Journal articles: 'Leishmaniasis/classification'

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Sangueza, Omar P., Julio M. Sangueza, Mathew J. Stiller, and Pastor Sangueza. "Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: A clinicopathologic classification." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 28, no. 6 (1993): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(93)70132-d.

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Akilov, Oleg E., Amor Khachemoune, and Tayyaba Hasan. "Clinical manifestations and classification of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis." International Journal of Dermatology 46, no. 2 (2007): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03154.x.

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Paltrinieri, Saverio, Laia Solano-Gallego, Alessandra Fondati, et al. "Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236, no. 11 (2010): 1184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.11.1184.

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Arce-Lopera, Carlos Alberto, Javier Diaz-Cely, and Lina Quintero. "Presumptive Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis." Frontiers in Health Informatics 10, no. 1 (2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v10i1.278.

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Introduction: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite. The most common presumptive diagnostic tool for this disease is the visual examination of the associated skin lesions by medical experts. Here, a mobile application was developed to aid this pre-diagnosis using an automatic image recognition software based on a convolutional neural network model.Material and Methods: A total of 2022 images of cutaneous diseases taken from 2012 to 2018 were used for training. Then, in 2019, machine learning techniques were tested to develop an automatic classification model. Also, a mobile application was developed and tested against specialized human experts to compare its performance.Results: Transfer learning using the VGG19 model resulted in a 93% accuracy of the classification model. Moreover, on average, the automatic model performance on a randomly selected skin image sample revealed a 99% accuracy while, the ensemble prediction of seven human medical expert’s accuracy was 83%.Conclusion: Mobile skin monitoring applications are crucial developments for democratizing health access, especially for neglected tropical diseases. Our results revealed that the image recognition software outperforms human medical experts and can alert possible patients. Future developments of the mobile application will focus on health monitoring of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis patients via community leaders and aiming at the promotion of treatment adherence.

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Das Gupta, S., D. K. Ghosh, and H. K. Majumder. "A cloned kinetoplast DNA mini-circle fragment from a Leishmania spp. specific for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis strains." Parasitology 102, no. 2 (1991): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062478.

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SUMMARYDNA–DNA hybridization techniques have been found to be very useful in the classification and identification of Leishmania parasites. We report here the cloning of a mini-circle from Leishmania strain UR6 in a plasmid and subcloning of the mini-circle fragments in M13 mp9. Clone MLURk32, containing a 560 bp fragment of mini-circle, has been found to have unique specificity. Application of this specific probe in identifying different Leishmania isolates reveals that the probe reacted only with strains of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis but not with strains or isolates of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Andrade, Rosilene Viana de, Cesare Massone, Meline Nogueira Barbosa de Lucena, et al. "The use of polymerase chain reaction to confirm diagnosis in skin biopsies consistent with american tegumentary leishmaniasis at histopathology: a study of 90 cases." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 86, no. 5 (2011): 892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962011000500005.

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BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a chronic, infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania. The incidence of this disease is high in Brazil, with 19,746 new cases having been detected in 2008. The presence of amastigotes in the cytoplasm of histiocytes constitutes diagnosis of the disease; however, their presence is rarely found in late lesions, making histological diagnosis difficult. Polymerase chain reaction has been shown to represent a highly sensitive and specific technique for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES: To use polymerase chain reaction to evaluate paraffin-embedded skin biopsies with histopathological features consistent with cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a 120-base-pair fragment of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles was performed on 90 skin biopsies. The male/female ratio was 75/15. Mean age was 32.36 years, with a median of 31 years, range 4-72 years. Samples were histologically compatible with cutaneous leishmaniasis but a definitive diagnosis could not be made since amastigotes were not found. All cases were histologically classified according to the patterns described by de Magalhães. RESULTS: According to the de Magalhães classification, the most common histological pattern was type IV (exudative granulomatous reaction), which was found in 65.6% of cases (56/90), followed by type I (exudative cellular reaction) in 21.1% of cases (19/90) and type III (exudative and necrotic granulomatous reaction) in 12.2% of cases (11/90). Leishmania DNA was found in 96.7% of the biopsies (87/90). CONCLUSION: Polymerase chain reaction performed by amplifying kDNA is able to confirm a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a high degree of sensitivity in cases in which histopathology is consistent with a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but not definitive.

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Castillo-Garit, Juan Alberto, Naivi Flores-Balmaseda, Orlando Álvarez, et al. "Computational Identification of Chemical Compounds with Potential Activity against Leishmania amazonensis using Nonlinear Machine Learning Techniques." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 27 (2019): 2347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666181130121558.

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Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease endemic in 98 countries worldwide, with morbidity and mortality increasing daily. All currently used first-line and second-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis exhibit several drawbacks including toxicity, high costs and route of administration. Consequently, the development of new treatments for leishmaniasis is a priority in the field of neglected tropical diseases. The aim of this work is to develop computational models those allow the identification of new chemical compounds with potential anti-leishmanial activity. A data set of 116 organic chemicals, assayed against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, is used to develop the theoretical models. The cutoff value to consider a compound as active one was IC50≤1.5μM. For this study, we employed Dragon software to calculate the molecular descriptors and WEKA to obtain machine learning (ML) models. All ML models showed accuracy values between 82% and 91%, for the training set. The models developed with k-nearest neighbors and classification trees showed sensitivity values of 97% and 100%, respectively; while the models developed with artificial neural networks and support vector machine showed specificity values of 94% and 92%, respectively. In order to validate our models, an external test-set was evaluated with good behavior for all models. A virtual screening was performed and 156 compounds were identified as potential anti-leishmanial by all the ML models. This investigation highlights the merits of ML-based techniques as an alternative to other more traditional methods to find new chemical compounds with anti-leishmanial activity.

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Sakyi, Patrick O., Richard K. Amewu, Robert N. O. A. Devine, Emahi Ismaila, Whelton A. Miller, and Samuel K. Kwofie. "The Search for Putative Hits in Combating Leishmaniasis: The Contributions of Natural Products Over the Last Decade." Natural Products and Bioprospecting 11, no. 5 (2021): 489–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-021-00311-2.

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Abstract Despite advancements in the areas of omics and chemoinformatics, potent novel biotherapeutic molecules with new modes of actions are needed for leishmaniasis. The socioeconomic burden of leishmaniasis remains alarming in endemic regions. Currently, reports from existing endemic areas such as Nepal, Iran, Brazil, India, Sudan and Afghanistan, as well as newly affected countries such as Peru, Bolivia and Somalia indicate concerns of chemoresistance to the classical antimonial treatment. As a result, effective antileishmanial agents which are safe and affordable are urgently needed. Natural products from both flora and fauna have contributed immensely to chemotherapeutics and serve as vital sources of new chemical agents. This review focuses on a systematic cross-sectional view of all characterized anti-leishmanial compounds from natural sources over the last decade. Furthermore, IC50/EC50, cytotoxicity and suggested mechanisms of action of some of these natural products are provided. The natural product classification includes alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids, and phenolics. The plethora of reported mechanisms involve calcium channel inhibition, immunomodulation and apoptosis. Making available enriched data pertaining to bioactivity and mechanisms of natural products complement current efforts geared towards unraveling potent leishmanicides of therapeutic relevance. Graphic Abstract

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Botelho, A. C. C., W. L. Tafuri, O. Genaro, and W. Mayrink. "Histopathology of human American cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after treatment." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 31, no. 1 (1998): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821998000100002.

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Chemical therapy for the treatment of leishmaniasis is still inadequate, and a number of drugs and therapeutic programs are being tested. Besides treatment, the ultimate goal is an effective cure, and histopathological analyses of the lesion cicatrices constitute an important measure of treatment success, or otherwise, in this respect. In this paper, we describe histopathological patterns in cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in 32 patients from the municipality of Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, before and after treatment with the following therapeutic methodos: l) leishvacin + glucantime; 2) leishvacin + BCG associated with glucantime; 3) glucantime; 4) leishvacin + BCG. Lesion fragments were collected from all patients by biopsy prior to, and approximately 30 days after, each treatment which resulted in a clinical diagnosis of cure. Following the analysis of slides, the preparations were described from a histopathological point of view and grouped taking into account the prevalence or significance of the characteristic elements. This process resulted in the following classification: 1. exsudative reaction (ER); 2. exsudative giant cell reaction (EGCR); 3. exsudative productive reaction (EPR); 4. exsudative productive giant cell reaction (EPGCR); 5. exsudative productive necrotic reaction (EPNR); 6. necrotic exsudative reaction (NER); 7. productive exsudative reaction (PER), 8. productive giant cell reaction (PGCR); 9. productive exsudative giant cell reaction (PEGCR); 10. productive exsudative giant cell granulomatous reaction (PEGCGR); 11. productive reaction (PR) and 12. productive cicatricial (cure) reaction (PCR). After this analysis, it was noted that clinical cure did not always coincide with histopathological cure.

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Fakiola, Michaela, Anshuman Mishra, Madhukar Rai, et al. "Classification and Regression Tree and Spatial Analyses Reveal Geographic Heterogeneity in Genome Wide Linkage Study of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis." PLoS ONE 5, no. 12 (2010): e15807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015807.

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S. Guimarães, M. Carolina, and Beatriz J. Celeste. "Performance indexes of a dot-enzime-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and an ezyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA) for field surveys of new world leishmaniasis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 33, no. 5 (1991): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651991000500008.

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Diagnostic performance indexes of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and efficiency were determined for dot-ELISA and IgG-ELISA tests in 340 leishmaniasis sera. Sensitivity of the dot-ELISA was significantly lower than IgG-ELISA's; the two tests had indexes of specificity and positive predictive value of the same magnitude. Seventy-eight sera gave a negative dot-ELISA test result and a positive IgG-ELISA test result. When sera were classified according to different criteria as how to interpret this diversity, the kappa statistic did not corroborate the classification indicating that the two tests display a substantial strength of agreement. The results presented indicate that performance indexes accrued in a survey where variables arc well known may be extrapolated to other population studies if the disease presents itself as highly prevalent (due to a selection bias or not) and may be expected to discriminate a disease status among test positives.

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Andrade-Narvaez, Fernando J., Salvador Medina-Peralta, Alberto Vargas-Gonzalez, Silvia B. Canto-Lara, and Sergio Estrada-Parra. "The histopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 4 (2005): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000400003.

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Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) known as "chiclero's ulcer" in southeast Mexico, was described by SEIDELIN in 1912. Since then the sylvatic region of the Yucatan peninsula has been documented as an endemic focus of LCL. This study of 73 biopsies from parasitological confirmed lesions of LCL cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection was undertaken: 1) to examine host response at tissue level; and 2) to relate manifestations of this response to some characteristics of clinical presentation. Based on Magalhães' classification we found that the most common pattern in our LCL cases caused by L. (L.) mexicana was predominantly characterized by the presence of unorganized granuloma without necrosis, (43.8%). Another important finding to be highlighted is the fact that in 50/73 (68.5%) parasite identification was positive. There was direct relation between the size of the lesion and time of evolution (r s = 0.3079, p = 0.03), and inverse correlation between size of the lesion and abundance of amastigotes (r s = -0.2467, p = 0.03). In view of the complexity of clinical and histopathological findings, cell-mediated immune response of the disease related to clinical and histopathological features, as so genetic background should be studied.

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KARUNAWEERA, NADIRA D., and MARCELO U. FERREIRA. "Leishmaniasis: current challenges and prospects for elimination with special focus on the South Asian region." Parasitology 145, no. 4 (2018): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000471.

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SUMMARYLeishmania donovani, the most virulent species of Leishmania, is found in the South Asian region that harbours the majority of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in the world. The traditionally accepted relationships between the causative species of Leishmania and the resultant disease phenotype have been challenged during recent years and have underscored the importance of revisiting the previously established taxonomy with revisions to its classification. The weak voice of the afflicted with decades of neglect by scientists and policy makers have led to the miserably inadequate and slow advancements in product development in the fields of diagnostics, chemotherapeutics and vector control that continue to hinder the effective management and control of this infection. Limitations notwithstanding, the regional drive for the elimination of VL initiated over a decade ago that focused on India, Nepal and Bangladesh, the three main afflicted countries in the Indian subcontinent is therefore, commendable, with the subsequent status reviews and restructuring of strategies possibly even more so. However, the renewed efforts would need to be combined with plans to combat new challenges in the South-Asian region that includes the emergence of atypical parasite variants, in order to realistically achieve the set goal of regional elimination of VL.

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Laurenti, Márcia Dalastra, and Mary Marcondes. "Asymptomatic or infect dog, symptomatic or sick/severely sick dog: The nomenclature did not change the clinical pathological classification in canine leishmaniasis." Veterinary Parasitology 202, no. 3-4 (2014): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.046.

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Kwakye-Nuako, Godwin, Mba-Tihssommah Mosore, Christopher Duplessis, et al. "First isolation of a new species of Leishmania responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghana and classification in the Leishmania enriettii complex." International Journal for Parasitology 45, no. 11 (2015): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.001.

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Hajjaran, Homa, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Reza Abaei, et al. "Natural infection and phylogenetic classification of Leishmania spp. infecting Rhombomys opimus, a primary reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeast Iran." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, no. 9 (2013): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trt060.

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Hassan, Q., A. Ghosh, S. S. Ghosh, et al. "Enzymatic amplification of mini-exon-derived RNA gene spacers of Leishmania donovani: primers and probes for DNA diagnosis." Parasitology 107, no. 5 (1993): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000068086.

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SUMMARYThe multicopy mini-exon-derived RNA (med RNA) locus of Leishmania donovani was enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The major 180 bp PCR product contained conserved med RNA gene sequences flanking the variable intergenic spacer from the med RNA gene tandem repeat. The oligonucleotide primers cross-reacted with other Leishmania species. In serial dilution experiments, positivity in the PCR assay was observed down to the genomic DNA equivalent of less than a single Leishmania cell. When the major PCR products from Indian L. donovani isolates were cloned and used as probes in dot hybridization analyses, they discriminated between L. donovani and L. amazonensis, L. major and L. infantum under high stringency conditions. DNA from spleen biopsies and blood samples of confirmed kala azar patients was positive, as were two skin biopsies from patients with post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). These observations demonstrate that PCR amplification of med RNA intergenic spacers is sufficiently sensitive for clinical diagnosis of kala azar and PKDL, and furthermore, that cloned intergenic spacer probes may be useful for identification and classification of L. donovani.

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HIDE, M., A. L. BAÑULS, and M. TIBAYRENC. "Genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodeme MON-1: epidemiological implications." Parasitology 123, no. 5 (2001): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200100871x.

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Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodeme MON-1 is responsible for the majority of visceral leishmaniasis cases around the Mediterranean basin, albeit that it causes also cutaneous forms. The MON classification is based on starch gel multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) typing. The aim of this work was to explore further the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of this zymodeme by alternative typing techniques. Fourteen L. (L.) infantum/L. (L.) chagasi stocks identified as MON-1 by MLEE in reference laboratories, 3 L. infantum stocks attributed to other zymodemes (MON-24, MON-29, MON-33) and reference standard stocks belonging to other species (L. (L.) major, L. (L.) tropica and L. (L.) donovani) were characterized by 2 different markers: MLEE on cellulose acetate plates and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We have obtained 10 different genotypes with RAPD and 6 different genotypes with MLEE on cellulose acetate plates for the 14 L. infantum/L. chagasi MON-1 stocks studied. MLEE and RAPD data gave quite congruent phylogenetic results: L. infantum zymodeme MON-1 was shown to be polyphyletic and genetically heterogeneous. This work confirms the necessity of using different markers to build up a robust phylogeny. Finally the epidemiological and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

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Bamorovat, Mehdi, Iraj Sharifi, Esmat Rashedi, et al. "A novel diagnostic and prognostic approach for unresponsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using artificial neural networks." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0250904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250904.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) imposes a major health burden throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Unresponsive cases are common phenomena occurred upon exposure to the standard drugs. Therefore, rapid detection, prognosis and classification of the disease are crucial for selecting the proper treatment modality. Using machine learning (ML) techniques, this study aimed to detect unresponsive cases of ACL, caused by Leishmania tropica, which will consequently be used for a more effective treatment modality. This study was conducted as a case-control setting. Patients were selected in a major ACL focus from both unresponsive and responsive cases. Nine unique and relevant features of patients with ACL were selected. To categorize the patients, different classifier models such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), learning vector quantization (LVQ) and multipass LVQ were applied and compared for this supervised learning task. Comparison of the receiver operating characteristic graphs (ROC) and confusion plots for the above models represented that MLP was a fairly accurate prediction model to solve this problem. The overall accuracy in terms of sensitivity, specificity and area under ROC curve (AUC) of MLP classifier were 87.8%, 90.3%, 86% and 0.88%, respectively. Moreover, the duration of the skin lesion was the most influential feature in MLP classifier, while gender was the least. The present investigation demonstrated that MLP model could be utilized for rapid detection, accurate prognosis and effective treatment of unresponsive patients with ACL. The results showed that the major feature affecting the responsiveness to treatments is the duration of the lesion. This novel approach is unique and can be beneficial in developing diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic measures against the disease. This attempt could be a preliminary step towards the expansion of ML application in future directions.

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Schroeder, Lucas, Mauricio Roberto Veronez, Eniuce Menezes de Souza, Diego Brum, Luiz Gonzaga, and Vinicius Francisco Rofatto. "Respiratory Diseases, Malaria and Leishmaniasis: Temporal and Spatial Association with Fire Occurrences from Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103718.

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The relationship between the fires occurrences and diseases is an essential issue for making public health policy and environment protecting strategy. Thanks to the Internet, today, we have a huge amount of health data and fire occurrence reports at our disposal. The challenge, therefore, is how to deal with 4 Vs (volume, variety, velocity and veracity) associated with these data. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose a method that combines techniques based on Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery from Databases (KDD) to discover spatial and temporal association between diseases and the fire occurrences. Here, the case study was addressed to Malaria, Leishmaniasis and respiratory diseases in Brazil. Instead of losing a lot of time verifying the consistency of the database, the proposed method uses Decision Tree, a machine learning-based supervised classification, to perform a fast management and extract only relevant and strategic information, with the knowledge of how reliable the database is. Namely, States, Biomes and period of the year (months) with the highest rate of fires could be identified with great success rates and in few seconds. Then, the K-means, an unsupervised learning algorithms that solves the well-known clustering problem, is employed to identify the groups of cities where the fire occurrences is more expressive. Finally, the steps associated with KDD is perfomed to extract useful information from mined data. In that case, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, a nonparametric measure of rank correlation, is computed to infer the statistical dependence between fire occurrences and those diseases. Moreover, maps are also generated to represent the distribution of the mined data. From the results, it was possible to identify that each region showed a susceptible behaviour to some disease as well as some degree of correlation with fire outbreak, mainly in the drought period.

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da Cunha, Gisele Macêdo Rodrigues, Mariângela Carneiro, Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier, et al. "Prospection of immunological biomarkers for characterization and monitoring of asymptomatic Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection." Parasitology 147, no. 10 (2020): 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000852.

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AbstractIn areas endemic for Leishmania infantum, an asymptomatic infection may be an indicator of the extent of transmission. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the applicability of measuring circulating immunological biomarkers as an alternative strategy to characterize and monitor L. infantum asymptomatic infections in combination with serological methods. To this end, 179 children from a region endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), aged 1–10 years old, selected from a cross-sectional study, were identified as asymptomatic (n = 81) or uninfected (n = 98) by qPCR and/or serological tests (ELISA using L. infantum soluble antigen and rK39), and, together with serum samples of children diagnosed with VL (n = 43), were subjected to avidity tests and cytokine levels measurement. Avidity rates (AR) ranging from 41 to 70% were found in 29 children (66%) from the asymptomatic group. On the other hand, high AR (above 70%) were observed in 27 children (64%) from the VL group. Logistic Regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses demonstrated that lower AR and IFN-γ production associated with higher IL-17A levels were hallmarks in asymptomatic L. infantum infections. Therefore, this study proposes an association of immunological biomarkers that can be used as a complementary strategy for the characterization and monitoring of asymptomatic VL infections in children living in endemic areas.

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Machado, Gustavo, Julio Alvarez, Haakon Christopher Bakka, et al. "Revisiting area risk classification of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil." BMC Infectious Diseases 19, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3564-0.

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Salimi, Mojtaba, Ebrahim Shakiba, Eslam Moradi-Asl, Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, and Keyvan Khassi. "Classification of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients based on its risk factors using latent class analysis." Tropical Doctor, November 23, 2020, 004947552097159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520971596.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the main health-economic problems around the world. Data were collected from all patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to the health centres of Kermanshah province between 2013 and 2019. Latent class analysis was conducted by PROC LCA in SAS 9.2 and a significant level was set at 0.05. Four latent classes were identified: low (33.8%), moderate (9.8%), high (22.4%) and very high risk (34.0%). The probability of having a travel history was high in the third class. Our study indicated that having history of an eschar has no role in the classification of patients. On the other hand, a positive smear test is important in classifying subjects. Our results indicate that more than half of all patients fell under high risk or very high-risk class. This emphasises the importance of planning preventive intervention by considering different risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis simultaneously.

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Alatif, Hend. "Burden and trends of Leishmaniasis over the last one decade across the Globe: Trend analysis of WHO regions." Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences 8 (December 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2021.295.

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Introduction: In terms of the global burden of diseases, leishmaniasis is the third most serious and often fatally untreated tropical disease. The number of people suffering from leishmaniasis is estimated to be 12–15 million. Because of the comparatively underestimated reported number of cases, leishmaniasis is not seen as an immediate health issue in various regions by local and international health policymakers. Therefore, strong evidence is required for policymakers to make decisions. Therefore, we aimed to conduct secondary data analysis to assess the trends of Leishmaniasis over the last decade and understand the endemicity of different regions for Leishmaniasis across the world. Methods: We undertook a retrospective study with secondary data analysis of the WHO data from 2008 to 2018, publicly available, for cutaneous and visceral Leishmaniasis. The data for around 194 countries were included in the analysis and these countries were merged into different regions based on the WHO classification. We categorized all 94 countries into regions such as America, Europe, Africa, South-East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. Since the data were limited to the frequency of cases and there were no other variables, therefore, we were able to do the descriptive analysis. Results: Generally, the number of cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases has declined for all regions except for the Eastern Mediterranean region. A declining trend of imported cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis was found for all regions mainly from 2015 to 2018. The cases of visceral leishmaniasis in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Africa, America, and Europe have remained stable. However, after remaining stagnant for about four years, the number of visceral leishmaniasis in South Asia showed a steep decline. Of the 194 countries, 76.39% are considered as endemic for cutaneous Leishmaniasis and 44.3% are considered as endemic for visceral Leishmaniasis. Conclusion: Though cases of Leishmaniasis have decreased over the past decade, regions need to make efforts to capture the true number of cases with an effective surveillance system. There appears to be a stable trend in most countries, although it is unclear whether that trend is due to regulation steps taken by various governments or to cases being underreported. Governments in various regions therefore need to make efforts to identify true cases and to take effective control steps.

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Rashidi, Sajad, Kurosh Kalantar, Celia Fernandez-Rubio, Enayat Anvari, Paul Nguewa, and Gholamreza Hatam. "Chitin binding protein as a possible RNA binding protein in Leishmania parasites." Pathogens and Disease 78, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femspd/ftaa007.

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ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis includes a broad spectrum of pathological outcomes in humans caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania. In recent years, proteomic techniques have introduced novel proteins with critical functions in Leishmania parasites. Based on our report of a Chitin binding protein (CBP) in our previous immunoproteomic study, this article suggests that CBP might be an RNA binding protein (RBP) in Leishmania parasites. RBPs, as key regulatory factors, have a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. The presence of RBPs in Leishmania parasites has not been considered so far; however, this study aims to open a new venue regarding RBPs in Leishmania parasites. Confirming CBP as an RBP in Leishmania parasites, exploring other RBPs and their functions might lead to interesting issues in leishmaniasis. In fact, due to the regulatory role of RBPs in different diseases including cancers and their further classification as therapeutic targets, the emerging evaluation of CBP and RBPs from Leishmania parasites may allow the discovery of novel and effective drugs against leishmaniasis.

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Medeiros, Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso, Job Alves de Souza Filho, José Ronaldo Barbosa, et al. "Phase II validation study of the rK39 ELISA prototype for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 37, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00041320.

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Abstract: Dogs are the main reservoirs in the domestic transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, and the diagnosis is essential for the effectiveness of the control measures recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN prototype with serum samples from 200 dogs, in triplicate, including symptomatic, oligosymptomatic, asymptomatic, and healthy dogs, originated by two distinct panels (A and B) characterized by parasitological tests as the reference standard. In this study, the prototype kit showed a 99% sensitivity (95%CI: 94.5-100.0) and a 100% specificity (95%CI: 96.4-100.0). The sensitivity of the prototype kit did not vary significantly with the clinical status of the dogs. Considering the final result classification (positive or negative), agreement between the results of repeated tests was almost perfect (kappa = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98-1.00). ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN is a promising option for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

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Yuan, Dongmei, Hanxiao Qin, Dali Chen, and Jianping Chen. "Genetic diversity analysis of Chinese Leishmania isolates and development of L. donovani complex-specific markers by RAPD." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06163-y.

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Abstract Background Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world and remains endemic in some underdeveloped regions, including western China. The phylogeny and classification of Chinese Leishmania has not been completely clarified to date, especially within the Leishmania (L.) donovani complex, although phylogenetic analyses based on a series of gene markers have been performed. More analytic methods and data are still needed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology can sensitively identify slight intraspecific differences, and it is a powerful tool to seek species-specific markers. This work attempted to identify Chinese Leishmania isolates from diverse geographic regions at the genomic level. Meanwhile, specific markers of the L. donovani complex were also developed by RAPD. Methods RAPD was applied to 14 Chinese Leishmania isolates from diverse geographic regions and 3 WHO reference strains. The polymorphic sites of amplification were transformed into a data matrix, based on which genetic similarity was calculated, and a UPGMA dendrogram was constructed to analyse the genetic diversity of these Leishmania isolates. Meanwhile, the specific amplification loci of the L. donovani complex were TA-cloned, sequenced and converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which were validated preliminarily in 17 available Leishmania strains in this study and analysed by bioinformatics. Results The cluster analyses showed that the three Leishmania sp. isolates SC10H2, SD and GL clustered together and apart from others, the strains of the L. donovani complex clearly divided into two clades, and the three isolates Cy, WenChuan and 801 formed a subclade. Three specific SCAR markers of the L. donovani complex, i.e., 1-AD17, 2-A816 and 3-O13, were successfully obtained and validated on 17 available Leishmania strains in this study. Through bioinformatic analyses, Marker 1-AD17 may have more specificity for PCR detection of VL, and Marker 3-O13 has the potential to encode a protein. Conclusions The RAPD results verified that the undescribed Leishmania species causing visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in China was a unique clade distinguished from L. donovani and revealed that there was genetic differentiation among Chinese L. donovani. The identification of L. donovani-specific markers may help to provide a foundation for future research attempting to develop new specific diagnostic markers of VL and identify specific gene functions.

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Ramezankhani, Roghieh, Nooshin Sajjadi, Roya Nezakati Esmaeilzadeh, Seyed Ali Jozi, and Mohammad Reza Shirzadi. "Application of decision tree for prediction of cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence based on environmental and topographic factors in Isfahan Province, Iran." Geospatial Health 13, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2018.664.

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that continues to be a health problem in Iran. Nearly 350 million people are thought to be at risk. We investigated the impact of the environmental factors on CL incidence during the period 2007- 2015 in a known endemic area for this disease in Isfahan Province, Iran. After collecting data with regard to the climatic, topographic, vegetation coverage and CL cases in the study area, a decision tree model was built using the classification and regression tree algorithm. CL data for the years 2007 until 2012 were used for model construction and the data for the years 2013 until 2015 were used for testing the model. The Root Mean Square error and the correlation factor were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the decision tree model. We found that wind speeds less than 14 m/s, altitudes between 1234 and 1810 m above the mean sea level, vegetation coverage according to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) less than 0.12, rainfall less than 1.6 mm and air temperatures higher than 30°C would correspond to a seasonal incidence of 163.28 per 100,000 persons, while if wind speed is less than 14 m/s, altitude less than 1,810 m and NDVI higher than 0.12, then the mean seasonal incidence of the disease would be 2.27 per 100,000 persons. Environmental factors were found to be important predictive variables for CL incidence and should be considered in surveillance and prevention programmes for CL control.

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Tabrez, Shams, Fazlur Rahman, Rahat Ali, et al. "Cynaroside inhibits Leishmania donovani UDP-galactopyranose mutase and induces reactive oxygen species to exert antileishmanial response." Bioscience Reports, December 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20203857.

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Cynaroside, a flavonoid, has been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. Here, we evaluated its antileishmanial properties and its mechanism of action through different in silico and in vitro assays. Cynaroside exhibited antileishmanial activity in time and dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 49.49 ± 3.515 µM in vitro. It inhibited the growth of parasite significantly at only 20 µM concentration when used in combination with miltefosine, a standard drug which have very high toxicity. It also inhibited the intra-macrophagic parasite significantly at low doses when used in combination with miltefosine. It showed less toxicity than the existing antileishmanial drug, miltefosine at similar doses. Propidium iodide staining showed that cynaroside inhibited the parasites in G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. H2DCFDA staining showed cynaroside induced antileishmanial activity through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in parasites. Molecular-docking studies with key drug-targets of Leishmania donovani showed significant inhibition. Out of these targets, cynaroside showed strongest affinity with UDP-galactopyranose mutase with -10.4 Kcal/mol which was further validated by molecular dynamics simulation. The bioactivity, ADMET properties, OECD chemical classification and toxicity risk prediction showed cynaroside as an enzyme inhibitor having sufficient solubility and non-toxic properties. In conclusion, cynaroside may be used alone or in combination with existing drug, miltefosine to control leishmaniasis with less cytotoxicity.

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Hassan, Faizan, Krishn Pratap Singh, Pushkar Shivam, Vahab Ali, and Diwakar Singh Dinesh. "Amplification and Characterization of DDT Metabolizing Delta Class GST in Sand Fly, Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) From Bihar, India." Journal of Medical Entomology, July 14, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab124.

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Abstract Phlebotomus argentipes is an established vector for Visceral leishmaniasis prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. Insect Glutathione S-transferases (GST) enzyme plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and chemical insecticides. We report herein the identification and characterization of a delta class GST from the sandfly, P. argentipes. The resulting clone (rParg-GSTδ) is successfully sequenced, which revealed 76.43% and 66.32% gene identity with GST from Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli; Diptera: Psychodidae) and Lutzomiya longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva; Diptera: Psychodidae), respectively. The identified rParg-GST amino acid Blast results revealed 82.6% homology to delta class GST of Phlebotomus papatasi and more than 50% homology to Lepidoptera which comprises butterflies and moths. The Phylogenetic analysis of Parg-GST with different classes of Insect GSTs further supported its classification as delta class. A functional recombinant Parg-GSTδ protein (rParg-GSTδ) was expressed in Escherichia coli (Migula; Enterobacterales: Enterobacteriaceae) cells in a soluble form, purified to homogeneity and found to be active against a substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene (CDNB) and lipid peroxidation by-product 4-Hydrxynonenal (4-HNE). Interestingly, rParg-GSTδ demonstrates high dehydrochlorination activity against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) i.e., 16.27 nM/µg in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. These results provide evidence of direct DDT metabolism property exhibited by P. argentipes GST and set the foundation to decipher the metabolic resistance mechanism in P. argentipes against insecticides.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leishmaniasis/classification'

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