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Journal articles on the topic 'Legibility Threshold'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Schieber, Frank. "Using the “Blur Tolerance” Technique to Predict and Optimize the Legibility Distance of Symbol Highway Signs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (1994): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801425.

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This study investigates the hypothesis that variations in symbol sign legibility distance can be accounted for on the basis of a sign's dependence upon high spatial frequency contours to convey critical information. Using digital image processing techniques, highway signs were blurred to remove all high spatial frequency information. A blur recognition threshold was established for each experimental sign by sequentially “deblurring” it until the observer could report the critical details defining its recognition criteria. Correlational analyses were then conducted to determine if legibility di

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2

Cai, Dengchuan, Chia-Fen Chi, and Manlai You. "The legibility threshold of Chinese characters in three-type styles." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 27, no. 1 (2001): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8141(00)00035-4.

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3

Miloš, Slaven, Đorđe Vujčić, and Igor Majnarić. "Use and analysis of UV varnish printed braille information on commercial packaging products." Journal of graphic engineering and design 12, no. 4 (2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2021-4-005.

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This paper investigates the possibility of reproducing Braille by UV ink-jet printing on self-adhesive labels, previously printed by flexo printing technol- ogy. The aim was to determine whether it is possible to reproduce Braille, the degree of quality of created Braille dots (cells), the legibility of Braille text, and how many layers of varnish are necessary for quality reproduc- tion. The Braille letter was applied to the previously printed label (design) using 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 layers of varnish. It has been found that it is possible to reproduce a quality and legible Braille. With the

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4

Chrysler, Susan T., Paul J. Carlson, Brad Brimley, and Eun Sug Park. "Effects of Full Matrix Color Changeable Message Signs on Legibility and Roadway Hazard Visibility." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2617, no. 1 (2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2617-02.

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Transportation agencies are considering public–private partnerships as they struggle to fund infrastructure and operations improvements. The national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) allows acknowledgments of private sponsors on static signs. The legibility and visibility impacts of including logos of sponsors on changeable message signs (CMSs) were examined. Thirty drivers participated in a closed-course study during daytime and nighttime conditions. Full-sized full matrix color LED signs were used to display travel time and safety reminder messages with and without sponsor a

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5

Ohnishi, Madoka, and Koichi Oda. "Unresolvable Pixels Contribute to Character Legibility: Another Reason Why High-Resolution Images Appear Clearer." i-Perception 11, no. 6 (2020): 204166952098110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520981102.

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This study examined the effect of character sample density on legibility. As the spatial frequency component important for character recognition is said to be 1 to 3 cycles/letter (cpl), six dots in each direction should be sufficient to represent a character; however, some studies have reported that high-density characters are more legible. Considering that these seemingly contradictory findings could be compatible, we analyzed the frequency component of the character stimulus with adjusted sample density and found that the component content of 1 to 3 cpl increased in the high-density charact

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6

Schnell, Thomas, and Helmut T. Zwahlen. "Legibility Threshold Contrast of Uppercase Text Seen against a Dark Background." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 43, no. 23 (1999): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129904302316.

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7

KEMBER, PAUL, and DAVID VARLEY. "The legibility and readability of a visual display unit at threshold." Ergonomics 30, no. 6 (1987): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138708969788.

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8

Nishimura, Y., H. Watanabe, and T. Irikura. "Effect of duration of presentation on legibility threshold of exposed lamp sign." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 84, Appendix (2000): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.84.appendix_271.

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9

IRIKURA, Takashi, Yosuke NISHIMURA, and Hitoshi WATANABE. "Effects of Duration of Presentation on Legibility Threshold for Exposed Lamp Signs." Journal of Light & Visual Environment 25, no. 2 (2001): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jlve.25.2_82.

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10

Cai, Dengchuan, Chia-Fen Chi, and Manlai You. "Assessment of English Letters' Legibility Using Image Descriptors." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (2008): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.618-628.

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The study derived seven descriptors from the pixel matrices of both the uppercase and lowercase forms of the 26 letters in the English alphabet in the regular and italic versions of the most commonly used font. Times New Roman. A factor analysis of the seven descriptors showed that a two-factor solution of letter width and height explained 76.6% of the variance. Legibility threshold of the 26 letters in the regular and italic Times Roman font and in two-case forms were collected to specify effects of letter width and height. 20 university students, 10 women and 10 men, with a mean age of 24.1

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11

Chen, Wu Fen, Ai Lian Liu, Jia Jia Xia, Chao Lei Duan, Song Song Yang, and Wan Ceng Hu. "Study on Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Denoising Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1734.

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In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) inherent speckle will affect the legibility of image details; give the image target detection adverse effects. In order to reduce the SAR image speckles noise, this article provided an improved algorithm based on median filter and wavelet semi-soft threshold shrinkage. First, reduced the SAR image speckle with median filtering method, then, with the filtered image, filtering the image with wavelet half soft threshold value contraction algorithm to noise, Simulation results show that the algorithm based on median filtering and improved algorithm of wavelet half

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12

Shinoda, H., and M. Ikeda. "Visual Acuity Affected by Size Perception Based on Convergence Cue." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970198.

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Increasing (or decreasing) the convergence angle can shrink (or expand) the perceived size of an object without changing its retinal size (Oyama, 1974 Perception & Psychophysics16 175 – 182). Here we address the question whether such a change in perceived size affects visual acuity. We investigated the effects of perceived size on the legibility of letters, using a telestereoscope consisting of four mirrors to control the observer's convergence angle while keeping the size of the retinal image constant. The targets were photocopies of ordinary Japanese books containing both types of Japane

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13

Elliott, David B., David Whitaker, and Lorraine Bonette. "Differences in the legibility of letters at contrast threshold using the Pelli-Robson chart." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 10, no. 4 (1990): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00877.x.

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14

Phillips, David J. "Work and play at the threshold of legibility: theatre as method and pedagogy in surveillance research." Surveillance & Society 13, no. 1 (2014): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v13i1.5225.

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In May 2013, six collaborators and I produced and presented “Work and Play at the Threshold of Visibility.” For my part, the intent of this collaboration was to use the skills of performers and the craft of theatre to explore poorly understood aspects of life within the modern surveillance apparatus. This article describes and critiques that work, placing it in the context of other artistic and theatrical explorations of surveillance, describing its successes and failures, and suggesting avenues for further research.

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15

Ohnishi, Madoka, and Koichi Oda. "The effect of character stroke width on legibility: The relationship between duty ratio and contrast threshold." Vision Research 185 (August 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2021.03.006.

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16

Sawyer, Ben D., Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, and Bryan Reimer. "The Cost of Cool: Typographic Style Legibility in Reading at a Glance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601698.

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When designers typographically tweak fonts to make an interface look ‘cool,’ they do so amid a rich design tradition, albeit one that is little-studied in regards to the rapid ‘at a glance’ reading afforded by many modern electronic displays. Such glanceable reading is routinely performed during human-machine interactions where accessing text competes with attention to crucial operational environments. There, adverse events of significant consequence can materialize in milliseconds. As such, the present study set out to test the lower threshold of time needed to read and process text modified

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17

Berger, Curt. "THE INFLUENCE OF STROKEWIDTH UPON THE LEGIBILITY (THRESHOLD OF RECOGNITION) OF SOME NARROW NUMERALS OF VARYING HEIGHT." Acta Ophthalmologica 30, no. 4 (2009): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1952.tb00017.x.

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18

Ghazali, Roslinda binti, Siti Rasidah Md Sakip, Ismail Samsuddin, and Heba Samra. "The Knowledge of Awareness on Designing Physical Learning Environment for Autism." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, no. 17 (2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i17.2806.

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Autism occurs in every racial and ethnic group gives a life-long impact to their affected relative. Conducive physical learning environment deliver benefit and helps autistic children improve their skill and performance. This research aims to develop a framework of the Physical Learning Environment, and this paper to determine the respondent knowledge of awareness on physical learning environment for autism. In summary, there are nine components involved: building scale, accessibility, wayfinding, toilet provision, window, ventilation/heating, threshold, legibility, and furniture. The signific

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19

Hutcheson, Isabelle, Fiona Grieve, and David Coventon. "Inside dyslexia: the contextual knowledge and methodology of a practice-led research through typographic design and autoethnography." DAT Journal 8, no. 1 (2023): 370–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.29147/datjournal.v8i1.699.

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There is increased interest in recent literature on the disfluency effect in an effort to contextualize the outcomes for typography research that is grounded in functional readability. Recently, a small group of typographic and legibility researchers have begun to call for more collaboration to generate knowledge that is useful and practical ( Thiessen, Beier & Keage, 2020). This article presents a practice-led design research project that utilises iterative drawing and typographic arrangements through an autoethnographic approach, to convey personal experience with dyslexia. The project r

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20

Tinkelman, Daniel P., and Mohamed Gomaa. "Calibrating Word-Sized Graphics for Financial Accounting Applications: Evidence and Examples." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 18, no. 2 (2020): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-09-02-36.

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ABSTRACT We argue that, to be complete, financial reports should provide information to users about all “material” items. It is therefore desirable that all material effects in financial graphs should be visible to users. If small, word-size graphics are calibrated improperly, users may overlook visually small but numerically material effects. Prior literature does not provide adequate design guidance. We test subjects' ability to detect differing absolute and relative size effects in sparklines. We expand the concept of cognitive fit to include minimum relative and absolute visual sizes of ke

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21

Elbardawil, Shaima. "Empirical assessment of the legibility of the Naskh-style typeface used on Arabic road signs." Information Design Journal, September 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.22022.elb.

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Abstract Most studies on the legibility of highway signs focus on the legibility of Latin typefaces. Few legibility studies of Arabic typefaces are considered in highway signage. The current study is an empirical assessment of the legibility of the Boutros Advertisers Naskh Arabic typeface, the typeface commonly used in road signage in most Middle Eastern and North African countries. The study uses common highway signs configuration within a laboratory-based simulated driving experience. The results show that Boutros Advertisers Naskh has a high threshold, which indicates low legibility on roa

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22

Punsongserm, Rachapoom. "Assessing legibility of Thai universal design typeface and Roman-like Thai typefaces across different viewing distances." grafica, March 3, 2025, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/grafica.423.

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This study compared the legibility of the Thai Universal Design typeface (FT Manifest UD) with that of two Roman-like Thai typefaces (DB Ozone and Sukhumvit Tadmai) across multiple viewing distances. Using a distance threshold methodology, thirty-one Thai participants of diverse ages and visual acuities identified 36 Thai consonants at 15 distinct viewing distances. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test revealed that FT Manifest UD significantly outperformed other typefaces in overall legibility (p < 0.05), with 24 of 36 letterforms showing superior legibility.

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23

Garvey, Phillip M., Wei-Yin Eie, and M. Jennifer Klenna. "The Effect of Font Characteristics on Large Format Display." Interdisciplinary Journal of Signage and Wayfinding 1, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2470-9670.2016.v1.i1.a3.

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Objective: To assess the legibility of a large set of existing large format display fonts. Background: The enormous selection of fonts allows for creative design; however, while there has been a lot of research on print and computer font legibility, only a limited number of large format display font studies have been conducted. Method: Sixty-four subjects from 19-87 years of age viewed 64 displays using 33 fonts shown on a computer monitor. Viewing began at a very small size, which grew larger to simulate a driver or pedestrian approaching a sign. Subjects attempted to read the dis

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24

Nedeljković, Uroš, Kata Jovančić, and Nace Pušnik. "You read best what you read most: An eye tracking study." Journal of Eye Movement Research 13, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.2.9.

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At the threshold of the digital era, Zuzana Licko was of the opinion that familiar letterforms owe legibility to centuries-long exposure and that all new, prototypically unmatching forms would be equally legible if used as frequently. This paper examined the legibility in the context of familiarity – is it affected by the time of exposure to a particular typeface or a typeface’s universal structure. We ran repeated measures tests with exposure period in-between. The experiment was conducted using for this purpose designed typefaces as stimuli, and the eye-tracking on-screen reading technology.

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25

Zhang, Yuchan, and Jeanne-Louise Moys. "Effects of changes in spacing on dual-script sign legibility." Information Design Journal, November 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.21008.zha.

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Abstract This study examined changes to typographic variables in Chinese-English traffic signs. Particularly, it considered the effect of connecting spacing – the vertical distance between a Chinese legend and its English translation – on reading performance for participants who read English but not Chinese. Participants were shown driving video simulations, featuring four connecting space measures (1/6H, 1/3H, 1/2H, 3/4H where H is the height of one Chinese character) and asked to indicate directions. A threshold method with an accuracy check was applied. The study demonstrated that connectin

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26

Photjanat, Phimnom, and Lohasiriwat Haruetai. "Preferred Character Size for Oblique Angles." November 1, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1097211.

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In today’s world, the LED display has been used for presenting visual information under various circumstances. Such information is an important intermediary in the human information processing. Researchers have been investigated diverse factors that influence this process effectiveness. The letter size is undoubtedly one major factor that has been tested and recommended by many standards and guidelines. However, viewing information on the display from direct perpendicular position is a typical assumption whereas many actual events are required viewing from the angles. This current resear

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27

bin Ahsan, Wahid. "Adaptive Font Size Accessibility: A Cross-Media Diagnostic Model." Userhub Journal, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58947/journal.vfry23.

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Font size is a foundational but inconsistently addressed factor in accessible user experience (UX) design. Across web, mobile, print, slides, and signage, font size decisions are shaped by divergent standards and assumptions, often lacking a unified, context-sensitive framework. This paper synthesizes insights from accessibility guidelines, vision science, and UX research to propose a diagnostic model for evaluating font size legibility across media. The model introduces perceptual clarity as a functional outcome shaped by five core variables: media format, viewing distance, user visual charac

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