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1

Gogoi, Sabi, and M. Hussain. "Evaluating Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tree Species in Subtropical and Humid forest of Brahmaputra Valley, Assam." Indian Journal of Forestry 42, no. 3 (2019): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2019-2u63m8.

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Soil organic carbon sequestration potential of different tree was analyzed in every year. Five years after plantation average soil organic carbon was recorded highest under fast growing non legume trees (1.82 %) followed by medium growing (1.72 %) and then slow growing (1.60 %). SOC sequestration potential of legume tree species was significantly lower. It was 1.80 % under fast growing legumes, 1.58 % in medium growing and 1.55 % in slow growing legume trees. On individual comparison of non legume trees, Anthocephalus chinensis found to sequester more (1.98%) carbon as soil organic carbon followed by Trewia nudiflora (1.66%), Alstonia scholaris (1.62%) and Lagerstroemia.speciosa (1.57%). Lowest soil organic carbon sequestration was found under Chukrasia. tabularis (1.26%). No significant difference was observed in SOC sequestration potential between Dipterocarpus retusus, Artocarpus chaplasha, Ficus hispida, Mallotus albus, Litsea nitida, Castanopsis indica, Taphrosia candida, Albizzia procera and A. lebbek.
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2

Rice, Natasha R., Michael W. Smith, Raymond D. Eikenbary, et al. "Assessment of legume and nonlegume ground covers on Coleoptera: Coccinellidae density for low-input pecan management." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 3 (1998): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007785.

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AbstractAn annual legume cover crop was evaluated in pecan orchards to increase coccinellids that would reduce pecan aphids. Treatments were a ‘Dixie’ crimson clover and hairy vetch mixture and a grass sod. Coccinellids were abundant on the legume ground covers, but coccinellid density in the tree canopy was rarely affected by ground cover treatment. There were substantial differences between the coccinellid species collected from the legumes and from the trees. In Oklahoma, Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant) and Cycloneda munda (Say) were the main species in the trees, while Hippodamia convergens Guerin, Coccinella septempunctata L, and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake were dominant species in the legumes. In Georgia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) was the dominant species in the trees, and C. septempunctata in the legumes. Pecan aphids at two Oklahoma sites usually were not affected by cover crop treatment, but at the Georgia site, early-season aphids frequently were lower with a legume cover crop than with a grass sod. The accumulated effect of all aphid predators and parasitoids attracted to the legume aphids may have reduced the density of the pecan aphid.
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3

Grenke, Jessica S. J., S. Ellen Macdonald, Barb R. Thomas, Carly A. Moore, and Edward W. Bork. "Relationships between understory vegetation and hybrid poplar growth and size in an operational plantation." Forestry Chronicle 92, no. 04 (2016): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2016-083.

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The effect of varying composition and abundance of neighbouring herbaceous vegetation on tree growth in commercial hybrid poplar plantations remains unclear. We evaluated relationships between tree stem volume, volume increment, and the abundance of various growth forms (perennial grasses, legumes, and perennial forbs excluding legumes) adjacent to the tree base in four-year-old plantation trees under conditions protected from ungulate herbivory. Associations between tree metrics and the understory revealed that perennial grasses consistently reduced tree size and current annual volume growth, and the negative effects of grasses were made worse by increasing legume cover. Under little to no perennial grass cover however, the presence of legumes had a positive impact on tree size and growth, suggesting net facilitative versus competitive effects. The pesence of forbs other than legumes led to no apparent competitive effects after four years, and may instead signify the absence of more competitive understory vegetation, particularly grasses. While final modelled relationships showed that the understory accounted for a limited amount of variance in tree volume (R2=0.10) and volume increment (R2=0.09) in four-year-old trees, these results nevertheless have implications for the development of silvicultural prescriptions targeting understory vegetation in order to maximize commercial hybrid poplar plantation yields.
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4

Sawen, Diana, and Luki Abdullah. "Potensi Legum Pohon “Dema” Asal Kabupaten Sarmi Papua Sebagai Hijauan Pakan." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 10, no. 2 (2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v10i2.99.

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Abstract 
 A preliminary study was carried out to determine the potential of dema tree legumes from Sarmi Papua as forage. Dema is the name of the local language for this legume. This study was conducted for 10 months in Sarmi regency, using a case study method with survey techniques, interviews, and laboratory analysis. The observations made included identification of species, morphology, and habitat as well as nutrient content. The results of this study indicate that there are two species of dema legume, the morphology was different in habitat description and leaf morphology. Propagations are by stem cuttings and seeds. The legumes nutritional content are 18.87% crude protein, 16.18% crude fiber, 3.97% calcium, and 17 amino acids. Forage production is around 2-4 kg/tree/3 months. Species identified as Ormocarpum orientale. The conclusion is dema legume has potential as forages. 
 Keywords : Forages; Legumes; Potency; Sarmi
 
 Abstrak 
 Suatu studi awal telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi leguminosa pohon “dema” asal Kabupaten Sarmi Propinsi Papua sebagai hijauan pakan. Dema merupakan nama dari bahasa lokal untuk menyebut legume ini. Studi dilakukan selama 10 bulan, bertempat di kabupaten Sarmi, menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan teknik survei, wawancara dan analisis laboratorium. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi identifikasi spesies, morfologi dan habitat serta kandungan gizi. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 2 spesies legume dema, morfologinya spesifik pada deskripsi habitat dan morfologi daun. Perkembangbiaknnya dengan stek batang dan biji. Selanjutnya legume dema memiliki kandungan protein kasar sebesar 18,87%, serat kasar 16,18%, Kalsium (Ca) 3,97% dan juga 17 asam amino. Produksi hijauannya, 2-4 kg/pohon/3 bulan dan spesies teridentifikasi dengan nama Ormocarpum orientale. Dengan demikian berpotensi sebagai hijauan pakan. 
 Kata kunci: Hijauan pakan; Legume pohon; Potensi; Sarmi
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5

Bhushan, Gaurav, Santosh Kr Sharma, Priyanka Sagar, Nishtha Seth, and A. P. Singh. "Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on tolerance to salinity of the tree legume Albizia lebbeck (L.) inoculated by Rhizobium." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 2, no. 01 (2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.2.1.7.

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Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) and Syzygium cumini(Myrtaceae), the Indian traditional fruits The effect of different level of salinity on growth, nodulation and Nitrogen fixation of single and dual inoculated tree legumes which help arbascular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe with Rhizobium bacteria in the presence of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) conducted in earthen pots in a completely randomized block design with three replications resulted in effective plant growth, shoot and root biomasses, nodulation and N2 fixation. The effect of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation of single (Rhizobium or AMF alone) and dual inoculated (Rhizobium + AMF ) tree legume has a pot culture experiment using The parameter growth , nodulation, nitrogen fixation and % AMF colonization of roots were considerable influenced with the increase in salt concentration from 0.5 % to 4.0 % NaCl. It was observed that the mycorrhizal tree legume (inoculated with the most preferred AMF Acaulospora laevis) performed better in the increasing levels of salinity in comparison to non-mycorrhozal ones. These investigations suggested a protective role play by AMF in providing resistance to the tree legume against injurious effects of salinity. Inoculation of efficient strain of AMF (Acaulospora laevis) during the course of study, prevented the injurious effects of salinity in the test plants due to enhanced water and sustainable nutrient uptake thereby promoting growth, nodulation and biogeochemical N2 cycle (fixation of nitrogen) of the tree legume under investigation.
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6

Rose, Terry J., and Lee J. Kearney. "Biomass Production and Potential Fixed Nitrogen Inputs from Leguminous Cover Crops in Subtropical Avocado Plantations." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020070.

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Nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied to perennial horticultural crops to increase yields, but subsequent N losses in subtropical plantations may be high due to intense rainfall and warmer temperatures. While legume cover crops could potentially contribute N to the tree crops and reduce fertiliser-N requirements, few studies have quantified potential fixed-N inputs from cover crops legumes in tropical or subtropical tree crop systems. To address this, we investigated growth and N fixation of summer-growing Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W. C. Greg cv. Amarillo) and winter/spring dominant white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa) grown as a mixed species cover crop in two commercial subtropical avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) plantations. Legume biomass was assessed prior to mowing of the inter-row (fortnightly in summer and every 6–8 weeks over winter) and N fixation was estimated using the 15N natural abundance technique. Biomass production was 7377 kg ha−1 (930 kg ha−1 for white clover and 6447 kg ha−1 for Pinto peanut) at the first site over the 14-month period from December 2014 to January 2016, and 4467 kg ha−1 (1114 kg ha−1 for white clover and 3353 kg ha−1 for Pinto peanut) at the second site over the same period. Estimation of N fixation was not possible at the first site, due to a lack of difference in isotopic discrimination between the legume shoots and the reference plant (kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Chiov.)) material. While legume shoots accumulated 157 kg N ha−1 (38 kg ha−1 for white clover and 119 kg ha−1 for Pinto peanut) across the season at site 1, the % N derived from atmosphere (%Ndfa) in legumes was relatively low (50–60% in Pinto peanut during the warmer months and around 30% in autumn and early spring, and from 13 % in April to 69% in September for white clover). The low %Ndfa in the legumes may have been due to low rainfall or molybdenum (Mo) deficiency. Ultimately the legume cover crops contributed an estimated 50 kg fixed N ha−1, which could partially offset fertiliser N requirements of the tree crop. Our results demonstrate the need to quantify N fixation in legume cover crops to assess potential N benefits as opposed to relying on typical measurements of legume biomass and N accumulation.
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7

Granatstein, David, Joan R. Davenport, and Elizabeth Kirby. "Growing Legumes in Orchard Alleys as an Internal Nitrogen Source." HortScience 52, no. 9 (2017): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12121-17.

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The drive alley in modern apple (Malus ×domestica Bork.) orchards often receives enough light to grow plants other than the typical perennial grass cover. By planting leguminous species in this area, it is possible to produce a portion of the nitrogen needs of the orchard by mowing the vegetation and blowing it onto the tree row where it mineralizes and releases available N over the tree roots. Four perennial legume species [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ladino white clover (Trifolium repens L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.)] were compared with the resident grass cover crop in a mature apple orchard. All legumes were direct-seeded into the alley to avoid any soil disturbance and were successfully established. Legume biomass and tissue N were monitored, along with biweekly monitoring of tree row soil nitrogen with both soil sampling and ion exchange resins using Plant Root Simulator® probes. Four mowings of alfalfa contained ≈43 kg total N/ha that was added to the tree row during the second season (2009), with a dry matter C:N of 10.8. Economically, legume nitrogen appears to be less expensive than other sources of organic N and may be cost competitive with synthetic fertilizer N when prices are high.
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8

MULLEN, B. F., I. K. RIKA, D. A. KALIGIS, and W. W. STÜR. "PERFORMANCE OF GRASS–LEGUME PASTURES UNDER COCONUTS IN INDONESIA." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1997): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797004080.

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A series of grazed and cut experiments were conducted in Bali and North Sulawesi, Indonesia, between 1992 and 1994, to evaluate a range of selected forages for both intensive and extensive ruminant production under mature, tall coconuts. Yield, botanical composition and persistence of grass–legume mixtures were assessed under regular grazing and cutting regimes.In North Sulawesi, total dry matter yields of most grass–legume treatments were relatively stable over the two-year period but yields of legume components within treatments declined sharply. In Bali, the grazed plots maintained stable yield and legume components over the experimental period but yield and legume components of cut plots declined sharply. Paspalum malacophyllum and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda were productive and persistent grasses and formed weed-free swards but did not combine well with prostrate legumes. The erect growth habit of these grasses may limit their suitability in coconut production systems by impeding nut collection. The prostrate species Brachiaria humidicola and Stenotaphrum secundatum were slightly less productive but equally weed-free and persistent, and established rapidly from cuttings. S. secundatum also formed stable associations with prostrate legumes under grazing. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo and A. glabrata CPI 93483 were the most persistent of a range of prostrate legumes. The tree legume, Calliandra calothyrsus, showed promise as a productive cut-and-carry species.
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9

Turk, Dan, and Harold H. Keyser. "Rhizobia that nodulate tree legumes: specificity of the host for nodulation and effectiveness." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 6 (1992): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-076.

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Rhizobial specificity, defined in terms of nodulation and nitrogen-fixing effectiveness characteristics of a group of rhizobia on a host legume, serves as a basis for predicting the need to inoculate, selecting species for most probable number plant-infection assays, and preparing rhizobial inoculants suitable for a range of legume species. A series of inoculation experiments were performed under growth room and greenhouse conditions to delineate rhizobial specificity of a variety of tree legumes. Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Leucaena leucocephala nodulated effectively with rhizobia isolated from each of the three genera. With a few exceptions, Sesbania grandiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia nodulated effectively only with rhizobial strains isolated from each genus respectively. A range of specificity was found among species that nodulate with Bradyrhizobium. Whereas Acacia mearnsii nodulated with most strains but fixed N2 effectively with relatively few, Acacia mangium and Lysiloma latisiliqua were specific for both nodulation and effectiveness. Key words: nitrogen fixation, effectiveness, nodulation, rhizobia, tree legumes.
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10

Raxmonov, Ahliddin Xabibulloevich, Abdusalom Abdumavlon o'g'li Abduroziqov, Munisaxon Abror qizi Ismatova, and Muxabbat Naimjon qizi Zavqiyeva. "CONTROL OF INSECTS IN AGRICULTURE." Role of agriculture and medicine in science Volume 2, Issue 1 (2025): 49–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14872034.

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<strong>CONTROL OF INSECTS IN AGRICULTURE</strong> &nbsp; <strong>&nbsp;</strong> <strong>Introduction.</strong><strong> </strong>With about 20000 distinct species, legumes are the third-largest family of flowering terrestrial plants on the planet. They can be found all over the world, with the exception of Antarctica, in a wide variety of environments, from the desert to the plain to the high mountains. Their form varies widely. Others are trees. The tualang tree, also known as Koompassia excelsa, is one of the world's tallest tree species and can reach heights of more than 280 feet in Southeast Asian rainforests. A legume it is. And Brazilian rosewood, a luxurious hardwood frequently utilized in the construction of musical instruments. It is also a legume. With a few exceptions, legumes can also grow as shrubs, vines, and small annual herbs, but they all share one trait: their fruit. Green peas are a delicious legume that are simple to eat either raw or cooked. With 1 cup providing about 118 calories, 8 g of protein, 1 g of fat, and 8 g of dietary fiber. They have a lot of vitamins A, K, and C and are a great source of folic acid. Phytonutrients, minerals, and antioxidants are all abundant in peas. It is clear why peas are regarded as one of the most nutrient-dense legumes. <strong>Pest control for grain legumes. </strong>Cultural customs to prevent significant pest damage to grain legumes, it is helpful to plant early and on schedule. Compared to crops grown in the spring, early planting of chickpea in the winter has less damage from the leaf miner, L. cicerina. In contrast to the winter-sown crop, the second eneration of the leaf miner attacks young, spring-planted chickpea plants, which accounts for the higher amount of infestation in these plants. The huge populations of Helicoverpa armigerain southern India, however, do more harm to early chickpea plantings. Climate change could make planting periods more unpredictable. &nbsp;
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11

Singh, Arvind. "Effect of neighbouring species on the architectural traits of companion species in mixed plantations raised on mine spoil." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 4 (2010): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-22xi0a.

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The influence of neighbouring tree species on architectual traits of companion tree species was studied in mixed plantations raised for revegetation of coal mine spoil. The three types of combinations used were legume: legume, legume: non-legume and non-legume: non-legume. The architectural traits analysed were height-diameter relationships and crown mass-trunk mass relationships. The neighbouring species altered the height-diameter relationships in Acacia catechu, Pongamia pinnata, Tectona grandis and Terminalia bellirica. Similarly, the neighbouring species was also found to alter the crown mass-trunk mass relationships in A. catechu, Gmelina arborea, P. pinnata, T. grandis and T. bellirica.
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12

Manurung, Tambak. "Utilization of tree legume forages as protein sources of beef cattle ration." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 1, no. 3 (2014): 143–48. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v1i3.25.

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A study was conducted in Balai Penelitian Temak Bogor, for evaluating the use of tree legume as the main source of protein for growing cattle . The study was conducted for 17 weeks using 15 Ongole-crossed bull calves with body weight 77-138 kg . The study was carried out in randomized block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications . Five dietary treatments consist of lamtoro, glirisidia, caliandra, beefkwik and urea with 1496 crude protein and 6396 total digestible nutrient (TDN). Parameters measured were feed consumption, nutrients digestibility, nitrogen retention, weight gain and feed and protein efficiency . The results showed that the tree legume rations had higher (P0.01) dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and TDN consumption than the beefkwik and urea, but the nutrient digestibilities were lower especially for caliandra (P0.01) . Caliandra also had lower nitrogen retention than the others . Average daily gain of cattle fed with lamtoro and glirisidia were higher (P0.01) than that of caliandra, but between lamtoro and glirisidia didn't show the significant different . Caliandra and beefkwik produced different average body weight gain (P0.01) . Beefkwik produced higher feed and protein efficiency than tree legume ration especially as compared with caliandra (P0 .01) but among tree legumes, glirisidia produced higher feed and protein efficiency than the caliandra (P0.01) . It is concluded that glirisidia was the best forage as protein source for growing calves.
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13

van Eys, J. E., I. W. Mathius, P. Pongsapan, and W. L. Johnson. "Foliage of the tree legumes gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania as supplement to napier grass diets for growing goats." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 2 (1986): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600087013.

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SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the value of foliage from three tropical legume trees as low level protein supplements to napier grass diets for growing ‘Kacang’ goats. The average crude protein concentration in the napier grass was 12%.Napier grass and foliage of the legume trees Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora were subjected to in situ microbial fermentation and subsequent treatment with acid-pepsin solution. The levels of N solubilized after 2 h incubation were 46 and 43% for napier grass and sesbania respectively, which were higher (P &lt; 0·05) than those for gliricidia and leucaena (27%). Rates of protein disappearance between 2 and 24 h incubation in the rumen averaged 2·6%/h for the legumes and 1·0%/h for napier grass. The proportion of water-insoluble, rumendegradable protein from the legumes was larger (P &lt; 0·05) than that from napier grass.Napier grass intake by goats supplemented with gliricidia or leucaena at 15% of the dry-matter intake from napier grass was lower (P &lt; 0·05) than that of controls receiving no legume supplement. Napier grass intake did not differ between controls and sesbania-supplemented goats. There was no difference among diets in total dry-matter intake, intake of cell wall constituents or digestibility. Average daily gain for control goats was – 1 g/day as compared with 21 g/day for supplemented goats.The feeding of formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (F-SBM) as a supplement to either napier grass or napier grass–legume diets increased (P &lt; 0·05) intake of dry matter and weight gain of goats. Napier grass intake of animals supplemented with only F-SBM was higher (P &lt; 0·05) than that of control animals. The efficiency of N utilization from F-SBM was higher than that in the legumes, but replacement of legumes by F-SBM above 4% F-SBM feeding had no effect on weight gain or efficiency of utilization.It was concluded that napier grass of 6–8 weeks' regrowth with 12% crude protein did not provide sufficient protein for growing goats owing to inefficient protein utilization. The increase in efficiency of protein utilization on supplemented diets is mainly associated with the larger proportion of water insoluble, rumen degradable protein and possibly acid-pepsin soluble protein in tropical tree legumes.
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14

Bortolussi, G., J. G. McIvor, J. J. Hodgkinson, S. G. Coffey, and C. R. Holmes. "The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 5. Land and pasture development practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04013.

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The land and pasture development practices of 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions were surveyed during 1996–97. These properties represented a broad cross-section of the beef industry in terms of geographical location, enterprise and herd size, and ownership structures. Both tree clearing and killing were more common in Queensland than in the Northern Territory or northern Western Australia. In all regions where trees were poisoned, native pasture was more widely used than sowing introduced grass and/or legume species. In contrast, tree clearing was most often accompanied by sowing pastures (either an introduced grass only or introduced grass and legume species together), rather than using native pastures. Central coastal Queensland had the highest use of poisoning trees for pasture development. Tree clearing and using native pasture was most important in central Queensland regions and the Maranoa South West. Sowing introduced pasture species under live trees was more commonly practiced in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia than in other regions. A considerable number of introduced grass and legume species were sown by producers. Most of the sown species were grasses. Many of the sown grass and legume species were spreading naturally. Buffel grass was spreading in all areas with &lt; 1000 mm average annual rainfall, but most sown species were spreading only in wetter regions. Stylosanthes spp. were the most commonly spreading legume species in regions with &gt; 500 mm average annual rainfall. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary natural resource management issues and how this may affect land and pasture development activities in the future.
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15

Virginia, Ross A. "Soil development under legume tree canopies." Forest Ecology and Management 16, no. 1-4 (1986): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90009-5.

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Amarillo-Suárez, Angela R., and Mariana Camacho-Erazo. "First record of the seed beetle Merobruchus paquetae (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in the exotic tree Leucaena leucocephala." Caldasia 42, no. 2 (2020): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v42n2.80061.

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We record for the first time the host association of the seed beetle Merobruchus paquetae with the invasive legume tree Leucaena leucocephala. This species of beetle was associated in Colombia to the native legume tree Pseudosamanea guachapele.
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TerAvest, Dan, Jeffrey L. Smith, Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, David Granatstein, Lori Hoagland, and John P. Reganold. "Soil Carbon Pools, Nitrogen Supply, and Tree Performance under Several Groundcovers and Compost Rates in a Newly Planted Apple Orchard." HortScience 46, no. 12 (2011): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1687.

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This study evaluated the effects of in-row groundcovers (bare ground, brassica seed meal, cultivation, wood chip mulch, legume cover crop, and non-legume cover crop) and three compost rates (48, 101, and 152 kg available nitrogen (N)/ha/year) on soil carbon (C) pools, biological activity, N supply, fruit yield, and tree growth in a newly planted apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard. We used nonlinear regression analysis of C mineralization curves to differentiate C into active and slow soil C pools. Bare ground and cultivation had large active soil C pools, 1.07 and 0.89 g C/kg soil, respectively, but showed little stabilization of C into the slow soil C pool. The use of brassica seed meal resulted in increased soil N supply, the slow soil C pool, and earthworm activity but not total soil C and N, fruit yield, or tree growth. Legume and non-legume cover crops had increased microbial biomass and the slow soil C pool but had lower fruit yield and tree growth than all other groundcovers regardless of compost rate. Soils under wood chip mulch had elevated earthworm activity, total soil C and N, and the slow soil C pool. Wood chip mulch also had the greatest cumulative C mineralization and a high C:N ratio, which resulted in slight N immobilization. Nevertheless, trees in the two wood chip treatments ranked in the top four of the 13 treatments in both fruit yield and tree growth. Wood chip mulch offered the best balance of tree performance and soil quality of all treatments.
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Catchpoole, DW, DW Catchpoole, GJ Blair, and GJ Blair. "Forage tree legumes. I. Productivity and N economy of Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra and Sesbania and tree/green panic mixtures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (1990): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900521.

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A field experiment was conducted at Gowa, S. Sulawesi, Indonesia, to assess the productivity of 4 tree legumes. The experiment consisted of an establishment phase of 6 months, a tree only phase of 8 months, followed by a tree/grass phase of 14 months. After the initial cutting to 1 m, trees were lopped to 1 m when they reached heights of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m above the soil surface. Leaf production was unaffected by cutting at the various attainment heights. Over the 14 month establishment and tree phase, yields totalled 2 1.8 t DM ha-1 in leucaena, 19.2 t DM ha-1 in gliricidia, 18.2 t ha-1 in calliandra and 6.7 t ha-1 in sesbania, which did not survive cutting. Stem production increased as attainment height increased. Yield of the understorey grass (Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale) in the 14 month tree/grass phase was unaffected by tree attainment height and was highest in the grass monoculture plots (12.0 tha-1), and lowest under leucaena and gliricidia. Nitrogen yields totalled 103 kg ha-1 in the grass monoculture and 901 kg ha-l in the tree monoculture and tree/grass mixtures. There was little N transfer from the tree legume to the grass.
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CHINTU, R., P. L. MAFONGOYA, T. S. CHIRWA, M. MWALE, and J. MATIBINI. "SUBSOIL NITROGEN DYNAMICS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTED COPPICING TREE LEGUME FALLOWS IN EASTERN ZAMBIA." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 3 (2004): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704001826.

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Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient that limits crop production in southern Africa. We hypothesized that coppicing tree legumes, which are integrated in cropping systems, would intercept leaching nutrients and could also increase topsoil N in nutrient-depleted soils. This hypothesis was verified in three ongoing experiments at Msekera (experiments 1 and 2) and Kagoro (experiment 3) in Zambia. Planted tree fallows of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia angustisma, and Sesbania sesban were compared with natural fallows and with continuous maize cropping with or without fertilizer (no-tree) controls. Top and subsoil samples were taken in the tree treatments and in the no-tree controls to establish short and long-term tree effects on soil N dynamics. 15N was introduced at various soil depths down to 2 m to determine the vertical root-reach of coppicing trees. Samples taken on two different dates showed that planted trees are capable of capturing subsoil N. The amounts retrieved by trees in experiment 2 did not vary with depth or dates except for A. angustisma which retrieved more N from the top 0.20 m than from the subsoil. L. leucocephala and G. sepium had similar characteristics in terms of coppice biomass production and N content, and both species rooted to at least 2 m. G. sepium in a mixture with S. sesban, retrieved more applied N than when planted alone, implying that mixed fallows may be effective in resource capture. There was more inorganic-N in the topsoil of coppiced fallows was significantly higher than in unfertilized maize plots. Subsoil N accumulation was evident under fertilized maize plots. There was less subsoil nitrate-N beneath planted trees than beneath mono-cropped maize plots indicating that trees probably retrieved subsoil N. Maize yields subsequent to coppicing tree fallows were at least 170% higher than unfertilized controls indicating improved soil fertility status in the tree systems.
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Magadlela, Anathi, Aleysia Kleinert, Léanne L. Dreyer, and Alex J. Valentine. "Low-phosphorus conditions affect the nitrogen nutrition and associated carbon costs of two legume tree species from a Mediterranean-type ecosystem." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13264.

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The role of phosphorus nutrition in two-legume tree species from the Mediterranean-type ecosystem of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) in South Africa was investigated. There is very little information about the functional adaptations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition in these legume trees growing in nutrient-poor soils. Nodulated Virgilia divaricata and V. oroboides tree saplings were grown in sterilised sand and supplied with Long Ashton nutrient solution, which was modified to contain either sufficient-phosphate (500 µM) or low-phosphate (5 µM) nutrient solution for 90 days. During low-P conditions, the growth of V. divaricata was not affected, whereas V. oroboides showed a decrease in growth. The decrease in V. oroboides under low-P conditions was related to the lower P uptake, which resulted in an alteration in belowground biomass allocation, which consequently affected on the N nutrition and carbon (C) cost of growth. In this regard, V. oroboides plants allocated less biomass to roots and nodules, as a proportion of whole plant growth. The impact of this was a decline in N nutrition, growth respiration and photosynthetic costs in V. oroboides. In contrast, V. divaricata maintained its P concentrations, photosynthetic costs and increased its nodule allocation under low-P conditions, to the benefit of N nutrition. The two CFR tree legumes appear to have different adaptations to low-P conditions, which may influence their N and P acquisition in their naturally low-P environment.
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Reyes-García, Casandra, José Luis Andrade, J. Luis Simá, Roberth Us-Santamaría, and Paula C. Jackson. "Sapwood to heartwood ratio affects whole-tree water use in dry forest legume and non-legume trees." Trees 26, no. 4 (2012): 1317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0708-5.

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22

Sudalaimuthuasari, Naganeeswaran, Rashid Ali, Martin Kottackal, et al. "The Genome of the Mimosoid Legume Prosopis cineraria, a Desert Tree." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (2022): 8503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158503.

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The mimosoid legumes are a clade of ~40 genera in the Caesalpinioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Unlike the better studied Papilionoideae, there are few genomic resources within this legume group. The tree Prosopis cineraria is native to the Near East and Indian subcontinent, where it thrives in very hot desert environments. To develop a tool to better understand desert plant adaptation mechanisms, we sequenced the P. cineraria genome to near-chromosomal assembly, with a total sequence length of ~691 Mb. We predicted 77,579 gene models (76,554 CDS, 361 rRNAs and 664 tRNAs) from the assembled genome, among them 55,325 (~72%) protein-coding genes that were functionally annotated. This genome was found to consist of over 58% repeat sequences, primarily long terminal repeats (LTR-)-retrotransposons. We find an expansion of terpenoid metabolism genes in P. cineraria and its relative Prosopis alba, but not in other legumes. We also observed an amplification of NBS-LRR disease-resistance genes correlated with LTR-associated retrotransposition, and identified 410 retrogenes with an active burst of chimeric retrogene creation that approximately occurred at the same time of divergence of P. cineraria from a common lineage with P. alba~23 Mya. These retrogenes include many biotic defense responses and abiotic stress stimulus responses, as well as the early Nodulin 93 gene. Nodulin 93 gene amplification is consistent with an adaptive response of the species to the low nitrogen in arid desert soil. Consistent with these results, our differentially expressed genes show a tissue specific expression of isoprenoid pathways in shoots, but not in roots, as well as important genes involved in abiotic salt stress in both tissues. Overall, the genome sequence of P. cineraria enriches our understanding of the genomic mechanisms of its disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Thus, it is a very important step in crop and legume improvement.
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Camelo, Dayanne, José Carlos Batista Dubeux, Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, et al. "Soil Microbial Activity and Biomass in Semiarid Agroforestry Systems Integrating Forage Cactus and Tree Legumes." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (2021): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081558.

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Vegetation cover affects soil organic matter and activity of soil microorganisms. We investigated the intercropping effect of forage cactus with tree legumes on soil microbial biomass and organic matter in the semi-arid tropic, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We assessed the following cropping systems: (i) Gliricidia sepium intercropped with cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia; (ii) Leucaena leucocephala intercropped with cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia; and (iii) Cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia in monoculture. Samples were collected during the dry and rainy seasons in the 0- to 0.10- and 0.10- to 0.20-m soil layers at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 m in a perpendicular gradient from tree legume rows. The following responses were determined: δ13C and δ15N, C and N, microbial activity and biomass, and metabolic, microbial, and mineralization quotient. δ13C and δ15N varied with the distance from the trees. In the dry season and beginning of the rainy season, the cropping systems showed similar values for C, N, microbial activity, carbon, and nitrogen in the microbial biomass. The presence of tree legumes at the end of the rainy season favored soil microbiota, which showed a reduced loss of C-CO2, with no indication of metabolic stress and greater microbial biomass and microbial quotient in relation to forage cactus in monoculture.
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Maquia, Ivete, Silvia Catarino, Ana R. Pena, et al. "Diversification of African Tree Legumes in Miombo–Mopane Woodlands." Plants 8, no. 6 (2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8060182.

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The southern African Miombo and Mopane ecoregions constitute a unique repository of plant diversity whose diversification and evolutionary history is still understudied. In this work, we assessed the diversity, distribution, and conservation status of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes within the Zambezian phytoregion. Data were retrieved from several plant and gene databases and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on genetic barcodes. Seventy-eight species (74 from Miombo and 23 from Mopane, 19 common to both ecoregions) have been scored. Species diversity was high within both ecoregions, but information about the actual conservation status is scarce and available only for ca. 15% of the species. Results of phylogenetic analyses were consistent with current legume classification but did not allow us to draw any conclusion regarding the evolutionary history of Miombo and Mopane tree legumes. Future studies are proposed to dissect the diversity and structure of key species in order to consolidate the network of conservation areas.
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Mashudi, Mashudi, Poespitasari Hazanah Ndaru, Wike Andre Septian, Kusmartono Kusmartono, and Aprilia Dwi Kartika. "Roles of tree and shrub legume leaves as protein sources for cattle raised by small farmers in Bangkalan Regency." BIO Web of Conferences 81 (2023): 00046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20238100046.

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Inclusion of tree or shrub legume leaves in the ration of beef cattle improved quality and the main indicators are the increase in crude protein content and digestibility. The present study was done from March to September 2023 involving 30 farmers in Bangkalan regency who raised madura cattle and the information gathered were type and number of feeds offered daily. Tree and shrub legume leaves such as Gliricidia, Moringa, Indigofera, and jackfruit are the most common protein sources used to supplement field grass or straws. Samples of forage were taken and the following rations were formulated to simulate cattle feed: A (grass only); B (60% grass + 40% gliricidia); C (60% grass + 40% moringa); D (60% grass + 40% Indigofera); E (60% grass + 40% jackfruit) leaves. Parameters measured using an in vitro gas production technique showed that supplementation with tree and shrub legume leaves on field grass basal diet improved dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter (OMD) values and this was closely related to improvements of rumen NH3 concentration which also contributed to efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (ESPM) value improvement. It can be concluded that tree and shrub legume leaves have shown important roles in improving the quality of field grass based diet for Madura cattle.
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26

TerAvest, Dan, Jeffrey L. Smith, Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, Lori Hoagland, David Granatstein, and John P. Reganold. "Influence of Orchard Floor Management and Compost Application Timing on Nitrogen Partitioning in Apple Trees." HortScience 45, no. 4 (2010): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.637.

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Synchronizing the supply of plant-available nitrogen (N) from organic materials with the N needs of apple trees is essential to cost-effective organic apple production. Tree growth and organic matter mineralization are affected by orchard floor management. This study examines the effects of three orchard floor management systems, cultivation, wood chip mulch, and a legume cover crop, on the accumulation and partitioning of compost-derived N in young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees at different compost application dates across two growing seasons. Compost enriched with 15N was applied to apple trees in April, May, and June of 2006 and 2007, and trees were excavated in Sept. 2007 to determine the fate of labeled compost N. Trees with wood chip mulch had significantly greater dry weight and N accumulation in vegetative tree components than trees with cultivation or legume cover. Fruit yields were similar between cultivation and wood chip treatments despite less vegetative growth under cultivation, as these trees partitioned more dry weight into fruit (44%) than wood chip mulch trees (31%). Nitrogen-use efficiency by trees was lower with a living legume cover crop than in other treatments due to competition for resources. In the cover crop aboveground biomass, 20% to 100% of the N was derived from compost. In comparison, only 5% to 40% of N in the decomposing wood chip mulch originated from compost. Tree reserves were an important source of N for spring fruit and leaf growth in all treatments, but significantly more so for trees in the cultivation treatment. Fruit and leaves were strong sinks for compost N early in the season, with trees allocating 72% of spring N uptake into leaves and fruit. In the summer, N uptake increased improving compost N-use efficiency. Summer N was preferentially allocated to perennial tissues (71%), bolstering N reserves. Trees with wood chip mulch performed well and had greater capacity to build N reserves, making wood chips ideal for establishing young organic apple orchards. However, as the orchard matures, it may be beneficial to switch to a groundcover that reduces tree vegetative growth.
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27

Rose, Terry J., Lee J. Kearney, Stephen Morris, and Lukas Van Zwieten. "Low seasonal nitrous oxide emissions in tea tree farming systems following nitrogen fertilisation using poultry litter application or green manure legumes." Soil Research 58, no. 3 (2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19207.

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The integration of legumes into coppiced tree crop systems to replace some or all of the external nitrogen (N) fertiliser requirements may be one means to lower seasonal nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We investigated soil N2O emissions using static chamber methodology in field trials located within two commercial tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) plantations (Casino and Tweed Heads) where N (116 and 132 kg N ha–1 respectively) was supplied via poultry litter application (5 t wet ha–1) or by termination of annual legumes (soybean or mung bean) grown in the inter-row. While there was no treatment effect at the Tweed Heads site, both legume treatments had significantly (P = 0.01) lower cumulative N2O emissions (0.33 and 0.30 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1 for soybean and mung beans respectively) than the poultry litter treatment (0.66 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1) at the Casino site. However, the amount of N added to soils in each treatment was not identical owing to an inability to accurately predict N inputs by legume crops, and thus differences could not be attributed to the N source. A third site was thus established at Leeville comparing N2O emissions from poultry litter amendment (5 t wet ha–1 contributing 161 kg N ha–1) to an inter-row faba bean crop (contributing 92 kg N ha–1) and a nil-N control. Cumulative seasonal N2O emissions were significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) lower in the faba bean treatment than the poultry litter treatment (0.08 and 0.23 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1 respectively), but owing to different N inputs and generally low emissions, it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions on whether green manure legume crops can lower N2O emissions. Overall, soil N2O emissions in coppiced tea tree systems under current management practices were very low, offering limited potential to reduce seasonal N2O emissions through management practice change.
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Ben Gaied, Roukaya, Clarisse Brígido, Imed Sbissi, and Mohamed Tarhouni. "Sustainable Strategy to Boost Legumes Growth under Salinity and Drought Stress in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions." Soil Systems 8, no. 3 (2024): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030084.

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The escalating risks of drought and salinization due to climate change and anthropogenic activities are a major global concern. Rhizobium–legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is proposed as an ideal solution for improving soil fertility and rehabilitating arid lands, representing a crucial direction for future research. Consequently, several studies have focused on enhancing legume tolerance to drought and salinity stresses using various techniques, including molecular-based approaches. These methods, however, are costly, time-consuming, and cause some environmental issues. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of soil microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) or plant-associated microbiomes, can play a crucial role in enhancing legume performance and productivity under harsh environmental conditions in arid zones. PGPB can act directly or indirectly through advanced mechanisms to increase plant water uptake, reduce ion toxicity, and induce plant resilience to osmotic and oxidative stress. For example, rhizobia in symbiosis with legumes can enhance legume growth not only by fixing nitrogen but also by solubilizing phosphates and producing phytohormones, among other mechanisms. This underscores the need to further strengthen research and its application in modern agriculture. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the challenges faced by nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants in arid and semi-arid environments, particularly drought and salinity. We highlight the potential benefits of legume–rhizobium symbiosis combined with other PGPB to establish more sustainable agricultural practices in these regions using legume–rhizobium–PGPB partnerships.
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29

Keyser, H. H. "Inoculating tree legume seeds and seedlings with rhizobia." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 8, no. 3 (1992): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01201897.

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30

Dubeux, Jose CB, Mario de Andrade Lira, Mercia V. Ferreira dos Santos, et al. "Soil characteristics under legume and non-legume tree canopies in signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) pastures." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 31, no. 1 (2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2014.880746.

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31

Ye, Quanhui, Ying-Hui Wang, Zi-Ting Zhang, et al. "Dissolved organic matter characteristics in soils of tropical legume and non-legume tree plantations." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 148 (September 2020): 107880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107880.

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32

Sajimin, Harmini, A. Fanindi, E. Sutedi, and I. Herdiawan. "Productivity of two species of tree legume as sources forage on post-tin mining in Bangka island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1341, no. 1 (2024): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012080.

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Abstract Legume tree One of the crops that may function as a viable source of animal feed and be utilized for land reclamation on former mining sites. Ex-tin mining land, which is widely spread in Indonesia, has the potential to transform to productive agricultural land, as long as the land is given sufficient inputs through land rehabilitation. The legume tree has drought resistance, hence limiting its potential for development on many types of land, including post-tin mining areas in the Bangka Tengah District of Bangka Island. The objective of this research is to assess the adaptation of two legume tree species in post-tin mining environments. The research was completed throughout the period from 2017 to 2020. Experiments using Randomized block design (RBD) with two different species of treatments, were repeated a total of five times. Two species tested were (1) Leucaena leucocephala cv Taramba, and (2) Indigofera zollingeriana. Data growth and yield components are harvested every three months and yield is subjected to analysis using the Duncan test at a significance level of 5 %. The research result indicated that all of the tested two species of legume tree were well-adapted to post-tin mining in Bangka Tengah District, Bangka Island. The fresh yield of L.leucocephala cv Taramba was higher (9.1 %) than I.zollingeriana but the quality was similar, so the two species can be developed on post-tin mining areas as forage material for an animal in Central Bangka District, Bangka Island.
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Li, Yadong, Rujia Li, Rongbiao Ji, et al. "Research on Factors Affecting Global Grain Legume Yield Based on Explainable Artificial Intelligence." Agriculture 14, no. 3 (2024): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030438.

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Grain legumes play a significant global role and are integral to agriculture and food production worldwide. Therefore, comprehending and analyzing the factors that influence grain legume yield are of paramount importance for guiding agricultural management and decision making. Traditional statistical analysis methods present limitations in interpreting results, but explainable artificial intelligence (AI) provides a visual representation of model results, offering insights into the key factors affecting grain legume yield. In this study, nine typical grain legume species were selected from a published global experimental dataset: garden pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), garden vetch (Vicia sativa), faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and white lupine (Lupinus albus). Seven commonly used models were constructed for each legume species, and model performance evaluation was conducted using accuracy, AUC, recall, precision, and F1 score metrics. The best classification model was selected for each grain legume species. Employing Decision Tree analysis, Feature Importance Evaluation, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) as explainable techniques, our study conducted both individual and comprehensive analyses of nine leguminous crops. This approach offers a novel perspective, unveiling not only the unique responses of each crop to the influencing factors but also demonstrating the common factors across different crops. According to the experimental results, XGboost (XGB) and Random Forests (RF) are the best-performing models among the nine types of grain legumes, and the classification accuracy of a specific species is as high as 87.33%. Insights drawn from the feature importance map reveal that several factors, including aerial biomass, precipitation, sunshine duration, soil conditions, growth cycle, and fertilization strategy, have a pivotal influence. However, it was found from the SHAP graph that the responses of various crops to these factors are not the same. This research furnishes novel perspectives and insights into understanding the factors influencing grain legume yields. The findings provide a robust scientific foundation for agricultural managers, experts, and policymakers in the pursuit of optimizing pulse yields and advancing agricultural sustainability.
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Winter, WH, JJ Mott, and RW McLean. "Evaluation of management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. 3. Trees." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890631.

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The effect of killing trees upon the production and quality of native perennial grasses, Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon fallax, Sehima nervosum, and Sorghum plumosum, and oversown legumes from the genus Stylosanthes, was studied over 4 years at Katherine, in the semi-arid tropics of northwestern Australia. The pastures were either unfertilised or received low inputs of superphosphate, and for each fertility level were grazed at 3 stocking rates. At no time were legume yields affected by killing the trees but, in the first 3 years, the amount of grass was approximately twice as much when the trees were killed. During this period the mean grass yields declined 4-5 fold from about 2.2 t/ha. By the fourth year the advantage from tree killing upon grass yield was apparent only at the lowest stocking rates at each fertility level. Nitrogen concentrations of the grasses and legumes, with the exception of S. hamata, were increased 7 and 10% respectively above the mean annual values of 0.89 and 1.75% where the trees were killed, while the phosphorus and sulfur concentrations were not affected. Tree killing had no effect upon wet season liveweight gains during the last 2 years of the experiment. However, there were some benefits during the dry season when weight losses were lower for most treatments during the early dry season (June-September) and also lower for the lowest stocking rate treatment without fertiliser during the late dry season (October-November).
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Barros, Felipe Martins do Rêgo, Giselle Gomes Monteiro Fracetto, Felipe José Cury Fracetto, José Petrônio Mendes Júnior, Victor Lucas Vieira Prudêncio de Araújo, and Mario Andrade Lira Junior. "Silvopastoral systems drive the nitrogen-cycling bacterial community in soil." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 3 (2018): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018423031117.

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ABSTRACT Intercropping tree legumes with forage grasses in a silvopastoral system can avoid pasture degradation benefiting the soil. In such a system, nitrogen (N) is supplied by symbiosis between legumes and bacteria. However, the pasture quality determines the action of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which possess nifH genes, which encode nitrogenase enzyme. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), involved in the nitrification step, can be evaluated by specific regions of the 16S rRNA corresponding to AOB. Thus, we investigated the influence of the introduction of tree legumes into a silvopastoral system on the community structure and abundance of total bacteria, diazotrophic bacteria and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and real-time qPCR (quantitative PCR). The experiment involved nine plots of one hectare each, planted with sabia (Mimosa caesalpinifolia), a Gliricidia species (Gliricidia sepium), and a Brachiaria species (Brachiaria decumbens) in a randomized block design, forming three treatments: I-Brachiaria intercropped with sabia; II-Brachiaria intercropped with Gliricidia and III-Brachiaria only, with three replicates. The structures of the total bacterial and ammonium-oxidizing bacterial communities were influenced by tree legume introduction, possibly through modification of the soil chemical attributes. The copy numbers of total bacteria, ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and diazotrophic bacteria were higher in soils planted with legumes, which provided better conditions for microbial growth compared to planting with the Brachiaria species alone. Silvopastoral management with tree legumes improves the biological quality of soil, favouring the bacterial community linked to N-cycling.
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Trujillo, Lucerina, Johannes Lehmann, Manoel da Silva Cravo, André Luiz Atroch, and Firmino José do Nascimento Filho. "Fertilization and cover crop effects on soil nitrogen and plant nutrition in a young guarana plantation." Acta Amazonica 33, no. 4 (2003): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672003000400001.

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Fruit tree production is gaining an increasing importance in the central Amazon and elsewhere in the humid tropics, but very little is known about the nutrient dynamics in the soil-plant system. The present study quantified the effects of fertilization and cover cropping with a legume (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.) on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and plant nutrition in a young guarana plantation (Paullinia cupana Kunth. (H.B. and K.) var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) on a highly weathered Xanthic Ferralsol. Large subsoil nitrate (NO3-) accumulation at 0.3-3 m below the guarana plantation indicated N leaching from the topsoil. The NO3- contents to a depth of 2 m were 2.4 times greater between the trees than underneath unfertilized trees (P&lt;0.05). The legume cover crop between the trees increased soil N availability as shown by elevated aerobic N mineralization and lower N immobilization in microbial biomass. The guarana N nutrition and yield did not benefit from the N input by biological fixation of atmospheric N2 by the legume cover (P&gt;0.05). Even without a legume intercrop, large amounts of NO3- were found in the subsoil between unfertilized trees. Subsoil NO3- between the trees could be utilized, however, by fertilized guarana. This can be explained by a more vigorous growth of fertilized trees which had a larger nutrient demand and exploited a larger soil volume. With a legume cover crop, however, more mineral N was available at the topsoil which was leached into the subsoil and consequently accumulated at 0.3-3 m depth. Fertilizer additions of P and K were needed to increase subsoil NO3- use between trees.
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Shetta, N. D., and T. S. Alshahrani. "The Symbiotic Efficiency of Legume Tree Rhizobia for Host Range Legumes in Central Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 18, no. 04 (2016): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.0183.

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38

Cogliastro, Alain, Daniel Gagnon, Daniel Coderre, and Pierre Bhéreur. "Response of seven hardwood tree species to herbicide, rototilling, and legume cover at two southern Quebec plantation sites." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 8 (1990): 1172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-156.

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Two experimental plantations of valuable hardwoods were established in southern Quebec, at the northern limit of the North American deciduous forest, to examine the effects of three weed control treatments on the growth of tree seedlings. Treatments of herbicide, rototilling, and sowing of a legume cover (Lotuscorniculatus L. and Trifoliumrepens L.) were applied to seven tree species (Fraxinusamericana L., Juglansnigra L., Prunusserotina Ehrh., Quercusalba L., Quercusmacrocarpa Michx., Quercusrubra L., Tiliaamericana L.). A control treatment, retaining existing herbaceous vegetation, was also included. After three growing seasons tree growth was highest in the herbicide and rototilling treatments. Improved growth was associated with high foliar nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus, content. The growth gains provided by weed control were reduced on the site with the poorest soil drainage. Despite the introduction of herbaceous legumes, the weed biomass increased during the first 2 years, and tree growth in this treatment was rarely superior to the control. The growth obtained for some species in the best treatment, generally the herbicide, was similar to that attained farther south in Ontario.
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Oliva-Hernández, Jorge, Isis Molina-Salas, María López-Herrera, and Alejandra Vélez-Izquierdo. "Yield and chemical composition of foliage and branches of tropical tree legumes with different trunk diameters." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 42, no. 1 (2025): e254209. https://doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v42.n1.ix.

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Erythrina americana Miller and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., are tree legumes presents on livestock farms in the tropical region, mainly on living fences. The goal of the study was to determine the influence of tree legume species (TLS), and of the trunk diameter at base tree (TDB), on production and chemical composition of foliage and branches at a similar regrowth age. The study was conducted in Tabasco, Mexico. Seventy-nine trees were used in a completely randomised design with a 2 X 5 factorial arrangement. The factors were TLS (E. americana y G. sepium), and TDB at 0.20 m height above ground level (D-5: 0.050-0.059 m; D-6: 0.060-0.069 m; D-7: 0.070-0.079 m; D-8: 0.080-0.089 m y D-9: 0.090-0.099 m). The production per tree of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ash, of foliage and branches were the response variables. The STL x DBT interaction did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the response variables studied in the foliage and branches. In foliage, the TLS and TDB affected the production per tree of DM, CP, ADF, and ash (P&lt;0.01). G. sepium produced a greater amount of DM and the different components assessed than E. americana. An increase in TDB resulted in higher DM production and the components studied in foliage and branches. G. sepium produces foliage with higher CP and lower structural carbohydrate content than E. americana foliage.
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40

Otieno, K., M. J. Bryant, and J. F. M. Onim. "Effects of accession and cutting frequency on the rumen degradability of nitrogen in the foliage of sesbania sesban var. nubica." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025277.

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Sesbania sesban var. nubica is a tropical tree legume. Tree legumes have a number of uses which make them of interest to smallholder farming systems in the tropics. When incorporated into land use systems such as alley farming they provide a source of fuel wood for the household and forage for ruminant animals, as well as providing shade and pumping mineral nutrients from lower soil profiles to the surface where they can be used by more shallow-rooting companion crops. Sesbanias have considerable potential as providers of forage. The leaves are generally considered to be excellent sources of protein to supplement protein-deficient roughages such as straws and stovas in ruminant diets. Palatability of Sesbania foliage does not seem to be a problem and phenolic concentrations are low.
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41

Samuel, Sharon, Paul T. Scott, and Peter M. Gresshoff. "Nodulation in the Legume Biofuel Feedstock Tree Pongamia pinnata." Agricultural Research 2, no. 3 (2013): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40003-013-0074-6.

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42

McIvor, John G., and Chris J. Gardener. "Population dynamics of Stylosanthes hamata and S. scabra in north-eastern Queensland: effects of superphosphate application, timber treatment, and stocking rate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98023.

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The effects of pasture management (superphosphate application, timber treatment, stocking rate) on the herbage yields and population dynamics (seed production, seedling numbers, plant longevity) of Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and S. scabra cv. Seca grown in grass-legume mixtures were measured from 1982 to 1992 at 2 sites, Hillgrove (extractable phosphorus, 50 mg/kg) and Cardigan (extractable phosphorus, 6 mg/kg), near Charters Towers, north-eastern Queensland. Stylosanthes hamata was higher yielding during the first 3 years at both sites but subsequently S. scabra produced the larger yields. This resulted in S. hamata dominating the legume component in the early years but the proportion of S. hamata then declined, so that by the final year, S. hamata contributed &lt;20% of the legume mixture at both sites. Both seed yields and seedling numbers varied widely between years for both species at both sites. In the early years there were more S. hamata seedlings but in the later years S. scabra had greater seedling numbers. Seed yield and seedling numbers were not significantly affected by superphosphate but both were higher for S. hamata on plots with live trees than on plots with killed trees; numbers of seeds and seedlings of S. scabra were not affected by tree killing. Seed and seedling numbers of both species tended to be greatest at the intermediate stocking rates. Survival of both S. hamata and S. scabra at both sites conformed to Deevey"s Type II curve (i.e. death rate was constant with age). The S. scabra plants lived considerably longer than the S. hamata plants. Pasture treatments had less influence on longevity than on seed production and seedling numbers. Seed production and seedling establishment of both species were marginal for their persistence in the region, and management should aim for seed set and subsequent seedling establishment to occur sufficiently frequently to allow the legumes to persist.
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43

Abdulrazak, S. A., T. Awano, T. Ichinohe, T. Fujihara, and J. Nyangaga. "Nutritive evaluation of Prosopis Juliflora fruits and leaves from Kenya: Chemical composition and in vitro gas production." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000301x.

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Tree legume forages plays an important role in livestock nutrition in many parts of the tropics. One of the commonly used tree species is leucaena. However, the recent infestation of Leucaena leucocephala by the pest Heteropsylla cubana calls for alternative sources of legume forages. Abdulrazak et al. (1997) for instance, showed that Gliricidia sepium could be an alternative, and indicated the need to identify more promising species. Prosopis Juliflora (prosopis) grows in many parts of the tropics, including the arid and semi arid areas of Kenya. The objective of this study is to evaluate the nutritional value of prosopis fruits (pods with seeds) and leaves as ruminant feed.
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44

Sari, Yesi Chwenta, Syafri Nanda, Fatma Poni Mardiah, and Roza Yunita. "PENGEMBANGAN LEGUMINOSA INDIGOFERA SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK DI NAGARI BATU PAYUNG KECAMATAN LAREH SAGO HALABAN KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA." BULETIN ILMIAH NAGARI MEMBANGUN 5, no. 2 (2022): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/bina.v5i2.374.

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Indigofera is a legume that can be used as forage for livestock. Leguminosa is a type of tree and shrub-shaped plant that contains higher protein than ordinary grass. Indigofera legumes have several advantages including high productivity, adaptability to low soil fertility, easy and inexpensive maintenance. This activity aims to transfer knowledge to farmers regarding the potential development of Indigofera legumes as quality animal feed and provide Indigofera legume seeds to be developed by members of farmer-livestock groups. This activity is a Community Service which was carried out at the Ambacang Permai livestock farmer group, Nagari Batu Payung, Lareh Sago Halaban District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The method used in this activity is counseling and socializing the potential of Indigofera legumes, as well as question and answer discussions regarding the development and how to plant Indigofera legumes. The results of this activity have provided additional knowledge for farmers in Nagari Batu Payung, Lareh Sago Halaban District regarding the potential for the development of Indigofera legumes because so far farmers only provide grass as animal feed. From the activities that have been carried out, it can be concluded that farmers in Nagari Batu Payung, Lareh Sago Halaban District are very helpful because through this activity farmers know the potential, how to plant and develop Indigofera as cattle feed. Breeders gave a positive response to the activities that had been carried out and hoped that Andalas University could assist independent groups in developing their cattle farming business.
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45

Vanitha T, Pratiksha B, Hemalata M S, Sahana B R, Poornima M, and Manohar G M. "The Phylogenetic Tree Of The ‘Nod D’ Host-Specific Factor Is Incongruent With The Rhizobial Species Tree And Shows a Possible Hgt Event Between Highly Unrelated Rhizobial Bacteria." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 3 (2023): 840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i03.129.

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Rhizobium is a symbiotic biological nitrogen-fixing (BNF) bacteria. and has high diversity in different geographical regions worldwide. The BNF associated with the legume trees in tropical environments improves the efficiency of nitrogen and increases the soil organic matter, and soil fertility. Rhizobium consists of Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium, the species belonging to each genera infecting a specific host. This host specificity is dictated by several factors among which Nod D was secreted by the bacterium and plays an important role. We investigated how Nod D gene sequences may have evolved to confer host specificity. We constructed phylogenetic trees of 16srRNA and Nod D trees and compared the trees with a manually built host tree. We find that the Nod D tree is incongruent with the 16srRNA tree and the topology does not show any specific pattern correlative of the host tree. We also uncover a possible HGT of the Nod D gene between highly unrelated bacterial species. This finding may have implications for the development of Rhizobium strains specific to a particular host for Agricultural purposes.
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46

Dos Santos, Maurilio Sousa, Maria Elizabete De Oliveira, Tânia Maria Alves, et al. "Productivity Performance of Sheep in Silvopastoral Systems With Cashew Tree Compared to Grass Monoculture." Journal of Agricultural Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v10i2.19332.

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The goal in this study was to evaluate the production of sheep and forage silvopastoral systems (SPSs) with cashew trees, compared to the production on grass monoculture. The treatments consisted of three grazing systems: one Massai grass monoculture (Panicum maximum cv Massai) (MONO), and two SPSs: intercrop of Massai grass + cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) (SM) and intercrop of grass- Massai grass + Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata × S. macrocephala) + cashew tree (SME), in a completely randomized split plot design with four replications. The photosynthetically active radiation varied from 45 to 59% in SPSs, the presence of cashew trees created a microenvironment with lower temperatures and higher relative humidity throughout the day. Forage mass in the monoculture and in the SPSs was on average 2,116.65 kg dry matter (DM). ha-1; the participation of the legume in the forage mass was 44%. Greater stocking rate was found in the monoculture, however the gain per area was higher in the SME. In the SPSs, crude protein content of the grass increased by 46.2%, and there was a higher forage intake and weight gain of sheep, mainly in the system with legume. The silvopastoral system with cashew trees, Massai grass, estilosantes and sheep is feasible to optimize land use, with better gain per animal and area in relation to grass monoculture.
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47

Marsetyo, Y. Rusiyantono, and I. W. Sulendre. "Liveweight gain, change in body dimension and condition score of Donggala bulls fed corn stover supplemented with different tree legume leaves." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1075, no. 1 (2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1075/1/012006.

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Abstract An experiment was done to examine the effect of the addition of different legume leaves on live weight gain, change in body dimension, and condition score of Donggala bulls fed corn stover (CS). Twenty-eight Donggala bulls (initial body weight (BW) 179.48±3.66 kg) were blocked by BW in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 7 replicates. The treatments were CS ad libitum, CS plus Desmanthus virgatus (CSD), CS plus Gliricidia sepium (CSG), and CS plus Leucaena leucocephala (CSL). All supplements were offered at level 1% BW dry matter (DM)/day. The experiment was run for 16 weeks, with 2 and 14 weeks for the introduction and measurement period, respectively. The parameters observed include average daily live weight gain (ADG), wither height, heart girth, body length, and body condition score (BCS). It was observed that the addition of different tree legumes leaves lifted up significantly (P&lt;0.05) ADG, change in heart girth, BCS but did not affect significantly (P&gt;0.05) change of wither height and body length of Donggala bulls fed CS. The addition of Leucaena resulted in the highest increase (P&lt;0.05) in ADG, change of heart girth, and BCS. It was concluded that supplementation of tree legume leaves increased the growth performance of Donggala bulls fed CS.
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48

Nuncio Ochoa, María Guadalupe Josefina, Alek Fernando Pérez Olivera, Benjamín Gómez Ramos, et al. "Adaptation of tree legumes in a silvopastoral system for sheep in a temperate climate." Revista ESPAMCIENCIA 15, no. 2 (2024): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51260/revista_espamciencia.v15i2.482.

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The objective was to evaluate, over a one-year period, the survival, production, and nutritional value of forage from tree legumes as well as grasses and weeds in a silvopastoral system. A mixed protein bank was established, consisting of two plots: in the first plot, planting orientation was East to West, and in the second, North to South. The planted tree species were leguminous: pata de vaca (Bauhinia forficata), albizia (Albizia lebbeck), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and palo dulce (Eysenhardtia polystachya). Three planting densities were used, with tree spacings of 70x70, 90x90, and 110x110 cm. Survival was assessed visually and manually by identifying the species and recording their condition as either alive (1) or dead (0). A three-way classification model with an unequal number of repetitions was used, employing the Generalized Linear Models procedure of the statistical analysis system under a fixed effects model. The nutritional value of thetree legumes ranged from 11% to 18% protein. Differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between treatments and orientation regarding height. There was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of treatment, orientation, period, and species on foliage production. Differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in species survival, with albizia (Albizia lebbeck) being notable. The period also significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) tree survival. It is concluded that the survival rate of forage tree legume species determines their capacity to establish silvopastoral systems in a subhumid temperate climate in mixed protein bank arrangements
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49

McIvor, JG, and CJ Gardener. "Pasture management in semi-arid tropical woodlands: effects on herbage yields and botanical composition." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 6 (1995): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950705.

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The effects of pasture management options (introduced legumes and grasses, superphosphate, timber treatment, cultivation before sowing, stocking rate) on the yield and botanical composition of pastures were measured from 1982 to 1992 at 2 sites, Hillgrove (extractable phosphorus, 50 mg P/kg) and Cardigan (extractable P, 6 mg/kg), near Charters Towers, northeastern Queensland. Despite generally poor establishment and growing conditions, some sown species (Stylosanthes hamata, S. scabra, Cenchrus ciliaris, Urochloa mosambicensis) established and persisted at both sites. The initial sown grass populations were small but yields increased markedly towards the end of the experiment. There were no yield responses by the native pastures to superphosphate, but the sown pastures responded at Cardigan, although not at Hillgrove. There were large yield responses to tree killing. The percentage increase in herbage yield following tree killing increased as the available water in the soil during the growing season decreased, and was greater at the higher fertility Hillgrove site. Overall, the native pastures were dominated by perennial grasses, but annual grasses and forbs increased on plots with live trees and high stocking rates towards the end of the trial. sown grasses, particularly C. ciliaris, became dominant (and are likely to remain so) at Hillgrove and on plots with superphosphate at Cardigan, especially where the trees were killed. Productive, mixed pastures with reasonable proportions of both grass and legume were maintained under live trees.
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50

Graves, William. "Growth and Iron Content of Three Legume Tree Species at High Root-Zone Temperature." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 17, no. 12 (1991): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1991.069.

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Root-zone temperatures in city landscapes are supraoptimal for the growth of many temperate tree species, and selection of heat-resistant genotypes will aid in the development of successful urban forests. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth of Gleditsia triacanthosvar. inermis (honeylocust), Maackia amurensis (Amur maackia), and Sophorajaponica (pagoda tree) at high root-zone temperature. Nutrient solution in which seedlings were grown was held at 35°C, for 0, 6,12, and 24 hr/day for 42 days. For honeylocust and Amur maackia, dry mass was similar for plants at 35°C 0 and 6 hr/day but was reduced among plants at 35°C tor 12 and 24 hr/day. In contrast, mass of pagoda tree was decreased 55% by 35°C root-zone temperature for 6 hr/day, but mass increased as exposure to 35°C increased beyond 6 hr/day. Young lamina of honeylocust and Amur maackia at 35°C for 12 and 24 hr/day were chlorotic, and a high-temperature-induced reduction in the concentration of iron in leaves of all species was confirmed. These results indicate that growth of pagoda tree seedlings is more sensitive to cyclic episodes of high rootzone temperatures than to constant heat. The influence of high root-zone temperature on growth of Amur maackia was similar to that of honeylocust, which in previous studies was more heat resistant than other trees used in temperate urban forests.
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