Relevant bibliographies by topics / Legislative measures

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Legislative measures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Bonvecchi, Alejandro, and Javier Zelaznik. "Measuring Legislative Input on Presidential Agendas (Argentina, 1999–2007)." Journal of Politics in Latin America 3, no. 3 (December 2011): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1100300305.

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Presidential agenda success is usually accounted for through measures of interbranch cooperation, such as bill approval rates, participation rates, and roll-call data of support from presidential initiatives. These measures do not provide an accurate picture of presidential agenda success because they cannot capture the ability of presidents or Congress to shape the substance of legislation. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a combination of two measures of influence on legislative outcomes: the Legislative Input Score for partisan involvement in lawmaking, and the Barrett and Eshbaugh-Soha Scale for legislative substance. To illustrate the potential of these measures, it puts them to work in analyzing the ability of presidents to control the substance of their proposed legislation in Argentina between 1999 and 2007. Preliminary results show that when agenda success is measured with these scores, presidents can consistently shape legislative substance regardless of popularity, coalition size, and honeymoon periods.
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McDowell, Evelyn, and Pamela C. Smith. "Examining Tax Strategy Patents—An Analysis of Reform Measures." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2009.7.1.16.

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Tax strategy patents (TSPs) are currently the center of debate due to their potential to monopolize interpretations of the tax code. Current legislative efforts to calm the debate surrounding tax strategy patents fail to do so. This paper analyzes current legislative reform measures aimed at TSPs. We identify both administrative and legislative problems surrounding TSPs, and argue that legislative reform that completely removes legal methods from patentable subject matter is critically necessary in order to provide equity for all taxpayers. Despite proposed legislation to curb the growth of TSPs, more stringent legislative and administrative reform is necessary in order to provide guidance to taxpayers and to advance tax policy.
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KLIMUSHIN, N. G. "The Legislative Measures Are Necessary." Пожаровзрывобезопасность 21, no. 5 (October 2012): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18322/pvb.2012.21.05.13-14.

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Planck, Corri. "Legislative Update on GLBT Family Measures." Journal of GLBT Family Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2007): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j461v03n01_05.

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Kalinina, Iryna V., Volodymyr M. Kupriienko, Iryna I. Shulhan, Dmytro O. Pylypenko, and Olena A. Kozeratska. "Legality of Applying Coercive Medical Measures in Criminal Law." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 71 (December 25, 2021): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.06.

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The objective of the study was to determine the legality of the application of coercive medical measures and to develop recommendations to improve the legislative regulation of their use. The study included data on the number of offenders with mental disorders; the empirical background was the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercive medical measures; provisions of the legislation of 31 countries. Methods of system approach, comparison, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach, prognosis were used. The national criminal law of most states regulates the application of coercive medical measures to persons who have committed a crime in a state of limited sanity or insanity or have acquired it before sentencing or during the execution of the sentence, but its practical application causes several complications. It is concluded that the legislative definition of coercive medical measures corresponds to human rights legislation. But there are problems with its practical application. Proposals were made to amend national and international legislation: to broaden the range of grounds for the application of coercive medical measures; regulate the possibility of early termination of a coercive medical measure; oblige the courts to determine the appropriate terms.
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Grant, J. Tobin, and Nathan J. Kelly. "Legislative Productivity of the U.S. Congress, 1789–2004." Political Analysis 16, no. 3 (2008): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpm035.

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We measure legislative productivity for the entire history of the U.S. Congress. Current measures of legislative productivity are problematic because they measure productivity for a limited number of decades and because they are based on different aspects of productivity. We provide a methodology for measuring (1) a Legislative Productivity Index (LPI) and (2) a Major Legislation Index (MLI). We use the W-CALC algorithm of Stimson (1999, Public opinion in America: Moods, cycles, and swings. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press) to combine information from previously used indicators of productivity into measures of the LPI and the MLI. We provide examinations of content, convergent, and construct validity. The construct validity model includes potential determinants of legislative productivity. We conclude that the LPI and the MLI are superior measures of productivity than other measures used in the literature.
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Greenberg, Daniel. "Welsh Devolution." Legal Information Management 13, no. 3 (September 2013): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669613000364.

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AbstractThe emergence of the National Assembly for Wales as a devolved legislature producing first Measures and now Acts, together with the establishment of a Welsh Government with a range of powers to make secondary legislation, has added a new layer of complication to the already over-complicated legislative landscape of the United Kingdom. This article, written by Daniel Greenberg, examines briefly some of the resulting complications.
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Mardasova, Мaria Е. "Abuse of Powers by the Tax Authorities while Implementing Some Control Measures." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 9, no. 4 (January 27, 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls114832.

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The article discusses the issues of abuse of powers by tax authorities in the course of implementing certain control measures. Examples of such issues include calling taxpayers to make statements and requesting from them the documents necessary for a tax audit. The author notes that many tax disputes that arise in the practice of law enforcement regarding certain issues in the implementation of these control measures are caused either by the complete absence of legislation or imperfection of legislative regulation for the relevant procedures. Finally, it is concluded that there is a need to improve legislative frameworks for the most important regulatory issues.
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Nazarenko, G. V. "REGULATION OF COERCIVE MEASURES OF A MEDICAL NATURE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-2-164-168.

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The article is devoted to the legislative regulation of compulsory medical measures. The author shows that the legislative regulations of such measures are not limited to the criminal legislation norms. A number of articles regulating compulsory treatment are envisioned by the Law on Psychiatric Care, as well as other federal regulations. However, the legislative recommendation of coercive measures of medical nature has gaps regarding the implementation of such measures. The article reveals compulsory measures of medical nature, appointed and applied against pedophiles. The author draws attention to the restrictive conditions, the observance of which is necessary for imposition of compulsory treatment for this category of persons. The article emphasizes that the use of coercive measures of medical nature for pedophiles who have committed crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors can continue after serving their sentences if the purposes of applying coercive measures are not met. The basis for the extension of such measures is the public danger of a person suffering from sexual drive disorder. The public danger of persons listed in article 97 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is the only basis for use of coercive measures of medical nature. Persons who are not dangerous are to be treated in medical organizations that provide psychiatric care on a general basis. In necessary, such persons can be send to the handicap centres.
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PROKUDINA, R. O., N. A. GONCHARUK, V. A. TSEDRIK, and E. V. ZHURAVLEVA. "Coercive measures of medical nature: legislative definition." Eurasian Law Journal 2, no. 153 (2021): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46320/2073-4506-2021-2-153-254-255.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Dhar, Sarkar Madhumita. "Legislative measures and control of air pollution in India: retrospect and prospect." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2005. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/278.

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Anis, Hamim Asyari Varaporn Chamsanit. "Indonesia's administrative and legislative measures on labor migration from a rights-based perspective /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd421/5038128.pdf.

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Hernández-Mirabal, Ivo. "Legislative control over the executive in Latin American presidential systems executive-legislative institutional relationship during the stabilization and structural adjustment measures commonly known as Washington Consensus /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11078440.

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SANTOS, Diogo de Almeida Viana dos. "Provisional Measures as a Legislative Tool for Achieving Policy Efficiency and Obtaining Regime Legitimacy in 1990s Brazil." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14054.

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Huang, Daiyue. "Efficiency of environmental legislative measures to ICT industry in China with case of Chongqing City - from geographical view." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10024/document.

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Khaile, Samuel Thabo. "Legal and institutional measures: key requirements for effective municipal budget oversight." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4719_1337952238.

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In South Africa, municipal councils are accorded a legal status and authority of a deliberative legislative body. This is considered critical for the municipal council to establish appropriate structures, processes and systems for effective oversight, particularly, oversight of budget execution. However, indications are that, the current legal and institutional measures need to be strengthened to enable municipal council to exercise oversight of the budget execution. Literature review conducted in this study highlighted executive dominance, lack of technical capacity, lack of access to relevant information and partisan attitude as key factors constraining elected representatives in general from exercising oversight of budget execution. In addition, the review identified institutional and behavioural criteria as the normative framework within which to evaluate the effectiveness of the current legal and institutional measures for oversight of budget execution in South African municipalities.

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Oliveira, Fernanda Machiaveli Morão de. "Medidas provisórias: os efeitos não antecipados da EC 32 nas relações entre Executivo e Legislativo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-02022010-145353/.

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A presente dissertação tem como objeto a emenda constitucional 32 de 2001, a qual regulamentou o uso das medidas provisórias, estabelecendo limites materiais para o seu conteúdo e um rito mais rigoroso de tramitação. Entre as principais regras estabelecidas, estavam o fim das reedições e o estabelecimento de um prazo de 45 dias para a apreciação das MPs pelo Congresso, sob pena de trancamento da pauta legislativa. A dissertação analisa, em primeiro lugar, as razões que levaram os parlamentares a aprovarem as novas regras. O argumento defendido é que não se tratou de uma reação do Congresso contra a usurpação da função legislativa pelo Presidente, como fora justificado na época. O avanço da PEC das MPs se deveu sobretudo à divisão interna na coalizão de governo, que abriu espaço para a atuação estratégica da oposição. Além disso, a mudança no posicionamento dos ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal e a campanha da OAB pela limitação do instrumento aumentaram os custos da protelação na apreciação da proposta. Os jogos que ocorriam em outras arenas alteraram os payoffs dos atores na arena parlamentar, criando incentivos para a cooperação entre governo e oposição. Finalmente, a aproximação das eleições presidenciais e a incerteza sobre os papeis que cada partido desempenharia no próximo governo propiciaram um contexto favorável ao acordo. Em seguida, são investigados os efeitos das novas regras sobre a relação entre Executivo e Legislativo. Ao contrário do esperado, o novo rito de tramitação não foi efetivo na redução das medidas provisórias. O uso do instrumento foi intensificado nos anos seguintes à aprovação da emenda constitucional. A principal razão foi o mecanismo de trancamento de pauta estabelecido pela EC 32, o qual conferiu ao Presidente amplo controle sobre a pauta legislativa. As MPs passaram a ser apreciadas em 120 dias, com alto percentual de aprovação. O efeito inesperado da emenda constitucional é explicado pelos pressupostos equivocados que motivaram a campanha pela limitação das MPs. A usurpação dos poderes legislativos era justificada pela paralisia do Congresso, que não apreciava as medidas provisórias deixando espaço para o Executivo legislar unilateralmente. A intensificação do uso do instrumento no período seguinte à EC 32 confirma que as medidas provisórias não são usadas contra as preferências da maioria. Ao contrário, mesmo com a obrigatoriedade de votação em Plenário e o uso frequente de mecanismos legislativos de negação de quórum pela oposição, o governo sai vitorioso em grande parte das votações. Assim, o controle da agenda é útil para coordenar as preferências da maioria e reforçar o seu poder.
This dissertation focuses on the Constitutional Amendment n.32 of 2001, which regulates the use of provisional measures (the Brazilian president´s executive decrees) and sets material limits on its content and more rigorous proceedings. Among its main rules were the prohibition of decree re-issuances and the establishment of a 45-day period for provisional measures to be appreciated by the Congress, under penalty of limiting the legislative agenda. First, the dissertation examines the reasons that led lawmakers to adopt the new rules. The argument is that such adoption was not the congressmen´s reaction against the president´s usurpation of the legislative function, as had been then justified. The advance in the constitutional amendment of the provisional measures results mainly from an internal division in the government coalition, which paved the way for the strategic behavior of the opposition. Moreover, changes in the opinion of the Justices of Brazilian Supreme Court and the Brazilian Bar Association´s campaign for the limitation of the instrument increased the costs of delaying the assessment of the proposal. Events taking place in other arenas have changed the payoffs of the players in the parliamentary arena, creating incentives for cooperation between government and the opposition. Finally, the upcoming presidential elections and the uncertainty about each party´s roles in the next government provided an environment conducive to agreement. Next, we investigated the effects of the new rules in the relationship between executive and legislative branches. Contrary to expectations, the new proceedings failed to reduce the number of presidential decrees. The use of the instrument increased in the years following the approval of the constitutional amendment. The main reason was the mechanism to limit the agenda under Constitutional Amendment n.32, which secured the president wide control over the legislative agenda. The provisional measures started to be assessed within 120 days, with a high percentage of approval. The unexpected effect of the constitutional amendment is explained through the flawed assumptions that led the campaign for the limitation of provisional measures. The \"usurpation of legislative powers\" was justified by the paralysis of Congressmen, who refrained from voting the provisional measures and left room for the Executive to legislate unilaterally. Broader use of the instrument in the period following the Constitutional Amendment n.32 confirms that the provisional measures are not used against the preferences of the majority. Instead, even with mandatory voting in the floor and the frequent use of legislative quorum denial mechanisms by the opposition, the government emerges victorious in most of the votes. Thus, control of the agenda is useful to coordinate the preferences of the majority and strengthen its power.
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Terblanche, Anél. "Voedselsekerheid as ontwikkelingsdoelwit in Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing : 'n menseregte-gebaseerde benadering / Anél Terblanche." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8240.

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Various South African government reports list food security as a development priority. Despite this prioritisation and despite the fact that South Africa is currently food self-sufficient, ongoing food shortages remain a daily reality for approximately 35% of the South African population. The government's commitment to food security to date of writing (being 30 November 2011) manifests in related policies, strategies, programmes and sectoral legislation with the focus on food production, distribution, safety and assistance. A paradigm shift in the international food security debate was encouraged during 2009, namely to base food security initiatives on the right to sufficient food. During a 2011 visit to South Africa, the Special Rapporteur for the Right to Food of the United Nations, accordingly confirmed that a human rights-based approach to food security is necessary in the South African legal and policy framework in order to address the huge disparities in terms of food security (especially concerning geography, gender and race). A human rights-based approach to food security will add dimensions of dignity, transparency, accountability, participation and empowerment to food security initiatives. The achievement of food security is further seen as the realisation of existing rights, notably the right of access to sufficient food. The right of access to sufficient food, as entrenched in section 27(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 will accordingly play a central role within a human rights-based approach to food security. Section 27(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 qualifies section 27(1)(b) by requiring the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of the section 27(1) rights. The South African government's commitment to food security, as already mentioned, currently manifests in related policies, strategies and programmes, which initiatives will qualify as other measures as referred to in section 27(2) mentioned above. This study, however, aims to elucidate the constitutional duty to take reasonable legislative measures as required by section 27(2) within the wider context of food security. This study is more specifically confined to the ways in which a human rights-based approach to food security as a development objective can be accommodated in South African national legislative measures. Hence, this study focuses on three national legislative levels, namely constitutional incorporation, the adoption of a framework law and revision of sectoral legislation. Several underlying and foundational themes are addressed in the course of this study, amongst others: (a) the development of the food security concept; (b) the relationship between food security and the right of access to sufficient food; (c) key elements of a human right-based approach; and (d) the increasing trend to apply a human rights-based approach to development initiatives in general, but also to food security.
Thesis (PhD (Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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BRESSAN, SERENA. "Le misure legislative anti-tratta e la copertura a mezzo stampa della tratta di persone in Italia e Regno Unito: uno studio esplicativo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1769.

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La tratta di esseri umani è un crimine che ha attratto progressivamente l’attenzione dei media negli ultimi anni, durante il consolidamento delle politiche anti-tratta internazionali e nazionali. Il dibattito accademico sul ruolo dei media nell’ambito della tratta è esiguo e uno degli argomenti d’interesse è costituito dall’impatto delle politiche pubbliche sui contenuti mediatici. È questo il contesto nel quale s’inserisce la ricerca, il cui scopo è investigare se le misure legislative nazionali anti-tratta possano influenzare la copertura a mezzo stampa della tratta di persone in un Paese. A questo scopo, sono state formulate sei ipotesi, verificate attraverso l’analisi di quattro quotidiani di stampo conservatore e liberale in Italia e Regno Unito dal 2000 al 2010: Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian. Il test delle ipotesi è avvenuto tramite la content analysis, i cui risultati sono stati validati da interviste in profondità. L’analisi dei dati ha rivelato che la relazione tra l’agenda legale e quella della stampa è risultata essere positiva nei dieci anni di riferimento. Pur presentando dei limiti, questo studio può essere considerato come un passo verso la comprensione di come i giornali affrontino il tema della tratta e di quali fattori influenzino le loro scelte.
Human trafficking is a crime today widespread which has attracted media attention in recent years during the consolidation of anti-trafficking policies at international and national level. The academic debate on the role of the media within the context of trafficking in human beings (THB) is scant, and one of the issues concerns the impact of public policies on media contents. This is the context in which the research has been framed, its aim being to investigate whether national anti-trafficking measures shape the coverage and the representation of THB by a country’s press. Six hypotheses are formulated, and they are verified by examination of four conservative and liberal broadsheets published in Italy and the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2010: i.e. Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian. The application of content analysis, with the validation of in-depth interviews, contributes to testing the hypotheses. As regards the data analysis, the relationship between the legal agenda and the press agenda appears to have been close during the ten reference years. Notwithstanding its limitations, this study can be read as the first stage in understanding how newspapers approach the issue of trafficking and what factors may influence their choices.
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BRESSAN, SERENA. "Le misure legislative anti-tratta e la copertura a mezzo stampa della tratta di persone in Italia e Regno Unito: uno studio esplicativo." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1769.

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La tratta di esseri umani è un crimine che ha attratto progressivamente l’attenzione dei media negli ultimi anni, durante il consolidamento delle politiche anti-tratta internazionali e nazionali. Il dibattito accademico sul ruolo dei media nell’ambito della tratta è esiguo e uno degli argomenti d’interesse è costituito dall’impatto delle politiche pubbliche sui contenuti mediatici. È questo il contesto nel quale s’inserisce la ricerca, il cui scopo è investigare se le misure legislative nazionali anti-tratta possano influenzare la copertura a mezzo stampa della tratta di persone in un Paese. A questo scopo, sono state formulate sei ipotesi, verificate attraverso l’analisi di quattro quotidiani di stampo conservatore e liberale in Italia e Regno Unito dal 2000 al 2010: Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian. Il test delle ipotesi è avvenuto tramite la content analysis, i cui risultati sono stati validati da interviste in profondità. L’analisi dei dati ha rivelato che la relazione tra l’agenda legale e quella della stampa è risultata essere positiva nei dieci anni di riferimento. Pur presentando dei limiti, questo studio può essere considerato come un passo verso la comprensione di come i giornali affrontino il tema della tratta e di quali fattori influenzino le loro scelte.
Human trafficking is a crime today widespread which has attracted media attention in recent years during the consolidation of anti-trafficking policies at international and national level. The academic debate on the role of the media within the context of trafficking in human beings (THB) is scant, and one of the issues concerns the impact of public policies on media contents. This is the context in which the research has been framed, its aim being to investigate whether national anti-trafficking measures shape the coverage and the representation of THB by a country’s press. Six hypotheses are formulated, and they are verified by examination of four conservative and liberal broadsheets published in Italy and the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2010: i.e. Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian. The application of content analysis, with the validation of in-depth interviews, contributes to testing the hypotheses. As regards the data analysis, the relationship between the legal agenda and the press agenda appears to have been close during the ten reference years. Notwithstanding its limitations, this study can be read as the first stage in understanding how newspapers approach the issue of trafficking and what factors may influence their choices.
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Books on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Philippines. Priority legislative measures of the president. Manila]: Office of the President, 2011.

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Assembly, Oregon Legislative. Form and style manual for legislative measures. [Salem, Or: Legislative Administration Committee, 1994.

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Assembly, Oregon Legislative. Form and style manual for legislative measures. 2nd ed. [Salem, Or: Legislative Administration Committee, 2001.

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Assembly, Oregon Legislative. Form and style manual for legislative measures. Salem, Or: Legislative Administration Committee, 1986.

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Assembly, Oregon Legislative. Form and style manual for legislative measures. [Salem, Or: Legislative Administration Committee, 1997.

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Banda, Jai. Legislative response to organised crime in Malawi: Do we need more effective legislative measures? Limbe, Malawi: J. Banda, 2001.

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Church Council on Justice and Corrections (Canada), ed. Satisfying justice: A compendium of initiatives, programs and legislative measures. Ottawa, Ont: Church Council on Justice and Corrections, 1996.

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Research, European Parliament Directorate-General for. Directory of the most important Community legislative measures in evironment policy. Luxembourg: European Parliament, Directorate-General for Research, 1995.

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Ontario. Legislative Assembly. Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly. Report on security in the Legislative Precincts. [Toronto]: The Committee, 1996.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on the European Union. The European food authority: Legislative proposal : with evidence : 10th report, session 2000-01. London: Stationery Office, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Maule, Brian A. "Regulatory, Legislative, and Judicial Measures." In Police Misconduct in Brooklyn, 35–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66814-7_6.

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Pillay, Soma. "Legislative Measures and Institutional Structures." In Development Corruption in South Africa, 51–75. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137383501_3.

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Beltgens, Maurits T. "Legislative Measures’ Impact on the New Psychoactive Substances Market." In Dual Markets, 171–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65361-7_10.

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Deb, Sibnath. "Legislative and Social Measures for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect." In An Empirical Investigation into Child Abuse and Neglect in India, 41–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7452-3_2.

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Pillay, Viness, Yahya E. Choonara, Pradeep Kumar, Valence M. K. Ndesendo, and Lisa C. du Toit. "Legislative Measures for In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations and Pharmacokinetic Modeling." In Patenting Nanomedicines, 49–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29265-1_3.

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Wagle, Radha, Soma Pillay, and Wendy Wright. "An Analysis of Legislative Measures on Gender Equality and Women’s Inclusion." In Feminist Institutionalism and Gendered Bureaucracies, 137–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2588-9_5.

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Wantoch-Rekowski, Jacek. "Emergency Legislative Measures on Social Insurance Contributions And The COVID-19 Pandemic." In Pandemic Poland, 183–94. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205214373.183.

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Bontenbal, Ilona, and Nathan Lillie. "Legal Issues Affecting Labour Market Integration of Migrants in Finland." In IMISCOE Research Series, 149–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67284-3_8.

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AbstractFinland has only relatively recently become a country of immigration, and as a result most immigration and integration policy legislation is also relatively recent. Since the 1990s, the number of migrants to Finland has increased steadily, motivating the adoption of various policy measures to regulate migration and support integration. From the perspective of migrant labour market integration, the two most important legislative acts are the Aliens Act (FINLEX 301/2004) and the Act on the Promotion of Immigrant Integration (FINLEX 1386/2010), which lay out basic labour market integration supports for migrants, and determine who can work in Finland and on which grounds. Finland’s comprehensive residence-based welfare state policies and collective bargaining based labour regulation also shape labour market outcomes for migrants. Immigrants working in Finland are subject to the same labour regulations as native Finnish citizens. There are different justifications for labour market access for different groups of immigrants, depending on from which country they come, and what kind of work they are doing. The chapter will go over the principle legislation regulating migration and migrants working in Finland. Also, the legislative basis for applying for asylum is discussed.
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Puppo, Federico, Silvia Corradi, and Lorenzo Zoppellari. "Rhetoric and Argumentation in the Pandemic Legislation: The Italian Case." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 165–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_9.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the argumentative and rhetorical structure of the regulatory techniques used to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy. The first part of the chapter aims to clarify the connection between law and rhetoric, in order to provide a framework in which the legislative activity has operated. After analyzing critical aspects of the chosen regulatory tools, we will focus on the three most innovative elements of the pandemic legislation: the frequent use of images, the sporadic presence of sanctions, and the relevant role of experts. In the second part, an analysis of the fundamental traits of visual argumentation will be presented to highlight the fact that the use of images, during the pandemic period, has become a political-normative technique, which is never a neutral tool, but is always subject to interpretation and endowed with a notable rhetorical value. Given the sporadic presence of sanctions, the second section will analyze the argumentative strengthening applied by the legislator in order to promote the obedience of the recipients of the measures. Finally, we will examine the involvement of experts in the justificatory activity of the legislator, and the need for them to acquire legislative legitimacy through a rhetorical-argumentative relationship with citizens.
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Davies, David. "Eradicating Gender Stereotypes in Advertising in Spain." In Towards Gender Equality in Law, 211–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98072-6_11.

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AbstractTo tackle sexist advertisements, each EU state must tread a fine balance of two conflicting fundamental rights: maintaining the protection of gender equality whilst simultaneously avoiding the curtailment of freedom of expression. In performing this balance, the majority of member states follow the legal norm of establishing a self-regulation organisation, allowing the industry to develop advertising codes and denigrate advertisements. Since 2004, Spain has sought to tackle sexist advertisements under the guise of wider legislative measures that aimed at reducing “intimate partner violence” based on its Gender Violence Act. The act places obligations upon advertisers and prohibits adverts that use a woman’s body detached from the advertised object or uses an image that portrays women in stereotyped behaviours. This chapter explores Spain’s route into the legislation to strike down sexist advertisements and analyses two of the court’s founding rulings: the RyanAir calendar and Cillit Bang cases.
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Conference papers on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Danoyan, Valeriy Levovich. "Legislative Measures Of Peter I In The Field Of Municipal Public Government." In International Scientific Congress «Knowledge, Man and Civilization». European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.12.37.

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Карп, Марина Викторовна, Елена Леонидовна Гулькова, and Мария Валерьевна Типалина. "REGULATION OF LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES IN COUNTERSANCTIONAL TRANSACTIONS." In Science. Research. Practice (Наука. Исследования. Практика): сборник статей международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Октябрь 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/221026.2022.62.51.010.

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Представлен обзор и дана оценка принятых и рассматриваемых федеральных законов, касающихся контрсанкционных мер, контроля за их исполнением, контрсанкционной информации. The review and assessment of the adopted and considered federal laws concerning counter-sanctions measures, control over their execution, and counter-sanctions information are presented.
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Латыпов, Н. Э., and Т. Р. Зайнеев. "CIVIL LAW MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY IN RUSSIA." In ИНСТИТУТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ГРАЖДАНИНА В ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/lawinn.2023.11.67.012.

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В статье рассмотрена сущность института гражданского правовой ответственности в гражданском праве, его законодательная основа. Проведено исследование оснований и исключений применение мер гражданско-правовой ответственности в отношение субъектов гражданских правоотношений, определен размер гражданско-правовой ответственности, а также значение и актуальность данного института в гражданском праве. The article examines the essence of the institution of civil legal responsibility in civil law, its legislative basis. A study of the grounds and exceptions for the application of civil liability measures in relation to subjects of civil law relations was conducted, the amount of civil liability was determined, as well as the significance and relevance of this institution in civil law.
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Zubkova, Daria. "Comparative analysis of measures of legislative regulation of public safety in the conditions of a special epidemiological situation caused by the spread of coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/134-139.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of measures of legislative regulation of the safety of the population in a special epidemiological situation caused by the spread of coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. The author conducts a comparative study not only in the context of specific regulatory legal acts adopted in a designated period of time, but also in entire branches of legislation, within which the corresponding regulatory requirements were introduced. In conclusion, the author draws conclusions corresponding to the study.
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Bâcu, Adelina. "Interim measures in the english civil proceedings." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155649.41.

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The process of reforming the justice system is a difficult and complex one, and sometimes we face situations when institutions that, despite undergoing extensive legislative transformations, nevertheless, show gaps and imperfections in judicial practice. Among these institutions is the mechanism for ensuring civil action. Thus, currently the litigants from the Republic of Moldova are frequently confronted, either with the lack of complete tools that would ensure their interests, or with the negligence or abuse of the courts in terms of ensuring civil action. At the same time, internationally, there are states that stand out for the undeniable success of the legal instruments requested by the applicant and applied by the court, which protect the interested party from possible tricks of the defendant to create difficulties in the future execution of decision. Among such states, the United Kingdom stands out, which, through the ways of ensuring the action taken, offers a panacea against the abuses of the subjects involved in obligatory relations, but also increases the credibility of the justice system in the view of the litigant. However, such models can also provide positive examples for our legal system.
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Kucina, Irena. "Effective Measures Against Harmful Disinformation in the EU in Digital Communication." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.11.

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Digitalisation has opened new technological horizons before society in terms of creating a better physical world and personal life. Impact of technologies on medicine, reduction of environmental pollution, resource savings and other areas is obvious. Digital technologies kept Latvian parliament (Saeima), government, public institutions, schools and business open or working remotely during pandemic to ensure running of the state, economy and society under restrictions and preventing close contact. Pandemic would have made our lives significantly harder 30 years ago. Digital revolution is on the rise. Global data output is doubling every year. Just picture hundreds of thousands of Google searches and Facebook entries we generate every minute. They convey valuable information about what we think and experience. It has also become apparent that technological euphoria has clouded our vision and we have failed to spot the threats to democracy, human rights and freedoms. Digitalisation come with great opportunities, but it also poses enormous risks, especially for democracy and rule of law. On 15 December 2020, European Commission announced two new legislative proposals (proposals for regulation) – Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act . Their main objective is to make internet safer for people who use it, in particular, for buying goods and services, and for the first time ever these regulations also contain provisions regarding reduction of threats to democracy and rule of law emanating from digital tools. This paper analyses two significant legal risks associated with digitalisation that need to be mentioned: Big Data threats to fundamental human rights such as privacy (I) and threats to freedom of speech on social media (II), which are then evaluated from the perspective of interconnected legislative proposals announced by the Commission on 15 December 2020 (Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act), followed by an assessment of how well they address (or not) the aforementioned risks (III). In conclusion, paper offers several proposals on how Latvia should address these issues during consultation process (IV).
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Butorac Malnar, Vlatka, Mihaela Braut Filipović, and Antonija Zubović. "RETHINKING UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN: THE CROATIAN PERSPECTIVE." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18812.

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In recent years, the need for a systematic and harmonised way of preventing unfair trading practices (hereinafter UTPs) in the food supply chain has intensified at the European level due to many diverging national legislative solutions. These efforts resulted in the Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices (UTPs) in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. Croatian UTPs Act, enacted already in 2017, was just amended to conform with the requirements of the named Directive. Generally speaking, the UTPs Act sets out rules and measures to prevent the imposition of UTPs in the food supply chain, establishes the list of such practices and sets up the enforcement structure and sanctions. Comparing the Directive to the UTPs Act, the authors discuss the outcome of the transposition pointing to the incorrect scope of application of the national legislation, its potential consequences and de lege ferenda solutions. Further, the authors anlyse the legal nature of the adopted UTPs system concluding that it does not fit into the traditional systematisation of laws jeopardising the coherency of the intricate and complex relationship between relating legislative frameworks. New rules are diverging and overlapping with both competition and contract law, leading to possible undesirable spill over effects in contract law, and unresolved concurring competence with competition law. Authors suggest precautionary interpretative measures as a means of solving the identified legal conundrum.
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Калинина, Полина Игоревна. "RESTRICTIVE NATURE AS A SIGN OF INTERIM MEASURES IN THE ARBITRATION PROCESS." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt185.2020.16.51.006.

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Данная статья посвящается ограничительному характеру обеспечительных мер в Арбитражном суде. В работе даётся законодательное определение институту обеспечительных мер, а также указываются основные признаки, закреплённые в процессуальном законе. Поскольку уделяется внимание ограничительному характеру, как признаку мер, в работе приводятся виды обеспечительных мер, через которые проводится анализ и исследование данного признака, характеризующего данные меры. This article is devoted to the restrictive nature of interim measures in Arbitration. The paper provides a legislative definition of the institution of interim measures, as well as specifies the main features enshrined in the procedural law. Since attention is paid to the restrictive nature as a feature of measures, the paper presents the types of interim measures through which the analysis and research of this feature that characterizes these measures is carried out.
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Rossokhan, R. D., and O. V. Egorova. "ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT AND LEGISLATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS IN SUBSIDING KEY RATE TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.102-105.

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Changes in the system of state subsidizing of lending to agricultural producers were reviewed and analyzed. Four stages of state transformations in the period 2006-2019 were identified, including directions for subsidizing and changes in the interest rate. Statistical data reflecting the positive results of economic measures of state programs aimed at subsidizing lending to agricultural producers are presented.
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Martins, Tiago Nunes, Teresa E. Leitão, and Lian Lundy. "EVALUATION OF THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITY OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER BODIES TO ROAD RUNOFF." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.764.

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This article presents an overview of the current European practices with regards to protecting surface water and groundwater bodies, in what concerns the application of legislation to protect water resources and to evaluate the vulnerability of water bodies to traffic related activities. This is achieved through the application of the EU Water Framework Directive and all Directives containing procedures to identify pressures affecting the state of water and environment, and the establishment of measures to ensure that all surface water and groundwater bodies achieve good status. A flowchart has been constructed to assist the assessment of the environmental legal constraints related to a road project. A combination of layers was integrated in GIS environment to address legislative needs and constraints, as well as the need to implement a risk assessment analysis of road runoff impact to surface and groundwater bodies.
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Reports on the topic "Legislative measures"

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Bonvecchi, Alejandro, Juan C. Gómez Sabaini, Elssy Bonilla-Castro, Javier Alvaredo, Ernesto Calvo, and Maximiliano Castillo Carrillo. Measuring the Political Economy of Tax Lawmaking: A Methodology and Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011521.

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Although recent research has shed new light on the political determinants and economic consequences of tax lawmaking, existing analyses rely on coarse data measuring political aggregates. Consequently, little is known about the political processes determining how tax legislation is written or their effect on the nature of tax reforms. This paper therefore develops a methodology to examine how Congress edits the content of tax legislation by measuring the ways Deputies, Senators, Presidents, and Ministers propose and amend such legislation. The Legislative Substance Scale proposed here measures the distance between a bill's original position and the actual outcome of the legislative process by comparing the differences in content according to coding of the main tax policy dimensions. The scale is used to build the first systematic database of tax lawmaking in Argentina, and to describe its general patterns of authorship, approval and substantive content across presidencies in the current democratic period.
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Кобзарь-Фролова, М. Н. НОВЫЕ ФЕНОМЕНЫ ПЕРИОДА ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-2019 (В КОНТЕКСТЕ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО ОБОСНОВАНИЯ И РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ): ПОСТАНОВКА ПРОБЛЕМЫ. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0412-1959-2021-12621.

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The rapid spread of the disease associated with the action of CAVID-2019 mediated the emergence of not only new phenomena, but also a group of new relationships associated with the action of prohibitions, restrictions, and the introduction of coercive measures. The author draws the attention of the scientific community to the legislative gaps that have arisen and to the fact that new phenomena have not been studied, described by legal science, and their characteristics are not given, which means that problems may arise in the practice of applying new phenomena, as well as the operation of prohibitions and restrictions. In conclusion, the relevant conclusions are drawn
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Fernández Monge, Ernesto. Trade Policy Scope and Taxation Study in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009147.

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The Technical Note provides an overview of the trends in Belize's tariff structure over recent years, in particular its trade policy, commitments and obligations, the tax revenue implications, and the scope for policy implementation. Specifically, it assesses the country's level of compliance with CARICOM commitments, such as the application of the common external tariff, and outlines and analyzes Belize's trade agreement obligations and their timing and impact with respect to fiscal incentives. It provides policy recommendations and alternatives for compliance with Belize's international trade commitments, for example with the World Trade Organization (WTO), from legislative and policy changes to further trade liberalization and fiscal measures to ensure compliance with its existing international tariff and nontariff commitments. The study considers the solution to eliminate the use of revenue replacement duties, lower all tariffs on excisable goods, and then levy an excise tax on each of the goods up to the current level imposed by import and revenue replacement duties. The study argues in favor of the elimination of the Environmental Tax, as it violates the principle of WTO national treatment in its current form, and takes into account that the export incentive programs will have to be reformed to comply with the rules of the WTO before the end of 2015. Finally, the study proposes a transformation or rationalization of the import license regime to make it more predictable, transparent, and nondiscriminatory.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Horizontal Measures. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009157.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Rossi, Martín, and Mariano Tommasi. Legislative Effort and Career Paths in the Argentine Congress. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011441.

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This paper uses data from the Argentine House of Representatives to study the relationship between legislative effort and political success, as measured by reelection, becoming a leader of the House, and moving to higher political positions. It is found that more effort is associated with a higher probability of being reelected, and also that for those legislators that are reelected, higher effort is positively associated with acquiring leadership positions in the House. This happens in a context of fairly high legislative turnover and in a political context in which career paths of legislators are largely dictated by provincial party leaders. Interestingly, it is found that higher legislative effort is associated with a lower probability of improving politically outside Congress. These findings suggest the presence of various alternative career paths for Argentine politicians, and some degree of sorting. The paper concludes with some speculation on these politician types and with ideas for further research.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Fishback, Price, Rebecca Holmes, and Samuel Allen. Lifting the Curse of Dimensionality: Measures of the Labor Legislation Climate in the States During the Progressive Era. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14167.

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FEDOTKINA, S. A., O. V. MUZALEVA, and E. V. KHUGAEVA. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67320-2-4-22.

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Introduction. The economic losses associated with disability due to diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the costs of providing medical care to patients suffering from heart and vascular diseases, are increasing annually. The state preventive measures currently being carried out are of a delayed nature. The results of the medical examination of the population of the Russian Federation in recent years (2015-2019) indicate that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is at a fairly high level. In the middle of the last century, the Concept of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases were formulated, in the structure of which cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, occupies one of the primary positions. The concept is based on the results of promising epidemiological studies, and, at present, is a methodological basis for planning and organizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study. Based on the analysis of literary sources (including foreign ones) containing experience in the use of telemedicine technologies, to assess their significance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as well as forecasting improvements in the quality of medical care when adapting to the use of clinical recommendations. Materials and methods. The article provides an analytical review of the use of modern telemedicine technologies in the prevention of hypertension. The results of the study and their discussion. The analysis of literary sources has shown that in the context of the progress of information and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare system, a fundamentally new direction has appeared in the organization and provision of medical care to the population - telemedicine, which will ensure the modern level of prevention, detection and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, and also determines positive medical, social and economic performance indicators. To date, updates in the legislative framework of the Russian Federation are aimed at ensuring that medical care with the use of telemedicine technologies is more widespread, taking into account the standards of medical care and clinical recommendations. Conclusion. Based on a review of literature sources, it has been established that the modern solution to the problem of improving the quality of medical care for patients, including those with hypertension, diseases is medical care using telemedicine technologies that prove their medical, social and economic effectiveness.
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10

Byrne, Peter D. Tax Incentives for FDI in Seven Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008542.

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This paper compares the history of tax incentives in seven Latin American countries. It is an attempt to understand why countries enact tax incentive legislation; how countries measure the costs and benefits of such legislation; how such costs and benefits are viewed by the public; and what considerations have led to the repeal of such incentives. The information set forth below is the result of extensive interviews and correspondence with noted private and public sector tax experts in the countries reviewed. The information was collected over a two and one-half year period ending in September 2001.
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