidents, and identifies ex-presidency models. It considers 33 ex-presidency cases in 12 post-Soviet states in the period from 1992 to 2022 and gives a quantitative assessment for each case according to two criteria (the level of institutionalization and the level of subjectivity). The author comes to the conclusion that out of 33 cases, only 30% are characterized by staying of the ex-president in politics, and of these, only in four cases, that staying did not lead to political persecution of the former president. Legal guarantees of maintaining the ex-president’s high role in the political process in practice do not guarantee the ex-president’s safety, since as a result of a change in the balance of power within the elite; they may be revised or canceled by the new president. At the same time, the degree of political regime competitiveness also does not affect the ex-president’s protection from prosecution. Weak legislative regulation of the ex-president’s status or its absence in competitive political regimes does not exclude that presidents whose term of office is coming to an end will try to extend them in other ways. Currently, only in Russia and Turkmenistan elites have been able to ensure staying of expresidents in the political process without subjecting them to persecution. In all other states, the ex-presidency experience is either still absent or has an extremely negative character associated with the persecution of former leaders for political reasons. That is due to the fact that in most post-Soviet states, irrespective to the type of political regime, stable institutional practices of political competition, dialogue with opponents and guarantees of former presidents activities have not appeared.

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Zembatova, B. V., and I. A. Yakovlev. "Problems of Cooperation between the Caspian States: Investment and Legal Aspects." Economics and Management 26, no. 10 (December 26, 2020): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1080-1091.

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Aim. The presented study aims to substantiate the objective need for legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states in the development of Caspian resources as a starting point for balanced economic cooperation.Tasks. The authors develop baselines for analyzing the state of economic cooperation between the Caspian Five countries, laws and regulations adopted by the Caspian states to regulate interaction in the Caspian Sea; analyze the impact of the current legal regulator of relations on the possibility, nature, and directions of cooperation between the Caspian states in the investment sphere and key sectors (energy, trade, transport, etc.).Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to substantiate approaches to analyzing the legal framework of Caspian economic cooperation, identify key problems of regulating the rights of the Caspian Five states as owners of the Caspian Sea, and propose major directions for solving these problems.Results. Analysis of laws and regulations governing the interaction between the Caspian Five states in the usage of the Caspian Sea and its resources in the context of the current stage of development of their relations shows the uncertainty of the legal status of the Caspian Sea to be the main reason for economic problems in the cooperation between the Caspian states. The identified problems determine the selection of approaches to the formation of the fundamentals of legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states and their application to determining the content of such concepts as “the Caspian Sea as an object of law”, “legal status of the Caspian Sea”, and the principles of formation of norms regulating the legal status of the Caspian Sea serving as the main missing elements of the legal framework of cooperation between the Caspian states – the owners of the Caspian Sea and its resources.Conclusions. Establishing the legal status of the Caspian Sea has become one of the main goals and at the same time a major problem of interaction between the Caspian states in the investment sphere, energy, trade, and transport infrastructure since their unification into the five co-owners of the Caspian Sea. This problem has not been resolved to this day.

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Bordaš, Bernadet. "Legal status of the citizens of third countries in the European Union." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 78, no. 9 (2006): 319–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0606319b.

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The law of the European Communities regulates legal status of individuals pursuant to the goals establishing EC as a regional international organization and in the scope of activities set for achieving those goals. Therefore personal scope of application of the community law relates primarily to the citizens of the Member States. Their legal status has been determined and regulated since the Roman Treaty establishing European Economic Community through the freedom of movement, freedom of residence and freedom of services, and since the Mastricht Treaty on European Union and European Community through the freedom of movement and residence for the citizens of the European Union. The citizens of third countries are not included in the scope of application of the community law rationale personae except in extraordinary circumstances: (1) the capacity of a family member of the citizen of the Member State makes them derivative participant and their status depends on the status of the original participant who is exercising one of the above mentioned freedoms; (2) international agreements on cooperation, association, accession which are concluded between the EC and certain third countries are the sources of the special legal status for the citizens of those countries. Amsterdam Treaty on EC, as a primary source of the community law, establishes for the first time legal basis for adoption of the measures of secondary law in the field of legal status of the citizens of third countries, and in particular: (1) in respect of conditions to enter and reside, issue of visa and resident permits issued by the Member States for the longer period of time; (2) in respect of rights and terms under which the citizens of third countries, who are legal aliens in the Member States, can reside in other Member States. Although those community measures do not prevent Member States to keep or to introduce national measures in these fields they set minimum basis for broadening the number of citizens of third countries who can acquire the status of the community law participant.

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Massey, Douglas S. "Do Undocumented Migrants Earn Lower Wages than Legal Immigrants? New Evidence from Mexico." International Migration Review 21, no. 2 (June 1987): 236–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100201.

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This article examines the extent to which undocumented status lowers wage rates among immigrants to the United States from four Mexican communities. Regression equations were estimated to determine the effect of legal status on wages independent of other demographic, social and economic variables, and special efforts were made to control for possible sample selection biases. Findings suggest that the data are relatively free from selectivity problems that have characterized earlier studies, and that legal status had no direct effect on wage rates earned by male migrants from the four communities. Legal status also had little effect on the kind of job that migrants take in the United States, but it does play an important indirect role in determining the length of time that migrants stay in that country. By reducing the duration of stay, illegal status lowers the amount of employer-specific capital accruing to undocumented migrants, and thereby lowers wage rates relative to legal migrants.

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Wratny, Jerzy. "Status prawny i funkcje zasady uczestnictwa pracowników w zarządzaniu." Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne 2019, no. 12 (December 20, 2019): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0032-6186.2019.12.1.

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許炳華, 許炳華. "新興溝通科技與言論自由——可能之定位暨思維." 國立中正大學法學集刊 70, no. 70 (January 2021): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/172876182021010070001.

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Chorieva, Dilbar. "Legal And Procedural Status Of The Defender At The Pre-Investigation Stage." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 02, no. 10 (October 28, 2020): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume02issue10-17.

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This article reveals an in-depth analysis of the pre-trial investigation stage, the individuals involved, as well as the role of defender and the procedural status of defender in pre-investigation inspection actions, and addresses the challenges at this stage in law enforcement practice today. The author provides substantiated scientific proposals on the development of a mechanism for the exercise of the right to protection in the pre-trial investigation and the determination of the legal status of participants in the pre-trial investigation, including the legal status and procedural status of defender, as well as their rights.

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Valisher, Davlyatov. "TOPICAL ISSUES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF ADVOCACY STRUCTURES." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 06 (June 23, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue06-03.

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Toghramchy, Waleed Taha Akram, and Nahro Khasro Hussein. "Constitutional and legal status of a federal subject in the Republic of Iraq and in the Russian Federation: a comparative legal study." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111802020.

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The constitutional and legal status of subjects of various federations is the issue considered by many scientists, but the area of comparative legal research remains poorly studied. The article considers the basics and features of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of two federations that are at the stage of formation as democratic and legal states: the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Iraq. The purpose of the comparative study is to identify common and different elements of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of two states and to identify on their basis a model of the constitutional and legal status of a subject of a modern, democratic, and rule-of-law state. The work is based on the comparative-legal research method. The study reveals differences in the ways of achieving the goal of building a federal state in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Iraq. It also determines the foundations and features of the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of the two federations. The analysis of the main constitutional and legal norms establishing the procedure for the division of powers between federal and regional state authorities is carried out. The study results allow concluding that it is necessary to amend the constitutional legislation of the Republic of Iraq in order to expand the constitutional and legal status of the subjects and improve federal relations within the country.

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강구철. "The Feres Doctrine and It's Expansion in the United States." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 20, no. 2 (February 2008): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2008.20.2.11.

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