Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Légitime défense de l'État'
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Pacreau, Xavier. "La légitime défense préventive." Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020077.
Full textLareau, François. "Légitime défense et théorie." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7867.
Full textMaleki, Patricia. "La légitime défense des biens." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE0008.
Full textTubiana, Sophie. "La doctrinne israélienne de la légitime défense." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE0019.
Full textDétais, Julien. "Les nations unies et le droit de légitime défense." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346398.
Full textNdengou, Jean. "Le droit à la légitime défense de la victime du vol de nuit en Centrafrique : étude de droit comparé, droit français et centrafricain." Toulouse 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU10010.
Full textThe central african republic, an ancient french colony named the oubangui-chari. As almost all the african states, did not abolish all the colonizer's laws when it acceded to the political sovereignty. Among the numerous texts of the french penal code, servilely reproduced in the central african penal code, one is related to the self-defence presumption of the victim of burglaries. In pratice, this text divides the french positive law from the central african one. Whereas the former applys the plain character to this prsumption, the latter tacitly acknowledges the absolute irrefragable character. Among the reasons explaining this irrefragability we must notice the delinquents' ignorance of the law and of their own rights, for they always consider their victims' unlawful behaviours as to be lawful. On the other hand, we could justify this irrefragability by xenophobia, if we consider that the large majority of the central african people is convinced that the burglary curse which stirs up the proprietor's retort is a phenomenon coming from abroad. But the foreigners have not the monopoly of burglaries in the central african republic. In any case, we must notice the survival of the central african traditional law about self-defence, in which the burglar is held to be a real wizard, and the persistency of a severe criminal policy with reference to the calamity of burglaries
Sicilianos, Linos-Alexandre. "Les réactions décentralisées à l'illicite : des contre-mesures à la légitime défense." Strasbourg 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30003.
Full textThe thesis examines the range of unilateral reactions of states to an intrnationally wrongful act from coutermeasures - defined as the pacific reactions in themselves contrary to an international obligation - up to self-defence. These reactions are, all consequences of the intenationally wrongful act which constitutes their common cause. Their purposes and functions are objectively determined by the caracteristics of the wrongful act. The indentification of the injured states which are entitled to react connot be homogeneously carried out unless one adheres to the concept of "legal injury" and one takes into account the nature and gravity of the illicit act. The formal conditions preceding the lauching of the reaction must contribute to the reduction of the subjectivism of states as to the existence of the alleged wrong without unduly limiting the options of the injured state. If these preliminary conditions are fulfilled, the decentralized reactions will be generally admissible in principle if they do not conflict with a rule hierarchically superior to the one which authorizes them. They will be illicit if they are contrary to an absolue or peremtory obligation. In those are cases of conflict between basic principles of international law, the corresponding reactions although illicit, will be grandted extenuating circumstances
Lamothe, Sophie. "Les actions en réparation en cas de violation des attentes légitimes relatives à l'état du bien vendu." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ003D.
Full textSales law appears as a rich law. However, it is also a complex law, verily a confused law. The question of the lawsuits that victims (purchasers or third parties) can file, in case of a breach of the legitimate expectations relating to the state of a good they purchased, is the main issue. The fact that the victims can file many different lawsuits could be interpreted as a good way to protect their interests as well as to obtain an effective compensation for the damage suffered by them. Nevertheless, this diversity leads mostly to legal uncertainty. Indeed, the choice of the right lawsuit appears tricky because it depends on some unspecified notions and confused rules relating to the multiplicity of lawsuits. A reform is also required to define with clarity and coherence which lawsuit has to be filed in order to obtain compensation for damage. The transposition of the directive n° 1999/44/ce of 25 may 1999 was without any doubt the occasion to implement such a reform. Unfortunately, the opportunity was not grabbed. A new lawsuit regarding conformity of goods, which can only be filed by consumers, has been established increasing the risk of multiplicity of lawsuits. It is advisable to carry out a deep reorganisation of the lawsuits based on the criteria of the nature of the damage. Regarding damage to the goods, a lawsuit based on the conformity guarantee, without any distinction linked to the cause of the damage or the status of the consumer, is recommended. Regarding damage due to the goods, the liability for defective products, which is a mandatory liability in case of a breach to the safety, should coordinate with the personal liability
Chocquet, Christian. "Terrorisme, criminalité organisée et défense." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10065.
Full textRazgi, Mohamed. "La @légitime défense en droit français et en droit libyen : étude de droit comparé." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010276.
Full textConsidered by certain ancient legislations as a simple excuse, the self-defence is regarded in law; either in france or in libya, as a justificatory fact, part thus of the general theory of justification. To this respect, the existence of the justificatory fact prevents at the orlgin, the constitution of the offence, and by the way permits to distinguish the justificatory fact from other connected notions as criminal irresponsability causes. We understand by justificatory fact, as related in particular to self-defence, an actual and unjust danger threatening a right or an interest potected by the law. The existence of a justificatory factor in other words, the existence of an actual and unjust danger, authorises a necessary and proportional reaction to the agressive force. It is, furthermore, this agressive force combined with a right or an interest imperil which determine the balance of the defense force. The author and all who would participate to the neutralization of the justificatory danger do not incur any responsability, neither criminal nor civil. Self-defense as a justificatory fact and specially as a right, is incompatible with the offense, source of the tort, either criminal or civil
Romanova, Mariya. "La défense de l'État arménien de Cilicie (1073-1375)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30079.
Full textCilicia - also known as the Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilicia or New Armenia - was a medieval State, which had a rich, but relatively short history (from the end of XI till late fourteenth century). The principality of Armenian princes' roubênienne of Cilicia (from 1198 - a kingdom) was located in the southeast of Asia Minor.Placed at the intersection of commercial and strategic roads, Cilicia was an unavoidable area between Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. Throughout its existence Armenian Cilicia - a state formed more or less from forced migration - faced attacks or numerous invasions.Throughout a history spanning across three centuries, Cilicia was exposed to attacks from various sides: Europe, Byzantium, Sultanate of Rum, Ayyubid emirates, Egypt and Syria, and, above all, Mamluk. In the period of three centuries Cilicia tries to maintain its independence and defend its own territory against invaders. Thus, the Military Art of the Armenians of Cilicia (tactical strategy, weaponry, composition of the army etc.), and their national idea develops with spirit of defense.Defense, or defensive strategy, along with the offensive, is one of the two main forms of military strategy. It involves a posture of resistance using all the means for preventing the opposing action. Event that the defensive strategy uses all tactical functions necessary to achieve the military conflict (against attack, raid, offensive), that is the defense it gives the major role. The strategic choice of a defensive posture determines all dimensions or military Art of Cilicians: operations, battle and each element of the war.The study of the defense of Cilician Armenia is an innovative topic. We tried to study not only the military history of Cilicia, but also its social and political context, the technical details as and the role of the church in the military case.For our research we used many different original sources. In fact, besides the Armenian sources, we examined the Latin, Greek, Arabic, Syriac (the last two in translation) texts. Only the method of crossing of sources and comparing military traditions gave us hope that we have succeeded in innovative conclusions.This method has allowed us to instigate some issues never discussed, for example the armor and weapons of Cilician Armenian fighter (including the use and types of knives), strategy and tactics in the Cilician army, siege warfare and siege machines. We also treated other topics such as espionage in Cilicia, or naval warfare conducted by the Cilician Armenians. Among other questions, the role of the Church in the Armenian army is also discussed.The method applied in our research is perhaps the novelty of this work. In our investigation, we tried not only to determine the historical events (encounters and battles) but also to develop the problem that exists around these conflicts, trying to find their origins. By asking the questions how? and for what?, we can deliver a lot more information, and thus we can explain the historical events from a military point of view
Ahmed, Ossama. "L'irresponsabilité pénale en droit musulman : étude comparative." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUED008.
Full textThe present study entitled “The Criminal Irresponsibility in Islamic Law - comparative study” includes : an introduction, two parts and a general conclusion. In the introduction, we discussed briefly the basis of the responsibility in the Muslim culture and, particularly, the problem of the predestination and the free will. We also made extensive explanation of the extent of the religious responsibility, the general principles of responsibility in the Qur'an and the specific vocabulary used by fuqaha ’Muslims about this. The First part of the thesis is devoted to objective Causes of criminal responsibility. It contains three chapters: the first chapter is about the exercise of rights and accomplishment of duties ; the second one is about the self-defense while the consent of the victim held the third chapter. The Second part of the thesis concerns the subjective Causes of criminal responsibility. So we developed everything that disturbs the free will of man as constraint and necessity, or his judgment as drunkenness, minority and madness. In all our analyzes, we based on a strictly linguistic or lexical database to clearly reveal the relationship, sometimes insensitive, between the different branches of worship and cultural heritage of Muslims. We finished our thesis by some more general conclusions than those we made at the end of each chapter. Problematic : the hypothesis that we have proposed to check through significant legal examples, it was the religious influence on Muslim criminal thinking. Thus, it can reveal how it approaches, or moves away, of modern penal thought. Methodology: we have applied the "comparative analytical methodology". The comparison was made on two levels: inside: among Sunni legal schools, and outside: with the Egyptian criminal law that was frequently mentioned as a representative of modem legal thought
Yambissi, Claude Désiré. "La légalité de crise en droit public français." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3037.
Full textLegality is a principle that appears as a cornerstone of the rule of law. The term "principle of legality" has long been used to assert that the administration must respect the rules of law. But, in the event of a major crisis, legality can be mitigated. It is tolerated a legality of crisis. The state needs other legal tools than ordinary ones. Exceptional powers are conferred on certain authorities or recognized to certain persons by legal devices of a very different nature. This theory of exceptional circumstances aims to ensure the continuity of the state. It is based on the controversial "necessity is law" saying that in extreme cases, certain acts that would be illegal in normal times are justified. State of necessity and self-defense of the state are the main justifications for the use of crisis powers. In positive law, crisis regimes are heterogeneous and redundant. The persistence of the terrorist threat accentuates the accumulation of anti-terrorist laws and measures. The heterogeneity of the French crisis regimes raises the question of the unification of the main states of crisis by rewriting their constitutional framework. The control of the state of emergency is tempered by important prerogatives recognized by the executive. This can be a risk for guaranteeing the exercise of fundamental freedoms, especially when the exception becomes permanent or when common law is contaminated by the derogatory right
Aktypis, Spyridon. "L'institution de la légitime défense en droit international : du droit naturel à l'ordre public international." Paris 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA020029.
Full textColonna, d'Istria Hélène. "La notion de justification en Droit pénal." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0013.
Full textFakhoury, Amer. "Le statut juridique des armes nucléaires en droit international." Reims, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REIMD003.
Full textA legal statute, clearly and with out any ambiguity, of nuclear weapons seems to be confronted with particular difficulties. The policy or doctrine of deterrence is regarded as a large obstacle in the determination of this statute. The collapse of Soviet Union, the end of cold war and the intervention of an international jurisdiction do not seem to bring a final determination to the statute of the nuclear weapons. During debates having followed the advisory opinion of 1996, an important place was made on the negative influence of paragraph 105/2/E on the legal statute of the nuclear weapons. The paragraph in question points out a worrying reality and an interrogation always without answer. The existence of sevcral grey zones reveals that the international law is unable to prohibit the use or the threat of use of nuclear weapons in al1 circumstances
Poulin, Monique. "Le droit à la légitime défense en situation de violence conjugale, un régime de tutelle pour les femmes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51157.pdf.
Full textMagnuszewski, Pierre. "Corps militaires plurinationaux et édification d'un système européen de défense." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR30009.
Full textSince 1945, Europe has been able to build for peaceful tomorrows and strengthen collective security. Yet it remains an object of desire courted by threats. When the glacial era imposed by the Cold War finally drew to a close, a number of deep geopolitical changes came into operation. The years 1989/1999 were marked by the creation of great multinational units and the unveiling of new partnerships. Europe's powerlessness was to become blatant, however, with the wars in the Gulf and the Balkans. Paradoxically, Europe began as early as 1991/1995 -to acquire a vast amount of experience within alliances whose configurations were uncertain and heterogeneous. Then came 9/11. Europe' enemies suddenly looked different : kamikazes and terrorists supplant the Soviet armoured divisions. War breaks out in Afghanistan and lraq. 2003 marked the turning point : every political defence crisis became a precursor to the EU's misadventures. A great diversity of military alliances has, in fact, always existed. Is it necessary for Europe to bow before the will of a powerful superior ? Today the NRF s waiting for a hypothetical tsunami, a humanitarian mission of a Petersburg type. Is this an ambition for a Europe looking to gain credibility, but resisting calls for financial efforts? Indeed many European countries — some since 1949— are content with the US and NATO which offer greater security. Nevertheless, Europe is trying to build a common defence system. But if there is one field of action where it is essential to pause for reflection — and to keep a critical approach, to anticipate and to avoid mistakes, it is, of course, in the defence policy
Videlin, Jean-Christophe. "L'état et la politique spatiale de la France." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21034.
Full textLaunched at the end of the 1970's, the french spatial military policy can be definited as the combination of the measures aiming the allocation of budgetary, technical and human ressources with or without the cooperation of the european states, resulting from the state's will to provide itself a military spatial systems in order to statisfy its needs for national security. The state has innovated in the management of spatial military policy by laying down contraints, which where made possible by the dual character of spatial technology. If the technological dimension is indisputably pregnant in the contraints presented by the state, the juridical dimension can't be underestimated the legal dimension. In this respect, law appeared to be an instrument to express the state's requirements in the management of the spatial military policy. Actor of the policy, the state has shown its wideranging prerogatives to innovate in the management of this public policy. This innovation is characterized by its organization and financing. On the one hand, the military administration was forced to integrate to the whole process a civil public etablishment, the national centre for spatial studies. On the other hand, the state imposed a modernization of the budget forecast process for the spatial military programs with the creation of the military spatial plan which last several years. However, this observation mustn't hide the obvious evolution of the state's role and place in this public policy which expresses the general movement, which the state itself originated, of transformation of the state's scope of competence. The spatial military policy has therefore affected the state. From a general point of view, the state is no more the exclusive actor of this policy. The state certainly remains the master of the policy, but must share its scope of competence with others actors, wether they are domestic or european. In a national as well as an european scope, the modeme state is forced to share, under whatever juridical form - contractual or institutional - a part of its attributions. As on tis account, the giving up of the european projects have slowed down the french spatial military programs. Finally, the state's management can appear as timid or insufficient. The consequences of france's spatial military policy on the state are therefore ambiguous in the image of the relation
Mingashang, Ivon. "L'actualité de l'affaire de la Caroline en droit international public: la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en procès." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210494.
Full textLa doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en procès.
La principale préoccupation au centre de cette recherche a consisté à trancher la controverse qui divise les spécialistes au sujet de la légalité de la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive, spécialement du point de vue du système juridique international institué au lendemain de la deuxième Guerre mondiale. La doctrine en cause préconise clairement qu’un gouvernement d’un Etat, qui éprouverait des craintes ou des soupçons d’une menace d’attaque contre son intégrité territoriale, et dans une certaine mesure, ses intérêts éparpillés à travers le monde, serait autorisé à frapper militairement l’Etat dont le territoire est susceptible de constituer le point de départ de telles menaces :soit, parce qu’un tel Etat détient les armes de destruction massive, notamment l’arme nucléaire et les armes chimiques ;ou soit parce qu’il hébergerait des bandes hostiles, en l’occurrence, les groupes terroristes, à l’origine de ses craintes. Les partisans de cette thèse soutiennent qu’il s’agit là d’une norme de nature coutumière élaborée à l’issue du règlement de l’affaire de la Caroline survenue en 1837, entre la Grande Bretagne et les Etats-Unis d’Amérique.
En effet, un petit navire battant pavillon américain, dénommé la Caroline, avait l’habitude d’effectuer des navettes entre les territoires de Buffalo, aux Etats-Unis, et Navy Island, au Canada. Et dans cet ordre d’idées, il entama comme à l’accoutumée, la traversée du fleuve Niagara en embarquant à son bord des passagers, vers le Canada, en date du 29 décembre 1837. Mais il fut, dans ce contexte, accusé de transporter des rebelles qui étaient sur le point d’envahir le territoire canadien. C’est ainsi qu’à l’issue de ses voyages opérés durant la journée du 29 décembre 1837, alors qu’il se trouvait déjà accosté dans un port situé dans les eaux intérieures américaines, une intervention armée, décidée par le gouvernement anglais, avait eu lieu sur le territoire des Etats-Unis durant cette nuit là. Elle s’est soldée par la destruction de nombreux biens américains, dont le navire en question, qui fut au final coulé dans le fleuve Niagara.
Cet incident va du coup provoquer une grande controverse diplomatique entre les deux Etats précités. La Grande-Bretagne prétendit notamment que ce navire était engagé dans des opérations pirates, et que par ailleurs, sa destruction par ses forces armées relevait de l’exercice du droit d’autoconservation et de légitime défense. Mais au termes de nombreux rebondissements, le Secrétaire d’Etat américain, du nom de Daniel Webster, adressa en date du 24 avril 1841, une note diplomatique à l’Ambassadeur britannique basé à Washington, M. Henry Fox, dans laquelle il contestait l’ensemble de motifs avancés par la Grande-Bretagne, mais en insistant spécialement sur le fait que la destruction de la Caroline, aurait été acceptée comme relevant de la légitime défense, si et seulement si, les forces britanniques ayant agi militairement au cours de cette nuit là étaient en présence « d’une situation de nécessité absolue de légitime défense, pressante, écrasante, ne permettant pas le choix des moyens, et ne laissant pas de temps pour délibérer ». Un consensus de principe se serait donc, semble-t-il, formé autour de ce dictum, mais non de son application aux faits d’espèce.
C’est en prenant en compte les considérations historiques qui précèdent que beaucoup d’auteurs, essentiellement anglo-saxons, se permettent d’affirmer que l’affaire de la Caroline est un précédent fondateur de la légitime défense en droit international public. Et dans cette même optique, considérant par ailleurs que la singularité de cette note consiste dans le fait de subordonner la validité de telles actions armées anticipatives, à l’existence d’une menace imminente d’attaque du territoire canadien par des insurgés, la célèbre formule de Webster précitée aurait également consacré de ce fait même, la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive en droit international coutumier.
Notre hypothèse de travail est simple. En effet, nous partons du point de vue selon lequel, le raisonnement des partisans de la doctrine de la légitime défense préventive, fondée spécialement sur le précédent de la Caroline, soulève de vrais problèmes d’équilibre et de cohérence du système international élaboré après la deuxième Guerre mondiale, dans la mesure où, il aboutit dans ses applications, à cautionner, au sujet de l’interdiction de la force, l’existence d’un ordre juridique ambivalent. Autrement dit, si l’on transpose les enseignements tirés de l’affaire de la Caroline, dans le droit international positif, on aurait immanquablement, d’un côté, un régime conventionnel restrictif de la Charte, qui limite la possibilité de riposter militairement à la seule condition où un Etat a déjà effectivement subi une attaque armée. Tandis que de l’autre côté, on aurait parallèlement un régime coutumier plus permissif, qui laisserait à l’Etat un pouvoir discrétionnaire d’appréciation des circonstances de temps et de lieux, dans lesquelles il peut se permettre de frapper militairement un autre Etat, en invoquant la légitime défense.
Le travail de déconstruction auquel nous avons procédé pendant nos recherches, nous a amené à constater, au bout de cette thèse, que tous les arguments qui sont généralement invoqués par les partisans du précédent de la Caroline présentent des limites et des excès, dans leur prétention à fonder juridiquement, une règle de légitime défense préventive en droit international public, et du coup, ils doivent être relativisés dans leur teneur respective. Pour cette raison, nous soutenons en ce qui nous concerne l’hypothèse selon laquelle, le droit international public en vigueur, ne permet pas encore en son état actuel, l’extension du champ opératoire du concept de légitime défense, tel que stipulé à l’article 51 de la Charte, de manière à justifier l’emploi de la force dans les rapports entre les Etats, en cas d’une simple menace, peu importe son intensité et sa nature, tant qu’il n’y a pas encore eu véritablement une attaque armée de la part de l’Etat envers qui on agit militairement. En conséquence, la tentative doctrinale qui consiste à justifier l’existence d’une règle coutumière, autorisant la légitime défense préventive, en se fondant sur l’autorité de l’affaire de la Caroline, procède en quelque sorte d’un malentendu doublé d’un anachronisme évident.
Bruxelles, le mardi 6 mai 2008
Ivon Mingashang
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Billaud, Stéphanie. "La légitimité, du droit interne au droit international privé." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010296.
Full textKetari, Leïla. "Le fondement du recours à la force à la lumière des conflits impliquant l'Irak en 1991 et 2003 : entre autorisation et légitime défense." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA111024.
Full textThe recent conflicts that involved Iraq in 1990 and 2003 are both conflicts fought primarily by the United States of America against Iraq. If the first is based, despite theright of collective self-defense, on an authorization of the Security Council, in accordancewith an evolutionary interpretation of the Charter, the second is based on a liberal interpretation of the Charter: the implied authorization and preventive and anticipatory self defense to eradicate a threat This research attempts to analyze the arguments put forward bythoroughly vetting the United States of America’s rationale based on its national securitystrategy to act in the international order. Beyond exploring the relationship of the 2003conflict to the new theories which attempt to extend the authorization and self-defense and therehabilitation of old concepts of "just war" or "auto-protection" in force in the NineteenthCentury, the impact of these new theories on the principle of the prohibition of the use offorce was also analyzed. These same theories are neither accepted as lege lata nor acceptableas lege ferenda. Accordingly, the principle of the prohibition of the use of force has in no waybeen breached. Instead of accepting these theories, a way to deal with threats should besought through the strengthening of the role of the UN (both its political and judiciaryorgans)
Bouacha, Mohammed. "De la legitimation de la conduite de politique exterieure des etats a la lumiere de certains cas de recours a la force armee." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05D016.
Full textLegitimization processes in the contemporary era reflect the tension between order and justice, tension which can be perceived in the united nations charter and which is persistent under contemporary international law "divided between legitimacy and legality". States which have used force in international relations expressed the will not to depart from the united nations charter paradigm relating to the jus ad bellum for justifying their actions. However, although they proved loyal to this paradigm, states took advantage of the ambiguities of article 2$$4 as well as of the exceptions to this rule, hence eroding the prohibition of the recourse to force. In the same time, states have shown they were interested in promoting "justice". The preference for "justice" over peace has been, in the post war era, the problem that most undermined charter norms on the use of force although. Article 2$$4 has been interpreted in such a way as to justify nearly all kind of recourse to force, there is no common definition of what constitute a "just" cause. States have had recourse to force in order to promote various "just" causes. The end of cold war consecutively to the collapse of communism in eastern countries fortold the emergence of a consensus around "just" causes. In particular, use of power to promote internal self-determination was found to be permissible. Such an evolution foretells a growing international consensus around what constitute an "illegitimate" regime. Legitimacy is normative, it refers to the international covenant on civil and political rights. This consensus is the premise of an emerging belief that it is becoming permissible to use force in order to remove "illegitimate regimes". Some authors refer to the emergence of a "new legal obligation", a new "paradigm", the " pro-democratic" pardigm
Capette, Isabelle. "La légalité de l'emploi de l'arme nucléaire." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010308.
Full textSouillac, Romain. "Le mouvement Poujade, l'État et la nation (1953-1962)." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040074.
Full textThe Union for the Defence of shopkeepers and craftsmen (UDCA) was created in the Lot department in 1953. At first fighting against taxation, Poujade's movement evolved quickly and assumed a political label as from March 1955. At that time, parallel unions were created which aimed at rallying all social classes in the view of a major institutional transformation : they wanted to ask the people's opinion thanks to what they entitled " the States general of French Trades and Crafts ", which would put an end to the fourth Republic. The political turning point was confirmed by poujadist candidates standing at elections to the legislature on January 2, 1956. The Union and French Fraternity (UFF) is currently represented by 52 deputies at the Palais Bourbon. Nevertheless, the period stretching from 1956 to 1958 corresponded to a decline of the movement, partly because of its far-right positioning, its inability to impose a fiscal amnisty, as well as the disappearance of oppositions to tax inspections. The movement turned into a small group under the fifth Republic, fighting for French Algeria through legal channels. The dialectic process opposing the UDCA to the State is one of the key factors which enable the understanding of the movement's politicization
Simmala, Di Gore. "Le domaine réservé de l'état et la protection internationale des droits de l'homme." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT3009.
Full textThe XXth century was marked by the appearance of the concept of the human rights and international right. However it was not accepted by states which wanted to protect ther sovereignity. Since then there has been a debate on the relationship between human rights and the domaine reserved to domestic state affairs. Even though it is currently widely accepted that human rights should be protected by international law, it is unavoidable to notice that there is a certain relativisation of facts by international law
Boufares, Salima. "Reproduction, comportements maternels et défense du nid chez la souris femelle : Influence de la mutation staggerer à l'état homozygote et hétérozygote." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132037.
Full textS̆muclerová, Martina. "Le recours à la coercition par le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010340.
Full textHoeffler, Catherine. "Les politiques d'armement en Europe : "l'Adieu aux armes" de l'État nation ? : une comparaison entre l'Allemagne, la France, le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne de 1976 à 2010." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0016.
Full textThe topic of this dissertation in political science is the transformation of defence procurement policies in Germany, France, the UK, as well as at the European level, from 1976 to 2010. It is based on the analysis of national institutional changes as well as evolutions in European co-oeperative programmes through the cases of antitank missiles TRIGAT programmes. This study examines the redefinition of the role and instruments of States in this policy sector as they are confronted to European developments (OCCAR, European defence agency, and the directive on public contracts for defence procurement) and to national liberal reforms (privatization, new public management). In so doing, it explains why governments initiate these changes, and analyses the concrete machinery of cooperation. It shows that the apparently increasing role of Europe can be explained by a process characterized by a « double movement » : on the one hand, the implementation of liberal reforms, on the other hand, the strengthening of governmental strategies of defence industrial policies. The multiplication of arenas and modes of coordination indicates the evolution of state-led strategies of « economic patriotism », in their traditional and liberal versions, at various levels. Rather than a policy transfer from one level to another, these developments create a multi-level European governance that cannot be reduced to the European Union. In this context, governments remain crucial, while European organizations participate to a negative integration based on market making
Papanikolaou, Chryssi. "Le principe de l'État social : étude sur les limites de l'activité législative en droit comparé français et hellénique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D029.
Full textFrench Constitution guarantees the “Social Republic,” the Greek constitution recognizes the « Social Rule of law ». If the principle of the Social State is to this day apprehended by the authors of both states as an undetermined principle of “low content of normativity,” this study’s focus offers a different perspective on the matter. If we study this principle in the context of normativism, we will be forced to view all norms as obligatory, and we will no longer contest its normative value but focus on determining its meaning. Only in this way we will be in the position of knowing what material level of life the constituents of the two states reserved for the individual, when they qualified the states as social. The study assumes that a state is social when it possesses the foundations that habilitate, oblige and prohibit the legislator from specific actions. The constitutive norms of the social state impose limits at the legal production. Seen at a positive perspective, the fundamental norms of the social state allows the legislator to improve the material conditions of life of the individuals without any constraints. The legislator concretizes the principle of the social state in a positive sense while being free from positive obligations. The only obstacle to the creation of new benefits is the impossibility to control legal inactivity; it constitutes an intrinsic limit to the principle of the social state. Seen from a negative perspective, the constitutive norms of the social state allow the legislator to limit the access to benefits but prohibit the neutralization of the principle. The actions of negative concretization that would lead to the annulation of the social state are prohibited. It follows that a minimum of social legislation should be maintained as long as the Constitution qualifies the state as social. At this angle, the normative foundations of the social state protect the essential core of the principle or, in other words, its counter- limits
Amir-Ardjomande, Ardéchir. "Les droits de l'Iran dans le Golfe persique : l'application des règles du droit international de la mer en temps de paix, en temps des conflits armés." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR30013.
Full textThis thesis intends to develop, through an evolutionary perspective, the application by Iran of the rules of the international law of the sea in time of peace and of armed conflicts. The unique economic and strategic situation of the Persian gulf in the world and foreign interventions has made this region a center of tension, where the new world organization will partially come true after the disintegration of the warsaw pact. As a semi-enclosed sea, the Persian gulf raises a series of problems related to the management of the resources, the international navigation and the preservation of the marine environment, which jusitfy the recognition of a special status elaborated at the regional level. In this context, the delimitation of the respective jurisdiction zones should be accomplished in a spirit of justice and equity, according to the principle of equidistance. The problem of access to the persian gulf should be solved by a regional convention which should adopt a special status for the Strait of Hormuz. The analysis of the legality of the belligerent and non belligerent states'behaviours in the war of the gulf confirms the desuetudes of the traditional rules of the law of naval warfare. It seems that new customary rules have come about, as a result of practices followed in this war, particularly in the matter of the law of neutrality
Delorge, Jeanne-Marie. "L'évolution du jus ad bellum : du droit de recourir à la force armée." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D009.
Full textThis work relates to the evolution of the right to resort to force. With through times, the recourse to armed force, which is a particular form of war, was limited. But prohibition to employ the sovereign right to recourse to force in international relations is a very recent conquest of the Humanity which allows the States to live in a world of peace today. So that is remains, peace supposes that the war becomes an illicit act in international law and that there is an institutional framework in which the collective security can exists. The recourse to the force remains: either centralized in the hands of a restricted body or within the framework of the self-defence. Although all the States accepted this system, some of them, most powerful, try to escape from the rules while trying to justify and legitimate their actions in comparison with the international law
Bascou, Hervé-Georges. "La pratique du contrôle URSSAF : 25 ans d'expérience pour des droits de la défense de l'entreprise cotisante." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10007.
Full textThe practice of the control URSSAF (FRENCH BODY MANAGING SOCIAL SECURITY PAYMENTS AND FUNDS) confronts a company contributor with a control of the authorities loaded with the covering of the contributions URSSAF (FRENCH BODY MANAGING SOCIAL SECURITY PAYMENTS AND FUNDS). The control procedure must be arrested in a clear and precise way to travers three essential questions, the control, the covering, the contesting
Allaire, Didier. "Développement d'une approche systémique de la gestion patrimoniale d'un parc immobilier d'envergure nationale pour améliorer sa performance énergétique : une application menée sur le parc immobilier de l'État utilisé par le ministère de la défense." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00798252.
Full textClément, Eloi. "Les caractères de l’influence de la victime en droit pénal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G012/document.
Full textThe victim of the offense has some influence on the formation and qualification of it. Beyond their differences, the rules of criminal law and special evoking the victim have certain common characteristics , which leads to the conclusion that the influence of victim in criminal law is generally consistent , if not homogeneous . First, the criminal law generally allows to take into account that only factors relating to the personality or behavior of the victim which are knowned by the offender. The influence of the victim is a subjective . Only a few characteristics of the victim whose knowledge the agent would be too difficult to prove can be considered objectively . Second, the offense is a special event , distinct from other types of damage which the civil or administrative laws try to repair . Criminal victim is thus distinguished civil or administrative victims. This is why its influence obeys specific criminal criteria. There may be specific criteria criminal law . There are also existing criteria in other areas of law, but put together by the criminal law in a category of its own . However , criminal law is constructed by reference to the offender , the reference to the victim is a secondary variable. Criteria influence the victim sometimes deserve to be harmonized , especially as they vary in time and space . Every social organization promotes its own conception of criminal victim
Berkes, Antal. "Les "zones grises" : la protection des droits de l'homme dans les zones hors du contrôle effectif de l'état." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010323.
Full textThe present thesis analyzes the international protection of human rights in "grey zones", defined as geographical areas where the State, sovereign of its territory, is unable or unwilling to exercise effective control. However, once the State has no more control over a part of its territory, human rights monitoring mechanisms become paralyzed. The main question to which the present study aims to answer is whether and how international human rights law can effectively apply in areas out of the effective control of the State, primary guarantor of human rights in its territory. The First Part aims to analyze the question of the applicability of international human rights law and to answer to the questions related to its applicability ratione loci, ratione materiae and ratione personae. The conclusions clarify whether this branch of international law continues to apply in the "grey zones" and which are the obligations binding States while answering to the related question to which other subjects human rights obligations are opposable. The Second Part examines the questions related to the implementation of the norms of international human rights law, i.e. the question of international responsibility for human rights violations and the challenge of the engagement of the responsibility in control mechanisms. The present thesis claims that international human rights law is able to impose its applicability and its implementation in such an imperfect situation
Osman, Ziad. "Les approches juridiques de la lutte antiterroriste : les nouvelles extensions du droit international, la coopération européenne et les règlementations du monde arabe." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20011/document.
Full textThe notion of international terrorism is based on two criteria: one borrowed from actions that constitute the foundation of terrorist acts, the other drawn from particular circumstances coming from a relationship with an individual or collective organization whose objective is to seriously damage public security by intimidation or terror. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international community is confronted by a radical extremist organization wahhabite Al-Qaïda. The terrorist attacks organized by this movement threaten global security today. These extremist criminal terrorist acts target civilians without distinction - women and children included - because they do not consider such acts as forbidden. The international scene has become more and more threatened today by wahhabite ideology whose Saudi origins included fifteen of the nineteen suicide-bombers responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington. Faced with the problem posed by terrorism, the international community reacted, each in their own way, by taking necessary measures that conform to their own legal system. Their objectives are to reinforce repression, facilitate the work of investigators and speed up court decisions. New penal laws or new texts have been introduced by several countries in order to confront this international phenomenon. The legal responses of national laws remain until today veritable instruments of confrontation against terrorist acts. These laws serve to deepen the understanding of terrorist motivations, their methods and their goals. By basing these laws on the international directives of the GAFI (Groupe d'Action financière) and the Committee Against Terrorism (CCT), they also serve to combat the financing of terrorist movements as well as money laundering. Keywords : anti-terrorist struggle, international law, European cooperation, extremist criminal terrorist acts
Férey, Amélie. "Les politiques d’assassinats ciblés en Israël et aux Etats-Unis : juger de la légitimité de la violence étatique en démocratie libérale." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0002.
Full textThe term “targeted killings” is commonly employed to refer to the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force by states to kill selected individuals who are not in their custody. My research questions the justifications used to legitimize targeted killings within the liberal-democratic framework. I first give a chronological account of lethal practices pertaining to targeted killings and the context of their emergence. In the literature, targeted killings are discussed in reference to political assassination, theories of bombing in warfare and the use of preventive/preemptive force. (Chapter I) I then explore the national specific features of targeted killings by comparing Israeli with American discussion. (Chapter II) I analyze how targeted killings have been the spearhead of a recasting of legal obligations of Israel and the United States restricting use of force against irregular actors. (Chapter III) I then analyze national and international actual and hypothetical accountability mechanisms. I complete Allan Buchanan and Robert Keohane proposition of a “Drone Accountability Regime” by extending it to targeted killings. (Chapter IV) Their tactical efficiency does not guarantee their relevance for a long-term strategy aiming at countering terrorism. (Chapter V). What are their consequences on the international level? Targeted killings contribute to reinforce sovereignty of States waging war against “unlawful combatants”. (Chapter VI) Are they compatible with the moral values put forward by Israeli and American democracies? Targeted killings promote a new conception of legitimate violence by strengthening transparency demands towards secret use of force. (Chapter VII) This debate opens up avenues for “Raison d’État” in a liberal democracy by specifying the theoretical content of an exceptional morality. (Chapter VIII)
Neveu, Fabrice. "La sécurité collective en Europe après la guerre froide." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020019.
Full textTizot, Florent. "L'encadrement juridique de l'action militaire dans les opérations de sécurité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0033.
Full textIntimately linked to the applicable legal regime (s), the observation is sharp: the rules operational that mark out the military mission no longer offer the expected legal security. This observation carries in itself the germs of the many questions that condition this study. The first relates to legal logic in the strict sense: what is the applicable standard? The answer is not as clear in view of the importance of the subject. Finally, the right of defense in question here is only an artificial construction, referring to a conglomerate of heterogeneous rules in substance, form and applicability. Requiring the development of criteria benchmark, the highlighting of this constellation made up of as many standards from domestic law that international law clarifies the second question: the legal tool made available to the armed forces is it effective and protective in the context of legal proceedings? In France, the answer is clearly negative: with the total legal abandonment of the concept of war, only the internal common law, in particular criminal, or the Law international humanitarian, in part, find to apply. By ultimately representing the alpha and omega of the legal framework referred to in these lines, the principle of self-defense determines both the source and the solution of the issues it raises. The privileged response of defense lawyers, the flexibility of this principle offers it increased applicability as much as it lends the flank to the weakness of the legal framework of any armed deployment
Doui, Wawaye Augustin Jérémie. "La sécurité, la fondation de l'Etat centrafricain : contribution à la recherche de l'Etat de droit." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732095.
Full textMetangmo, Véronique Michèle. "Le crime d'agression : recherches sur l'originalité d'un crime à la croisée du droit international pénal et du droit international du maintien de la paix." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790864.
Full textKlein, Luc. "Le contrôle institutionnel de la force armée en démocratie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA010.
Full textThis dissertation aims at understanding how contemporary democratic systems deal with the existence of the armed forces within them and how they manage to use them, while respecting their principle of government. The two methods chosen are, on the one hand, the history of the institutions and, on the other hand, the study of the parallels between the legal systems (mainly that of the United States and of France). Using these tools, the dissertation aims at finding a balance both vertical (between the constitutionnal powers and the armed forces) and horizontal (between the constitutionnal powers themselves regarding the armed forces)
Emery, Arnaud. "L'otage en sauvetage : étude juridique." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3006.
Full textHostage-taking began when man realized that he could manipulate the emotional bond between two individuals in order to force their hand and obtain an advantage. Hostage-taking is a crime extremely old and complex. It has started to fascinate our societies so much since victims have begun to be regularly sacrificed by kidnappers and negotiating authorities alike. Unlike the extraordinary media frenzy they generate, these crises seem to arouse relative indifference among lawyers and doctrine. This subject, which seems to elude the law, touches on its raison d'être: the protection of the weakest, the search for the common good and peace.This research work attempts to lay the groundwork for legal reflection on issues ranging from the use of armed force in rescue operations, to the legality of ransoms, to crisis negotiation and the role of the judge. The hypotheses put forward are systematically compared with the opinions of the operators met in the course of this work. Finally, the author takes a forward-looking look at the legal framework surrounding hostage rescue operations. Through this prism, this thesis questions the limits of the rule of law and the anti-terrorist apparatus of our societies
Neri, Kiara. "L'emploi de la force en mer." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30076.
Full textContemporary international law is facing a great challenge: ensuring both the security and theliberty of the oceans while unlawful or hazardous activities at sea are constantly increasing.The study takes its place within this challenge and tries to shed light on the issue of the use offorce at sea in order to combat these activities. It lies within the framework of thedevelopment and the enforcement of police powers on the maritime zones and attempts to putforward the ambivalence of the international police relating to the sea. The ambivalence ischaracterized by a couple of juxtapositions, both between the object of the use of force at sea(private unlawful activities or States’ unlawful acts) and between the actors in charge of thestruggle for the safety of the oceans. It results in two distinct but closely linked dialectics. Thefirst, international police at sea and international police of the sea, relies on the actors of theunlawful acts and determines the relevant body of rules. The second, decentralized andcentralized use of force, emphasizes the increasing need for a global and shared managementof the breaches of the legal order of the sea
Lardaud-Clerc, Caroline. "Le changement de comportement du créancier en cours d'exécution du contrat. Étude de droit français et anglais." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30060.
Full textThe change of behaviour refers to a situation in which, during the performance stage of the contract, the promisor behaves in a manner which is contrary to the existing contractual rights, but later neverthless insists on their application. Faced with the classic rules of contract law (sanctity of contracts, consideration), this volte-face should have no legal force. Yet, by prohibiting the promisor’s demand to perform the original agreement, French and English judges nevertheless introduce this situation in the law of contracts.Like frustration, the change of behaviour disrupts the performance of the contract ; like good faith and Equity, it is based on morality ; like an abuse of right, it punishes inconsistency ; like the theory of « apparence », it is in between facts and law. In spite of this, the change of behaviour stands out ; as it does not share the exact same scope as the expectations theory or the inconsistent behaviour theory, no other legal theory can wholly translate it into the law of the contracts. The change of behaviour therefore needs its proper legal framework which must consequently be found. The search is helped by the prism of comparative law, between French and Englis laws.The change of behaviour reveals a waiver of the promisor’s debt. The waiver is made possible by the contractual prerogatives he holds, prerogatives which are justified by the ownership of the debt. The efficiency of this flexible understanding of contractual content requires the obliteration of any litigation shield. As a consequence, forbidding the change should not only be seen as a defense against inconsistency, but should highlight a legally binding behaviour
Michaloudi, Roumpini. "La justification de l'intervention armée unilatérale dans la cadre des conflits intra-étatiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAA002.
Full textThis thesis examines the arguments and the modalities of justification of the military interventions of States, of the coalitions of the willing and of the regional organizations in the internal conflicts of other States by virtue of the international law, when these interventions take place outside the framework of the UNO. This type of intervention is current nowadays given that the intra-state conflicts constitute the overwhelming majority of world conflicts and taking into consideration the multidimensional crisis of the UNO. The justifications invoked by States as well as by the doctrine aim to legalize or at least to legitimize what would be considered at first sight as an illegal use of force under the law of the United Nations and in particular under the principle of non- intervention in civil wars
Alassani, Zéinatou. "L'évolution du droit de recourir à la force : vers une reconnaissance de l'« autorisation implicite »." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR076/document.
Full textThe purpose of this research on the evolution of the right of States to use force in international relations is to show, following a historical approach based on international law, that State practice in this area has changed. Indeed, from the right to "make war" recognized as a sovereign right, passing through the first attempts of its leadership in the nineteenth century, the significant rupture came in 1945 with the creation of the UN; the United Nations Charter has enshrined the principle of the prohibition of the use of force,except for the self-defense and the authorization of the Security Council. However, since no details were given as to the form this authorization of the Security Council should take, as early as 1966, as in the Rhodesian case, the latter explicitly authorized the use of "force". From 1990, he gained confidence with the technique of authorization and retained the implicit formulation of "authorizes Member States to use all necessary means". Though, sometimes a resolution is neither explicit nor implicit, but states intervene,arguing the existence of an implied authorization because of the emergence of theories like"preventive war","war on terror" or "humanitarian intervention". Cases of interventions in 1992 in Liberia, 1999 in SierraLeone and Kosovo and in 2003 against Iraq are illustrators. So, based on the interpretation of Council resolutions, implied authorization tends to become the rule in the maintenance of international peace and security. Therefore, to avoid reducing the jus ad bellum to excessive unilateralism, and by demonstrating the conformity of the implied authorization with the established legal regime of the use of force in international law, we invite the redefinition of this one
Etterd, Makram. "Les limites de la lutte contre le terrorisme en droit international." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR1003.
Full textThe analysis of the current international situation shows the existence of numerous obstacles and limits to the effective fight against international terrorism. In this thesis, there is no question of studying terrorism in general, a controversial subject well studied in legal doctrine and political science. Nor is it a question of dwelling on the fight against terrorism itself. It is a question of reflecting, studying and analyzing the numerous legal limits to this fight against terrorism, both in terms of the elaboration of anti-terrorist rules and their implementation
El, Jadie Amna. "L'énergie nucléaire et le droit international public." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1006/document.
Full textAll states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban