Academic literature on the topic 'Leith Brown'

Sabal bermudana, known as the Sabal palm, is, at over 200 years of age, frequently listed as the oldest living specimen growing at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (Bown, 1992; Fletcher & Brown, 1970; Govier et al., 2001; Rae, 2011; RBGE, 2012). Edmondson & Rowley (1998) even speculated that the Sabal dated from John Hope’s time as Regius Keeper of RBGE between 1760 and 1786. However, the earliest date most commonly cited is 1822, the year that the plant was transferred, along with much of the collection, from the Leith Walk garden to RBGE’s current site at Inverleith. This article is a summary of its history and cultivation, and offers a description of recent horticultural activities to replace existing supports using novel and possibly unique materials.

O doce de leite é consumido em países do Mercosul e composto de água, proteínas, lipídeos, minerais e açúcar. A acidez titulável (AT) do leite, teor de lactose e de gordura alteram as características sensoriais e de coloração do produto. O objetivo foi evidenciar, em aula prática, a importância da qualidade da matéria-prima na elaboração do doce de leite. Os leites pasteurizados (integral, desnatado ou zero lactose) foram avaliados quanto a AT antes e após adição de ácido lático ou bicarbonato de sódio. Após, foi adicionado 20% de açúcar (seis formulações diferentes), seguido de aquecimento até o ponto final. Na avaliação dos produtos foi observada textura, coloração e grau de doçura (56 alunos). F1(controle) apresentou coloração caramelo média, textura lisa, sem grumos, e sabor doce característico. Em F2 havia um excesso de AT no leite, com doce de leite de uma tonalidade mais clara e granuloso. F3 foi elaborada com excesso de bicarbonato de sódio, produzindo um doce escuro, sem chegar ao ponto final, e sabor amargo. Em F4 foi utilizado creme de leite (17% de gordura), com cor caramelo médio, liso e menos doce. Na F5 foi utilizado leite desnatado, produzindo um doce de leite caramelo médio, liso e sabor doce um pouco mais acentuado. Já F6 utilizou leite zero lactose, produzindo um doce de leite marrom escuro, firme, com grumos e doçura marcante. Esta aula prática evidenciou a importância da qualidade da matéria-prima para o doce de leite e trouxe a realidade das Indústrias beneficiadoras, que a recebem com qualidade variada.
 
 Palavras-chave: Pós-Graduação. Leite e Derivados. Acidez.
 
 Abstract
 Dulce de leche is consumed in the Mercosul countries, and it is composed by water, proteins, lipids, minerals and sugar. Milk titratable acidity, lactose and fat contents change the product sensorial and color characteristic. The objective was to evidence, in a practical class, to Master level students, the importance of raw material in the dulce de leche manufacture. Pasteurized milk (whole, skimmed or lactose free) were evaluated for titratable acidity, before and after the lactic acid or sodium bicarbonate addition. Then, 20% of sugar was added to the milk (six different formulations), and it was heated until dulce de leche final point. In the products evaluation, texture, coloration and sweetness degree were evaluated by 56 students. F1 (control) presented medium caramel color, smooth texture, and characteristic sweet flavor. F2 presented an excess of titratable acidity, with lighter and grainy dulce de leche. F3 was elaborated with sodium bicarbonate excess, producing a dark dulce de leche, without reaching the final point, and bitter taste. F4 was produced with cream (17% fat), and presented a medium caramel color, smooth and less sweet. In F5 skimmed milk was used, resulting in a dulce de leche with medium caramel color, smooth and a slightly more pronounced sweet flavor. F6 was produced with lactose free milk, producing a dark brown dulce de leche, with lumps and marked sweetness. This practical class highlighted the importance of the raw material quality for dulce de leche production and brought the reality of the beneficiary industries, which receive raw materials of varying quality.
 
 Keywords: Post Graduation. Milk and Derivatives. Titratable Acidity.

Foi avaliado o desempenho produtivo de vacas da raça Holandesa mantidas em pastagem consorciada de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) e feijão miúdo (Vigna unguiculata L.), recebendo ou não suplementação diária, durante o período de 18/12/2000 a 20/02/2001. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas multíparas, selecionadas pelo potencial produtivo, peso vivo e fase de lactação. Após estratificação, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos que foram manejados em dois sistemas alimentares: pastagem consorciada de milheto e feijão miúdo à vontade (MFM); e pastagem consorciada à vontade + suplementação diária (MFM+S). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A disponibilidade de matéria seca (MS) da forragem foi, em média, de 2.469,6 e 1.554,8 kg ha-1, respectivamente, na entrada e na saída dos animais dos piquetes. O valor nutritivo do pasto apresentou valores médios de 70,25 dag kg-1 de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica; 16,5 dag kg-1 de proteína bruta e 68,5 dag kg-1 de fibra detergente neutro. O feijão miúdo apresentou participação média de 12% na composição total do pasto. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,01) na produção de leite entre as vacas mantidas nos dois sistemas alimentares, sendo a produção média de leite de 19,56 e 23,40 kg vaca-1dia-1, respectivamente, no sistema MFM e MFM+S. A produção de leite dos animais que receberam suplementação foi mais estável entre os períodos de avaliação.

En el presente trabajo se hace referencia al compromiso de los participantes en la empresa familiar y su relación con el clima organizacional en los municipios de Rioverde y el refugio Ciudad Fernández, siendo este el objetivo principal de estudio. La investigación se realizó con el fin de identificar los factores del clima organizacional (apoyo del superior inmediato, claridad del rol, contribución personal, reconocimiento, expresión de los propios sentimientos y trabajo como reto), según Brown y Leigh (1996), que más contribuyen con el compromiso organizacional desde la perspectiva de los trabajadores, siendo analizado el compromiso organizacional en sus tres dimensiones: el compromiso afectivo, de continuidad y el normativo (Meyer, Allen y Smith, 1993) y la relación con algunas variables sociodemográficas.

Stingless bee Trigona spinipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an important pest of calla lily, Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.), damaging flowers, especially the spadix. The aim was to identify the most efficient packaging for bagging calla lily inflorescences, aiming to protect against the attack of stingless bee and to maintain postharvest quality. The experiment was carried out in a calla lily plantation cultivated in soil under 50% shading screen. Treatments consisted in bagging calla lily flowers with: 1) brown kraft paper bag, 2) non-woven fabric (NWF) bag; 3) transparent plastic bag, 4) transparent micro-perforated plastic bag and 5) control (without bagging). The experimental design was completely randomized with 25 replicates and one inflorescence per plot. Inflorescences received treatments when they presented definitive color, but still with completely closed spathe. Seven days after bagging, inflorescences were collected and evaluated for damages caused by insects in the field and the postharvest characteristics. Postharvest quality evaluations of inflorescences were performed for 12 days, observing expansion of the spathe in length and width, stem weight and visual quality expressed by the number of days that remained in each class. The bagging of calla lily inflorescences was efficient in the control of stingless bee, regardless of packaging used, because under these conditions, no inflorescence presented damage. In control, 84% of damaged inflorescences were observed. Differences in postharvest characteristics were observed and inflorescences remained for longer periods in the process of spathe opening, which is characterized by the measurement of their length and width, when packed. Among packages, NWF allowed longer spathe length at the 6th day of evaluation, larger width at 7th day of evaluation and less fresh mass loss at the end of the experiment (8%). In control, reduction of spathe measurements from the first day of evaluation and loss of 11% of fresh mass were observed. It was concluded that NWF is an efficient packaging to protect calla lily against the attack of stingless bee without compromising the postharvest quality of inflorescences.

El propósito del estudio fue identificar el nivel de percepción del clima organizacional de los empleados de mantenimiento del taller de una minera de San Luis Potosí, así como determinar la relación de la percepción sobre las dimensiones del clima organizacional según sus características sociodemográficas. Es un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo, correlacional y de diseño transversal, se integró por 78 empleados, aplicándose un censo, participando el 100% de los empleados del área de mantenimiento, el personal se clasificó de acuerdo a su puesto de trabajo como: Jefatura, Supervisor, Mecánico, Soldador y Auxiliar de mecánico. La técnica aplicada fue la encuesta autoadministrada, utilizando el instrumento de Brown & Leigh (1996), la confiabilidad del instrumento fue de 0.875. Se encontró que el nivel de clima es aceptable según los empleados de la minera, destacando las dimensiones trabajo como reto y claridad el rol, las dimensiones con un promedio más bajo fueron reconocimiento y expresión de los propios sentimientos, aunque todas tuvieron un promedio arriba de 3 puntos. También se presentó correlación entre algunas dimensiones del clima organizacional con la edad y la antigüedad en la empresa.

In this study it was aimed to adapt Psychological Climate Scale (Brown & Leigh, 1996) into Turkish. It was originally developed for business organizations but while adapting it into Turkish the items were adjusted to educational settings. There were 745 teachers in two different study groups. To test the language validity of the scale, Pearson Correlation coefficient between English and Turkish versions was calculated. They were responded by English teachers with a two week interval. Findings indicated a high correlation (r=,859; p<,01) which means that Turkish version has language validity. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the construct validity. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were an indication of reliability which was calculated separately for the scale and sub-dimensions (ranges from α= ,912 to α= ,738). In item analysis, item total correlations and the correlations among sub-dimensions of the scale were calculated. Additionally, significance of difference between lower and upper 27 % groups was checked. The findings of EFA manifested a construct with five sub dimesions which was different from original scale and this dimensions were named in Turkish based on the original scale. On the other hand, ‘Challenge’ sub dimension did not meet reliability criteria. Therefore, it was taken out from adapted version. The item total correlations met the criteria in the literature. The difference between lower-upper 27 % groups was statistically significant. The total scale and its sub-dimensions had also statistically significant correlations (ranging from ,879 to ,455) indicating internal consistency. The model was validated by CFA. The findings of this study showed that Turkish version of Psychological Climate Scale has validity and reliability which means the scale can be applied in educational organizations. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışma ile İngilizce Psikolojik İklim Ölçeğinin (Brown & Leigh, 1996) Türkçe’ye uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Ölçeğin orijinali iş örgütleri için geliştirilmiş olmakla birlikte, uyarlama esnasında maddeler eğitim örgütlerine uygun hale getirilmiştir. Araştırma iki farklı çalışma grubu üzerinde yürütülmüş olup; bu gruplar toplam 745 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin dil yönünden geçerliğini doğrulamak amacıyla İngilizce ve Türkçe versiyonlar iki hafta ara ile İngilizce öğretmenlerinden oluşan bir gruba uygulanarak; bu ölçümler arasındaki Pearson Korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgu ölçümler arasında yüksek düzeyli bir ilişkinin mevcudiyetini ifade etmektedir (r=,859; p<,01) ki bu da ölçeğin Türkçe versiyonun dil yönünden geçerli olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini belirlemek amacıyla ise Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yürütülmüştür. Ölçeğin geneli ve alt boyutları için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan Cronbach’s Alpha katsayısıları güvenirliği işaret etmektedir (α= ,912- α= ,738 arasında). Madde analizi bağlamında, madde toplam korelasyonları, ölçeğin alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkiler ve alt-üst % 27’lik gruplar arasındaki farkın anlamlılığı ortaya konmuştur. AFA’dan elde edilen sonuçlar orijinal ölçekten farklı olarak beş boyutlu bir yapıya işaret etmektedir. Bu boyutlar ölçeğin İngilizce versiyonuna sadık kalınarak Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, ‘Mesleki Zorluk’ alt boyutu gerekli güvenirlik kriterini sağlayamadığı için ölçeğin Türkçe versiyonunda yer almamaktadır. Madde toplam korelasyonları alan yazında ortaya konan ölçütleri karşılamıştır. Alt-üst % 27’lik gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ölçek geneli ve alt boyutları arasındaki istatiksel açıdan anlamlı ilişkiler iç tutarlılığın göstergesidir (,879-,455). Modelin geçerliliği DFA ile doğrulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Psikolojik İklim Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlandığında geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda, söz konusu ölçme aracı eğitim örgütlerinde uygulanabilir. // // // //

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was isolated from tomato and pepper plants in greenhouse production in the Province of Antalya, in southwestern Turkey. Disease incidence was less than 4% of plants observed in 2001 and ranged from 1 to 20% in 2002. Eleven seedling-producing companies and 26 greenhouses that produce tomato and pepper were surveyed during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002. The increase in disease incidence in 2002 is an indication that this disease is becoming more prevalent on tomato and pepper plants grown in greenhouses in southwestern Turkey. A gram-negative bacterium producing yellow-pigmented colonies on nutrient agar was consistently isolated from brown, circular spots on leaflets of tomato and sweet pepper seedlings. Five isolates were pathogenic on commercial cultivars of tomato and pepper when bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/ml) were infiltrated into the intercellular spaces of leaves to determine race by using procedures described by Bouzar et al. (1). All the isolates produced hypersensitive reaction responses on tomato genotype cv. Hawaii 7998 and pepper genotype cvs. 20 R and 30 R and were designated tomato race 1 pepper race 1 (T1P1) (1). Fatty acid analysis of the strains identified them as X. axonopodis vesicatoria with similarity index values of 0.872 to 0.933. In addition, the strains were tested with X. axonopodis vesicatoria-specific polymerase chain reaction primers (RST 2/3 and RST 9/10) (2). The isolates were determined to be X. axonopodis vesicatoria. Although bacterial spot of tomato has been suspected in Turkey for a number of years, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the bacterium on tomato. References: (1) H. Bouzar et al. Phytopathology 84:663, 1994. (2) R. P. Leite, Jr. et al. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60:1068, 1994.

This book is the first anthology of perspectives on the future of text, one of our most important mediums for thinking and communicating, with a Foreword by the co-inventor of the Internet, Vint. Cerf and a Postscript by the founder of the modern Library of Alexandria, Ismail Serageldin. In a time with astounding developments in computer special effects in movies and the emergence of powerful AI, text has developed little beyond spellcheck and blue links. In this work we look at myriads of perspectives to inspire a rich future of text through contributions from academia, the arts, business and technology. We hope you will be as inspired as we are as to the potential power of text truly unleashed. Contributions by Adam Cheyer • Adam Kampff • Alan Kay • Alessio Antonini • Alex Holcombe • Amaranth Borsuk • Amira Hanafi • Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. • Anastasia Salter • Andy Matuschak & Michael Nielsen • Ann Bessemans & María Pérez Mena • Andries Van Dam • Anne-Laure Le Cunff • Anthon Botha • Azlen Ezla • Barbara Beeton • Belinda Barnet • Ben Shneiderman • Bernard Vatant • Bob Frankston • Bob Horn • Bob Stein • Catherine C. Marshall • Charles Bernstein • Chris Gebhardt • Chris Messina • Christian Bök • Christopher Gutteridge • Claus Atzenbeck • Daniel Russel • Danila Medvedev • Danny Snelson • Daveed Benjamin • Dave King • Dave Winer • David De Roure • David Jablonowski • David Johnson • David Lebow • David M. Durant • David Millard • David Owen Norris • David Price • David Weinberger • Dene Grigar • Denise Schmandt-Besserat • Derek Beaulieu • Doc Searls • Don Norman • Douglas Crockford • Duke Crawford • Ed Leahy • Elaine Treharne • Élika Ortega • Esther Dyson • Esther Wojcicki • Ewan Clayton • Fiona Ross • Fred Benenson & Tyler Shoemaker • Galfromdownunder, aka Lynette Chiang • Garrett Stewart • Gyuri Lajos • Harold Thimbleby • Howard Oakley • Howard Rheingold • Ian Cooke • Iian Neil • Jack Park • Jakob Voß • James Baker • James O’Sullivan • Jamie Blustein • Jane Yellowlees Douglas • Jay David Bolter • Jeremy Helm • Jesse Grosjean • Jessica Rubart • Joe Corneli • Joel Swanson • Johanna Drucker • Johannah Rodgers • John Armstrong • John Cayle • John-Paul Davidson • Joris J. van Zundert • Judy Malloy • Kari Kraus & Matthew Kirschenbaum • Katie Baynes • Keith Houston • Keith Martin • Kenny Hemphill • Ken Perlin • Leigh Nash • Leslie Carr • Lesia Tkacz • Leslie Lamport • Livia Polanyi • Lori Emerson • Luc Beaudoin & Daniel Jomphe • Lynette Chiang • Manuela González • Marc-Antoine Parent • Marc Canter • Mark Anderson • Mark Baker • Mark Bernstein • Martin Kemp • Martin Tiefenthaler • Maryanne Wolf • Matt Mullenweg • Michael Joyce • Mike Zender • Naomi S. Baron • Nasser Hussain • Neil Jefferies • Niels Ole Finnemann • Nick Montfort • Panda Mery • Patrick Lichty • Paul Smart • Peter Cho • Peter Flynn • Peter Jenson & Melissa Morocco • Peter J. Wasilko • Phil Gooch • Pip Willcox • Rafael Nepô • Raine Revere • Richard A. Carter • Richard Price • Richard Saul Wurman • Rollo Carpenter • Sage Jenson & Kit Kuksenok • Shane Gibson • Simon J. Buckingham Shum • Sam Brooker • Sarah Walton • Scott Rettberg • Sofie Beier • Sonja Knecht • Stephan Kreutzer • Stephanie Strickland • Stephen Lekson • Stevan Harnad • Steve Newcomb • Stuart Moulthrop • Ted Nelson • Teodora Petkova • Tiago Forte • Timothy Donaldson • Tim Ingold • Timur Schukin & Irina Antonova • Todd A. Carpenter • Tom Butler-Bowdon • Tom Standage • Tor Nørretranders • Valentina Moressa • Ward Cunningham • Dame Wendy Hall • Zuzana Husárová. Student Competition Winner Niko A. Grupen, and competition runner ups Catherine Brislane, Corrie Kim, Mesut Yilmaz, Elizabeth Train-Brown, Thomas John Moore, Zakaria Aden, Yahye Aden, Ibrahim Yahie, Arushi Jain, Shuby Deshpande, Aishwarya Mudaliar, Finbarr Condon-English, Charlotte Gray, Aditeya Das, Wesley Finck, Jordan Morrison, Duncan Reid, Emma Brodey, Gage Nott, Aditeya Das and Kamil Przespolewski. Edited by Frode Hegland.

Etta Gravely (Fig. 3.1) is a retired professor of chemistry and former head of the Department of Chemistry at North Carolina A&T State University at Greensboro (North Carolina A&T). Etta was born on August 30, 1939, in Alamance County, NC. Now the town of Green Level, it was then a rural community near Burlington. Most of the people there farmed, raising tobacco. Everyone had private gardens and Etta’s grandmother canned their food. The area where she went to school is still very rural; the school building is now the town hall. Etta’s mother was Kate Lee McBroom and her father Rufus Leith. Her mother, a homemaker, did general house cleaning for families. Her father had a high school degree, had served in the army during World War II, and worked as an orderly in a hospital. Etta is the only child of her mother, but her father had a son named Frederick Leith. Her brother went to Graham Central high school and upon graduation went into the army and subsequently died. Etta did not go to kindergarten because there was none. She started school in the first grade in a four-room school that had classes for grades one and two, three and four, five and six, and seven and eight. The principal was Mrs. Mary Holne, and there were three other teachers, each teaching two grades. Since Etta loved to read and liked to do school work, she skipped fourth grade and went on to fifth grade: fourth and third grade were taught in the same room, and when she completed her third- grade work she would do fourth-grade work. Her teachers probably had bachelor’s or master’s degrees in their subjects. Both Etta’s school and community were segregated; she went to school in 1945, before the Brown vs. Board of Education act, which was Supreme Court decision. When Etta graduated from the country school, she was bused to Pleasant Grove High School—for African American students, five miles from the high school for white students. The school taught grades one through twelve; the curriculum was the usual reading, writing, and arithmetic.